1|A dvan c ed G ra mma r & Vo cabu lar y Cou rs e Module 3 Grammar

Advanced Grammar and Vocabulary

Course

Note to Candidates:

• Please feel free to ask queries, Mrs. Asmaa and her team
are always there to SUPPORT you.

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Module 3

Grammatical Range & Accuracy for Speaking and

Writing

1. Produce error-free sentences

1. Subject & verb agreement
2. Personal & demonstrative pronouns
3. The difference between (its and it’s)
4. Possessive ‘S’

2. Use appropriate grammar structures and tenses

1. The three auxiliary verbs (be/do/have)
2. Present tenses
3. Past tenses
4. Future tenses

Section -I- Produce error- free sentences (Deadly Mistakes in

IELTS):

1-Subject Verb Agreement

It is important to understand subject verb agreement for IELTS.
If you make errors with this in your writing or speaking, it will be very noticeable
as it is a very basic error.

The Basic Rules

These are the basic rules of subject verb agreement:

1-For a singular third person (he / she / it) in the present tense, the verb must
have an -s ending:

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Singular Plural

I take We take

You take You take

He / She / It takes They take

Singular: Ali / he takes the bus to work every morning.

Plural: My friend and I/ We hang out every weekend.

People say it is impossible, but I am still going to try.
My students believe in me.

2-There is/was and There are/were

When you use there is and there are, 'there' is never the subject. The subject is the word that
comes after the verb.

Therefore, you need to look at that word to decide if the verb is singular or plural.

There are several reasons why we must tackle the problem of global warming.
There is one main reason we must tackle global warming.
There is a pen, some pencils, and a rubber on the table.
There are pens, one pencil and some rubbers on the table.
There is some sugar, pencils and candies.

Speaking Examiner: Tell me about your family. Who is the closest person to
you?
Candidate: In my family, there is are 5 members and the closest person is my
father who work works as a teacher. ( complex sentence)

3-Separated Subjects
Another common mistake is when the subject is separated from the verb by a
prepositional phrase, or relative clause.

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A mistake is to make the verb agree with the last noun in the phrase or clause
rather than the subject of the sentence:

Incorrect: Improving the situation of people in cities are very important.

Correct: Improving the situation of people in cities is very important.

The decision which was made by the country's leaders after numerous meetings was definitely
the right one.

The new roads which the government has built have not reduced congestion.

4-Expressions of Quantity
Another difficult area with subject verb agreement is dealing with quantities.

One of the new teachers is from India.

None / zero of the candidates is likely to get my vote.
Five of my friends are coming with me on holiday.

However, for some quantity phrases you do need to refer to the noun in the
prepositional phrase to decide if the verb is singular or plural:

1(-With fractions, percentages and indefinite quantifiers (e.g., all, few/a few,
little/a little, many, much, some, a lot of, lots of), the verb agrees with the
preceding noun or clause:

With a singular or non-count noun or clause, use a singular verb:

Two-thirds of this article is taken up with statistical analysis.

Much of the book seems relevant to this study.

Half of what he writes is undocumented.

Fifty percent of the job is routine.

All / a lot of / lots of the information is current.

With a plural noun, use a plural verb:

One-third of the students have graduate degrees.

Many researchers depend on grants from industry.

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Half of his articles are peer-reviewed.

Fifty percent of the computers have CD-ROM drives.

All/ a lot of/ lots of the studies are current.

2(-The words majority and minority are used in a variety of ways:

The majority holds no strong views.

A small minority indicates the support of the proposal.

When majority/minority mean a specific percentage, you may use either a

singular or a plural verb:
A 75% majority have/has voted against the measure.
A 10% minority are/is opposed to the measure.

When majority/minority refers to a specified set of persons, use a plural verb:

A majority of Canadians have voted for change.

A minority of the students are willing to pay more.

3(-Expressions using the phrase (A / the number of ) depend on the meaning

of the phrase:

They take a singular verb when referring to a single quantity: ( exception) ( unit)

The number of students registered in the class is 20.

They take plural verbs when they are used as indefinite quantifiers:

A number of students were late.

A plenty of information is valuable. ( uncountable noun)

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4(-Expressions of time, money and distance usually take a singular verb:

( The amount of )Ten dollars is a great deal of money to a child.
( The distance)Ten kilometers is too far to walk.
( The duration) Six weeks is not long enough.

5(-With a collective noun, use either a singular or a plural verb, depending on

whether you want to emphasize the single group or its individual members:
Half of my family lives/live in Canada.

All of the class is/are here.

Ten percent of the population is/are bilingual.

6(-Adjectives preceded by the and used as plural nouns take a plural verb:
The rich get richer.
The poor face many hardships.

5-Neither and Either

With these phrases, the verb must agree with the noun that is closest to the verb:
Neither the child nor her parents play at the school.
Neither the parents nor their child plays at the school.

Either my brother or my sisters usually help me.

Either my sisters or my brother usually helps me.

6-Indefinite Pronouns as subjects

A common mistake is made in subject verb agreement with indefinite pronouns as people often
assume they must take a plural verb because they refer to more than one thing.

Here are some common examples of indefinite pronouns:

every- some- any- no-

Everyone someone anyone No one

Everybody somebody anybody nobody

everything something anything nothing

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Everyone seems to be nervous about the exam.

Something needs to be done about the increasing rate of crime.
According to the news, Nobody is directly responsible for the problems.

7-Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are always followed by the bare infinitive, so in this case the third person singular
no longer takes a singular verb:

Incorrect: He will takes/ taking/took/to take the bus to work.

Correct: He will take the bus to work.

Incorrect: It would seems that she is unwell.

Correct: It would seem that she is unwell.

8-Gerunds
Gerunds (verbs that function as nouns by adding -ing) always take a singular verb.

Feeding the poor in developing countries is what most aid is used for.
Running my businesses takes up most of my time.
Typing is a skill that I have not mastered yet.
Reading and swimming are my favorite hobbies.

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2-Personal & demonstrative pronouns

Why must you use pronouns for a 7 or higher IELTS? Because the examiner
looks specifically for them!

Pronouns are important for your Cohesion and Coherence score, in

both Speaking and Writing.

Connecting your ideas is not only accomplished by using words such as ‘however’ and
‘in addition’. Sentences are bound together by pronouns as well!

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Pronouns are small but mighty words. They can help your score in a few ways:

• They help you not to repeat vocabulary.

• They help connect one sentence to another.

A- Demonstrative pronouns:
This, that, these and those are demonstratives. We use this, that,
these and those to point to people and things. This and that are
singular. These and those are plural. We use them as determiners
and pronouns.

Note:

If an action is near in time, we tend to use (this/these)

This is a good meal. (at the time of eating)

If an action has finished or is in the past, we use (that/those)

Those girls we met last night were silly. (an event that happened in the past)

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In order to not repeat a word or phrase, pronoun reference is extremely useful. We

usually accomplish this by using ‘this’ or ‘that’ to refer to whole ideas that were just
stated, or using ‘pronoun + noun’.

For example:

Demonstrative pronoun + noun

Consuming large amounts of fat and salt leads to significant health issues. These
problems include diabetes and coronary episodes.

this/that (referring to whole ideas)( a pronoun)

Contemporary adolescents spend more time on social media than any other
generation. This leads to a decrease in social skills and an inability to function in
the real world.

People dispose of batteries in their normal household waste. This causes an environmental
damage.

B-Personal pronouns:

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Batteries are not bio-degradable, so people should not dispose of them in normal household waste.

The internet has many disadvantages, and it is important to discuss them.

Cairo has many tourist attractions, and I always visit it/ them.

The Pronoun “I”

which sentence is correct?

- I and my colleagues hang out together every weekend.
- My colleagues and I chill out together at weekends.
- Me/ Myself and my colleagues (I = subject pronoun/ me= object pronoun)
- My colleagues hang out with my sister and me every weekend.
- My colleagues and me chill out together at weekends.
Note:

1-Pronouns refer back to a noun or noun phrase that you have mentioned
before. Always make sure it is clear which noun it refers back to. It will usually
be the last one you mentioned.

2-You should not just mention the noun once at the beginning of the essay, and
then not again. Get a balance of nouns and their pronouns, not too much of
one or the other.

3-you should always mention the noun again when it is a new paragraph or a
new point you are making.

The word in red is the pronoun, and the word in brackets in green is the word
or idea / phrase it refers to.

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Animal Rights Essay

Some people believe that animals should be treated in the same way humans are and have
similar rights, whereas others think that it is more important to use animals them as we desire for
food and medical research. This essay will discuss both points of view.

With regard to the exploitation of animals, people believe it is acceptable for several reasons.
Firstly, they think that humans are the most important beings on the planet, and everything must
be done to ensure human survival. If this means experimenting on animals so that we can fight
and find cures for diseases, then this takes priority over animal suffering. Furthermore, it is
believed by some that animals do not feel pain or loss as humans do, so if we have to kill
animals for food or other uses, then this is morally acceptable.

However, I do not believe these arguments stand up to scrutiny. To begin, it has been shown on
numerous occasions by secret filming in laboratories via animal rights groups that animals feel
as much pain as humans do, and they suffer when they are kept in cages for long periods. In
addition, a substantial amount of animal research is done for cosmetics, not to find cures for
diseases, so this is unnecessary. Finally, it has also been proven that humans can get all the
nutrients and vitamins that they need from green vegetables and fruit. Therefore, again, having
to kill animals for food is not an adequate argument.

In conclusion, although some people argue killing animals for research and food is ethical, I
would argue there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that this is not the case, and, therefore,
steps must be taken to improve the rights of animals.

Another vs other vs others

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3- Confusing it’s and its:

- Internet has it’s/ its dangers. (its) (Possessive)

-Contractions used only in speaking

4-Possessive s

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Possessive s:
Noun + Noun or possessive (’s)
We most commonly use the possessive (’s) structure to talk about something that belongs
to a particular person, group, organization, country or animal. The first noun is often like
a subject (usually of the verb have)

• My friend’s car : my friend has a car

• Anne’s idea: Anne had/has an idea

Possessive (’s) or the ‘of’ structure

We use the possessive (’s) structure especially when the first noun is the name of
a person, group of people, organization, country or animal. Otherwise, we generally
prefer a structure with ‘of’. Compare:

• my father’s name (My father’s name is Muhammad) / the name of the book
• the company’s structure / the structure of plastic
• America’s influence / the influence of alcohol

• the dog’s leg / the leg of the table

We also use possessive (’s) structure with common time expressions:

• today’s paper
• tomorrow’s weather
• Today’s session
• two weeks’ leave
• four weeks’ notice

Note:
We don’t usually use the possessive ’s with things: (adjunct
nouns)
• the door(adj) handle
• Not: the door’s handle
• the shop window
• Not: the shop’s window
• the kitchen table
• Not: the kitchen’s table

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Note:

If two people own the same thing, add (‘s) for the second person.

We saw Tom and Mary’s parents.

We saw Tom’s and Mary’s parents.

If the two people do not own the same thing, add an (‘s) for both people.

We saw Tom’s and Mary’s parents.

We saw Ali’s and Ahmad’s wives.

Section 2- Use a variety of Tenses:

There are three auxiliary verbs in English (be-do-have). They can be

both main verbs or auxiliary verbs.
1-Be in English as a main verb and an auxiliary verb

Be as a main verb

Be ( infinitive) ( am/is/are – was/were- been)

He is rich. He very rich

My father is old now. My father is not old.

Mary is English. She English

Is she Irish or English?

He is a firefighter. He a firefighter

They are my best friends.

The shops are at the end of the street.

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Be as an auxiliary verb
Be is one of three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. We use be to make
the continuous form and the passive voice:

I am not reading a book about the Titanic at the moment. (continuous)

What was she doing in France? (continuous)

The job was advertised last week. (passive).

Warning:
We don’t use auxiliary be to make questions with main verbs in the present
simple. We use auxiliary do:

I live near here.

Do you live near here?

Not: Are you live near here? / I am live in this neighborhood.

2-do in English – auxiliary and main verb

We use do as a main verb and an auxiliary verb. We can also use it as a substitute verb.

• Do as a main verb
• Do as an auxiliary verb

Do as a main verb

Do (infinitive) (does – did- done)

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We did 80 miles on the first day of our cycling holiday.

We did not 80 miles on the first day of our cycling holiday.

We did not do 80 miles on the first day of our cycling holiday.

She does the crossword in the newspaper every day.

She does not do the crossword in the newspaper every day.

What do you do?

I am an English instructor.

How do you do?

I am great.

Do as an auxiliary verb

Do is one of three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do, have. We use do to make negatives
(do + not), to make question forms, and to make the verb more emphatic.

meaning example

I saw you at the concert the other night.

negative
I did not see you at the concert the other night.

question form They open at nine o’clock on weekdays.

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meaning example

Do they open at nine o’clock on weekdays?

He looked smart in his new suit!

emphatic
He did look smart in his new suit!

Emphatic forms

We use do, does (present simple) or did (past simple) to give extra force to the main verb. We use
the infinitive of the main verb without to, and stress do/does/did when speaking.

Compare

neutral emphatic

I like your new jacket. I do like your new jacket!

She looks so tired. She does look so tired!

Do as an auxiliary verb: typical errors

• We don’t use auxiliary do to make questions or negatives for clauses with modal verbs:

I Will not be here in time for lunch.

Will you be here in time for lunch?

Not: Do you will be here…

I cannot swim very well.

Not: I don’t can swim…

• We use auxiliary do, not auxiliary be, for questions with main verbs in the present simple:

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Do you live in an apartment?

Not: Are you live in…

• We use does, not do, for the third person in the present tense:

My sister has brown eyes.

My sister does not have brown eyes.

Has my sister brown eyes?

Does your sister have brown eyes?

Not: Do your sister has…

3-Have in English as a main verb and auxiliary verb

We use have as a main verb and an auxiliary verb.

Have as a main verb

Have (infinitive) ( has - had)

I have a car.

I do not have a car.

Do you have a car?

She has two dogs, Scruffy and Milly.

She does not have two dogs.

Does she have two dogs?

We had a wonderful meal in the new restaurant on Elm Street.

We did not have a wonderful meal in the new restaurant on Elm Street.

Did we have a wonderful meal in the new restaurant on Elm Street?

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Other common expressions with have

have a baby have a think

have a try have a problem

have a go have a feeling/sense

have an operation have a clue/idea

have a long wait have a laugh (informal, a good time)

have a shock have a surprise

Have as an auxiliary verb

Have is one of three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. We use have before -ed forms to
make the present perfect and past perfect.

Present perfect Past perfect

have + -ed form had + -ed form

They have not moved their house. We had paid in advance.

Has he studied a lot? I had known her for years.

We use have, not do, to make questions and negatives of perfect verb forms.

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Present perfect Past perfect

Have you seen Maria? Had they been waiting for long?

Not: Do you have seen … Not: Did they had been waiting…

I have not eaten yet. We had not brought a map.

Note: (have/has/had got) have got = have ( possession)

Asmaa has got three daughters. ( speaking)

Has Asmaa got three daughters?

Asmaa has not got three daughters.

vs

Asmaa has three daughters. (more formal)

Asmaa does not have three daughters.

Does Asmaa have three daughters?

A-Present Tenses
1-Present Simple (permanent action)

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• things that are always true (the sky is blue)

• general statements of fact (I live in Cairo)
• habits (I go to sleep every night at 11pm)
• To discuss a certain future. (The train arrives at 6 p.m.)

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every

Examiner: How do you organize your study time? (habits)

Maybe because I’m very keen on studying, I keep studying as a daily routine. Normally, I start after lunch or
dinner every day and try to finish it before midnight. However, sometimes, it appears to be so boring for me,
after I go out and have fun, I’d either stay up late or wake up early in the morning to study depending on how
tired I am.

2- Present Continuous/Progressive ( temporary action )

• an action at the moment of speaking

• to talk about a future planned event

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Present Continuous for IELTS Speaking

In the IELTS Speaking Part 1 you may have several opportunities to use
this tense. If asked about travel, friends, family, or any number of
common topics, it is possible to make good use of the present
continuous for speaking about future plans.

Are you a student or do you have a job?

I’m a pharmacist, and I’m work working / work at a pharmacy.

Are you satisfied with your job?

Not really. I’m leaving next month to find something else.

What are your plans for the future?

I’m going to Canada in fall /autumn to work as a pharmacist at a
pharmaceutical company.

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What do (auxiliary verb) you usually do ( main verb) on weekends

and weekdays?
On/at weekends, I usually go to my friend’s house and hang out. In
fact, I’m going there this weekend.

What do you usually do with your friends?

We do many things together. We play football, and we go hiking into
the mountains. Next week, we’re going camping.

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I think that Ali is a clever student.

I am thinking about Ali.
I am having dinner.

3- Present Perfect

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have / has + past participle

o an action that took place at an indefinite time in the past

o an action that has just finished that you can see the result
o an action that began in the past and continues until now
o an action that was repeated before now

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Have you finished your homework yet?

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4- Present Perfect Continuous/ Progressive

• to show the duration of something that happened in the past and continues until
now

Subject + has/have + been + (verb + ing= present participle)

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I have been working as an English instructor since 2003/ for 18 years .

( Present Perfect continuous)

I have been as an English instructor for 18 years. (present perfect)

At the moment, I am working as an English instructor at BUC. (present

continuous) .

I work as an English instructor.

I have been working as a Math teacher for 8 years. (period of time)

I have been working as a Math teacher since 2010. (specific time)

How to use the present perfect and the simple past to respond to typical Speaking
questions for a band 7 or higher.

Examiner: Do you enjoy going to museums?

Examinee: Yes, I have been to many museums. When I lived in New York, I used to go
to a museum. When I travelled to Italy,I also spent a lot of time at museums because they
are famous there. I think it’s great to go to museums and see works of art that we don’t
get to see every day.

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Examiner: What books do you enjoy reading?

Examinee: Good question. I love reading books. I have loved reading science fiction and
horror. I have read every book by Steven King. The last book I read by him was Full
Dark No Stars. I read it and scared myself before I fell asleep that night.

Note:

With both of these sample answers we mixed the present perfect and the simple past in
the same idea to introduce different parts of the answer and to add details and main ideas.

B-Past Tenses

1- Past Simple

o an action that began in the past and finished in the past

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Signal words: in last…/ …in ago/ in 2010/ yesterday / when I was a

child/ in the past/ before

Note:

I did not called call my supervisor to apologize for not attending the last
meeting.

Examiner: Did you travel before?

Examinee: In the good old days, I went on a trip to Spain which has many tourist
attractions. Actually, I’m planning to travel again with my family to recall the
memories of this trip.

NOTE: YOU CAN USE MORE THAN ONE TENSE DEPENDING ON THE
USAGE of THE CONTEXT.

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Past Tense in IELTS Academic Task 1

In IELTS Academic, you should describe the bar graph in the past tense if the graph
refers to past years such as 1990s, 1980s etc.
For example,

• In 2010, the percentage of students who qualified the exam was 70%.
• The average price increased to 50% by the year 2000.
• The trend of online shopping was continuously increasing from 2012 to 2016.(Past
continuous)
• Before it could reach the peak level of 25000, a sharp fall was observed (passive)
after 2013.

Past Tense in IELTS Speaking Cue Card

We are generally asked cue card where the topic refers to the past and hence it would be good
enough to you speak in the past tense while describing that topic.
For example,

Describe a historical place you visited recently.

Last month, I visited Agra city to see Taj Mahal along with my family and friends. It
was so mesmerizing(adjective) that I felt like being on top of the world watching that
historical monument. In my childhood days, I had only heard long tales about its beauty
but when I saw it with my own eyes, it was then only that I realized its importance.

Common mistake: I was work worked at King Abdulaziz University five years ago.

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Vowels: a e i o u per/mit com/mit

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Examiner: Do you read every night?

Examinee: Not anymore. I used to read all the time, but since I became a mother, all of
my time has been spent (passive) looking after my kids, so I stopped reading.

What games did you play as a child?

I used to play all sorts of games. My favourite games were are probably board games.

Cue Card:

My childhood was a happy time. My parents never used to have a great deal of money
but we generally managed to keep ourselves entertained. My father used to be very busy
but whenever he had the chance, he would have taken the time to read us bedtime stories,
and mum would have always found the money to treat us now and again.

I am/get used to playing all sorts of games. ( subject + am /is /are+ used to + verb+ ing)

Laila is used to playing all sorts of games.

Negative form:

Used to = Negative I used to play basketball when I was a kid.

I did not use to play basketball when I was a kid.

I am used to playing basketball.

I am not used to playing basketball.

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2- Past Continuous/Progressive

• an action that was happening in the past when another occurred

• an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past

singular noun/ pronoun ( I/ he/ she/it) + was+ verb+ ing

plural noun/pronoun ( we/they/you)+ were +verb + ing

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While I was working at King Abdelaziz University, I met different people from
different cultures.

I was working at King Abdelaziz University when I met different people from
different cultures.

While I was doing shopping, I met my friend.

I was doing shopping when I met my friend.

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planning

3-Past Perfect

• talk about something that was completed before another activity or

another time in the past

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The meeting had already started by the time I arrived.

( before/after)

After the meeting had already started ,I arrived.

The meeting had already started before I arrived.

In 2007, the cost of an average house in the UK was £130,000. Before 2007, the
average house price had risen to almost £190,000.

Rise- rose- risen

4- Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive

• talk about duration of activity that was in progress before another event in the
past

Past perfect continuous tense is often used to express the

“cause and effect” relationship.

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▪ I was tired because I had been jogging for past 2 hours.

▪ He gained weight as he had been overeating.
▪ Adam failed the final exams since he had not been
attending the classes for a year.
▪ Because Adam had not been attending the classes for a
year, he failed the final exams.
C-Future tenses

1- Future Simple

• to predict (will)or plan (going to) for the future

• to express a willingness to do something

in next/ tomorrow/ in the future/ tonight

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What are your future plans?

I’m going to travel / I’m travelling to England next year to complete my studies
there.

2- Future Continuous/Progressive

Will + be + verb + ing

Be ( am-is-are) + going to + be + verb + ing

The Future Continuous represents an action as going on at some time in

future time.
When I get home, my children will be playing.( Future)

This tense is also used for future events that are planned.
Ex: I’ll be working as an engineer in Orascom Company next month.

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3- Future Perfect

The FUTURE PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action will have been
completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future.

This tense is formed with will + have+ the past participle of the verb

I will have spent all my money by this time next year.

By tomorrow, I will have finished my work.

You will have perfected the art of writing by the time you
complete this assignment.

I will have finished my assignment in an hour.

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4-Future Perfect Continuous

The future perfect continuous consists of will + have + been + verb + ing

The activity will have begun sometime in the future, and is expected to continue in
the future.

In February 2022, I will have been working at my company for two years.

We will have been studying at this glorious university for four years.

If it is midnight, my baby will have been sleeping for four hours by then.

Compare:

Don’t ring me at 8 o’clock. I will be watching a football match.

In five years, I will have finished university, and I will be able to earn some money at last.

By 2024, we will have been living in Canada for four years.

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Academic Writing Task 1:

These are some common phrases you can use to discuss the future in a graph:

• will + infinitive
• is/are expected to + infinitive
• is/are predicted to + infinitive

Example sentences based on this chart.

1. In Japan from 2025 to 2035, the production of cars is expected to decline sharply.

2. It is predicted that by 2030 in China, car production will have increased

gradually. (future perfect tense)

3. The number of cars made in Japan is expected to show a similar trend to that of the
USA.

4. The number of cars that will have been manufactured is likely to drop
drastically in the USA by 2035. (future passive)

5. It is expected to be a gradual increase in car production in China after 2020.

6. Car production in the UK will likely see a sharp decline in the years from 2025 to
2035.

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