An Earthquake registered with a magnitude of 7.2.

The formula below can be used to calculate

magnitude and energy (ergs) of an Earthquake. What was the energy of the Earthquake?

2 E
M= log 11.8
3 10
2 E
7.2= log 10 11.8 ❑
3 10
2 E 3
[ 7.2= log 10 11.8 ¿
3 10 2

E
10.8 = log 10 11.8
❑
10
Base = 10

Exponent = 10.8

E
Power = 11.8
❑
10
E
Change to exponential form 1010.8 = 11.8
❑
10
Energy released, E = 1010.8 1011.8= 3.98 x 1022ergs

SOUND INTENSITY

Measured using the Decibel scale (named after Alexander Graham Bell) measures the loudness in
decibels (dB). Every increase of 10 dB represents a ten-fold increase in loudness. For example, the
increase in loudness when comparing a refrigerator to an air-conditioner is 20 dB. This is 2-increases of
10 dB, so the increase in loudness is 102 or 100 times.

I 1−−−−−−−−−−intensity of sound
Loudness of Sound L = 10log
I o −Faintest intensity of sound

How many more intense is the sound of a piano playing (67dB) than a whisper (22 db)?

Times= 100.1 (P−W )= 100.1 (67−22) =100.1 (45)= 104.5 =¿31, 622.78 times

What is the loudness, to the nearest dB, of Mr. Smith’s reading voice?

Times= 100.1 ( S− R)

15.8= 100.1 ( 6 1−R )

log 10 15.8=0.1(61-R)
1.199 0.1(61−R)
=
0.1 0.1
11.99= 61-R

R= 61-11.99= 49dB

In 1935, Charles Richter, proposed a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of an Earthquake. He
defined the magnitude of an Earthquake as a function of its amplitude on a standard seismograph. The
following formula produces the same results, but is based on the energy released by an Earthquake.

2 E
Earthquake magnitude on a Richter scale: R = log 10 4.40
3 10
Where E is( is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40joules is the energy released by a
very small reference Earthquake.)

Example:

Supposed that an earthquake released approximately 1012joules of energy.

a. What is its magnitude on a Richter Scale?

b. How much more energy does this earthquake release than reference earthquake?

a. Solution:

E = 1012

2 E
R= log 10 4.40
3 10
12
2 10
R= log 10 4.40
3 10
2 7.6
R= log 10 10
3
2
R= 7.6 = 5.1
3
b. Solution:
12
10
The earthquake releases =
10❑ 4.40
7.6
10 =39810717×more energy thanthe reference earthquake

SOUND INTENSITY

I
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is : D = 10 log 10 −12
10
Where I is the sound intensity in watts/m2 (the quantity 10−12 watts/m2is the least audible sound a
human can hear.)

Example:

The decibel level of sound in a quite office is 10−6 watts/m2.

a. What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?

b. How much more intense is this sound than the least audible sound a human can hear?
a. Solution:
−6
I 10
D = 10 log 10
6
−12 = 10 log 10 −12 = 10log 10 10 = 10 (6)= 60 decibels.
10 10
−6
10 6
b. Solution: −12 = 10 =
10
= 1,000,000 more intense that the least audible sound a human can hear.

ACIDITY AND THE pH SCALE

The pH level of a water-based solution is defined as pH= -log[H+]

Where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions with a

pH level = 7 are defined neutral, those with pH< 7 are acidic, and those with pH > 7 are basic.

Example:

A 1-liter solutions contains 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions. Find its pH level.

Solution:

0.00001= 10-5

pH= - log[H+]

pH= - log 10-5= - (-5) = 5

5< 7, acidic

PERFORMANCE TASK:

1. What is the magnitude in a Richter scale of a earthquake that released 1014 joules of energy?
How much more energy does this earthquake release than that of the reference earthquake?
2. Suppose the intensity of a sound of a jet during the takeoff is 100 watts/m2. What is the
corresponding sound intensity in decibels? How much more intense is this sound than the least
audible sound as human can hear?

REPRESENTING REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS USING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Solve the following :

1. A culture of 1,000 bacteria in a petri dish doubles every hour.
a. Complete the table:

t 0 1 2 3 4
No. of 1,000 2,000 4,000 8,000
bacteria

After 6 hours, how many bacteria will there be in a culture?

b. Write an exponential model/ formula to for a number of bacteria.

y = yo(2)t/T

y= 1,000(2)6/1= 1,000(64) = 64,000 bacteria

2. The half-life of a radio-active substance is 12 hours and there are 1,000 grams, initially.
Complete the table:

t 0 12 24 36 48
Amount 1,000 500 250

How much of the substance will be left after 60 hours?

Write an exponential model/ formula to for the half-life of a substance left.