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PRE CALCULUS - MODULE Week 5

This document provides an overview of conic sections for a Grade 11 Pre-Calculus module. It defines conic sections as the intersections of a plane and a circular cone and notes they can be represented by quadratic equations. The document explains how to identify different types of conics like circles, parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas based on their standard form equations or by using the discriminant. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to classify conics by inspection of their equations.

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Azur Lane
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
86 views8 pages

PRE CALCULUS - MODULE Week 5

This document provides an overview of conic sections for a Grade 11 Pre-Calculus module. It defines conic sections as the intersections of a plane and a circular cone and notes they can be represented by quadratic equations. The document explains how to identify different types of conics like circles, parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas based on their standard form equations or by using the discriminant. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to classify conics by inspection of their equations.

Uploaded by

Azur Lane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRADE 11 PRE-CALCULUS, MODULE 1 – WEEK 5

Characteristics of the Different Types of Conic Sections

I. What I Need to Know?

This module was developed and written as user-friendly and easily understood. This self-
learning module will help you to master the concept of conic sections. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

At the end of this, you should be able to:


 recognize the equation and important characteristics of the different types of
conic sections (STEM_PC11AG-Ie-1).

II. What I know?

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following best defines conic section;


a. The conic is the curve of the intersection if a plane is made to cut through a right
circular cone.
b. The graph of a quadratic equation in two variables is a conic.
c. All Conic sections have second-degree equations.
d. Parabola, hyperbola, circles, and ellipse come are non-linear curves called conics.

2. The 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 + ℎ is the standard form of conic section_________________.


a. Circle c. Parabola
b. Hyperbola d. Ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
3. Which conic section is described by the equation 36 + 49 = 1.
a. Circle c. Hyperbola
b. Parabola d. Ellipse

4. The graph of a quadratic equation in two variables is a ____________________.


a. conic sections c. exponential functions
b. Rational functions d. linear curves

5. A conic second-degree plane curve that fails to be an irreducible curve.


a. Non-linear curve c. Non-degenerate conics
b. Linear curve d. Degenerate conics
Write each equation in standard form. State whether the graph of the equation is a
parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola. (10 points)

III. What is it?

The equation of any conic sections can be written in the form of the general
quadratic equation in two variables, x and y, is: 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚+ 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 with
A, B, C, D, E, and F are constants, and A, B, and C are not all zero. The following are
examples of a second degree equations x and y:

The graphs of this equations are generally an ellipse, a hyperbola, a circle, or a


parabola. However, there exist exceptional cases in which the equation has no graph at
all, or one consisting of a single point, one line, or two intersecting lines. These exceptions
are called degenerate conics.

Conics also possess similar components such as the vertices, the principal axis, the
foci, and somewhat similar equations. Hence, to identify them, we will familiarize
ourselves with the standard forms of the different conic section associated in its general
form.

Identifying the Conic Section by Inspection

Recalling the general form of the equations of the conic sections in the previous
lessons we have learned 𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0.

Did you notice there is no xy term from our previous general form of quadratic
equations? That is because all the conic sections we have studied so far were horizontal
and vertical. Since there is no xy term, their axes are parallel to x and y axis. Some terms
may vanish, depending on the kind of conics section.
Circle: both 𝑥2 and 𝑦2 appear, and their coefficients A and B are the same. A=B.
𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0

Example 1: 18𝑥2 + 18𝑦2 − 24𝑥 + 48𝑦 − 5 = 0


Degenerate cases: a point, and the empty set.

Example 2:

A circle with equation(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2, we have 𝑟2 > 0. This is not the case for
the standard equations of (A) and (B).

In (A), because the sum of two squares can only be 0 if and only if each square is 0,
1 3 1 3
that is 𝑥 − 2= 0 and 𝑦 + 2= 0. Hence, the graph has single point(2 , − 2).

In (B), no real values for x and y can make the nonnegative left side equal to the
negative right side. The graph is then the empty set.

Parabola: exactly one of 𝑥2 and 𝑦2 appears


𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0 (D ≠ 0, opens upward or downward)
𝐵𝑦2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0 (C ≠ 0, opens to the right or left)

Example 3: 3𝑥2 − 12𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 (opens downward)


-2𝑦2 + 3𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 15 = 0 (opens to the right)

Ellipse: both 𝑥2 and 𝑦2 appear, and their coefficients A and B have the same sign and are
unequal.
Example 4: 2𝑥2 + 5𝑦2 + 8𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 7 = 0 (horizontal major axis)
4𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 16𝑥 − 𝑦 + 21 = 0 (Vertical major axis)
Degenerate cases: a point, and the empty set.

Hyperbola: both 𝑥2 and 𝑦2 appear, and their coefficients A and B have different signs.
Example 5: 5𝑥2 − 3𝑦2 − 20𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 22 = 0 (horizontal transverse axis)
−4𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 246𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 36 = 0 (Vertical transverse axis)
Degenerate case: two intersecting lines.

Degenerate Conics: The following examples will show the possible degenerate conic (a
point, two intersecting lines, or the empty set) as the graph of an equation following a
similar pattern as the non-degenerate cases.
Example 9: Determine the graph of the given equation.

Identifying the Conic Section by using the Discriminant

This method is quite helpful if the given general quadratic equation has a numerical
coefficient not equal to 0 in the xy term. The presence of xy term results in a rotated graph
and is covered in trigonometry or higher analytic geometry course.
The advantage of this method to the first one in recognizing conics is we do not
need to rewrite the given general equation to the standard equation similar to the conics.
Instead, we can determine what type of conics an equation of the form 𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦2 +
𝐷𝑥+ 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 by looking at A and C.

If an xy term exists, meaning B ≠ 0, and


(a) 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0, the conic is an ellipse;
(b) 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0, the conic is a parabola;
(c) 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0, the conic is a hyperbola.

If no xy term exists, meaning B = 0, and


(a) A = C, the conic is circle;
(b) A ≠ C, but A and C have the same sign, the conic is an ellipse;
(c) A = 0 and C = 0, but not both, the conic is a parabola;
(d) A and C have the opposite signs, the conic is a hyperbola.

Example 1: Identify the conic that represents the given quadratic equations.

Solutions: In determining the graph of each quadratic equations, take note of the
numerical coefficients of the first three terms in the general form of quadratic equation
𝑨𝑥2 + 𝑩𝑥𝑦 + 𝑪𝑦2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 4 = 0

In this equation, we get A=1, B=1, and C=1, Thus, by substituting these numerical
coefficients to the discriminant, we get 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 12 − 4(1)(1) = −3. Since -3 < 0, the conic
section is an ellipse.

9𝑥2 − 4𝑦2 − 36𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 4 = 0

A=9, B=0 and C=-4. Since B=0 and A and C has opposite signs, the conic section is a
hyperbola.

𝑥2 + 3𝑦2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0

A=1, B=0, and C=3. Since the equation has no xy term (B=0) and A≠C but have the
same sign. The conic is an ellipse.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑥 − 21 = 0

A=1, B=0, and C=1. Since B=0 and A=C, the conic section is a circle.
𝑥2 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0

A=1, B=0 and C=0. Since the equation has no xy term and C = 0, the conic section is
a parabola.

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0

A=0, B=1 and C=0. 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 12 − 4(0)(0) = 1 > 0. Hence, the conic section is a
hyperbola.

IV. What’s More?

Identify the graph of each of the following equations. Write your answer in a separate
sheet of paper

V. What I Have Learned?

Directions: Now that you are about to complete this module, I’m sure you may now be able
to write your reflections by completing the sentences given below. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.

1. I have learned that all conics are quadratics equations because ________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Conics can be identified only by ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

VI. What I Can Do?

A. Write each equation in standard form. State whether the graph of the equation is
a parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.
B. Without writing the equation in standard form. State whether the graph of the
equation is a parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola.

C. Give what is asked.

VII. Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

6. Which of the following best defines conic section;


b. The conic is the curve of the intersection if a plane is made to cut through a right
circular cone.
b. The graph of a quadratic equation in two variables is a conic.
c. All Conic sections have second-degree equations.
d. Parabola, hyperbola, circles, and ellipse come are non-linear curves called conics.

7. The 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 + ℎ is the standard form of conic section_________________.


a. Circle c. Parabola
b. Hyperbola d. Ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
8. Which conic section is described by the equation 36 + 49 = 1.
a. Circle c. Hyperbola
b. Parabola d. Ellipse

9. The graph of a quadratic equation in two variables is a ____________________.


a. conic sections c. exponential functions
b. Rational functions d. linear curves

10. A conic second-degree plane curve that fails to be an irreducible curve.


a. Non-linear curve c. Non-degenerate conics
b. Linear curve d. Degenerate conics

Write each equation in standard form. State whether the graph of the equation is a
parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola. (10 points)
References
Department of Education. Bureau of Learning Resources. Precalculus Learner’s Material.
Philippines: Lexicon Press Inc., 2016

Department of Education. Bureau of Learning Resources. Precalculus Teacher’s Guide.


Philippines: Lexicon Press Inc., 2016

Disclaimer
Since the Region IV-A is not developing the modules for this subject yet, this Self-learning
Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of
preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on
DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs).

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