Two primary categories of Turbo-machinery * Turbines extract hydraulic energy available in a fluid and convert it into mechanical energy (power) to rotate a shaft. ** Compressors, Pumps, Fans and Blowers impart hydraulic energy to a fluid by converting the mechanical energy available in a shaft. Two pring categories of Turbo-machinery “Tu extract hy i available in a fluid and convert—it i mechanical energy ** Compressors, Pumps, Fans and Blowers <~~ impart hydraulic energy to a fluid by converting the mechanical enerey available inashaft. e- > %A mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Single stage compressor _ pv =C 3g 2221Relationship of T, P, and V PV? = Pi Vy n-1 — n-1 Te _ (=) w= Ty Py V2 where: n= 1.4, ifisentropic compression n = 1, if isothermal compression Volume Displacement Vp = LANca where: L = length of stroke A = area of piston head N = angular speed c = no. of cylinders a = no. of actionVolumetric Efficiency Vi P,\n vy ey =14e~e(74) s where: Vp = volume displaced Vj = capacity of compressor c = percent clearance, Compressor Work (Isothermal) W = Py’ In? | [w= mRT In? Py Py mR _oM PV, = P,V2——> BR = ra v W =P,V,'In“ || w= mRTIn— 2 2Compressor Work (%--S\4e) (Isentropic) Nf= kW«f kmR(T, = T) ~_ik=1 w _ emRT @ 7 1)Compressor Work (Polytropic) nmR(T, —- T,) 1. Air taken from the atmosphere at 100 kPa and 21°C is delivered to the air receiver at 690 kPa and 150°C by means of a water jacketed reciprocating compressor. The compressor has rated capacity of 0.15 m?/s free air. Determine the power required to compress the air. Actual{polytropic) =| ah (3) e gam eye n= 1.232 T. \Py, worn (ca ey ont 1234 (110 0.55) ( 7 34.95 kW2. A single stage air compressor hai .454 m?/s of atmospheric pressure, 27°C air, and delivers it to a receiver at 652.75 kPa. Its volumetric efficiency is 0.72,its compression efficiency on an isothermal basis is 0.85 and its mechanical efficiency is 0.90. If it rotates at 350 rpm, what power in kW is required to drive it? fe ota wow , aes map mW meme = PaVs ie e235 (101.305 Sy o.4s4 8) In nS (0.9)(028) Pm = 112.02kW 3. A single acting air compressor has a volumetric efficiency of 87 % operates at 500 rpm. It takes in air at 100 kPa and 30°C and discharges it at 600 kPa. The air handled is 6 _m?/min_me: . If compression is isentropic, find the mean effective pressure inkPa. 8 - = vi vi KRY" /P Ky y= = = Sv = y, ~ ey W=Paea >] W=7—7|(5 1 > vie kee (& #4] Srp* ey = = Tr, (at Pog= 0.81 {ast pees) “lS 203.6 kPaTwo Stage Compressor Px pa Loos in H,20 out ai z- () Ve, oatTwo Stage Compressor 5 4 nt _ XmP,V4'| /P,) 2 ~ n-1 |\Py 4. An air compressor is to compress 8.5 m?/min from 98.56 kPa to 985.6 kPa Assuming ideal conditions, and with n = 1.3, what will be the saving in work due to two staging? Lp stat 25) ] 1905.6 \S3 “aR le) ; -| Na, esa | (SREY) Ss n-1}\R -1 Wss = 42.43 KW (eS 1 _ BS anpvy'| (ea | Vee aci2r(an5 () (s" o j tsa) np? Mea «sd ee R Wrs = 36.83 kW SAVINDS = Wss— Ws, a5. A two-stage compressor receives 0.35 kg/s of air at 100 kPa and 269 K and delivers it at S000 kPa. Find the heat transferred in the intercooler. kot Qe = MaCpadTa Qe = MaCpa(Tz — Ts) 6, = 035 3 (10 ez) (4704 — 264) ¥ Q, = 70.49 kW. Pump classification Soo oo iBernoulli’s principle (fluid power) [Pr = ¥rQehinee] ; Qe= Avs Pump Efficiency Fluid power Pump power1. A fuel pump is delivering 10 gallons per minute of oil with a specific gravity of 0.83. The total head is 9.14 m, find how much energy does the pump consumes inkiperhour ey. Po = YoQohnet Yo = SGoYw Py = SGoYwQohnet P = 0.09(9.81 (0 2 quay Ae A ay P, = 169 kj/hr 2. A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 liters per second from a lake and force it into a tank 8 m above the level of the water at a pressure of 137 kPa. What is the power required in kW ? £o%n* v; P Paeat aCe tse Pee =2+f+— +h. Yw fre lan y(029 %)(O4 a ce3. A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction pipe and a 350 mm diameter discharge pipe is to deliver 20,000 liters per minute of 15.6°C water. Calculate the pump head in meters if suction cm below pump centerline and reads 127 mm Hg vacuum and discharges gage is 45 cm above the pump center line and reads 7: - a QAv 2 it 2 240 Sane ifppe | 4Q aie gz Yw =spi bre = (zd~Z.) 4, ae Pas- bso E=3) oh te URE ae rt 2.637 = ACH) P nel ec i Cite iae | we Ww--17 i) ay Pump Affinity Laws H, _ (N2\" (D2 Le — mh \n/ \i Q H P is! 2 f_2o3m 2-(%) & 2/15 D) 3 54. A test on a centrifugal pump operating at 1150 rpm showed a total head of 37.6 ft at a capacity of 800 gpm. Estimate the total head and capacity if the ump were operated at 1750 rpm. Assume normal operation at point of maximum efficiency in each case. Q H P 1 2 3N an_p'poge (ai—al sD a(x) (Y) & (te He (%) He _ ase we” (iss) Hy \NL] VA Sanne) Qe 127.44 gyn ale Va=_ 9100 tt Fans & Blowers Air power Pa = YaQahta Pa = YwQwhtw Total Head hy = hs + hy Static head Velocity headTotal Head hra = hs, + hya|* 7 Head conversion: Paha = Pwhw kgm Ibm @STP Pair = 2 a Pair = 0.075 a wxmey STP: PV = “mRT Static fan efficiency Static efficiency Mechanical efficiency1. What horsepower is supplied to air moving at 20 fpm through a 2x3 ft duct under a pressure of 3 in. water gage? = bya = Pabsa = Pwhsw fra = Bsa + Bva 2g es st ua rhea) =(109)(ZA — hyqs 208.29 + 0,000 a: (BB unas) Vicq = 18.938 a iv q> 298-331 FH efary Pa = YaQahra = YaAvabta . ce y( 208.2017 44)(—_UAE_ ) Paz 0.075 ¥% (wd (29 Ey(298 WO eae wie by P, = 0.0567 Hp 2. A fan draws 1.42 m/s of air at a static pressure of 2.54 cm of water through a duct at 300 mm in diameter and discharges it through a duct ol mm diameter. Determine the static fan efficiency if the total fan mechanical efficiency is 70% and air is measured at(25°C)and 760 mm Hg. bys Wy thy never (ee, Ge 2 ayer >t | [Saehe 70% 21.44 + 8.57 n= 4 Pie PehazPabew — [&5= 0% PIPE Ge AD \ G2 A) anaes = (00 (28 wor |" rane SaerZazremy () = MCh = 4 U: Se = 009% — hea = 2h. m efi Ws 23.4% 7 2 2009) 3 hm= 8 ree aTFans & & Blowers Affinity Laws e=(e) (2) N| Q AN 2 GF @)e) Pp) Hy Ny Dy Px ee) PL \Ni/ \Di/) \er 3. A certain fan delivers 12,000 cfm at a static pressure of 1 in. WG when operating ata speed of 400 rpm and requires an input of 4 hp. If the same installation 15,000 cfm is desired, what will be the new speed, and the new power needs? ay) =) [— Gi Ge yg] oe) = pone oe . No = 500rpm 1200 ate “(5@. A fan described in a manufacturer's table is rated to deliver 500m?/min at a static pressure gage of 254 cm of water when running at 250 rpm and requiring 3.6 kW. If the fan speed is chany 305 rpm and the air handled were at 65°C instead of standart -, find the power in kW. ee 3 5 & .(%) ( (2) eee, 2 mtn) FZ) @ mf” HS fa i ( 2) 4273 a6 ~ (ago) | e372? rem R=seokw | ~ HEAT TRANSFER a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange _ of thermal energy (heat) between physical systemsModes of Heat Transfer * Conduction Heat is transferred from one particle of matter to another through contact * Convection Heat is transferred by currents within fluids * Radiation Heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation (e.g. Sun) Transfer of Heat > Heat is transferred only when two objects are at different temperatures >Thermal energy always moves from warmer to cooler objects > Energy will continue to move from a warmer object to a cooler object until both have the same temperature. > Heat transfer is constantQconduction = Qconvection = hAAT Qradiation — SEAT* General Equation Ry ™> total resistance U =» overall heat transfer coefficientCONDUCTION BTU 45 w = 26 m—-K ~ hr—ft—R CONVECTION Mt, AT Q=hAAT = —— a rR hA PvRADIATION Q=sEAT * [Vv a Stefan — Boltzmann Constant 1.0(blackbody) e.g, Moi Ww 0 (white body) S = 5.67x10-®—. 0 - 1 graybody) m? — K* 1. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6 in. wall of firebrick with a temperature difference across the wall of 50 °C. The thermal conductivity of the irebrick is 0.65 BTU/hr-ft-SEat the temperature of interest. = KAT recall Ksteel: a Ww Ba Bru Ses m-K ~~ hr-ft—R wn _ ® og MED we, Be ah Civ yo —_ hee Be2. The heat loss per hour through 1 sq. ft of furnace wall 18” thick is 520 Btu's. The inside wall temperature is 1900 °F, and its average thermal conductivity is 0.61 Btu/hr—ft— KAAT Bro 0.61 (121900 — t, °F nee e hf f€-° F bt 18 ty = 62131°F pt 3. If total resistance to heat flow of a composite wall is 3.0875 m? — K/W. What is the over — all transfer coefficient of the wall? = AUAY U= aR U= 3.0875 U = 0.324 W/m2-4. A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner wall of firebrick 20 cm thick, followed by insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surface temperature of the wall adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1200 °C while that of the outer surface of steel is 50°C. The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K are: firebrick, 10; insulating brick, 0.26; and steel, 45. Neglecting the film resistances and contact resistance of joints, determine the heat loss per sq. mofwallarea. “ftir, hrs 2kieh * Reonduction = gS ATA Q= xX Xj xX, a xX Xj = f Fi S f i + eee KpAg KA; KSAy i’ Ki K Area is constant!!! Q (m= K AU OR | oS a.01 bp @& out a Q= 1.93 kW/m? =conduction — convection AT x 1 Qa | Reonduction = KA Reonvection = aa Area is constant!!! 4 ATA g- (27 — 10) (6X10) \ 0.18 — + aw 0.07F 9, 1s 0.04 * Gog + |= 4 Q= 330.36 W 6. The force convection coefficient for a hot fluid flowing over a cool surface is 120 W/m2)K. The fluid temperature upstream from the cool surface is 394 K and the surface is held at 283 K. Determine the heat transfer per unit surface area from the fluid to the surface area from the fluid to the surface. Q_ A Q= had Q/A = 13320 W/m?7. Calculate the thermal diffusivity of pure aluminum with density of 2702 kg/m3, thermal conductivity of 237 W/m — K and specific heat of 0.903 kJ/kg — K. K 0.237 als pCp (2702 a (os wee z) 97.1 x 10° m?2/s CONDUCTESR i in PIPE P KAdT = —¢ Qdx = KAdT ] Vous = K(2mrL)dT a ess = 2nKL f dt n= Qin® = 2mKLAT ae 2nKLAT rT: In T%8. A3 mm-diameter and 5 m long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2 mm thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m - C. Electrical measurement indicate that a current or 10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at 30C, with heat transfer coefficient h = 12 W/m? —- C, determine the temperature interface of the wire. Q=P P= + 2mKL_—hoAo 2ntok. AT (20L) Wiss wn (Tx 89) (241) (8) S AEDS TT, = 105°C (2)8-3)> 5 T+ me?9. Solve the critical radius in cm for an asbestos cement covered pipe (K,,, = 0.208 W/m — K). The external heat transfer coefficient is 1.5 Btu/hr—ft? °F. Ww 0.208 —— _ Bro Reo - 3 — r ( ae z) Bru Ww Sate eo 100 Re= 0.08015 ft (3755) R.= 2.44.cm 10. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32 °C has an inside diameter of SO mm with 10 mm thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still air, h, = 12 W/m? — K. Inside the pipe is steam having a temperature of 150°C with film coefficient h, = 6000 W/m? — K. Thermal conductivity of the pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m — K respectively. Determine the heat loss per unit length of pipe.a= Ag = 2mmL 0 ~ a a YW A BAe ” “any © anv het at an Ly Wy We 4 Wht "ve * “Ex ie o -32) (20) ea , on aavooes* met 126065) | Q=120w 11. How many kW will be radiated from a spherical black body 15 cm in diameter at a temperature of 800 °C? Qeseat* $= 56710" Q=5.67x10-° Sank ae + F im?(600 + 2735" Kt S = 5.67x1078 Q=53126W Q=5.313kWCONDUCTION in SPHERE KAdT Ve dx Qdx = KAdT Qdr = K(4nr?)dT Qf r?dr = 4nK f dt 4 Qi -—+ =) = 4nKAT moh Rsphere 12. A hollow sphere is heated by means of a heating coil having a resistance of 100 ohms placed in the inside cavity. The average thermal conductivity of the sphere is 30 Btu/hr — ft - F. Calculate the current necessary to maintain the temperature difference between the inside and outside surface of BF. The inside and outside diameters of the sphere are 20.32 cm and 22.86 cm respectively. _ 4nkaT Q=TE Q=P P=IV V=IR P=PR We : cee AT 141 we the (193) rb, sve Epon ten 41 ‘poe THe W* 1h JB 1=5.14A