Module 2: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory System

Parts
 Heart
 Blood vessels
Types of Blood vessels
●Arteries ● Veins ●Capillaries
 Blood

Types of Circulation
 Pulmonary circulation
 Coronary circulation
 Systemic Circulation

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 Is the life support structure that nourishes your cells with nutrients from the food you eat and oxygen from the
air you breathe.
 It can be compared to a complex arrangement of highways, avenues, and lanes connecting all the cells together
into a neighborhood.
 Another name of circulatory system is cardiovascular system.
 Its function is to deliver different materials in the body (vital elements, oxygen, nutrients) and transport wastes
away from the body.

Parts and Function

 HEART – hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood throughout the body.
 BLOOD VESSELS – carries the blood throughout the body
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues and organs of the body.
Arterioles – small arteries
Veins – carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (the largest blood vessels,)
Capillaries – the smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting the smallest arteries (arterioles) to the
smallest veins (venules). It is the actual site where gases and nutrients are exchanged.
 BLOOD – (reddish fluid) carries the materials throughout the body

Three Formed Elements of the Blood Cells

1. Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBC) – transport O2 and CO2
2. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBC) – soldiers of the body
3. Thrombocytes – Platelets – stops blood vessels haemorrhage and promotes coagulation
 PLASMA accounts for 55%, while formed elements is 45% in the whole body.
 Made up of water containing hormones, enzymes, nutrients
 Serves as a vehicle for the transport of formed elements.

TYPES of CIRCULATION
1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION – movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the lungs.
2. CORONARY CIRCULATION – movement of blood through the tissues of the heart
3. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION – movement of blood from the heart to the rest of the body, excluding the lungs.
 Coronary circulation

HEART
 Heart is a hollow muscular organ, heart is a muscle
 Cardiac muscle is the striated muscle that is present only in the heart.
 Heart size just a big as your clenched fist
 The pumping organ of the body.
 Men’s heart is 20% larger than women’s heart
 Women’s heart beat is faster than men
 Heart beats 100,000 times each day
 Heart pumps 2000 gallons of blood in a day
 heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, slightly shifted to the left side
 heart has 4 Chambers
 Left Atrium
 Right Atrium
 Left Ventricle
 Right Ventricle

Atria- It is the receiving chamber of the heart accepting the blood from the body (right atrium) and from the lungs (left
atrium)
Ventricles- the pumping chamber the heart. Moving the blood to the lungs (right ventricle) and the rest of the body (left
ventricle).

The heart has 2 pumps. Each pumps has 2 chambers, the upper chamber and the lower chamber. Atrium is the
upper chamber that receives blood coming from the veins. The lower chamber is the ventricle that forces the blood out
into the arteries.
Valve- located in between atrium and ventricles.
-Act as one-way doors that keep the blood moving in one direction.
-Control the movement of blood into the chambers of the heart and out to the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Valves of the heart

 Tricuspid valve-located in between in between right atrium and right ventricle.
 Pulmonary valve- located in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
 Mitral valve- located between left atrium and left ventricle
 Aortic valve- located between left ventricle and aorta.
Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve control the blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.
Aortic Valve and Pulmonary valve control blood flow out of the ventricles

Aorta- is the large artery that carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Pulmonary Veins- are the veins that transfer the oxygenated blood from the heart.
Pulmonary Artery- carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs.
Superior Vena Cava- large vein which returns blood to the heart from the head neck and both upper limb.
Inferior Vena Cava- returns the blood to the heart from the lower part of the body
Pulmonary trunk- is a short artery transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart towards the lungs
Pulmonary capillaries- the smallest blood vessel inside the lungs attached to the walls of alveoli.
Pericardium-is a thin sac that surrounds your heart. It protects and lubricates your heart and it keeps it in place at your
chest.
Septum- the muscular wall separating the left side and the right side of the heart
BLOOD FLOW
 Deoxygenated Blood enters to the right atrium from inferior and superior vena cava
 Deoxygenated blood flows to the right atrium
 Blood passes though tricuspid valve
 Blood enters to the right ventricle
 Blood moves to the pulmonary valve
 Blood enters to the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries where blood is carried to the lungs
 Blood loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries
 Then oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins
 Blood enters to the left atrium
 Blood travels to the mitral/bicuspid valve
 Blood enters to the left ventricle
 Blood moves to the aortic valve
 Blood travels to the aorta and blood in the aorta travels in every organ of the body and loses oxygen and gains
carbon dioxide
 Blood returns to heart by a vena cava

Septum
 BLOOD
FLOW

DEOXYGENAT
Right atrium
Vena cava

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Veins

Pulmonary artery

Lungs

Pulmonary vein

Capillaries
Left atrium OXYGENA

Bicuspid valve

Left ventricle

Aortic valve

Arteries
Aorta
BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) measure of the force that circulating blood exerts against the arterial wall
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE – the maximum pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial wall. It results when the ventricle
contracts (SYSTOLE)
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- is the lowest pressure in the artery. It results when the ventricle relaxed (DIASTOLE)
 Normal blood pressure is 120/80
 120(systolic )/80(diastolic)
 Hypertension abnormally high blood pressure 140/90 blood pressure BP
 Hypotension abnormally low blood pressure can be or less than 90/60 blood pressure BP

How do the lungs and heart work together?

 The heart pumps the blood that transport the inhaled oxygen to every cell of the body. Carbon dioxide is given
off in the process and is carried by the blood to the lungs and is released through exhalation.

How do the Circulatory and respiratory system work together?

PULSE/HEART
FACTORS RATE
AFFECTING THE HEART RATE/PULSE PULSE SITE

Age medication
Gender Loss of blood
Exercise/Activity Stress/ Emotion
Fever Disease/condition
Position Changes Drugs
Blood pressure Hypovolemia/hemorrage
 Heart rate
How to compute your Maximum heart rate?
Subtract your age from 220. For example
220- 15(your age)= 205 beats per minute(BPM)
What does maximum heart rate mean?
Maximum Heart Rate is the maximum beat of
your heart in one minute effort. (When walking
running or exercising).
Resting Heart Rate is the number of your heart
beat per minute (BPM) when you are at rest.
ABNORMAL HEART RATE/PULSE
TACHYCARDIA
rapid heart rate more than 100 beats per minute (BPM)

BRADYCARDIA
Slow heart beat slow than 60 beat per minute (BPM)