Anuj Mohan

Oracle ACE , Founder Oracle 12c SIG (IOUG)

Technical Account Manager , Data Intensity LLC
Oracle Certified Exadata Implementer
Oracle Certified RAC Expert
Oracle 11g/12c Certified Professional (OCP)

@anujmo

DBA 101: Multitenant for beginners

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 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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• 1982: RSI became Oracle Corporation
• 1983: version 3, supported COMMIT and ROLLBACK functionality for
transactions. extended platform support to include Unix
environments
• 1984: version 4, which supported read-consistency
• 1985: version 5, which supported the client–server
• 1986: Oracle version 5.1 started supporting distributed queries
• 1988: version 6 supported PL/SQL embedded within Oracle Forms v3
(version 6 could not store PL/SQL in the database proper), row-level
locking and hot backups

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 1992: Oracle version 7 1997: Oracle version 8
• Referential integrity • Object-oriented
• Stored procedures • Multimedia applications
• Triggers.

1999: Oracle8i
2001: Oracle9i
• Internet
• 400+ New features
• Java virtual machine
• Oracle RAC replace OPS

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2003: Oracle Database 10g 2007: Oracle Database 11g
• Automatic Storage Management • Database Replay
• Oracle Data Pump • SQL Performance Analyzer
• Virtual Private Database • Active Data Guard
• Automatic Shared Memory • Snapshot Standby
Management • Flashback Data Archives
• ADDM and SQL Tuning Advisor • Edition-Based Redefinition
• Automatic Workload Repository • RAC One Node, and Clusterware
• Automatic Segment Management • Grid Ifrastructure (R2)
• Flashback Table • Data Recovery Advisor
• Few years later EXADATA
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2013: Oracle 12c

• Container / Pluggable databases

• Online Datafile and Partition Movement
• Policy-Based Automatic Redaction
• Flex ASM
• SQL Plan Management enhancements
• Information Lifecycle Management (ILM)
• Automatic Data Optimization (ADO)

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 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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04/10/2019 Anuj Mohan Data Intensity LLC 12
 Understanding in simple words
• CDB is a normal database with additional capability of storing one or more non CDB
• These non CDB's within CDB are called PDB
• PDB's can be plugged and unplugged easily from one container to another container.
In previous example we have two PDBs hrpdb and salespdb

• ***CDB Container database

• ***PDB pluggable database

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 PDB3

SGA and PGA

BG Processes
and
PDB1

PDB2

Container Instance Pluggable

Database Databases

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Option for creating Container Database

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PDB using DBCA

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PDB using DBCA

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 Ways to deploy a PDB

• From an existing remote PDB

• From PDB$SEED
• From an existing local PDB
• Unplug from a CDB and plug into another CDB

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 Ways to deploy a PDB

• Cloning a remote PDB (Clone anuj@CDB1 as mohan@CDB2)

• Connect to CDB1 and place Anuj in read only mode
• Connect to CDB2 as sys and run clone command
(if using a common user you need to grant "create pluggable database" container=all)
▪ create pluggable database mohan from anuj@CDB2_dbl** admin user sys identified by sys_pwd
file_name_convert = (‘/u01/pdbs/anuj’,’/u01/pdbs/mohan’);
▪ alter pluggable database Mohan open;
* Endian format,character set, etc must be compatible between CDBs
** CDB2_dbl is database link used for communication between CDB1 and
CDB2
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 Ways to deploy a PDB
• Creating an PDB (Anuj) from PDB$SEED

• Set db_file_name_convert
SQL> alter system set PDB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT ='/u01/datafiles/pdbseed/','/u01/datafiles/Anuj/'
scope=both;
• Run create pdb command
SQL> CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE Anuj ADMIN USER PDB_Anj IDENTIFIED BY PDB_Anj default tablespace users
datafile ‘/u01/datafiles/Anuj/users_01.dbf’ size
1000M;ROLES=(DBA);
Pluggable database created.
• Open PDB in read write mode
SQL> alter pluggable database Anuj open;

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 Ways to deploy a PDB

Cloning a PDB (Clone Anuj as Mohan)

Connect to CDB root as sys
Open Anuj in read-only mode and run create pdb
▪ alter pluggable database Anuj close;
▪ alter pluggable database Anuj open read only;
▪ create pluggable database Mohan from Anuj admin user sys identified by
sys_pwd file_name_convert = (‘/u01/pdbs/anuj’,’/u01/pdbs/mohan’);

Open the database

▪ alter pluggable database mohan open;

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 Ways to deploy a PDB

Unplug and plug

Connect to source(CDB1) as sys
Shut down Anuj
▪ alter pluggable database Anuj close;
▪ alter pluggable database Anuj unplug into ‘/u01/datafiles/Anuj/Anuj.xml’;

• If you do not want to keep this PDB anymore on Current CDB you can drop it
but make a copy of data files before drop.
▪ drop pluggable database Anuj

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 Ways to deploy a PDB

Unplug and plug continue…

Connect to Destination(CDB2) as sys
▪ select dbms_pdb.check_plug_compatibility( pdb_descr_file=>’/u01/datafiles/Anuj/Anuj.xml’,
store_report=>true) from dual;

Check for errors in pdb_plug_in_violations table

move PDB files and use nocopy
▪ create pluggable database Anuj using ‘/u01/datafiles/Anuj/Anuj.xml’ nocopy;
** Similar to transportable databases
** XML file has PDB metadata

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 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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 Common Component in Container Databases (CDB’s)

• Background processes –
• Memory areas – buffer cache, log buffer, etc.
• Datafiles (Undo / Redo
• Undo tablespace
• Single ADR location
• PDB’s may have their own datafiles

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 Common vs. Local Concept

• Common VS Local Concept

o Can be defined on CDB or PDB Level
• Users →Defined on root or local PDB
• Roles →Defined on root or local PDB
• Privileges →Defined on root or local PDB
• Objects →Defined on root or local PDB

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 Common and Local Privileges

• A common privilege is privilege granted across all containers

• A privilege granted to a single PDB is a local privilege
• Local users can only utilize privileges locally in the current PDB
• Common users can only utilize privileges locally in the current PDB
• Common users connected to the root container can utilize privileges across
container, such as creating a common user

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 Common and Local Roles

• local user can only create local roles. Local roles can be granted to local or
common users. Local roles can be granted to common roles.
• common user can create common roles and/or local roles. Common roles can
be granted to local or common users. Common roles can be granted to local
roles
▪ SQL> create role c##_bill_master CONTAINER=ALL;
▪ SQL> create role bill_local CONTAINER=CURRENT;

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 Grant and Revoke Privileges and Roles

• Grant common privilege by common user

▪ SQL> grant prv1 to c##_cm_user CONTAINER=ALL;

• Grant local privilege by common user

▪ SQL> grant prv2 to pdb01_user CONTAINER=CURRENT;

• Grant a local privilege by a local user

▪ SQL> grant prv2 to pdb01_user;

• Revoke common privilege by common user

▪ SQL> revoke prv1 from c##_ cm_user CONTAINER=ALL;

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 Create Common User

• Connect to CDB and Create Common User

SQL> show con_id
CON_ID
-----------
1
SQL> show con_name
CON_NAME
----------------
CDB$ROOT
SQL> create user C##_main identified by qweasdzxc
container=ALL;
User created.

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 Grant some role and privilege to common user

SQL> grant dba to C##_main container=ALL;

Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant select any table to C##_main container=ALL;
Grant succeeded.
select grantee, granted_role from dba_role_privs where grantee ='C##_MAIN';
GRANTEE GRANTED_ROLE
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
C##_main DBA
C##_main DBA

select grantee, privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee ='C##_MAIN';

GRANTEE PRIVILEGE
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
C##_main UNLIMITED TABLESPACE
C##_main SELECT ANY TABLE
C##_main UNLIMITED TABLESPACE
C##_main SELECT ANY TABLE

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 Common User Information
• Connect to PDB using just created common user
SQL> show con_name
CON_NAME
------------------------------
ANUJPDB
SQL> show con_id
CON_ID
------------------------------
3
SQL> select grantee, granted_role from dba_role_privs where grantee ='C##_MAIN';
GRANTEE GRANTED_ROLE
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
C##_main DBA
SQL> select grantee, privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee ='C##_MAIN';
GRANTEE PRIVILEGE
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
C##_main UNLIMITED TABLESPACE
C##_main SELECT ANY TABLE

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 While connected to PDB try to create common user
create user C##_main1 identified by qweasdzxc container=ALL;
create user C##_main1 identified by qweasdzxc container=ALL
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-65050: Common DDLs only allowed in CDB$ROOT

create user C##_main1 identified by qweasdzxc

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-65094: invalid local user or role name
SQL> create user main1 identified by qweasdzxc; /* User local to PDB */
User created.
SQL> grant dba to main1;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> grant create any table to main1;
Grant succeeded.

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 Check roles/privileges you just granted

SQL> select grantee, privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee =‘MAIN1';

GRANTEE PRIVILEGE
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
main1 CREATE ANY TABLE
main1 UNLIMITED TABLESPACE

SQL> select grantee, granted_role from dba_role_privs where grantee =‘MAIN1';

GRANTEE GRANTED_ROLE
--------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
main1 DBA

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Connect to CDB and check privileges of local user we just granted

SQL> show con_name

CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT

SQL> select grantee, privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee =‘MAIN1';

no rows selected
SQL> select grantee, granted_role from dba_role_privs where grantee =MAIN1';
no rows selected

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Connect PDB again and review
SQL> select grantee, granted_role from cdb_role_privs where grantee =‘MAIN1';
GRANTEE GRANTED_ROLE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
main1 DBA
SQL> select grantee, privilege from cdb_sys_privs where grantee =‘MAIN1';
GRANTEE PRIVILEGE
----------------------------------------
main1 CREATE ANY TABLE
main1 UNLIMITED TABLESPACE

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• USER_%% Show list of all the Objects owned by the current user in a PDB
• ALL_%% Show list of all the Objects accessible by the current user in a PDB
• DBA_%% Show list of all the Objects in the root or a pluggable database
• CDB_%% Show list of all the Objects in the container database. CDB_%% use
new column CON_ID

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 Creating Objects

• Local object can be created by common and local users

• Common objects can NOT be created by user defined “common users”. To
create Common objects you need to use by Oracle supplied common user
(sys/system)

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DBA_USERS
• Name Null? Type

-------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128)

USER_ID NOT NULL NUMBER

PASSWORD VARCHAR2(4000)

ACCOUNT_STATUS NOT NULL VARCHAR2(32)

LOCK_DATE DATE

EXPIRY_DATE DATE

DEFAULT_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

CREATED NOT NULL DATE

PROFILE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128)

INITIAL_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP VARCHAR2(128)

EXTERNAL_NAME VARCHAR2(4000)

PASSWORD_VERSIONS VARCHAR2(12)

EDITIONS_ENABLED VARCHAR2(1)

AUTHENTICATION_TYPE VARCHAR2(8)

PROXY_ONLY_CONNECT VARCHAR2(1)

COMMON VARCHAR2(3)

LAST_LOGIN TIMESTAMP(9) WITH TIME ZONE

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CDB_USERS
o Name Null? Type
------------------------------ -------- ----------------------------
USERNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128)
USER_ID NOT NULL NUMBER
PASSWORD VARCHAR2(4000)
ACCOUNT_STATUS NOT NULL VARCHAR2(32)
LOCK_DATE DATE
EXPIRY_DATE DATE
DEFAULT_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)
CREATED NOT NULL DATE
PROFILE NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128)
INITIAL_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP VARCHAR2(128)
EXTERNAL_NAME VARCHAR2(4000)
PASSWORD_VERSIONS VARCHAR2(12)
EDITIONS_ENABLED VARCHAR2(1)
AUTHENTICATION_TYPE VARCHAR2(8)
PROXY_ONLY_CONNECT VARCHAR2(1)
COMMON VARCHAR2(3)
LAST_LOGIN TIMESTAMP(9) WITH TIME ZONE
CON_ID NUMBER

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 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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 Tools to manage CDBs and PDBs

Your favorite SQL *Plus

12c EM gives dropdown option to select PDB
Sql developer
Any third party software you prefer
▪ Toad
▪ Dbartisan

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 Connecting CDB and PDB
• [oracle@test121 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=AnujC
[oracle@test121 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL> select name,open_mode from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE
--------- --------------------
ANUJC READ WRITE
SQL> show con_id
CON_ID
------------------------------
1
SQL> show user
USER is "SYS"

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 Connecting CDB and PDB continued…
• select pdb_id,pdb_name from cdb_pdbs;
PDB_ID PDB_NAME
---------- ---------------------------------------------
2 PDB$SEED
3 ANUJPDB
4 ANUJP02

There are many ways you can access PDBs

• Using tns
sqlplus C##_MAIN/qweasdzxc@ANUJPDB /* Tnsnames.ora */
SQL> select NAME, OPEN_MODE, CON_ID from V$PDBS;
NAME OPEN_MODE CON_ID
------------------------------ ---------- ----------
ANUJP DB READ WRITE 3

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 Connecting CDB and PDB continued…
• Connect using service name
• Sqlplus C##_MAIN/qweasdzxc@anuj-w530:1521/ANUJPDB /* Service Name */
• Connect using Local/TWO_TASK
• set LOCAL=ANUJPDB /* on windows */
• set TWO_TASK=ANUJPDB /* on unix */
• sqlplus C##_MAIN/qweasdzxc

• How to check which PDB you are connected

• Show CON_ID
• Show CON_NAME
• Using SYS_CONTEXT
select sys_context('userenv','CON_ID') from dual;

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 CDB Startup stages

• CDB Startup stages

❖ Shutdown
• Instance and database both down
❖ Nomount
• Instance is started. V$ views are accessible
❖ Mount
• CDB control file is opened
• Root is mounted
• PDBs are also in mount stage
❖ Open
• CDB is open for read /write
• PDBs will be still in mount stage by default

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 PDBs Startup

PDBs Startup
▪ When you open your CDB , that will bring your PDBs to mount stage. At this stage you
can use below options to open your PDBs
• Connect to CDB
• Alter pluggable database pdb_name open;
• Alter pluggable database all open ; /* open all PDBs */
• Select name,open_mode from v$pdbs;

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 Shutting CDBs and PDBs

• Shutting CDBs and PDBs

▪ To shutdown CDBs you use “shutdown *****” commands
• Shutdown immediate
• Shutdown transactional
• Shutdown abort
▪ Their possible states are MOUNT/OPEN/CLOSE

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 Closing PDBs

• Closing PDBs
▪ Connect to CDB
• Alter pluggable database all except pdb_name close/open;
• Alter pluggable database pdb_name close immediate;
▪ Connect to PDB
• Username/password@PDB as sysdba
• Shutdown immediate
• OR
• Alter pluggable database close
▪ Connect to CDB and check
• Select name,open_mode from v$pdbs;

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 Open restrict

• You can Open your PDBs in restricted /read only and read write based on
your requirement

▪ Alter pluggable database open restricted

▪ Alter pluggable database open read only
▪ Alter pluggable database open

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 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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 Backups

• RMAN Backup Levels

▪ CDB Level backup: All CDB datafiles, PDBs datafiles and controlfile and spfile if control
file autobackup is defined
▪ PDB backup: All PDBs datafiles and controlfile and spfile if control file autobackup is
defined
▪ Tablespace level backup, so you can backup individual tablespace of any pdb
▪ Datafile level backups

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 Backup…

• You can connect to CDB/PDB to perform backup

• sysdba or sysbackup privilege required to run backup

• RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE;
• BACKUP PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1prd, pdb2prd;
• BACKUP TABLESPACE pdb1prd :tbs2;
• BACKUP PLUGGABLE DATABASE "CDB$ROOT";

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 Recovery options
Media recovery : File loss or damage
▪ CDB level –Entire CDB
▪ PDB level – Entire PDB
▪ Tablespace level: same as for non-CDB.Any tablespace of CDB or PDB
▪ Datafile level recovery option
▪ Data block level recovery
▪ TSPITR for root tablespaces ONLY except SYSTEM, UNDO, SYSAUX

▪ Flashback database
• CDB level
• PDB level
▪ Block recovery: Same as Oracle 11g

*** Instance recovery is not possible on PDB level

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 Recovery Commands

Loss of system datafile from PDB

• In order to recover from loss of PDB’s system datafile we need to take CDB on mount stage(No
CDB/PDB available to users)
• RMAN> startup mount; (cdb mounted)
• RMAN> restore tablespace pdb1prd :system;
• RMAN> recover tablespace pdb1prd :system;
• RMAN> alter database open; (cdb open)
• RMAN> alter pluggable database all open;

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 Recovery Commands

Loss of non system datafile of PDB or CDB

• We do not need to take PDB/CDB offline (CDB/PDB available to users except offline tablespace)
• SQL> connect system/12cmanager@ pdb1prd
• SQL> alter tablespace tbs01 offline immediate;
• RMAN> restore tablespace pdb1prd :tbs01;
• RMAN> recover tablespace pdb1prd : tbs01;
• SQL> alter tablespace tbs01 online

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 Enable Flashback

• Database must be in archivelog mode

• Set Init Parameters
• db_recovery_file_dest_size=xxgb
• db_recovery_file_dest=recovery file location
• Enable on sqlplus
• sql> alter system set db_flashback_retention_target=1440 scope=both;
• sql> alter database flashback on;

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 Flashback database

• Create Restore points

• sql> create restore point before_upgrade;
• sql>create restore point before_upgrade guarantee flashback database;

• Find out SCN you want to flashback or restore points

• sql> select name, scn, time, database_incarnation#, guarantee_flashback_database,storage_size from

v$restore_point;
OR
• rman> list restore point all;

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 Flashback database
o sql>startup mount
o flashback database to scn 1809;
OR
o Rman> flashback database to restore point 'before_upgrade';
o rman> alter database open read only;
o Validate recovered information

o rman> shutdown immediate

o rman> startup mount
o flashback database to scn 1809;
OR
o flashback database to restore point 'before_upgrade';

o rman> alter database open resetlogs;

o rman> alter pluggable database all open;

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 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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 Migration to 18c : Methods

• Expdp / Impdp
• Use of some sort of replication tool
o E.g. GoldenGate , transient logical standby
• Upgrade a pre-18c database to 18c (non cdb)
o Plug-in the non-CDB into a CDB

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 Migration to 18c : Features

• Helpful features :
oparallel processing to regular upgrades
oManual / dbua generates automatic fixups before upgrade
odbua can use existing rman backups for fall back strategy
oyou can create restore points and do a flashback database
odatapump full transportable (combination of datapump and
transportable tablespace)

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 Upgrade paths

Source /Lower Version Intermediate Version Final Version

12.2.0.1, None Required 18c

12.1.0.1, 12.1.0.2 None Required 18c
11.2.0.3, 11.2.0.4 None Required 18c
11.2.0.2 or 11.1.0.7 11g release 2 18c

10.2.0.2, 10.2.0.3, 10.2.0.4,10.2.0.5 11.2. or 12.1

or 10.1.0.5 18c
9.2.0.8 11.2.0.3 or 11.2.0.4. 18c

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 12.2

Multitenant Features :SGA PGA & I/O for PDBs

DB_CACHE_SIZE Sets the minimum, guaranteed buffer cache space for the PDB with
DB_CACHE_SIZE defined on CDB level

SGA_TARGET Sets the maximum SGA size for the PDB with SGA_TARGET in the CDB root

SGA_MIN_SIZE Sets the minimum SGA size for the PDB.

PGA_AGGREGATE_LIMIT Sets the maximum PGA size for the PDB.

PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET Sets the target aggregate PGA size for the PDB.
Multitenant Features :SGA PGA & I/O for PDBs

MAX_IOPS - number of I/O operations for each second

MAX_MBPS - megabytes I/O operations for each second.
This is not in
Set at PDB Level - Scope will be individual PDB Exadata
Set at CDB Level - Scope will be all PDB’s in container

If it is defined at PDB Level then it takes precedence over the settings in the CDB root
Multitenant Features: Lockdown Profiles
12.2

PDB Lockdown Profiles are new method of restricting/allowing certain access within a role or profile.

You need CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE system privilege

CREATE LOCKDOWN PROFILE hr_prof;

alter LOCKDOWN PROFILE hr_prof ENABLE STATEMENT = ('alter SYSTEM') clause = ('flush shared_pool');
alter LOCKDOWN PROFILE hr_prof DISABLE STATEMENT = ('alter SYSTEM');
alter LOCKDOWN PROFILE hr_prof DISABLE FEATURE = ('XDB_PROTOCOLS');

Grant hr_prof to PDB users Disabled alter system but allowed flush

More Reading
 AGENDA
• Oracle’s Previous Releases
• CDB/PDB Introduction and Concepts
• Shared / Exclusive components
• Accessing CDB's/PDB's
• Backup and Recovery
• Quick overview: migration options to 18c from previous versions.
• PDB - Explanation of Value (EOV)

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 Source: Oracle Corporation
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 Source: Oracle Corporation
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 Summary and Conclusions
• There is no application change required for using PDBs
• Cloning is very easy . Perfect for creating test/development system quickly
• If file system supports copy-on-change then clones can be done in sub seconds
• PDBs need to be opened explicitly
• One physical database with multiple PDBs - Less DBA Effort to manage
• One set of memory / processes - Less usage means you can deploy more applications per
physical server
• Adding more PDB only requires space
• Upgrade to CDB and plug in PDBs - PDBs are upgraded
• Cloning to remote servers
• Enhanced Resource manager
• No change required in Scripts and applications
• More than One PDB inside a CDB is Extra cost
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Explore Oracle Database 18c Learning Resources
Oracle Database 18c Learning Library:
https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracledatabase/18/index.html
 Thank you …
• Twitter → @Anujmo
• Blog → http://www.oracle-12c.com/
• LinkedIn Page for SIG → www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=4847720
• If you have further questions or need database assistance, Send me email
[email protected]

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