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Geometric Rules Quick Reference
[Junior Level]
MathBitsNotebook.com
Topical Outline | JrMath Outline | MathBits' Teacher Resources
Terms of Use Contact Person: Donna Roberts
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This is a partial listing of the more popular rules (theorems, postulates, and properties) that you will be
using in your study of Geometry.
First a few words that refer to types of geometric "rules":
• A theorem is a statement (rule) that has been proven true using facts, operations and other rules that
are known to be true. These are usually the "big" rules of geometry. A short theorem referring to a
"lesser" rule is called a lemma.
• A corollary is a follow-up to an existing proven theorem. Corollaries are off-shoots of a theorem that
require little or no further proof.
• A postulate (or axiom) is a statement (rule) that is taken to be true without proof. Euclid derived many
of the rules for geometry starting with a series of definitions and only five postulates.
• A property is a quality or characteristic belonging to something.
For example, the real numbers have the associative, commutative and distributive properties.
Your textbook (and your teacher) may want you to remember these "rules" with slightly different
wording.
Be sure to follow the directions from your teacher.
star Angles:
Adjacent Angles
Two angles that share a common vertex, a common side, and no common interior points (don't overlap).
m∠ABD and m∠DBC are adjacent. m∠ABC and m∠DBC are not adjacent anglediagram
Linear Pair
Two adjacent angles whose non-common sides for a straight line.
Straight Angles
All straight angles are congruent (equal in measure).
(They all have a measure of 180º.)
Vertical Angles
Vertical angles are congruent (equal in measure).
m∠1 = m∠2
m∠3 = m∠4
vert
Triangle Interior Sum
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180º.
Exterior Angle
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two non-
adjacent interior angles.
Angles forming a straight line
180angles
Angles around a point
anglesaround
Complementary Angles
Two angles the sum of whose measures is 90º.
Supplementary Angles
Two angles the sum of whose measures is 180º.
star Triangles:
Pythagorean Theorem
c2 = a2 + b2
In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the square of the lengths of the legs.
Sum of Two Sides
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the third side.
Longest Side
In a triangle, the longest side is across from the largest angle.
Largest Angle
In a triangle, the largest angle is across from the longest side
Congruent Triangles
Triangles that are congruent if there corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides
are congruent.
Short-cuts to verify congruent triangles
SSS, ASA, AAS, SAS, HL(in right triangles)
Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity
If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, the triangles are similar.
Sides of Similar Δs
Corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.
star Parallels:
Corresponding Angles
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.
Alternate Interior Angles
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate interior angles are congruent.
Alternate Exterior Angles
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Interiors on Same Side
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the interior angles on the same side of the transversal are
supplementary.
star Quadrilaterals:
Quadrilateral
• is a four sided polygon
• a figure with exactly four sides
Parallelograms
• is a quadrilateral w/ both pairs of opposite sides parallel
• opposite sides are equal in length
Rectangle
• is a parallelogram with 4 right angles
• two pairs of parallel sides
• opposite sides of equal length
Rhombus
• is a parallelogram with all 4 sides of equal length
• two pairs of parallel sides
Square
• is a parallelogram with 4 sides of equal length and 4 right angles
• two pairs of parallel sides
Trapezoid
• quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides
Isosceles Trapezoid
• is a trapezoid with congruent base angles
• at least one pair of parallel sides
• legs congruent
Kite
• is a quadrilateral with two sets of adjacent sides equal
• not a trapezoid and not a parallelogram
quadfamily
star Area (A), Volume (V), Surface Area (SA):
Rectangle
Arectangle = l × w = b • h
l= length; w = width; b = base; h = height
Parallelogram
Aparallelogram = b • h
Triangle
AΔ = ½ • b• h
Trapezoid
Atrapezoid = ½ h (b1 + b2) or decompose
Regular Polygon
Aregular polygon = ½ • a • p
a = apothem; p = perimeter
Circle (circumference)
C = 2πr = πd
r = radius; d = diameter
Circle (area)
Acircle = πr2
Rectangular Solid
(also called right rectangular prism)
recsolidformula
SA formula assumes a "closed box" with all 6 sides.
Cube
[special case of rectangular solid with all edges equal)
cubeformula
SA formula assumes a "closed box" with all 6 sides. s = side
Cylinder
cylinderformula
SA formula assumes a "closed container" with a top and a bottom.
Cone
coneformual1
SA formula assumes a "closed container", with a bottom. s = slant height
Sphere
sphereformula
Right Prism
(rectangular or triangular)
Vright prism = B • h; SA = 2B + p • h
B = area of the base; h = height; p = perimeter of base
Pyramid
[assuming all of the faces (not the base) are the same]
pyrformula
B = area of the base; h = height; p = perimeter of base; s = slant height
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