Water Logging and Drainage Solutions
Water Logging and Drainage Solutions
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Water logging, Quality of Irrigation Water I 13
•
(Outlets should. be ~mpl_~.t~tc~se
. d.. d
. ·u·•·r·i·n.9 ·0·b·s·.erva·tion
~eepage losf om canal occlir~r two ways: :,> .·. . . ·_.
· _ perl_
o__
d._ .) • · _-' ·
Capillary zone
Zone of Saturation
Percolation: When water table is close to the ground level, the seeping water may establish a direct and
continuous flow between canal section and water. The zone between the water table and the canal bed remains
completely saturated. As there is a continuous flow, so seepage loss will depend upon the head difference
between the full supply level of canal and water table.
2.6 Leaching
Leaching is the process of removal of alkali salts dissolved in irrigation water by flooding the land
with adequate amount of water.
• This is mainly done to remove the alkali salts in the top layer of land for allowing the crops to be
grown on the land.
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14 .:...:....::...::::::..,~.:.:,:
Civil Eng ineering_____ .:.:,___
• Irrigation fflRDE Er:as~
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Engineering
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• In order to rec laim a land , we initially g row some salt resistant crop on the le_a ched land and alter
sometime when salinity has been reduced to permi ssible extent we grow ordinary crops
•
. . Depth of Irrigation water drained out per unit area
Leaching Requirement (L R) = Depth of Irrigation water applied per unit area
= Dd
D1
• Leaching Requirement is generally expressed as the percentage of total irrigation water appfied lo
the soil to meet the consumptive use as well as the leaching needs.
• Leaching requirement is meant for maintaining the equilibrium in the salt content of the soil
Dd C; EC(,)
D; = Cd= EC(d) ...(i)
00 !._
L - t~
(ii.) Gen.era.·Ily, EC of dra.ined w
.. a·.ter. o.r lea.ched water [i.e.. Eq,J
E~ valu~ of the.r sa~ ation son e'.'1_ract
j
..
2.7
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Land Drainage
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• Land Drainage is primarily meant for allowing water in wet areas to rapidly drain away or to relieve
hydrostatic pressure
• Land Drainage is the disposal of water achieved by a variety of land drains or water courses
• Land Drainage include all rivers, streams, ditches, culverts, dykes, sluices and passages through
which water flows.
• Land drainage refers to mainly two types of drainage
(i) Surface drainage (ii) Subsurface drainage
2.7.1 SurfaceDralnage
• Surface drainage is the removal of excess rain water falling on the fields or the excess irrigation
water applied to the fields by constructing open ditches or drains, field drains and other related
1
structures.
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• Land is sloped towards these drain so as to make excess water flow into these drains .
Leten,10
---...
[~~ ,,.r ~7
• Surface draind are mainly classified int0 two types:
. l ...-.:_ '""------~-
j'--"'-~~'"'J
(1) Shallow sprface drains .._~~--~--~-~~-,
(ii) Deep surface drains f'.. _ J
!
•
t '
Shallow surfabe drains ate constructed tci remove the excess irrigation water collected in the
.
depressions
r
or • S -
the fields f s well as thastorm__water- .....="""""-'•--~
1
•
' surface drains
from the shallow
'
i and seepage
-l
I water •-F--·,
Deep surface !drains are actually the outlet clrains Wt\ict\ carries flood water of the catchment area
- from the undergroundl tile drains.
' '
• I 1 '
t ~ -For design of both shallow as well as deep ~urface
t drainsweuseMannlng'sequation _
~
_
llir-4 N ,. w ~• • '-
~'\ - -• .._,_ , .
fn'l~.......-.,:.---~..-.-._.,A- -~-----
tf~3LYJ ~J
r-:"'.2Z.:I f'""'B Ii !"
2.7.2 Sub Surface Drain&~i ru jpj [.kU
• Sub surface dr~nag~ \;;-used wh~Jst!/:!EL~Q/j if1:l~;~en~f:u~1~yconomical spacing of the
drains. •
• Sub surface drainage system consists of a surface or sub surface main drains and laterals .
• Water is carried into the outlet by main drains, which receive water from the laterals
• The tile drains are located at suitable depths below the ground surface above the impervious soil
(mainly clay). Stratum preventing the natural percolation of water.
• They are preferably placed in a soil of medium or high permeability.
• The tile drains permit deep roots development by lowering the water table (especially during spring
season).
• Tile drain is located at suitable depth below the ground surface and is usually covered with coarse
sand and bajri.
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_ _Engineering
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_;:.,__ _ .:__ _..:.,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mADE
Engineering ERs!::I
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on,
• Gravitational water at the head of the tile drain Is under pressure due to head of water above it,
• Tile drains have their outlets in natural as well as artificial channels.
Fig.2.2
J
I
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Water logging, Quality of Irrigation Water I 17
• The drain is designed for a capacity to carry sub soil water in addition to natural drainage of the
area.
• The design is done as per the design of irrigation canal but critical velocity is not given any
consideration .
• Depth of deep drain varies from 2 to 4 m.
• Full supply level is kept about 0.6 m below the ground level.
• Main problem of maintenance is the removal of aquatic weeds.
2.7.4 Relationship to Predict the Spacing between Tile Drains if Discharge is Unknown
Sl!rface D":inageiwater-Table __ • 7
., l I . ·•
' tI_'-'-~ --~ .:,_ ----+ J_-·
mxx . 11$X\
,
t "
. 1' .
l "-"',
a S .. -"·~:_'7. "f-b-·•_.,•.. ·
·
.. 7
. ·• _ •• ·
.
t l - -·• · ·.
1n)p.,,viaus -~
Slratum Ground Water, in a.arwne~ field
t . f . . ""-~•~-.~=7
I 1 Flg-r-3 . . ' ·. . l
Assumptions
(ii) Flow lines are parallel and cross-sectional area of flow at a distance xis yx 1
(iii) Flow q towards the drain is inversely proportional to the distance from the drains.
As per Darcy's Law,
Discharge per unit length of the drain passing through the section at y,
q = KiA = K , dy , (y x 1)
dx
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x= O
20 0
then, q= when,
q =O when, x = s/2
s
Hence, _ q_ = 2-x
0 0 /2 S .. ,(ii)
2
q
From the graph we can obtain equation (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
QoS tJ-cl
Bk 2
4k(b2 -a 2 )
s
Oa
Hence, we conclude that:
(i) Spacing of drains is independent of the size of the drain.
(ii) Q0 will depend on the infiltration discharge into the ground which should be removed by the drain.
I 2.7A.1 Drainage Coefficient
J
I • It is dependent on the rainfall, type of soil, type of crop, degree of surface drainage etc.
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Water Logging, Quality of Irrigation Water I 19
• It is expressed as depth of water in ems or meters to be removed in 24 hours from the drainage area.
• Its recommended value is 1% of the average annual rainfall to be removed per day.
• Proportion of sodium ions present in the soils is generally measured by a factor called Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
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20 Civil Engineering • Irrigation Engineering
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on,
where concentration of the ions is expressed in equivalents per million (epm) or milli equivalent (
o <SAR< 10 Low sodium water (S ) rneq)
1
10 <SAR< 18 Medium sodium water (S )
2
18 <SAR< 26 High sodium water (S )
3
SAR> 26 Very high sodium water (S )
4
(d)
Concentration of Potentially Toxic elements
• Elements like boron, selenium etc. may be toxic to plants
• Boron concentration 'j> 4 ppm
• Selenium even in low concentration is toxic .
(e) Bicarbonate Concentration
. High c~ncentratio~ of bicarbonates may result in precipitation of Ca2+ and Mg 2+ ions, thus increasing the
l_~
relative proportions of Na+ ions.ind hence causes sodium hazards; = - ~
If) :7:::•=~~:::,t:-::,em.
. • . Na•] = 345 mg/I, [Ca2+] = oo-mg/1 ;-'[Mg-2+r,,: 18ll'fg/r1
Find SAR of the Jater samplK - - · · - - ------ . · _ -
!•
....
~ ·1_=
' [Ca2+
J 1i =
- ___
00 :1
-20g
=3t~'
- =. , \'vU//
, :·:~.:. :;_:__-]
~ ~.' "·- - ' ,--.. _,- .·
18 mg/I
fiirW~c!J~rr=1
Ll u lH.FU \f=
., t %:TPJ-i rr=~t1
t . --...,-. ;;D -'211
5
Na" 1 1Q
_ _ ;s~A~R~ ,~
- ~'f~
~- ~ -~P~Db~aci ans
v 2 - 2
In a cultivated area, soil has porosity (n) of 45% and F.C of 38%. For a
particular crop, root zone depth is 1.0 m, the PWP is 10% and Cu is 15 mm/day. If the irrigation efficiency
is 60%. What should be the frequency of irrigation such that the moisture content does not fall below
50%ofMAM?
RAM= ~x(0.38-0.10)=0.14
100
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Assume that soil is fully saturated
Saturation capacity = Field capacity
eS = WF.cGs
tv. w.
0.818 X 1 = 0.38 X G5
Gs= 2.153
1::=::::~~ttfj~~~
J affect
saturated and the normal growth_of the plant is adverseiy'
l circuiatton. __ . · .\-·:' ::·(>:/<\.'.f:":\,)·:·::;:t\(;:;)?.~\/ .
r • .·. Free drain~geof_~ il~ aH~~ re~~d'.~ f~~t:~ t,,
f. acoo,mul~tiOn. ·. .. . ::-1,,· · ;,i:;),"'.: \· .·,,-:t:-~::.lt'·' '.-;:
f • ,.Salts of·cal_cium,·magnesium, S?di~:'~d,po~iurrt·(
[,- ·' activity of plants, preventing the absorption of nutfien.t s~
. .. • • . ,.. . : .· . -. .. ~- .·- _..., '. . •, .• '::: •.
f• SAR i~icates r~lative iac~l)'. of sodium i~S i~ ex~ ,
t: _, An i,rigatiory w~r,~rth a, ~ig~ ~A~_will.cau~e th~,,solt to ti
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22 Civil Engineering • Irrigatio n Engineering
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(a) surface inlet (b) tile drainage (c) high salinity water
(c) bedding (d) trench drain (d) very high salinity water
-
(b) medium salinity water
.......;,
nvE!ntiq
Q .1 What are the causes of waterlogging? How can a waterlogged land be made useful for cultivation?
Q.2 (a) Discuss critically the statement: "intensive irrigation leads to reduced crop yields".
(b) What are "tile drains" and how do they help in preventing waterlogging? How will you decide the depth
and spacing of tile drains?
Q.3 What is meant by "Drainage Coefficient" and-how does iU)elp In determiring the sizes of tile drains to be
Q.4
laid for preventing water logging of irriga?ed farms? •
. I
Discuss in brief the function of irrigation water. What-are the standards o.f irrigation water?
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