GROUPGREEN

HNDI
IPOWER/
MACHI
NE

EXCURTI
ONTOTRANSOLUTI
ONNI
GERI
ALTD

SHARADAI
NDUSTRI
ESJA'
ENMADOBIROAD

Super
vised

By

AuwalI
syaku

THEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRI
CALANDELECTRONI
CSENGI
NEERI
NG

SCHOOLOFTECHNOLOGY(
SOT)

GROUPMEMBERS

S/
N NAMES REGNUMBER S/
N NAMES REGNUMBER

1. Taof
eeqTaj
udeen HND/
EEP/
19/
0014 9. Al
ami
nyusufmusa HND/
EEP/
19/
0043

2. UmarFar
oukAdam HND/
EEP/
19/
0005 10. Ummasal
amaSagi
r HND/
EEP/
19/
00447

3. YahayaSaniYahaya HND/
EEP/
19/
0009 11. Ami
naI
brahi
m Sabo HND/
EEP/
19/
0046

4. Zakar
iIsmai
l HND/
EEP/
19/
0062 12. SaadatRabi
uAbdul
l
ahi HND/
EEP/
19/
0004

5. ShamsuUmarSul
aiman HND/
EEP/
19/
0033 13. Abdul
basi
dLawansal
e HND/
EEP/
19/
0023

6. Umarshehumuhd HND/
EEP/
19/
0016 14. Must
aphay
akubugar
ba HND/
EEP/
19/
0028

7. MuhammadSNat
aal
a HND/
EEP/
19/
0021 15. Abdul
l
ahiusai
niMuhd HND/
EEP/
19/
0050

8. Umarmukt
ar HND/
EEP/
19/
0042 16. I
brahi
m IAbdul
l
ahi HND/
EEP/
19/
0051
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Excur
sionsar
eexci
ti
ngeducat
ional
oppor
tuni
ti
esf
orst
udent
sandt
eacher
sal
i
ke.They
ar
edesi
gnedt
oenhancet
heeducat
ional
exper
iencef
oral
lst
udent
sandpr
ovi
det
he
st
udent
swi
thanoppor
tuni
tyt
olear
nout
sidet
hecl
assr
oom.Whi
l
etheset
ri
psar
eof
ten
i
nfor
mat
iveandey
e-openi
ngexper
iencesf
ormanyst
udent
s,t
heyr
equi
repl
anni
ngand
speci
alconsi
der
ati
ons,
especi
all
yrel
atedt
otheheal
thneedsofst
udent
s.

AI
M ANDOBJECTI
VESOFTHI
SEXCURSI
ON

Themai
nai
m/obj
ect
ivesoft
heexcur
sioni
stol
ear
n,knowandseehowmai
ntai
nancei
s
bei
ngcar
ri
edoutondi
ff
erentt
ypesoft
ransf
ormer
s.

Thepr
imar
ypur
poseoft
ransf
ormermai
ntenancei
stoensur
ethei
nter
nal
andext
ernal
par
tsoft
het
ransf
ormerandaccessor
iesar
ekepti
ngoodcondi
ti
onand“
fi
tfor
pur
pose”andabl
etooper
atesaf
elyatal
lti
mes.Asecondar
yandequal
l
yessent
ial
pur
posei
stomai
ntai
nahi
stor
ical
recor
doft
hecondi
ti
onoft
het
ransf
ormer
.

Tr
ansf
ormermai
ntenancecanbedoneper
iodi
cal
l
yorascondi
ti
on-
basedmai
ntenance.
Thel
att
eri
susual
l
ythemosteconomi
cal
wayofdoi
ngmai
ntenance.

Recommendedmai
ntenancei
sthendonebasedononeormor
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
nspect
ions,
anal
ysi
sofoi
lsampl
es,
elect
ri
cal
measur
ement
s,t
estofequi
pment
,
measur
ementoft
emper
atur
esbyusi
ngaheat
-sensi
ti
vedev
ices,
moni
tor
ing(
off
-l
ine
and/
oron-
li
ne)
.

THEACHI
EVEMENTOFTHI
SEXCURSI
ON

t
ransf
ormer
,dev
icet
hatt
ransf
ersel
ect
ri
cener
gyf
rom oneal
ter
nat
ing-
cur
rentci
rcui
tto
oneormor
eot
herci
rcui
ts,
eit
heri
ncr
easi
ng(
steppi
ngup)orr
educi
ng(
steppi
ngdown)
t
hev
olt
age.Tr
ansf
ormer
sar
eempl
oyedf
orwi
del
yvar
yingpur
poses;
e.g.
,tor
educet
he
v
olt
ageofconv
ent
ional
powerci
rcui
tst
ooper
atel
ow-
vol
tagedev
ices,
suchasdoor
bel
l
s
andt
oyel
ect
ri
ctr
ains,
andt
orai
set
hev
olt
agef
rom el
ect
ri
cgener
ator
ssot
hatel
ect
ri
c
powercanbet
ransmi
tt
edov
erl
ongdi
stances.

Tr
ansf
ormer
schangev
olt
aget
hroughel
ect
romagnet
ici
nduct
ion;
i.
e.,
ast
hemagnet
ic
l
i
nesoff
orce(
fl
uxl
i
nes)bui
l
dupandcol
l
apsewi
tht
hechangesi
ncur
rentpassi
ng
t
hrought
hepr
imar
ycoi
l
,cur
renti
sinducedi
nanot
hercoi
l
,cal
l
edt
hesecondar
y.The
secondar
yvol
tagei
scal
cul
atedbymul
ti
ply
ingt
hepr
imar
yvol
tagebyt
her
ati
ooft
he
numberoft
urnsi
nthesecondar
ycoi
ltot
henumberoft
urnsi
nthepr
imar
ycoi
l
,a
quant
it
ycal
l
edt
het
urnsr
ati
o.

Ther
ear
etwocl
assi
fi
cat
ionsofTr
ansf
ormerbaseont
hei
rvol
tage
car
ryi
ngcapaci
ty

PowerTr
ansf
ormer

Fundament
all
y,apowert
ransf
ormerper
for
mst
hef
unct
ionofpowert
ransmi
ssi
onand
r
ecei
vi
ngpur
poses.Subsequent
ly,
apowert
ransf
ormer
’sv
olt
ager
ati
ovar
iesbet
ween
756kVt
o11kV.Whencompar
edt
odi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
s,apowert
ransf
ormerwi
l
l
of
tenhav
eahi
gherMVAr
ati
ng.

Di
str
ibut
ionTr
ansf
ormer

Unl
i
keapowert
ransf
ormer
,di
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
sser
vef
orci
rcul
ati
onpur
poses.
Suchequi
pmentwi
l
l,t
her
efor
e,br
ingdown(
stepdown)t
hev
olt
ageandi
nci
dent
all
evel
ofapowert
ransmi
ssi
onl
i
net
oapr
edet
ermi
nedscal
e.Thi
spr
edef
inedl
evel
isal
so
r
efer
redt
oast
heend-
usersaf
etyl
evel
,ei
therf
ordomest
icconsumer
sorf
ori
ndust
ri
al
pur
poses.

Thoughsi
mil
ari
nst
atur
etoapowert
ransf
ormer
,adi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
'sv
olt
age
r
angev
ari
esbet
ween33kVt
o430V.
TheDi
ff
erences/
UsesofEachTy
pe

Powert
ransf
ormer
sar
eut
il
izedi
ntr
ansmi
ssi
onnet
wor
kswi
thsi
gni
fi
cant
lyhi
gher
v
olt
age,
whi
l
edi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
sfunct
ioni
ndi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
ksdef
inedby
l
owerv
olt
ages.

Powert
ransf
ormer
sav
ail
abl
eint
hemar
kethav
evar
iousr
ati
ngsr
angi
ngf
rom 400kV,
200kV,
66kV,
and33kV.Wher
easdi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
srat
ingsr
angef
rom 11kV,
6.
6kV,
3.3kV,
440v
,and230v
olt
s.

Pr
imar
il
y,powert
ransf
ormer
soper
ateonf
ull
loadr
ati
ngwi
thmi
nimal
loadf
luct
uat
ions.
Di
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
sfunct
ionatasi
gni
fi
cant
lyl
owerl
oad.Thev
ari
ati
oni
nthe
l
oadsv
ari
essubst
ant
ial
l
y.

Thepowerdi
str
ibut
orsdesi
gnt
akesi
ntoaccountmaxi
mum ef
fi
ciency(
100%)
,
comput
edusi
ngt
her
ati
oofpowerout
put
/i
nput
.Di
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
swi
l
lhav
ea
maxi
mum ef
fi
ciencyv
ari
ancer
angeofbet
ween50%-
70%,
cal
cul
atedbasedonAl
lDay
Ef
fi
ciency
.

Powert
ransf
ormer
sar
eacommonf
eat
urei
npowergener
ati
onst
ati
onsand
t
ransmi
ssi
onsubst
ati
ons.Meanwhi
l
e,t
hei
nst
all
ati
onofdi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
sis
mai
nlyi
ndi
str
ibut
ionst
ati
ons,
from t
hispoi
nt,
poweri
sdi
str
ibut
edf
ori
ndust
ri
alor
domest
icpur
poses.

Powert
ransf
ormer
sar
econsi
der
abl
ylar
geri
ncompar
isont
odi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
s.

Ul
ti
mat
ely
,despi
tet
hel
i
steddi
ff
erences,
onet
hingbot
hpoweranddi
str
ibut
ion
t
ransf
ormer
sshar
eincommoni
sthei
rsuscept
ibi
l
ityt
ocr
it
ter
s,pot
ent
ial
l
yresul
ti
ngi
n
undesi
redpoweri
nter
rupt
ionsandout
ages.For
tunat
ely
,Cr
it
terGuar
d’sLi
neGuar
dand
Pol
eGuar
dsy
stemsar
edesi
gnedt
ohel
ppr
otectpowerl
i
nes,
subst
ati
ons,
and
t
ransf
ormer
sagai
nstani
mal
int
ruder
s.
PARTSOFTRANSFORMER

Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
npar
tsofat
ransf
ormer

1.Lami
nat
edcor
e
2.Wi
ndi
ngs
3.Tr
ansf
ormeroi
l

Lami
nat
eCor
e

Thecor
eact
sassuppor
ttot
hewi
ndi
ngi
nthet
ransf
ormer
.Ital
sopr
ovi
desal
ow
r
eluct
ancepat
htot
hef
lowofmagnet
icf
lux.I
tismadeofl
ami
nat
edsof
tir
oncor
ein
or
dert
oreduceeddycur
rentl
ossandHy
ster
esi
sloss.Thecomposi
ti
onofa
t
ransf
ormercor
edependsonsuchasf
act
orsv
olt
age,
cur
rent
,andf
requency
.The
di
amet
eroft
het
ransf
ormercor
eisdi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onal
tocopperl
ossandi
sinv
ersel
y
pr
opor
ti
onal
toi
ronl
oss.I
fthedi
amet
eroft
hecor
eisdecr
eased,
thewei
ghtoft
hest
eel
i
nthecor
eisr
educed,
whi
chl
eadst
olesscor
elossoft
het
ransf
ormerandt
hecopper
l
ossi
ncr
ease.Whent
hedi
amet
eroft
hecor
eisi
ncr
eased,
thev
icev
ersaoccur
s.
Wi
ndi
ng

Twoset
sofwi
ndi
ngar
emadeov
ert
het
ransf
ormercor
eandar
einsul
atedf
rom each
ot
her
.Wi
ndi
ngconsi
stsofsev
eral
tur
nsofcopperconduct
orsbundl
edt
oget
her
,and
connect
edi
nser
ies.Wi
ndi
ngcanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntwodi
ff
erentway
s:

 Basedont
hei
nputandout
putsuppl
y
 Basedont
hev
olt
ager
ange

Wi
thi
nthei
nput
/out
putsuppl
ycl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
windi
ngar
efur
thercat
egor
ized:

Pr
imar
ywi
ndi
ng-Thesear
ethewi
ndi
ngt
owhi
cht
hei
nputv
olt
agei
sappl
i
ed.

Secondar
ywi
ndi
ng-Thesear
ethewi
ndi
ngt
owhi
cht
heout
putv
olt
agei
sappl
i
ed.

Wi
thi
nthev
olt
ager
angecl
assi
fi
cat
ion,
windi
ngar
efur
thercat
egor
ized:

Hi
ghv
olt
agewi
ndi
ng-I
tismadeofcopperconduct
or.Thenumberoft
urnsmadeshal
l
bet
hemul
ti
pleoft
henumberoft
urnsi
nthel
owv
olt
agewi
ndi
ng.Theconduct
orused
wi
l
lbet
hinnert
hant
hatoft
hel
owv
olt
agewi
ndi
ng.

Lowv
olt
agewi
ndi
ng-I
tconsi
stsoff
ewernumberoft
urnst
hant
hehi
ghv
olt
agewi
ndi
ng.
I
tismadeoft
hickcopperconduct
ors.Thi
sisbecauset
hecur
renti
nthel
owv
olt
age
wi
ndi
ngi
shi
ghert
hant
hatofhi
ghv
olt
agewi
ndi
ng.

I
nputsuppl
ytot
het
ransf
ormer
scanbeappl
i
edf
rom ei
therl
owv
olt
age(
LV)orhi
gh
v
olt
age(
HV)wi
ndi
ngbasedont
her
equi
rement
.

Mi
ner
alI
nsul
ati
ngOi
l(Tr
ansf
ormerOi
l)

Tr
ansf
ormeroi
li
sanot
heri
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
al.Tr
ansf
ormeroi
lper
for
mst
woi
mpor
tant
f
unct
ions:
inaddi
ti
ont
oinsul
ati
ngf
unct
ion,
itcanal
socool
thecor
eandcoi
lassembl
y.
Thet
ransf
ormer
'scor
eandwi
ndi
ngmustbecompl
etel
yimmer
sedi
ntheoi
l
.Nor
mal
l
y,
hy
drocar
bonmi
ner
aloi
l
sar
eusedast
ransf
ormeroi
l
.Oi
lcont
ami
nat
ioni
saser
ious
pr
obl
em becausecont
ami
nat
ionr
obst
heoi
lofi
tsdi
elect
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esandr
ender
sit
usel
essasani
nsul
ati
ngmedi
um.

Thebasi
ccomponent
sofat
ransf
ormer
.

1.I
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
als
2.Tapchanger
3.Oi
lConser
vat
or
4.Br
eat
her
5.Cool
i
ngf
ins
6.Buchhol
zRel
ay
7.Expl
osi
onv
ent
8.Li
ght
eni
ngar
rest
er

Oft
heabov
e,l
ami
nat
edsof
tir
oncor
e,wi
ndi
ngsandi
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
alar
ethepr
imar
y
par
tsandar
epr
esenti
nal
ltr
ansf
ormer
s,wher
east
her
estcanbeseenonl
yin
t
ransf
ormer
shav
ingacapaci
tyofmor
ethan100KVA.
I
nsul
ati
ngMat
eri
als

I
nsul
ati
ngpaperandl
eat
herr
odar
eusedi
ntr
ansf
ormer
stoi
sol
atepr
imar
yand
secondar
ywi
ndi
ngf
rom eachot
herandf
rom t
het
ransf
ormercor
e.

Tr
ansf
ormeroi
li
sanot
heri
nsul
ati
ngmat
eri
al.Tr
ansf
ormeroi
lper
for
mst
woi
mpor
tant
f
unct
ions:
inaddi
ti
ont
oinsul
ati
ngf
unct
ion,
itcanal
socool
thecor
eandcoi
lassembl
y.
Thet
ransf
ormer
'scor
eandwi
ndi
ngmustbecompl
etel
yimmer
sedi
ntheoi
l
.Nor
mal
l
y,
hy
drocar
bonmi
ner
aloi
l
sar
eusedast
ransf
ormeroi
l
.Oi
lcont
ami
nat
ioni
saser
ious
pr
obl
em becausecont
ami
nat
ionr
obst
heoi
lofi
tsdi
elect
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esandr
ender
sit
usel
essasani
nsul
ati
ngmedi
um.

Conser
vat
or

Theconser
vat
orconser
vest
het
ransf
ormeroi
l
.Iti
sanai
rt
ight
,met
all
i
c,cy
li
ndr
ical
drum
t
hati
sfi
tt
edabov
ethet
ransf
ormer
.Theconser
vat
ort
anki
svent
edt
otheat
mospher
e
att
het
op,
andt
henor
mal
oil
lev
eli
sappr
oxi
mat
elyi
nthemi
ddl
eoft
heconser
vat
ort
o
al
l
owt
heoi
ltoexpandandcont
ractast
het
emper
atur
evar
ies.Theconser
vat
ori
s
connect
edt
othemai
ntanki
nsi
det
het
ransf
ormer
,whi
chi
scompl
etel
yfi
l
ledwi
th
t
ransf
ormeroi
lthr
oughapi
pel
i
ne.
Br
eat
her

Thebr
eat
hercont
rol
sthemoi
stur
elev
eli
nthet
ransf
ormer
.Moi
stur
ecanar
isewhen
t
emper
atur
evar
iat
ionscauseexpansi
onandcont
ract
ionoft
hei
nsul
ati
ngoi
l
,whi
cht
hen
causest
hepr
essur
etochangei
nsi
det
heconser
vat
or.Pr
essur
echangesar
ebal
anced
byaf
lowofat
mospher
icai
rinandoutoft
heconser
vat
or,
whi
chi
showmoi
stur
ecan
ent
ert
hesy
stem.I
fthei
nsul
ati
ngoi
lencount
ersmoi
stur
e,i
tcanaf
fectt
hepaper
i
nsul
ati
onormayev
enl
eadt
oint
ernal
faul
ts.Ther
efor
e,i
tisnecessar
ythatt
heai
r
ent
eri
ngt
het
anki
smoi
stur
e-f
ree.

Thet
ransf
ormer
'sbr
eat
heri
sacy
li
ndr
ical
cont
ainert
hati
sfi
l
ledwi
thsi
l
icagel
.When
t
heat
mospher
icai
rpassest
hrought
hesi
l
icagel
oft
hebr
eat
her
,theai
r'
smoi
stur
eis
absor
bedbyt
hesi
l
icacr
yst
als.Thebr
eat
heract
sli
keanai
rfi
l
terf
ort
het
ransf
ormer
andcont
rol
sthemoi
stur
elev
eli
nsi
deat
ransf
ormer
.Iti
sconnect
edt
otheendof
br
eat
herpi
pe.
TapChanger

Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am

Theout
putv
olt
ageoft
ransf
ormer
svar
iesaccor
dingt
oit
sinputv
olt
ageandt
hel
oad.
Dur
ingl
oadedcondi
ti
ons,
thev
olt
ageont
heout
putt
ermi
nal
decr
eases,
wher
easdur
ing
of
f-
loadcondi
ti
onst
heout
putv
olt
agei
ncr
eases.I
nor
dert
obal
ancet
hev
olt
age
v
ari
ati
ons,
tapchanger
sar
eused.Tapchanger
scanbeei
theron-
loadt
apchanger
sor
of
f-
loadt
apchanger
s.I
nanon-
loadt
apchanger
,thet
appi
ngcanbechangedwi
thout
i
sol
ati
ngt
het
ransf
ormerf
rom t
hesuppl
y.I
nanof
f-
loadt
apchanger
,iti
sdoneaf
ter
di
sconnect
ingt
het
ransf
ormer
.Aut
omat
ict
apchanger
sar
eal
soav
ail
abl
e.
Cool
ingFi
ns

Cool
i
ngt
ubesar
eusedt
ocool
thet
ransf
ormeroi
l
.Thet
ransf
ormeroi
li
sci
rcul
ated
t
hrought
hecool
i
ngt
ubes.Theci
rcul
ati
onoft
heoi
lmayei
therbenat
ural
orf
orced.I
n
nat
ural
cir
cul
ati
on,
whent
het
emper
atur
eoft
heoi
lri
ses,
thehotoi
lnat
ural
l
yri
sest
othe
t
opandt
hecol
doi
lsi
nksdownwar
d.Thust
heoi
lnat
ural
l
yci
rcul
atest
hrought
het
ubes.
I
nfor
cedci
rcul
ati
on,
anext
ernal
pumpi
susedt
oci
rcul
atet
heoi
l
.

Buchhol
zRel
ay

TheBuchhol
zRel
ayi
sapr
otect
ivedev
icecont
ainerhousedov
ert
heconnect
ingpi
pe
f
rom t
hemai
ntankt
otheconser
vat
ort
ank.I
tisusedt
osenset
hef
aul
tsoccur
ri
ng
i
nsi
det
het
ransf
ormer
.Iti
sasi
mpl
erel
ayt
hati
soper
atedbyt
hegasesemi
tt
eddur
ing
t
hedecomposi
ti
onoft
ransf
ormeroi
ldur
ingi
nter
nal
faul
ts.I
thel
psi
nsensi
ngand
pr
otect
ingt
het
ransf
ormerf
rom i
nter
nal
faul
ts.
Expl
osi
onVent

Theexpl
osi
onv
enti
susedt
oexpel
boi
l
ingoi
li
nthet
ransf
ormerdur
ingheav
yint
ernal
f
aul
tsi
nor
dert
oav
oidt
heexpl
osi
onoft
het
ransf
ormer
.Dur
ingheav
yfaul
ts,
theoi
l
r
ushesoutoft
hev
ent
.Thel
evel
oft
heexpl
osi
onv
enti
snor
mal
l
ymai
ntai
nedabov
ethe
l
evel
oft
heconser
vat
oryt
ank.

Bushi
ng

At
ransf
ormerbushi
ngi
sani
nsul
ati
ngst
ruct
uret
hatf
aci
l
itat
est
hepassageofan
ener
gized,
cur
rent
-car
ryi
ngconduct
ort
hrought
hegr
oundedt
ankoft
het
ransf
ormer
.
Theconduct
ormaybebui
l
tint
othebushi
ng,
i.
e.,
abot
tom-
connect
edbushi
ng,
ort
he
bushi
ngmaybebui
l
twi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionf
orasepar
ateconduct
ort
obedr
awnt
hroughi
ts
Cent
re,
a.k.
a.,
adr
aw-
leadordr
aw-
rodbushi
ng.
Li
ght
ingar
rest
er

Al
i
ght
ningar
rest
er(
alt
ernat
ivespel
l
ingl
i
ght
ningar
rest
or)(
alsocal
l
edl
i
ght
ningdi
ver
ter
)
i
sadev
iceusedonel
ect
ri
cpowersy
stemsandt
elecommuni
cat
ionsy
stemst
opr
otect
t
hei
nsul
ati
onandconduct
orsoft
hesy
stem f
rom t
hedamagi
ngef
fect
sofl
i
ght
ning.
Thet
ypi
cal
li
ght
ningar
rest
erhasahi
gh-
vol
taget
ermi
nal
andagr
oundt
ermi
nal
.Whena
l
i
ght
ningsur
ge(
orswi
tchi
ngsur
ge,
whi
chi
sver
ysi
mil
ar)t
rav
elsal
ongt
hepowerl
i
net
o
t
hear
rest
er,
thecur
rentf
rom t
hesur
gei
sdi
ver
tedt
hrought
hear
rest
er,
inmostcasest
o
ear
th.
VACUUM DRYI
NGOVENFORTRANSFORMERWI
NDI
NGS

v
acuum dr
yingov
en

Av
acuum dr
yingov
eni
samul
ti
pur
posedev
ice.I
tisusedt
odr
ytr
ansf
ormerwi
ndi
ngs,
el
ect
ri
cmot
orr
otor
s,powder
sandpast
es,
adsor
bent
s,met
alcer
ami
cs,
woodet
c.I
n
t
hisar
ti
clewef
ocusont
hev
acuum dr
yingov
enf
ort
ransf
ormer
s.

Whendr
yingoft
ransf
ormerwi
ndi
ngsbecomesnecessar
y

Dr
yingoft
ransf
ormerwi
ndi
ngsi
simpor
tantatal
lst
agesoft
ransf
ormerl
i
fecy
cle.Thi
s
i
sduet
othef
actt
hatmoi
stur
ereducest
hedi
elect
ri
cst
rengt
hoft
hei
nsul
ati
onand
accel
erat
esi
tsagi
ng.Moi
stur
ecanent
ert
hewi
ndi
ngsev
endur
ingt
ransf
ormer
assembl
y,maki
ngi
tnecessar
ytodr
ythewi
ngdi
ngs.Thedi
elect
ri
cst
rengt
hofawel
l
dr
iedoi
l
-impr
egnat
edcar
dboar
dis20-
25t
imeshi
ghert
hant
hatofunt
reat
edcar
dboar
d.

Cont
ami
nat
ionwi
thwat
eral
sooccur
sdur
ingoper
ati
onoft
het
ransf
ormer
,agai
n,
demandi
ngact
ion.Thedr
yingpr
ocesscanbeper
for
medi
nav
acuum dr
yingov
en.Whi
l
e
i
tisnott
heonl
ymet
hodofwi
ndi
ngdr
ying,
iti
sst
il
loneoft
hemostpopul
arduet
o
si
mpl
i
cit
yandt
heuni
for
mit
yofmoi
stur
eremov
alf
rom t
heent
ir
evol
umeoft
he
i
nsul
ati
on.

Vacuum dr
yingov
en:howi
twor
ks

Av
acuum ov
endr
iest
ransf
ormerwi
ndi
ngsi
nsev
eral
stages.Fi
rst
,thei
nsul
ati
oni
s
heat
ed,
rel
easi
ngwat
erf
rom t
hei
nter
nal
lay
erst
otheout
sideasv
apor
.Thev
apori
s
t
hencar
ri
edf
rom t
hesur
faceoft
hei
nsul
ati
ont
otheout
side.t
heThemot
ionofwat
er
i
nsi
det
hei
nsul
ati
oni
sduet
othedi
ff
erentconcent
rat
ionsofmoi
stur
eandt
emper
atur
e
atdi
ff
erentpoi
ntsoft
hewi
ndi
ngs.Moi
stur
emov
esf
rom hi
ghconcent
rat
ionspot
sand
hot
terpoi
ntst
othepor
ti
onswi
thl
owert
emper
atur
e.

Wat
ermi
grat
ionf
rom t
hei
nter
nal
lay
ersoft
hewi
ndi
ngsi
sfaci
l
itat
edbyt
hor
ough
heat
ingoft
het
ransf
ormercor
e.
Sur
pri
singFi
ndi
ngs

I
twassur
pri
singt
hatt
heMrAAAbdul
l
ati
fthedi
rect
orofTr
ansol
uti
oni
snotj
ustan
Engi
neerbutal
soaTechnopr
eneurwhowant
sot
hert
obel
i
kehi
m.Hei
sapr
obl
em
sol
verwhot
hinks,
findpr
obl
emsandsol
vet
hem.Hei
snowmov
ingf
orwar
dto
const
ruct
ionofsmal
ldi
str
ibut
iont
ransf
ormer
sandnotj
ustr
epai
r,ser
viceandmai
ntai
n
oft
ransf
ormer
s.

CONCLUSI
ON

Thet
ri
p/excur
siont
oTr
ansol
uti
onNi
ger
iaLTDwasf
rui
tf
ulbecausewewer
eabl
etosee
t
hei
nter
nalpar
tsandconst
ruct
ionoft
ransf
ormer
s.Ther
eisnot
heor
eti
calknowl
edge
t
hatcan compar
ewi
tht
heknowl
edgeofbot
h pr
act
icaland t
heor
eti
calcombi
ned
t
oget
her
.Thedi
rect
orofTr
ansol
uti
onMrA.
A Abdul
l
ati
fhasof
fer
eduswi
thsome
pr
act
icalknowl
edgeoft
ransf
ormerwhi
chgr
eat
lyi
mpr
ovedusbot
hinknowl
edgeand
ment
all
y.Wehopet
oputt
heseknowl
edget
ogoodusesomeday
.
 REFERENCE

1.Adam August
yn,
ACt
ransf
ormer
,al
ter
nat
ing-
cur
rentt
ransf
ormer
.
2.JohnSi
ms,
TheDi
ff
erenceBet
weenPowerandDi
str
ibut
ionTr
ansf
ormer
sFeb12,
2020
3.Osber
tj. c. (
2018)
. par
ts of t
ransf
ormer
,owl
cat
ion.
com/
stem/
elect
ri
cal
engi
neer
ing