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A Systematic Review on Cloud Computing

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 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Open Access
Review Paper Vol.-6, Issue-11, Nov 2018 E-ISSN: 2347-2693

A Systematic Review on Cloud Computing

Mohammad Haris1*, Rafiqul Zaman Khan2

1*,2
Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected], Tel.: +91-8439799950

Available online at: www.ijcseonline.org

Accepted: 17/Nov/2018, Published: 30/Nov/2018

Abstract— Cloud Computing is the fastest growing technology in the IT world. It is an architecture which combined the
concept of Virtualization technology with several computing paradigms such as Distributed computing, Utility computing,
Grid computing etc. to achieve the goal of providing unlimited resources and services over the internet. Cloud computing uses
the concept of pay as per use basis where users do not need to pay for infrastructure, installation and its maintenance. Anyone
can access the desired service from cloud anytime, anywhere in the world on demand basis. This paper presents an overview of
cloud computing along with Root of cloud computing, its evolution and a comparative study of Cloud with several other
computing paradigm. It also highlights the characteristic, deployment and service model of cloud computing. The various
benefits of cloud with its challenges and applications are also addressed in this paper.

Keywords— Cloud Computing, Roots of Cloud computing, Evolution, Benefits, Challenges, Applications.
I. INTRODUCTION importantly, virtualization which is also known as backbone
of Cloud computing is a part of hardware technology which
Cloud Computing is an emerging field of computer science improves the resource utilization. Distributed Computing is
which takes the IT sector to a new level. Cloud Computing is another technology which used grid, utility etc. to share
an advancement of various combined technologies such as resources at very low cost. The advancement in Internet
Distributed computing, Utility computing, virtualization etc. technologies increase the growth of Cloud computing and
to provide IT resources and services over an internet on pay make them available to user anytime and anywhere. Lastly,
as per use manner. These services are available to the user on System management takes a responsibility of whole cloud
demand basis at very low cost and charged at the time of the setup to avoid any fault and keep them updated with the
release of resources. These services include storage, latest technologies [2].
processing, network, application etc [1]. The contribution of
this paper is to discuss the roots of cloud and provide a broad
comparison of existing computing technology with cloud
computing. Also, highlighted the current challenges of
Cloud.
The structure of the remaining paper is organized as. Section
II discusses the root of cloud computing. Section III highlight
the evolution of cloud computing. Section IV gives an
overview of cloud computing, its main characteristics,
different service models and deployment models. Section V Figure 1. Roots of Cloud Computing
shows some lights on the benefits of the cloud. Section VI
describes various current challenges of cloud computing, III. EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
which are needed to be tackled to make cloud successful.
Section VII describes major applications of cloud computing. Cloud Computing gaining popularity day by day because of
And lastly, Section VIII concludes the paper. its various qualities. Cloud Computing is not a new
paradigm, it is an enhancement of various technologies.
II. ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING Evolution of cloud started from Distributed computing after
that advanced to Utility computing and furthermore to grid
Cloud Computing is the development of various technologies computing. And then, the universal paradigm Cloud
such as Hardware technology, Distributed computing, Computing came to deliver these services [3].
Internet-based technologies and System management. Most

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 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6(11), Nov 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693

Distributed computing is a system in which a group of provide computing resources and services on demand to
computers works together to achieve common goal. It users at very low cost [6]. Cluster computing is a bunch of
divides the program into smaller segments and solves each interconnected computers which is used to processed data in
part simultaneously. Distributed computing helps in a large amount at very high rate for computing purpose.
minimizing the execution time of a program without These group of computers present at same physical location
affecting the complexity of the program [4]. Utility which pretend to be a single unit and connected to each other
computing used the technique of Distributed computing and through very high-speed network such as LAN [5].
Table1. Comparative study on Evolution of Cloud paradigm [5] [8-14]

Distributed Utility Computing Cluster Grid Computing Cloud Computing

# Feature
Computing (DC) (UC) Computing (GC) (CC)
1 Ownership Multiple Single Single Multiple Single
Service Oriented User Chosen
2 Architecture Used SOA SOA SOA
Architecture (SOA) Architecture
Maximum
3 Computation Service Computing On demand Computing On demand
Computing
4 Virtualization Yes Half Half Half Must required
5 Multitenancy No No No Yes Yes
Security through
Conventional Conventional Conventional Security through
6 Security credential
login login login isolation
delegations
Medium level of Limited support for High privacy is
7 Privacy High level Service level
privacy privacy guaranteed
Service License Agreement
8 Limited Limited Limited Yes Yes
(SLA)
9 Interoperability Yes Yes Yes Yes No
10 Resource Management Distributed Distributed Centralized Distributed Both
11 Homogenous / Heterogeneity Homogenous Heterogeneous Homogenous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
12 Reliability Half No Less Medium High
13 Scalable Yes Yes No Half Yes
14 Self Service No No No Yes Yes
15 User friendly No No No Half Yes
Limited control Limited control Limited control
Limited control over Strong failure
16 Failure Management over failure over failure over failure
failure management management
management management management
No internet
17 Internet Not Required Not Required Internet Required Internet Required
access required
Low latency
Interconnection High latency with Low latency with
18 High bandwidth High bandwidth with high
Network/Speed low bandwidth high bandwidth
bandwidth
Need not to be a Need not to be a
Physically in the Distributed all over Location doesn’t
19 Location of Nodes same physical same physical
same Location the globe matter
Location Location
Varies from 100s to
20 Size of Servers 100s or 1000s 100s 100s 1000s
1000s
Linux through Linux, No restriction is Multiple
21 Operating System (OS) Windows or Linux
windows and Solaris Windows made on the OS. OS can run
Distributed File DNA sequence Intergrids,
22 Services Service, Distributed N/A analysis,3D Intragrids, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
Data Service modelling Extragrids
Geographically HPC, Nuclear HTC, Collaborative Google Docs,
23 Applications Business model
dispersed simulation Scientific and Facebook
ATM, WWW, VAXcluster,
24 Example IBM, HP, Microsoft Tera grid, NKN Amazon EC2
Google Bots Beowulf Cluster
UC, Cluster, GC Next generation of
25 Future GC and CC GC CC
and CC Computing

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Grid Computing in another computing paradigm which 3. Resource Pooling: Computing resources can be
inherits the concept of Cluster as well as Utility computing. accessed by more than one user at a time using multi-
It uses the clusters of computers from different physical tenant architecture. However, users are not familiar
location connected with a network to provide powerful with the exact location of provided resource but in the
computational resources on demand. In Grid, clusters of case of higher level of abstraction such as datacentre
computers present at various locations work as single virtual location may need to be specified.
entity to give high computing power [6]. Then, Cloud 4. Measured Service: Cloud systems provides pay as per
computing emerges with the advancement of these use service which monitors and control resource usage
technologies. Unlike cluster and grid computing which focus to provide transparency for both user and service
on computational power to solve large problems, cloud provider.
computing is concerned with the provisioning of services on
demand. These services include Infrastructure (IaaS), 5. Rapid Elasticity: The services of cloud computing are
Development tools (PaaS) and Software applications (SaaS) so elastic that one can add resources when needed and
[7]. release them once they finish. In addition, resources
are accessible to users in unlimited quantity at any
IV. CLOUD COMPUTING time.

Cloud Computing is an internet-based architecture which B. SERVICE MODEL OF CLOUD COMPUTING

creates a computing environment to provide availability,
scalability and flexibility of computer infrastructures at Cloud computing delivered IT resources and capabilities as a
different level of abstraction. It can be defined as computing Service. National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST)
model which offers computing as a utility to meet the recognized “three service model” which provide services for
requirement of users at very low cost based on pay as per use cloud computing. They are:
manner. Cloud computing delivered applications, hardware a) SaaS (Software as a Services)
and software as services on demand [15].
Software as a service is the software delivering model used by
cloud’s customer in a pay-as-per-use manner. It is hosted by a
service provider and available to its customer anytime
through the internet. It is a multitenant architecture which
means that thousands of customers can access it at a time. For
example: Gmail is the best example of SaaS in which user
only need a browser and internet to access the application
[17].
Advantages [18]:
 SaaS provides lots of application to accesses.
 Eliminates the need to install an application
 Support many concurrent users at once.

b) PaaS (Platform as a Services)

Platform as a Service is a model which offers deployment of
Figure 2. Overview of Cloud Computing
applications by reducing the cost of buying and maintaining
hardware and software. It is used by developers for
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING developing new applications. PaaS services include
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) application design, development, testing, deployment and
recognized five special features of Cloud computing which hosting. Example: Google App Engine, which offers clients to
are given below [16]. run their application on Google’s infrastructure [17].

1. On-demand Self-service: A cloud’s subscriber can Advantages [18]:

access resources such as computing capabilities, storage  Pay for use the infrastructure.
etc. anytime when needed without a need of service  Multitenancy architecture.
provider.  Provide reliability and security.
2. Broad Network Access: Any device such as
smartphones, laptop, workstations etc. can be used to c) IaaS (Infrastructure as a Services)
access the resources available over the internet. Infrastructure as a Service is an architecture which provides
infrastructure over the internet. It allows accessibility of

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 International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Vol.6(11), Nov 2018, E-ISSN: 2347-2693

infrastructure which consists of hardware, network, storage, b) Private Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is
operating system and storage devices on a pay-per-use basis. implemented in a single organisation and available to
Example: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) [17,19]. limited users which are part of that specific organisation. Its
resources and applications are controlled by organisation
Advantages: itself. So, it improved the security of the private cloud
 Provides resources as a service. [18,21]. Example: Amazon PVC, Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud.
 Pay IaaS services on a usage basis. Benefits of Private cloud:
 Dynamic scaling is allowed  High Level Security
 Utilization of existing resources
 Full control to customize

Figure 3.Cloud Service Model

Figure 5.Private Cloud
C. DEPLOYMENT MODEL OF CLOUD COMPUTING c) Hybrid Cloud: This deployment model is the composition
According to NIST, there are 4 types of deployment of more than one cloud in which critical data is hosted on
models. the private cloud and less secure data on the public cloud.
The merging of these two cloud models uses a concept
a) Public Cloud: This cloud infrastructure such as called Cloud Bursting. The idea of hybrid clouds that
storage, applications and other services is made extend the use of infrastructure by hiring additional
available to everyone and users only pay for time capabilities from public cloud is also known as Cloud
duration they use the service i.e. pay-per-use. Bursting [18,22]. Example: EMC Hybrid Cloud, HP
However public clouds are less secure because all the Hybrid Cloud
applications and data are available to all users.
Example: Google App Engine, IBM smart cloud Benefits of Hybrid cloud:
[20,21].  Cost reduction
Benefits of Public cloud:  High availability
 Availability and Reliability  More secure
 Pay as per use
 Freedom of Self-Service

Figure 6. Hybrid Cloud

d) Community Cloud: Community cloud involves the

distribution of computing infrastructure in between
Figure 4.Public Cloud
organizations of the same community. The

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infrastructure and computational resources of a cloud

are exclusive to two or more organizations that have
common privacy, security, and regulatory
considerations [23]. This may help in reduce the capital
costs for its setup as the costs are distributed among the
organizations [20]. Example: Google's "Gov Cloud".
Benefits of Community cloud [23]:
 Lower cost than private cloud
 Limited users
 High security

In the figure below, organisation 1 and organization 2

are part of a same community which can access the
same cloud i.e. community cloud. Whereas organisation
3 is blocked from accessing the community cloud
because it is not a part of a community. Figure 7.Community Cloud

Table 2. Comparison between Cloud Deployment Models [17] [24] [25]

Deployment
Model Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud
Attribute
Partially owned by
Owned by two or more
Owned by Owned by single Service Provider and
Ownership organizations which has
customers organization partially by
common goal
consumer
Performance Low to medium Excellent Good Very Good
Setup cost of Varies from number of
Low initial cost High Medium
building datacentre organizations
Anyone can Limited people can Depend upon number of
Used by Medium accessibility
access access cooperatives
Security Less Highest Medium High
Full control over
High control but limited by
User’s control Limited control Full control private part and
community policies
limited at public part
Maintenance cost Lowest Highest Moderate High
Depends on number of
Space required Very low Very large Medium
cooperatives
Normal workload Not suitable for
Highly dynamic or Suitable for handling large
Workload with short-spikes handling large
changeable workload
in demand workload
Less than private Public
Size of Datacentres Around 50,000s Around 50,000s
cloud cloud>15,000>Private cloud
Resource
Resource utilization
utilization is Resource utilization Resource utilization
efficiency gains
Virtualization optimized via is optimized via efficiency gains via server
through server
server server virtualization virtualization
virtualization
virtualization
Reliability Medium Highest Medium High
Cloud Bursting Not supported Not supported Supported Not supported
Rackspace Hybrid Microsoft government
Example Amazon EC2 Microsoft Azure
cloud community cloud

V. BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING  Reliability: This property minimizes the chance

Benefits of Cloud Computing can be described easily by of any failure and provides speedy recovery if
dividing it into three parts [17,24]. required.

A. Non-Functional  Quality of Service (QoS): This feature provides

best services to satisfy the user’s requirement.
 Simplicity: Users only required tiny knowledge
to use cloud services.  Availability: Resources available 24*7 for users.

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 Elasticity: Easily accessible and can be modified various nodes [27]. The load perhaps memory, CPU
as required. capacity, network load or delay loads [28].
 Mobility: Users can access these services  Performance: A major source of the performance
anytime in the entire world. issue for cloud users is the communication time
between the user’s computer and the Web server in
B. Economical the cloud. When users accessing the cloud services
 Cost Reduction: It reduces the cost as users don’t increases, the amount of data transferred to and from
need to buy and maintain the expensive software. the cloud increases and it will affect the performance
of the Cloud [29].
 Pay as per use: Organizations charges according
to the usage of services.  Security: Security is one of the important challenges
which obstructs the growth of cloud computing [30].
 Green Environment: Efficiently sharing of When databases and application software shifted to a
resources, minimizes the consumption of a large large data centre, there may be an issue of security
amount of powers which in turns reduces the while accessing cloud computing services [31].
carbon emission.
 Interoperability/Communication between Clouds:
C. Technological Cloud services providers use their own methods and
 Virtualization: Virtualization is the abstraction of technology according to their policy, budget,
IT resources in which single physical resource technical skills, etc. So, it is difficult to use more
works as multiple virtual resources. It creates a than one cloud resources due to the incompatibilities
multiple execution environment of a single between them. The combined use of cloud services
physical resource and hide its physical properties is a challenge because of the lack of standardized
from other systems, applications or end users to APIs, each provider has its own techniques on how
keep it simple. These physical resources include users and applications interact with the cloud
an operating system (OS), storage device, a infrastructure [32].
network or server [1].  Energy Consumption: Due to the high demand of
 Multi-tenancy: This property shows that multiple Cloud resources, data centres are deployed in large
users can access cloud resources at a time. amount which needs a high amount of power. But
for energy efficient cloud, power consumption must
 Security and Privacy: It secures our data from be reduced [33].
unauthorized users.
 Data Management: It stores the data of cloud in a VII. APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
large amount and manage it by providing fast Cloud computing is one of the most dominant fields for
access. online resources because cloud makes sharing and
management of resources very easy. Due to these attractive
 Tools: There are so many tools present, which
properties of the cloud, following are the fields where cloud
help in implementing the cloud setup.
as an active component:

VI. CHALLENGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING  Cloud Computing in Medical Fields: Cloud

computing plays a vital role in the medical field as it
Cloud Computing is growing technology with lots of provides various infrastructure at a very low cost to
benefits. However, due to the complex architecture of Cloud, give more accurate results. Cloud computing helps
many challenges arriving day by day. Some of the current in sharing medical information among the various
challenges are: medical professionals who can contact any
 Load Balancing: Load balancing is a major factor for individual patient directly anytime and anywhere
raising cloud performance and for entirely utilizing [34].
the resources. One of the serious issues in cloud  Cloud Computing in Education: Cloud computing
computing is to divide the workload uniformly offers hardware and software infrastructure to an
between all nodes. Workload always required to be educational environment so that academic
shared among all the available nodes of the institutions remain focused on research and learning
distributed system to improve the resource utilization instead of buying and maintaining complex IT
and for better efficiency of the cloud computing infrastructures. It allows retrieving information and
environment [26]. Load balancing plays an using resources which are useful for educational
important role in enlightening the performance of the purposes. E-Learning provides online test, online
distributed system by shifting of workload among course etc [35].

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