Latest in High-Performance

Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS)

Art Hallstrom, P.E.
ASHRAE Fellow, BEMP
[email protected]

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 Copyright
Copyright  2017-2021 by ASHRAE. All rights reserved. No part of this
presentation may be reproduced without written permission from ASHRAE, nor
may any part of this presentation be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
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ASHRAE has compiled this presentation with care, but ASHRAE has not
investigated and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate any product,
service, process, procedure, design or the like, that may be described herein. The
appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this presentation does not
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process, procedure, design or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the
information in this publication is free of errors. The user assumes the entire risk of
the use of any information in this presentation.

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 AIA/CES Registered Provider
• ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion
of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on
request.
• This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material
of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to
specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the
conclusion of this presentation.

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 Approved for:

3
General CE hours
Latest in High-Performance
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems
(DOAS)
By ASHRAE
0
LEED-specific hours

GBCI cannot guarantee that course sessions

will be delivered to you as submitted to GBCI.
However, any course found to be in violation of
the standards of the program, or otherwise
contrary to the mission of GBCI, shall be
removed. Your course evaluations will help us
uphold these standards.

Course ID: 920023230

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 • Know the different types of DOAS
systems and unit types.
• Understand why DOAS can have low
energy use, particularly in high-
Learning performance buildings
• Be able to describe the differences
Objectives between DOAS and mixed air (HVAC)
systems and when to use one or the
other.
• Know where to get additional DOAS
information

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Let’s get your input: What is your role?
A. Design
B. Installation
Survey Question #1 C. Operation
D. Manufacturer
E. Academic/Code
Enforcement/Other

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 What is your DOAS experience?
A. In depth knowledge/use
B. Have done some
Survey Question #2 C. Fairly new to the subject.
D. Fine tuning my knowledge. We
are being required by code
officials and/or our owner to
use it.
E. Need PDH credit, other

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 Let’s start here: Terminology:
Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS)

Uses a DOAS unit (DOASu) to condition all of the outdoor air brought
into a building for ventilation and delivers it to each zone, either
directly or through heating/cooling (H/C) units

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 First Generation DOAS – Make up air systems

DOAS
Make up air unit providing
OA u E ventilation air direct to the
A space is DOAS.

CA C Ventilation direct space is

A considered the primary of
SA
a two system design.

Heating/Cooling units
RA Heating/Cooling (H/C) Units provides zone*
conditioning. This is the
secondary system.
HVAC or V+H/C
*zone is also called a local space or room.

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 Second Generation DOAS used Cost-Effective ATA
Energy Recovery Devices
Unitized System:
An air-to-air energy recovery ventilation (AAERV) accessory attached
directly to a unit air conditioner, typicallyin the field. Lowers operating costs and
reduces primary tonnage. Popular in the 1980-90’s.

Often field provided controls and room neutral Photos Courtesy of Paul Pieper.

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 Third Generation DOAS - Packaged DOAS
Units (DOASu)

Photos Courtesy of Paul Pieper.

ALI ATA Course

Integrated units. Indoor/outdoor casings with options like VAV,

packaged DDC controls, first stage energy recovery, second stage
dehumidification, enhanced OA filters, more. Focus of ASHRAE “Latest
in DOAS” ALI Course.

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 Third Generation DOAS (Latest in DOAS)
DOASu
Delivers prescribed
OA
amount of clean OA
EA
Controls building
EA
RA humidity

Controls building
pressurization
Heating/Cooling (H/C) Units Helps cool the space
Controls Space Temperature (60°F) – Reduces
system fighting

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 DOAS Evolution (my version)

Makeup Air (V) Exhaust Air Recirculation (HAC)

Induction (1950’s) HVAC Air handlers (Rooftops)

VAV Induction (1960’s) VAV HVAC Air handlers (1970’s)

Active Chilled Beams (2000) ATA Recovery VAV or CV HVAC Air handlers with ATA (1990)

DOAS with ATA H/C (HAC) Units

VAV DOAS with ATA VAV H/C (HAC) Units

VAV DOAS with ATA/ second stage

dehumidification, many more options

Latest in DOAS area

Unit Progression: Custom first, Cataloged next, then Unitary

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 Interested in more depth?
Get the ASHRAE Design Guide for
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems
(2017)

Supported by ASHRAE TC 8.12,

8.10, 5.5, and 1.12

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 And a brand new 2020 ASHRAE Handbook Chapter

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 Latest Option 1: VAV DOAS Direct to space

DOASu DOASu and

ductwork provides
OA the right amount of
conditioned OA
EA direct to each VAV
EA zone

H/C units provide

CA CA (zone, space, local)
temp control
SA

RA Heating/Cooling (H/C) Units

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 Direct to Space H/C Unit Option

Radiant Heating
and/or
Cooling Panels

Note: Direct to
space H/C can use
any sensible heat
transfer product

Photo Credit: Messana

Advantages: Many. True separate systems. Offers some redundancy.

Fluid-based system. Small or no plenums. Simple controls. Low power.
Very quiet. Low to no maintenance.

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 Latest Option 2: DOAS through H/C Units

OA
DOASu
EA
Conditioned outdoor
EA CA
RA RA
air (CA) goes to (VAV)
H/C unit, becomes
supply air (SA)
SA SA

Heating/Cooling (H/C) Units

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 DOAS Chilled-Water H/C Unit

Photo Courtesy of Trane Technologies

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 Advantages of these two “Latest in VAV DOAS” Systems

• Required ventilation airflow reaches each zone. No over or under

ventilated zones.
• Air valves allows variable-controlled ventilation based on any
control—people, space, contaminants
• Space ventilation amount can be easily reset.
• Room incoming OA is measured. Easier to commission, recommission
if ventilation rates change. (BIG DEAL)
• Building is easy to control with DDC if properly setup
• Trend- DOAS/DOASu have factory packaged controls for faster
installation and commissioning.

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 Benefits of DOAS have been known for some time

“Not only can the DOAS approach save energy—perhaps 8 to 20 percent—it

also provides assurance, verifiable in a court of law, that a conditioned
space is receiving the mandatory minimum ventilation air.”

ENERGY STAR. 2006. Building Upgrade Manual, Chapter 10. Facility Type: K–12 Schools.
https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/EPA_BUM_CH10_Schools.pdf.

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 DOAS Humidity Management
Designing for Success

A major DOAS advantage

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 System/Unit Functions

H/C Unit

DOASu

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 Outdoor Humidity Impacts
HVAC and DOAS System Selection

Willing to count on outdoor dry air

to dehumidify?

Source: Harriman et al. 1997. 24

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 First Step: The Envelope

• Temperate, Humid, Tropical

Climates
• “Weather is great”
sometimes. Temperature is
“good” but humidity can
vary to the oppressive level
• Envelopes are “light,”
natural ventilation often
encouraged
• Consider ceiling fans to
“cool” people

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 DOAS Design – use Peak Dew-Point, Wet Bulb or
Sensible (Cooling) Design?

Wet Bulb
Design

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 Use DOASu to handle indoor humidity

• H/C coils and 180

piping stay dry 80

160
80

Humidity ratio, grains/lb of dry air

• Reduced chance

Dew point temperature, °F

140

of mold
75
OA 120
70
70
100

H
65
60 80 60
55
50 Space Dry enough to
60
50
remove space 40
40 40
CA latent load
30 30
20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Dry-bulb temperature, °F

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 Total Dehumidification Duty

Infiltration

People

Ventilation Permeance

Space (indoor)
latent loads
Typical latent loads
for a school classroom

Source: Humidity Control Design Guide, ASHRAE 2001, p. 278

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 Best Practice—Let DOASu Handle
the Internal Latent Loads

• Harriman et al. (2001)

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 What is the Right Supply Air Dew Point?

Assumptions:
55 • 200 Btu/h/person latent
load
Leaving-Air Dew Point, °F

50 • 75°F space temperature

45

40

35
office
30
lecture K-12
25
hall classroom
Credit:
Stan
Mumma
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Outdoor Airflow, cfm/person

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 DOAS Dew-Point Design Calculation

1. Calculate Wca for each space

2. Most demanding zone sets the DOAS dewpoint design

3. Using DOASu design humidity and temperature,

determine cfm need by zone to meet dehumidification
needs.

4. If constant volume, DOASu cfm will be the sum of the

peaks. If VAV DOAS, calculate the block cfm load to size
“coil”.

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 Classroom Example – 60% rh

Qspace,latent = 0.68 × Vot × (Wspace – Wca)

(0.68 = 1060 Btu/h * 0.075 lb/cu ft * 60 min/h / 7000 grains per lbs water)

Qspace,latent = 5465 Btu/h (25 students, low activity level)

Vot = 450 cfm (18 cfm/student)
Wspace = 77.8 gr/lb (75°F DBT, 60% rh, 60°F DPT in space )
5,465 = 0.68 × 450 × (77.8 – Wca)
Wca = 60.2 gr/lb (53°F DPT) (off DOASu)

In this example, at 7.5 cfm/person design, a supply dewpoint of 53°F

will be 60% rh in the space

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 Classroom Example–50% rh

Qspace,latent = 0.68 × Vot × (Wspace – Wca)

Qspace,latent = 5465 Btu/h

Vot = 450 cfm
Wspace = 64.7 gr/lb (75°F DBT, 50% rh, 55°F DPT)
5,465 = 0.68 × 450 × (64.7 – Wca)
Wca = 47.1 gr/lb (47°F DPT)

In this example, at the 7.5 cfm/person design, a supply dewpoint of 47°F

will be 50% rh in the space. A significant change is performance and cost.

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 Humidity Related Observations

1. Building startup can be a critical time. Control the DOAS dewpoint

setpoint to avoid duct sweating and once building is dry, keep it dry.
2. H/C cooling unit coils and piping needs to stay above space dewpoint
if they do not have drain pans. 3-5 degrees separation is typical with
active space humidity control.
3. Remember: Any cold surfaces below space dew point can
condense—potentially creating indoor rain.

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 • Buildings store water vapor in carpets,
drywall, and ceilings. Keeping dew point
Humidity under control 100% of the time:
capacitance of • Enhances occupant comfort
structures is a • Permits faster recovery from night or
factor in summer setback
• Helps with off-hours comfort
performance
• Some energy modeling programs can
model this subject. Makes sizing, energy
predictions more accurate.

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 H/C System Optimization Observations

• System level controls should minimize DOAS - H/C system unit

fighting in controlling space temperature
• All units should be monitored and controlled by BAS
• Energy transfer (heat pump units) often have a big impact on
reducing primary energy use
• Energy storage options may lower some utility bills, allow for
equipment downsizing and provide some redundancy.
• One cooling system or two?

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 How important is positive
humidity control in your
Survey Question #3
buildings?

A. Very important
B. Important
C. Not important
D. Other

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 DOAS—Ideal for High-
Performance Buildings
 Why?

 Max tech and zero energy

buildings have lower sensible loads.
Roughly the same latent loads.

 Result: Latent (humidity) space

control is a significant issue.

 DOAS is a good system choice

because it independently controls
humidity along with the building
pressure and air quality.

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 System Comparison Example
Mixed-air system at room level (8.3 tons)

Cooling Loads Sensible Load Latent Load

Btu/h (W) Btu/h (W)
Conduction through roof 12,312 (3563)
Conduction through exterior wall 502 (144)
Conduction through windows 1210 (359)
Solar radiation through windows 22,733 (6477)
People 4500 (1350) 3600 (990)
Lights 22,097 [6480)
Equipment 8184 (2404) 1540 (450)
Infiltration 2988 (876) 3969 (1159)
Total space cooling load 74,626 (21,623) 9109 (2599)
Ventilation 6540 (2047) 8820 (2709)
Total coil cooling load 81,266 (23,670) 17,929 (5308)
SHR = 0.82

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 System Comparison
DOAS (OA Dehumidification Only) + H/C System

Cooling Loads Sensible Load Latent Load

Btu/h (W) Btu/h (W)
Conduction through roof 12,312 (3563)
Conduction through exterior wall 502 (144)
Conduction through windows 1210 (359)
Solar radiation through windows 22,733 (6477)
People 4500 (1350) 3,600 (990)
Lights 22,097 (6480)
Equipment 8184 (2404) 1540 (450)
Infiltration 2988 (876) 3969 (1159) Btu/h tons
Total space cooling load 74,626 (21,623) 9109 (2599) 83735 7.0
Ventilation 6540 (2047) 8820 (2709) 15360 1.3
SHR = 0.89 0.43

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 System Comparison
DOAS (Handles total latent) + H/C System

Cooling Loads sensible load latent load

Btu/hr [W] Btu/hr [W]
conduction through roof 12,312 [3563]
conduction through exterior wall 502 [144]
Note: Load is
conduction through windows 1210 [359]
shifting to
solar radiation through windows 22,733 [6477]
people 4500 [1350] 3600[990]
DOASu
lights 22,097 [6480]
equipment 8184 [2404] 1540 [450]
infiltration 2988 [876] 3969 [1159] Btu/h tons
total space cooling load 74,626 [21,623] 9109 [2599] 74626 6.2
ventilation 6540 [2047] 8820 [2709] 24469 2.0
SHR = 1 0.27

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 System Comparison High-Performance Building
DOAS (handles all latent) + H/C system (8.3 - 4.9 tons)

Btu/hr Btu/hr
conduction through roof 6000
conduction through exterior wall 300 more insulation, light-color roof,
and better glass
conduction through windows 800
solar radiation through windows 7000 better glass
people 4500 3600
lights 8000 LED lighting
equipment 6500 1540 laptops and flat monitors
infiltration 2000 2657 Btu/h tons tighter construction
total space cooling load 35,100 7797 35,100 2.9
ventilation 6540 8820 23,157 2
SHR = 1.00 0.28 DOAU is now 40% of load
Decrease 53% 5% H/C units are 50% smaller

High-Performance Building 42
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 Critical Issues

• DOAS unit needs to dehumidify at low loads and

airflows. Very important in high-performance
buildings
• If using DX compressors, avoid short cycling DX
DOASu cooling coil for better space humidity
control
• DX coils take time to start dehumidifying and
they re-evaporate a lot of water on the coil
when turned off
• Ask unit and controls manufacturer for this
performance.

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 DOAS Building Pressure Control

Control this

Incoming OA quantity is set by space ventilation.

Building pressure controlled by changing exhaust fan airflow
(e.g., direct space pressure control).

44
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 From Lew Harriman ASHRAE ALI
Humidity course:
Two biggest problems in buildings
1. Lack of a good vapor barrier
Building 2. Negative building pressure

Pressurization Solution with DOAS

• Maintain positive building
is Important pressure by varying DOASu
exhaust air amount
• Exfiltration and remote exhaust
defines the minimum OA needed
• Remember the ATA device needs
exhaust air to work

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45 permission.
 • In the event of unacceptable outside air
(chemical or terrorist type attack) the
DOAS units can control building
DOAS can pressure by controlling OA/EA
quantities.

isolate a • DOAS generally supplies air to many

zones, so building has fewer OA/EA

Building openings.
• OA and exhaust air flows out through
DOASu. Under DOAS control.
• DOASu can be enhanced with custom
air cleaning options for reducing
outside contaminates.
• Note: ASHRAE 62.1 is now setting OA
contaminant limits for Ozone.

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 DOAS • Strategy depends on factors like
climate and energy costs. Generally
Morning simpler to use H/C units. Space is
dry, so recovery is fast.
“Warm-Up” • Other option is to use DOASu heat.

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 DOAS Night Setback
Stop this part of
unit and open night
setback damper

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 DOAS Control Suggestion:

DOAS controls space dewpoint

Use temperature and relative humidity sensors to calculate

dew point

More stable, less expensive than chilled mirror

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 Next topic – DOAS H/C Units

Plenum-Mounted
Chilled -Water DOAS
H/C Units

Basically, it is a low height, packaged, mini vav air handler

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 DOAS Chilled-Water H/C Unit

Works like a single zone VAV HVAC unit.

Fan Operation
• Continuous operation during occupied modes
• Intermittent operation during unoccupied modes
• Fan speed modulates slowly up to maximum in conjunction with
heating or cooling capacity, as needed to maintain desired zone
temperature and ventilation delivery. ECM motor.
• Fan size needs to meet the greater of the design cooling or heating
airflow to the zone
Air Valve— pressure independent flow measuring, size to meet the design
outdoor airflow requirement for the zone.
Acoustics—select for design background sound pressure levels in the
occupied space

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 DOAS H/C Units Observations

• Typical one unit per control zone. If two or more units in one
control zone, avoid stat fighting
• Size determined by maximum OA cfm, cooling/heating
requirements, desired noise level, plenum space
• Typical control options
o Unit-optimized temperature/occupancy/CO2 sensors
o Wireless communicating, allows system optimization
o Condensate pan (not drain pan) indicator

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 Next - the DOASu Options

Cooling/Dehumidification
• Coil
Overview • First stage—parallel air-to-air Air Cleaning, Filters
recovery device
• Second stage—enhanced
humidity transfer device

Supply and Exhaust Fans,

Motorized Control, Bypass
Variable-Speed Motors, Unit Controls
and Shutoff Dampers
Drives

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 Overview – DOASU are Flexible
Today, DOASu options can be selected for the specific climate,
altitude, and application—“customized”

Accurate equipment performance prediction selection and

energy modeling programs are critical to success and first-
cost decisions

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 Dedicated Outdoor Air Unit

• Humidity (vapor pressure) equalize in a building. Stopped by vapor

barriers. Can impact which DOAS units serve a space.
• One DOASu unit can serve a building, floor, or space. Fewer units
reduces system cost. (DOAS unit versus ductwork).
• Oversizing DOASu for lower pressure drops saves energy but
requires a cost/energy savings evaluation
• DOASu has the coldest temperatures in the building. Therefore,
DOAS unit leakage and thermal insulation—in the DOASu exterior
walls, interior walls and around components is important detail to
“specify.” Thermal cameras can show performance.

55
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 DOASU Design
Cold Coil

• Design supply dew-point design drives the

coil-compressor-chiller selection.
• DOAS design dew points are typically between 44°F–55°F.
• Requires cooling coil that can seriously dehumidify (e.g., 6/8 row,
100–250 fpm)
• Coils need to dehumidify from peak dew-point design at almost
“any” OA flow condition

56
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 DOASu Unit Design
System delivery dewpoint impacts system selection

Dew Point of Conditioned Outdoor Air (CA)

35°F 40°F 45°F 50°F 55°F 60°F

Dew point capability

Packaged DX light
Split DX system medium
CW system heavy

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 DOAS
Condensing Options

1. Ground storage (lowest energy use— generally most

expensive)
2. Water (towers, etc.) cooled: allows use of ice or water storage
3. Air cooled (generally lowest cost, highest energy use)

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 Depends on:

• DOASu and H/C loads and when they

occur
• DOASu and H/C system efficiencies
• Modulation capability of H/C
equipment
Key DOAS Design
• Amount of duct and piping
Question: insulation
Should the • What can building operating staff
maintain?
Building be CW, • What are electric utility costs now
DX, or Both? and in future?
• kW, kWh, time of day—impacts
thermal storage decisions (e.g.,
ice storage)
• System cost

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 Air to Air Recovery Technologies

Enthalpy Energy Recovery Wheels

Paper-Based and Polymeric

Latent Plates

Photos Courtesy of Paul Pieper, ASHRAE ALI

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 Stage 1 DOASu Enthalpy Transfer

Credit: 2020 ASHRAE Handbook DOAS Chapter S51_f07

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 Energy Recovery Wheel

• In United States, two substrates available:

silica and molecular sieve
• AHRI 1060 certification
• 70%–85% total effectiveness
• Wheel rotation speed can tell you wheel
type—color does not. Typically rotates around
20 rpm
• Use bypass dampers for economizer, fan
energy savings, frost protection
• Filter air into both sides of wheel

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 Credit: 2020 ASHRAE Handbook DOAS
Chapter S51_f09

63
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 Valuable Takeaway
Effect of Fan Placement

Provides a reasonable amount of exhaust air transfer (EATR)

Photos Courtesy of Paul Pieper.

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 “As-Applied” Versus “Rated” Effectiveness

• Be careful not to confuse “as-applied” enthalpy recovery ratio (ERR)

(required by ASHRAE Standard 90.1) with “rated” effectiveness
(AHRI 1060)
• Strive for balanced airflows
• Bring back as much exhaust air to DOAS unit as possible

65
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 DOASU First Stage ATA Recovery

Outside Air Conditions

OA with ATA Recovery (70-80% recovery)

OA with ATA Recovery —Unequal

Airflow

66

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 ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016

Changed the language to use the term enthalpy recovery ratio (ERR),
rather than the term effectiveness. This enthalpy recovery ratio is defined
as
ERR = (h1 – h2)/(h1 – h3)
where hx corresponds to the enthalpy of the respective airstreams.
ERR—fraction of total available energy transferred to (or from) the
outdoor airstream. Accounts for air imbalance between the outdoor and
exhaust airstreams as well as the effects of purge air.
Using this measure, ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 requires that the
exhaust air energy recovery device has an ERR of 50% or greater.
At a minimum, use the DOASu manufacturer provided performance
program that calculates ERR for based on AHRI certified data

67
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• Impact of unbalanced flow on energy recovery effectiveness and ERR
• Adapted from Mumma (2014)

Mumma, Stan. 2014. Understanding & Designing Dedicated 68

Outdoor Air Systems. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
 Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery
Good Idea—Recover Restroom Exhaust Air Energy

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 DOASu Recovery of Restroom Exhaust

Energy recovery air is often drawn from restrooms and similar low-
contaminant areas.

ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 states Class 2 air (which includes restrooms)

“shall not be recirculated or transferred to Class 1 spaces. Exception: When
using an energy recovery device, recirculation from leakage, carryover, or
transfer from the exhaust side of the energy recovery device is permitted.
Recirculated Class 2 air shall not exceed 10% of the outdoor air design
intake airflow.”

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 Air Classification and Recirculation

5.17.1 Classification
Class 1: Air with low contaminant
concentration; inoffensive odor and sensory
irritation intensity
Examples: Office spaces, classrooms,
assembly rooms.

Class 2: Air with moderate contaminant

concentration; mildly offensive odors or sensory
irritation intensity
Examples: Restrooms, swimming pools,
dining rooms, locker rooms

Source: ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016.

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 In cold climates
• A preheat coil before the energy
recovery device can prevent water
freezing on the wheel,
Wheel or Plate or
Freeze • A modulating bypass damper in the
Protection recovery section can help prevent ice
from forming on ATA device. This limits
recovery so preheat may be needed or
amount of OA may need to be reduced
with really cold weather.

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 • It can happen. The drive motor or belt fails.
It is recommended that the wheel get a
What if the temperature sensor in the two
Recovery Wheel airstreams—both up and downstream of
the wheel. Four total. A simple fault
Stops rotating? analysis can be set up. Wheel on and no
transfer; time to check it out.

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 Energy Wheel or ATA Plate Flow
Measurement

Flow measurement through the device can tell if adequate

outdoor and exhaust air is getting through the device.

One easy way to do this is by measuring pressure drop across

both sides of the device.

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 Second Stage Humidity Transfer Option

Type 3 Isotherm Desiccant

75
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 Humidity Transfer with a Type 3 Isotherm Desiccant

Transfer follows close

to enthalpy line.
Makes the air drier,
warmer. Transfer
happens by RH
change, no energy
except fan to handle
wheel air pressure
drop and the wheel
Raises sensible temp
and lowers dew point
motor.

Source: Mumma et al. 2013. (Decades old technology still catching on)

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 Rotates slowly
8 RPH

Note bypass
dampers to
reduce PD if
not operating

Isotherm Type 3 Desiccant Wheel

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 Isoterm Type 3 Wheel Saves Cooling and Reheat
Energy

3 2
1
1
7
3a
5 6 3 7
4

4 6
5

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 Two-Stage DOASu with Type 3 Desiccant Humidity
Transfer Wheel

ASHRAE Tullie HQ DOAS Unit—Peak Dew-Point Design Condition

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 Have you heard of the type 3
desiccant prior to this
introduction?
Survey Question #4
A. Yes
B. No
C. No response (Stepped away
for a minute)

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transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
 DOAS Operation

What Supply Air Temperature

- Room Neutral or Cool?

Cool is generally better

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 Due to the inefficiency of room neutral air in
a DOAS application, Section 6.5.2.6 in the
Latest ASHRAE/IES 2016 ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 now states
Standard 90.1 the DOAS outdoor air shall be no warmer
than 60°F (15.6°C) during the cooling
Requirement season.
A few exceptions.

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 Cool Air is Better than Neutral Air

• Makes sense:
• If majority of zones are in cooling mode, cool DOAS air will
reduce H/C cooling energy.
• Reason ASHRAE added it to the 90.1 Standard
• Cool air might reduce H/C unit size.
• Cool air will might increase the DOAS energy use but will reduce
H/C system energy use.
• Does not have to be always “cool.” DOAS supply air needs to be
dry first, then adjust sensible temperature to reduce H/C energy
use.

83
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 DOAS does not have to be 60F. That is a
maximum. How about 48F. What is the impact?
This is a 75°F space
CA 450 cfm at 48°F
with the same
840 cfm at 60°F sensible cooling
requirement.
Cool Air
CA SA DOAS Temp Room neutral DOAS
RA
1290 cfm needs 51% more
air.
CA 450 cfm at 70°F

1500 cfm at 60°F Impacts H/C unit

size, ducts,
Room Neutral diffusers, operating
CA SA
DOAS Temp cost.
RA
1950 cfm

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 Can Cool VAV DOAS Air Overcool Space?
Yes, at conditions well below design cooling.

How to avoid this issue?

1. If a VAV DOAS system, the OA is tied to the people load. When load is
less then design, modulate the DOAS cfm and H/C temperature to not
overcool the space and avoid system fighting
2. If building space humidity is satisfied, the DOAU supply air
temperature could be raised, reducing any H/C fighting and
overcooling potential.
3. If needed, the H/C unit would need to heat, perhaps with recovered
energy.

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 Air Cleaning
• Particulate filters protects coils, wheels, people. MERV 8 is popular with a
trend to MERV 13-14. Some electric enhancement increases MERV without
added pressure drop. Be careful.

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 Additional OA air cleaning options can meet
IAQ standards like ASHRAE 62. 1.
This is a new area of ASHRAE interest.

Advanced Air • Odors

Cleaning to • VOC
meet ASHRAE • Pathogens
62.1 • Viruses
• Spores
• Fumes
• Ozone

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 What is in OA that Needs to be Removed?

Chemical Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO)

88
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 Have you recommended/used any of the
following ideas or technologies? Maybe to
help control COVID. Multi-choice
question. Select any that apply.
Survey Question #5
A. UVc
B. PCO
C. Ozone
D. Ionization or Dry Hydrogen
Peroxide
E. More outdoor air, MERV13+
filters, etc.

89

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 Direct Drive Plenum AF fan with variable speed motor
DOASU Fans

• Select on
o Efficiency
o Unloading
o Noise
o Maintenance

No belt or modulation option energy losses. AF wheel optimized for peak

efficiency. Low maintenance. Low blade tone (noise).

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 Multiple Fan Array for Large CFM DOASu

Many manufacturers now offer this

option.

Advantages
• F-Energy efficiency
• F-Reliability
• F-Serviceability
• U-Unit acoustics
• U-Unit footprint
• U-Installed cost
• U-Redundancy

• F=Fan, U=Unit
Photo Credit: Trane

91
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 Fan Piezometer Flow Control
• Inlet cone flow measurement is low cost, effective

92
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 DOASu Pressure Drop Savings Ideas

• Internal component bypass dampers

• In parallel with ATA - ~0.3 in. versus ~1.0 in. wheel pressure drop
• Can be used with any high pressure drop component
• When used – saves fan static or low energy mini airside
economizer, gets to the +30% air goal.
• Can be used for frost protection and flow control through a
component
• Negatives - will increase DOAS unit size and cost

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 DOAS Control

• Growing acceptance - Factory packaged DDC controls with

communicating controls for data logging, fault detection, and
performance sensors
• Some key DOASu measurements:
• Leaving dewpoint and supply air temperature
• Supply and exhaust fan volume and lift, energy use
• Component performance, status
• DOAS units can have upwards of 50 points sensor and control points.
Some have more then 100. Needed because the DOASu can be 50%
of building tonnage and operationally is the largest HVAC energy
user. Proper control points have operational value.

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 DOAS Energy Modeling

• DOAS is modeled first and performance is assigned to each H/C

thermal zone
• Energy Modeling Program needs to model all the types of DOAS
units under consideration
• Program should model structure thermal and humidity
capacitance
• Part of the Digital Twin Idea

95
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 AHRI Standard 920

Rating Standard for DX

compressor units with
air or water cooled
condensers.

Evolving. Part of
growing acceptance of
DOAS industry wide.

96
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 DOASu full and
part load
measurement
points. From
AHRI 920-2020

97
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 One of several
DOASu test
setups.
This is a
challenging test.
From AHRI 920-
2020

98
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 • For any equipment item
• Know the equipment power
use
Unit Energy Use • 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%
• 0%.
• O% is not off. 0% is not a
AHRI rating point. Measure
it!

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 Let’s compare DOAS with Mixed-Air Systems

OA
This is a single path
AHU or Rooftop duct system.
Temperature and
Humidity are
handled in series.

Terminal Reheat
Variable Air
Multizone
Volume
Single Zone

100
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 Mixed-Air System
Return air and outdoor air is mixed before cooling/heating coil (e.g.,
HVAC). Typical rooftop or unit vent. Series airflow system

DOAS System
Outdoor air goes directly to zone; parallel units handle space
temperature control. Parallel airflow system

101
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 Mixed-Air Systems
• OA mixes with return air
O
• Requires full amount of supply air to be A
dehumidified
AHU or
• Air stratification in “mixing box” can be Rooftop
a problem, especially in CW air handlers
• Control complexity if highly efficient,
meeting latest codes
• Can have air economizer
Constant
• If VAV, some zones need higher the Variable
minimum OA amounts to properly Volume
Air
ventilate other zones. Uses more OA Volume
than DOAS.

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 Code-Defined High-Performance VAV System in Lieu
of DOAS
• 16 criteria—sample of key requirements from 2015 Washington State Energy Code
• Must have air-side economizer and DDC controls
• If zone is >2500 cfm must have
• System OA flow measurement with VAV terminal feedback reset
• VAV terminal supply airflow measurement
• Primary supply air reset based on zone feedback
• Spaces larger than 150 ft2 and >25 people/1000 ft2 must have VAV terminal
with CO2 demand reset and occupancy sensor
• Computer, server rooms must have separate system
• Hydronic: staged chillers or storage, >90% efficiency gas boilers
• Fan powered motors—ECM with 66% minimum turndown
• Fault management, monthly VAV terminal diagnostic checks
• Designed and configured to ASHRAE Guideline 36

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 DOAS does not use an 100% air economizer, it can
use a partial economizer

• ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 requires each cooling system with a

fan to include an air or water economizer. There are 11 exceptions.
Best ones are as follows:
o State code mandates DOAS as the system of choice.
o Number 1—individual fan-cooling units with a supply capacity
less than the minimum listed in Table 6.5.1-12. (Allocate DOAU
fan energy to the local H/C units to meet Table 6.5.1.)
o Number 10—For comfort cooling where the cooling efficiency
meets or exceeds the efficiency improvement requirements in
Table 6.5.1-2.

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 100% OA Economizers

• A significant fraction of the expected benefits of airside

economizers are not borne out in practice because of
improper installation, poor relief or operation,
stratification/frozen coil, and equipment failure over time.
• Economizers controlled by dry-bulb temperature (particularly
those using temperature reset) can introduce excess
humidity, which can lead to added energy consumption,
uncomfortable spaces, and IAQ problems (Mumma 2005a,
2006).
• Active building pressure control is needed to make100% OA
economizers work—adds first cost. Hallstrom 2020

105
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 Can a conventional VAV system
be converted to DOAS?
Survey Question #6

A. Yes
B. Yes – I have done it
C. No
D. Not sure

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 Conclusion

• Latest in DOAS, third generation, offer the following benefits:

• Assured ventilation performance
• Excellent humidity and building pressure control
• Good IAQ with low energy use
• In general, easy to understand system controls
• Can handle future space use ventilation changes.
• Fairly competitive life cycle based first cost

Congratulations to those of you already

designing/building/using DOAS!

107
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 Acknowledgements:

Would like to recognize

Dr. Stan Mumma, Ph.D. P.E., ASHRAE Fellow, Professor Emeritus of

Architectural Engineering at Pennsylvania State University

Donald P. Gatley, P.E., ASHRAE Fellow

Bill Coad, P.E, ASHRAE Fellow
John Murphy, ASHRAE Fellow, Leed AP

for their interest, involvement, and contributions with DOAS.

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 Useful References

• Standards:
• ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019
ASHRAE Learning Institute: • ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2019
• Latest in High-Performance • ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 84-2020
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems • ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 198-2013
(DOAS)—presented by • AHRI Standard 1060-2018
Arthur Hallstrom, P.E., Fellow/Life • ANSI/AHRI Standard 920-2020
Member ASHRAE, BEMP
• Books:
• Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
• ASHRAE Design Guide for Dedicated Outdoor Air
Fundamentals—presented by
Systems (DOAS) (2017)—developed with the
Paul Pieper, P.Eng., Member
support of ASHRAE TC 8.12, 8.10, 5.5, and 1.12
ASHRAE
• ASHRAE Guide for Building in Hot and Humid
Climates—developed with the support of ASHRAE
TC 9.12, 8.12, 4.4, and 1.12

109
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 110
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 Course Evaluation and Certificate

ASHRAE values your comments about this course. All course registrants will
receive a separate email from ALI-Education ([email protected]) allowing
access to the Course Survey and Certificate of Attendance. Once the Course
Survey is complete, you will be directed to the Certificate of Attendance.
Questions should be sent to [email protected].

A copy of the presentation is available at:

https://www.ashrae.org/doas2021SpringOnline2march

If you have any questions about ASHRAE Certificates, please contact Kelly
Arnold, Coordinator Professional Development at [email protected].

If you have any questions about ASHRAE courses, please contact Tiffany Cox,
Professional Development Course Administrator at [email protected].

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 Explore ASHRAE Learning Institute Courses

https://www.ashrae.org/instructor-led-courses

Find a Topic that Fits You:

 Commissioning
 Energy Efficiency
 Environmental Quality
 HVAC&R Applications
 Standards and Guidelines

See all the ways to learn and grow with ASHRAE at:
https://www.ashrae.org/professional-development/learning-portal

© 2021 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.
 ASHRAE Certification

 More than 3,000 certifications earned to-date

 Elevate your reputation among peers, in the workplace and among clients
 NEW! Digital Badging:

 Embedded metadata uniquely linked to you

 Shareable in electronic media, including LinkedIn and email
 Instant recognition, with real-time, third-part verification
Visit www.ashrae.org/certification to learn more

© 2021 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.