Introduction To ED (Electricity Distribution): -

ED stands for Electricity Distribution. It is under the group of services and it provides its
services to all factories and state area. Efficient transmission of the generated electric energy to
end-users is important. This necessitates the use of electric conductors capable of carrying the
energy without substantial resistive losses during distribution. A pivotal aspect of this strategy
revolves around employing transformers to elevate the voltage to levels reaching hundreds of
thousands of volts. By doing so, the adverse impact of heat-related losses in the transmission
lines is significantly mitigated.
ED (Electricity Distribution) section/department includes the following groups:
1. Substation group.

2. Cable group.

3. Billing group.

4. Overhead group.

5. Street lights and pump maintenance group.

6. Meter maintenance group.

Substation Group: -

The substation group is responsible for maintaining and operating the electrical substations, grid
stations, HT & LT panels and transformers, ensuring proper voltage regulation and distribution.
Substation: -
A substation is a crucial component of an electrical power distribution system. It serves as an
intermediate hub where electricity is transformed, controlled, and distributed to various areas,
buildings, or facilities. Substations play a pivotal role in ensuring that electric power can be
efficiently transmitted from power generation plants to consumers in a safe and manageable
manner.
Key functions of a substation include:
Voltage Transformation:
Substations are equipped with transformers that can either step up or step down the voltage level
of the electricity. This transformation is essential for efficient long-distance transmission and for
adapting the voltage to match the requirements of different distribution networks or consumers.
Distribution:
Substations distribute power to various feeders, circuits, or lines that further carry the electricity
to local neighborhoods, businesses, and homes.
Control and Protection:
Substations include a range of equipment for controlling, monitoring, and protecting the
electrical system. This can involve devices such as circuit breakers, relays, and switches that
safeguard the system from overloads, faults, and other disruptions.
Switching Operations:
Substations enable operators to switch power flows, reroute electricity, and reconfigure the
distribution network to manage maintenance, repairs, and load balancing.
Voltage Regulation:
Substations also help maintain stable voltage levels within acceptable limits, ensuring that
consumers receive a consistent and appropriate supply of electrical power.

WAPDA’s load supply substations are located as:

1. SS East (2 step down transformers)

2. SS West (2 step down transformers)

3. SS North (1 step down transformers)

Here the 132 KV is step down to 11KV.

There are 65 substations and many KIOSK where we step down 11KV to 440V. the
maintenance of KIOSK is also under this group.

PT (Potential Transformer): -

• Used to measure very high voltages.

• Used for protection & metering purposes.

• Step down 11kv to 110v.

CT (Current Transformer): -

• Use to measure very high currents.

• It ensures that primary & secondary circuits are effectively coupled & secondary current

has an accurate relation to primary current.

 • CT works with secondary shorted to avoid arcing

• It steps down the current level to be safely measured through meters.

• Rating: In transformer it is of 50/5 A or 100/5 A.

In feeder it is of 400/5 A.

Protective Relay: -

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker
to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system". The relay detects the abnormal
condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are
different under normal and fault conditions. The electrical quantities which may change under fault
condition are voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle. Having detected the fault, the relay
operates to close the trip circuit of circuit breaker.
There are two different types of protective relay i.e., electrical & mechanical.

Electrical relay: -
Electric relays are devices that serve as switches, controlling the flow of electric current in a circuit.
They operate based on electrical or electromagnetic principles and are used to control high-power
circuits with the help of low-power control signals. Relays play a crucial role in various applications
where remote or automated control is required, and they serve to isolate different parts of a circuit
for safety, control, or automation purposes.
Mechanical relay: -
CDG is basically an electromechanical type relay
The significance of the three alphabets is as under:
C: Current Operated (Operation Quantity is current)
D: Induction Disc (Measurement)
G: General or Generator (Application)

It is used as the protect for overcurrent and earth fault

 Cable Group: -

The cable group handles the installation, maintenance, and repair of underground cables for
electricity transmission.
In POFs

• 11KV and above for HT 400v

• and below used for LT.
Kinds of joints:
1. Straight through joint
2. Pole mount end joint
3. T-joint
4. Indoor end joint
Instruments:
1. Magger
2. Foster set
Transmission System: -
Transmission can be done by two systems.
1. Underground system.
2. Overhead system.
In POFs, 90 percent of the underground system is used but only within a factory. The transmission
outside the factory to residential and commercial areas is done by the overhead system.

Types oof cables: -

In POFs two types of cable are used:
1. PILC
2. ARMOUND
3. PVC
PILC: -
• PILC stands for Paper Insulated Lead Covered high voltage mains power cable.
• This cable is also called Oil filled Cable. The voltage is 6350/11000v.
ARMOUND: -
• It is used for high tension electrical cables.
• It is an old cable used by the people during the construction of POF.
PVC CABLE: -
• PVC stands for Poly Vinyl Chloride.
• Voltages are step down to 400v and then transmitted.
• Low voltage copper conductor PVC cable is widely used for home appliances wiring,
internal wirings for lightening circuits in factories and in power supply for office
automation.
 Billing Group: -
The billing group is in charge of meter reading, generating electricity bills, and handling customer
inquiries related to billing and payment.
Consumers: - Major consumers are POFs employees which are approximately 12700 in numbers.
While other are private consumers which are approximately 7800 or 8000 in numbers.
Following are the different general sales taxes which are applied on commercial consumers:
• General sales tax.
• Additional sales tax.
• Further sales tax.
• Extra sales tax.
The taxes which are applied on industrial consumers are as follows:
1. General sales tax.
2. With holding tax.
Old Electrical Tariff: -

Electrical Tariff Private Employee

01 – 100 13.48 8.09
101 – 200 18.45 11.37
201 – 300 22.14 13.28
301 – 400 25.53 15.32
401 – 500 27.74 16.64
501 - 600 29.16 17.50
601 – 700 30.30 18.18
Above 700 35.22 21.13
Overhead Group: -
The overhead group takes care of the maintenance and repair of overhead power lines and
transformers.
HT Overhead Lines: -
1. HT Disk Insulators: - They placed on the start and end side of the HT overhead lines for
11kv. They specially design with electromechanical strength. They Provides smooth
surface for self-cleaning under contamination.
2. HT Pin Insulators: - They place in the center position of the wire. They can be in any
color.
LT Overhead Lines: -
1. Shackle Insulators: - They have the capability to resist normal domestic voltage. They
have smooth functioning and require low maintenance. They are installed on the start and
end terminal of the wire.
2. Pin Insulator: - They are installed in the middle portion of the wire.

Streetlight and pump maintenance:

This group is responsible for maintenance of streetlights and pumps. There are 3000 lights
which are of 100v, 35V. There are 8 pumps in Wah Garden to supply water to the whole Cantt.
This group is also responsible for maintenance of tube wells.

Meter group:
This group is responsible for the replacement of old meters and making new connections of
meters.