& A tensor? veubors 4 selous 08 of za) oses + a fell funchow tod speaitie a parieulen. qumty campeon in ow hy unit vedo ; newesR aEagAAE ae A Owe fe atte ee SAR IE >lpe ar jn cankertion Cor wectargudard Co- ordinety + & velor A eS be vopre Poe nD a rak mag —_ Chey My) or A aa + By 4 8 w BEM nit vedo ae @ © oat a jato He ouk ef * plan’ Hu plent Verlor caddibon & Subboutions A> (Gu a), B20» By 8x) rit 2 2A = (Actes) a Gyr De +s oe we Be ss ~ B+B) = aaa + ye + eo 4. Shinn ee WW? (Seb besebios)Three Baws (aos of Vet algebra 2— A ddiben (CorabbspltcoBou taco e Rave 2 2 KA an Commubabre _| Arve VA 4 greaera tats R 2) eG+O+2 Aceon ahve L oY n 2 23art yay +24, int fo ee pow + the Airtenue verdes the displaemenr bem US seperertion, “© vector) uae another + 5 Zo ps Ge th) a, 6 > (xa, Ya, 24) . A re = a-% 2 Ga ™ 5 leew & paps sf ga nd 4% + 6% Re Bar % pind 3 (a) the comport of ae ay[ SP (a) the component of R along 2s uo Ay e-4, lb) 2n-2 = S(0q - -4 ay aaa) -(26% +t) ce wa - 13cy +1842) (ey -131 18) eU4,-2 we Q at ~ we) Pe 2 par = to -9,4) + 2 ) ex a a. (maa 2ady t FD) oe . ew ‘ 1g 5 288 A unit verlow ot 2 _ Gel x eles a= 5 7 preren 3404 4) wy + at Pp (q) “Te pewben vee er & w) Tw ae pz 8B ue Alster He potte meq ned 12 ©) wiley parte +9 re, A a) AY A . 9d eo rare © Ce au) = CHD gl 8) Fe = a Pee (and — Ce! ») Nea = om a & . ye NWO —_—— pt pe (zara ES IH) dc lig w+ ¥a-¥) + Gar a (a) et te x aired) veer be Ay thm, ) Ae ag ~ 10% 8 Fha or Sie - Rowe al) when. cla}. Since B & Nes to a, = = #3 I rea | 8 <0. asd PB, ees troae He game tunit vedlor s ss Ae sey, # (100599 Fso0¥6)Mester Nabi Hesaeaee o Seen eee eee oo he sey ae a or Clebonding on hew +h mulbiplied . Tus there Paria of veehor muthpli- te (or det product) 4 A-@ abe Veehsr (or cxvis pradut) 7 Ax@ oped Kcalion of three veetwes BR, B22 can reuth in either 2 scalar beiple product 3 A xe) a G®) veer tiple Pr e Rx CBXE 4. Dor Product RB = Aa co8Phe A Seakons = (me, bos 2 = (BtoB) He 2 and made Mab: Cae 8 + oS O) he ba + Pe FAD Oe Si ee tn ate ia bo be ertheqanal Cr perperdiodar) wht ead otter iE a @z0 Nodez oO gowmuledbive ls R-2 a. & 7 Gi) pieibabve laos A. (2412) = AE 4R-2 A.A = ([al-= 4 if # a. oe A (vi) Age GRR 4 a =o Ride Saha ARHT G B. Cross Product 2 an nan = fe AB? | BD = AB BO pg% Aveder whose rabede ty Hee Ona Ha plleLepiped peorned by Ae ot iM the dav ef advance of a Vight-hamded sureud 2 ss] Sa heme} Into Box @ =6 o 1 By, Ba) thon Ke a . ‘ Pe Ae i 7 = Be By ae & (ay 62 tty) — & (rt | = Ba) 4 dC Ay By - Oy bx) ee Juct hos Fetter | py bourse propertar u) de ts net Lo mmubave | ‘ | Dra Fear ankico mda bye’ 2 axa px® = BG Row qr) ot poh agsociad™ * -) 2 ean) ERB Ax@ + AXE y aii) s4e ob Alowbee 3 (ii) 5 i Larne Arl@ +®) aaa w . Sealn Triple product ® — Rant) = BCxA) = 29x oa cyclic. permit — a subs 4+ A. x2) 3 Re volume He sage shy fall uns Be.= &, Ay, Ar @ , 2 g ) = (6x1 By, BIR Pe Cle, Cy, C2) Fen Al@xO = Mm 4s A 8x By “| C. a fy weet ) D. vee Triple Product 4 2 BCn-e obra We en ol Ble @ w note Hot (AB) CF bat ae 2 eP 8) ined & epprewmien pe pivisen by @ vester & net Adbinee gush ot RO ep a Se ze Broa wples .— ~ Re ahr” a A a . @ ives He veetorS Be ry 7 Sar find he angle bY Re ? Ny slti- Ong 7! a2 - " “ Gia, @? a ST pare ces *as D) CebPan = — oe 3B. = 007 fu TA ica) Ban = cost(OeFD = 93.93" As Membedye vay ag ay oe \&) 1B) ein Bag % 4 A ie a) Ce-¥J A a A a if = a Pec = dy (19-2) +9r.6-») o © UL 4ay Histo dy ©) tndng = SRE 6 = 099y =) Sapo Cae = 655) (0-394) = 93+ 37 Ay@D ree fred janet Seas ing Dan — a Re ey — ty +24 a= 2d - 305 + a Determine 2 ogy @ra) ee-®D (e) 2 Cex) ce) Pee ®) (A) Gn Gon () Px(Bx@ GF 4A Unit veetor Le Bxp Ore po beh BAR. axe Ore @ e get 3 (pra) x@-O) * oe Peet Gx -? oo» 8) a kf awa elo a 7 | = ape Go -@ (2-4) Oy ae! a & Cots . =e 2d 4rd, uae aU le 2(3 9 Ft Cte ¢rlo +é) a6 -u Healy ce) P:UBxR) = A GA ANY 27 pCa wa) = Grr a8) - LE r rar 4) Sin Ogg & \8% @) oc Sere oe ie . \8) ¥e) Jerre: pee cae 2129.2 e a0 : Z(p-2) — RGB) Busty bac- ab rue, @ (61-31 6) = (a8 a. elotory=I4 i} © ? xl@x 2) = 2 (er-1,2) (440 1) = C2, YD (UFO-2) =(EDTA und: iveslow ides bone lee a2.) ates hay » a x (oe ee ‘ Jax?) “Iii i a Cor pul, Oeqge, ~ 0" 691d) Nod - : we Teel a ct, Gi Pe 04 age cam by ee any ef Wage 4 Onn ee { wed ty cheede 4h. : Tot D Prove the low af cvsones favo ienple ] ee cave) oo fl - De vit) = 0B CIS pty PS Pak —_—— SS ae —_—_ Components of @ Vector 3 * The projection Cor, combonents) of a verlor in % given ely Cam bon scalan, of vector: + Giver o veclor A; She stolon component Ne b w along ved goa: Ag = ACB9ns © Va} \Ae) €9500 l Ag = Rede "fet he J 37 Na B Find tas njont oy Paley ® ha poses eee,s aoe a 5, Co- wrelinakt Systems “rons for mahon — \ a In genul » Ye physel quembhe we shobl be deobig. with in EM cHe funchons of space fe dime: In order +o desenbe the apotial veurtahons of woe must define alt pots uniquely im 4p Manner “Tis reouirer using an appropriate conorting’s : ey Syslom, fs one in which she Cordinakes ve + An orthogonal _asystion sudhuallly_penpenciaslen, + Ascaume three family of- surfaces, ae 6 jn conketion ae ur codhet ~ yay U3) GG 9 rt Uy = eonstek en y hue thae three surpaus oe mutually perpesdiouar to om another acthngensl Ce un = Conshanb Cbe1,2,3) b Plame. or wwe surface UE Ry) Aer © Aig Unit verdes im the Hares co-ordbine 1 tase verbo ivthaw ; on genensd right - handled o40 crcerdine_Syen Gan bate sake are ‘ a way. Hyok he follow ing relations ant gebisbieds a Qa Ly A Au X Ae = Ts s An An dur X¥ Qa = Au “A a n Aus ¥ Quy = Ae oust a es 20 6 Wye 2 Au! Sn) A aa a A ¥ Det | day te = = aun + Aur ce Aya) 4 | v B can be written at | &, any cher Atom tuition ah _ aA 2 [Oars Bat HOS nae [R\ = T@at Gar tO Evarplers Griiver yovee veotort RB, Be 2. obtain rhe express | & fo) ae? YB ay wt CULAR in he orthegenl Cow liner co-ordinate syste (ay wer 43) s SINS Hise We write 2, B* 2 in he orthogonal co-ordinate (uy uns 43) A N Rc Aa au + Pade 7 Als BS ee Buy dan + dur dn ¥ 8 ne na Cu Ze con das OY se fb eet) A , + Bu a 3) (@ nae tates tt stay G a Pus BY 2 pu fran Bar > Ss awdts) N (5) Ax? Ca Ba + pedir + Pratia)* (an Ba + Bnei FES n iN ~) edie (Aus Bur ~ Dan Bug) + O45 (Anbu Aur Buy) Ba CAmBin— Aus bu a “ A Ay, Gur As Aa Aue Aa Bu Bur bus© 27 a) SSS (axe) - C4 (Ais Bars — Ag 8 @ 2) + Cyr ( Aug Bur Auy Bug) + Cees ( A Bin — AurBuy) ef ow Cur Cus Auy Aur aa Buy Bar Bus we Ud Cand in em eet Qin, Bur lyore eb etn cack cane we red te oe ee ewan Change correspovsling do @ Abpeumbal change 19 one of He co- ordi nokes- + Powwe, some of the co-ordinates » 4% a” jou a moy not be a Length; and a converts meeded +o convak oo Sportal Oange du, into @ Change in Length alt ude ht > ea in arbi +g divented He change 19 27 iba dir) om bo written 1» diy Be dt = dt dan + pe db, din Un 2) a, + be din) die sds) Bis A = ah 2 ET By ae | (m Taye rey a (bs ds) + Te diffeumhal valine At formed by dibtercho! Co-ordinale Changes day, dtr) Sets in He divrs yy, Ln & Aus respect i Dare aly da Aly = hy nhg dy dum dug oF ty veelor oftow required do pentorm Sint4 mm genet. orthogensl cuilinesur. co-ordinstes ¢ thy Aibferstial ance ols, normal fhe unit veer a, , ds = (lta hls) ay, Similela , Hye dabfembial corer mormat to unit vectors By ee dig wespeebrely ve" Co- orclinate * orthegowl wd poly oe concerned ith most useful % wrest common * (D Corteman Cor rectang lar) dorvedinste’ \ndeited Con orctinatest Spheried cor ordinates - Cartesion Cechengelan) comers oe Cures Ws) = Cue) 5 Ges Site pe aA point ela ye in Contosian coordinates 's he intereton, of time planes subd Oj meh yeu Reez “The hose ww unit veetors 4+ TR posh position very +o te land Poorwpea) te Re uae ay + 2a * So, a veebr Bin Cnhesan acre con Qe nein yr ad be voritien 28s C An, “hy, Av) of 100 vecksrs ALE By + Ar be we fm dot predict \ Pp = Mba r Ay rode of Pee a So a Ae Ay Ae Be by Be Rm ons & Bx@ = al three mebsc db Sine, Hye Ow Sangh | a 2 cocbbicients ene wally # a enpeertions for He gee beng egfrenbol 2 set eae ane % ca anta By yeti x ea ay ee age ee | dy de || a a & = dee By ee andy & Gag dary a ava an ay Exawrble olen Dine integral of & vendor Field of He tape pele fea } ese) ey Qssum, ae yy aa + Gry) & : Evobuote the stalon, Lave ind ° trom Pe Lave) Ho Pol 2isPalory the Aivect pth@ & Foot) along ie © PAR).SoMg- «ry 5 . go's JR Ue a adimennont — problew @ BB ~ cu ty + dy % +04 ° PRs Lay eee) ees dy ay 40) 2) ae myda + Gr¥ dy, () Te 9" of pot 01 Poe Caley path O) 32 memes SE Ee Ey = Bees Seg = BE OOO) FG (n- 6) 9) co 6 zm “SE au) DY? D\y-6 = ° che 1 ot eae Ye Le v aly = Zod & (3 = Pees ge rer D4) 6 ese0 rai 5 . e Ye wun + Seysa-3 ) 4y v & Ss a ta =e -l0 aa © aey ehO. gee ope aes pth hog 40? wes) dad At From 7° a) ts. yey 2 yoo 1 24 >? rem pm Yo aap Po A A Hows , (e-de = Susaaey nae A a 4 HO = Pusydy + sada = Ve? 2 Poeapiys fk Ayclitical Coordinates 2 pg atimalh anges = © Lgelivlrie orl ad 2 4 reduus ob te . 7 Co, 43) = Zo, =) viv Clint ead cor oral nates PK 2 KA /| M Pink 84.6, 249 8 \ Ais, 249 % Toe eboseche (a ie Cireuan cylinder) purpoce / it a half - plane Conetouning Le + zaps & making an cnnglt Py’, = by gith te atx plant , axel a “ye Plane parallel +o the ry plant oF & Kez, . 04460 Asn osasn Ag kag = ey ae A Oe ae & | ay * | hae y By dy aad 2 A Ae a4 a4 a, x ve es Ay» Ay Sane | * csi co-ordinates —> Hhe eopirdriend or eee or symmedy epit tren aa: ndufee) covordinder is a7 # A vector in a +a Re Ader M8 or show (Ag, Aa Ax) f dy Bye A 8 Unit yerlors 0 to-odinde 5 Ble br eH Be Porch & ei Paw (W445), MH Hremsolves Lengths > ponte (mre bs er]. Herr gi on_ongle: EY i po convene da to Ue4 (leo apa) dee fag ae “Ransformation from Cylindcal t1 (anterian t-ordinns $ Be agdy + yar Aa —> Be frac Eat Ay 4 Ah. to find Ax? Tae - NB ahange Pn - compontak 5 Ae = Way =(Ar% a Ay + ond). Oe Ap Cay ax) + Agta +0 ‘ —aSoarahlexO a peje: 2 rene -— 9h 48 Sn canteen bor orclinabes , Ay Cost sad ° [)=| * : ~ oof] af Ane > R- Geter a4 int) an + Band cost Sol 2 fest) 4 4Say = KH 4 refuse BD Coop Mia f xe gy hy Penh D Sinb “ae aaa ~ Re au 209) & + (2h - me) G0 Na _ As yo = - olaste te gtalar Line integ @ Sper F = wy & and , ene ae etek G) SMS Thane ot +00 wows hy solve the pet On a ewe i ordinates, Uy In oer t-o' a Be yg 2-224) (dx & + 45% +d R) | = ny 2894 Th ef Ha ire OCH yh e9 t t (esx 483)mae Peat P.M 2 ° A = (urge - * §* Fea Ah ae (pay yy a asco ene 4) - a -4(1+%2) As— (ii) an cylindrical corordivabes, First ransom B into ret) [est ant 0) [e A | 7 cing Ub © | | 2% RS o o 4 . 5? =( 14 ase integenhion is alow O ques cylindric Cor ovelinates, Site, te path dt Thin) 8 no Change. in GAe a A Hones Oe = avd) +449 +rde 2 apd + 2aed 4 dud, o + det, +? eRe _ stay sng Heed at 8 Ae —_ > (2L 2 ( [-3 (a arth cost £6 StH) Ab [' pare ‘A - wh ° 2 _atstete reer ow) |, s Sa 4lieme bod | Bo. vabady ts pare ee > 4 ® Giver Poaw A bP. a7 ag ee oe sealer gurbaue NY ibi surpace of a Les induc abi wea ee ee edes herical Co-ordinates 2 4, @ Wi, Ue Us) = Cr, 8, ) i Spherical co- ovclinates, 9 pot p(n, 8k) epeahied oS the intenection of the follootny Tree surhoces ¢ Ya Spherion] surface Combred ab the ov avith a rods fens; Dow vis Cirudler Cone with Ws pero ‘ot the origin, Hs apis comeiding with The grams fe having 2 half angle 9-0,; Yo. if hoifs pane Connining We x amis & MOOG ange tod wi aura gris ne for a wy honded taslen, n A a Or x ay = Ab Axa = ay _ n ay X A = 46 Aa . 5 lo) ern if Sources, % Spherical co ovdinahes ov important = | xe laa Loundanies] eqrnnety mish: + Avedor in aprerica] cororclinakes ic = Ih Bpheviedl u-ordinates, written as % A Be Dy + hod + Aa te or a vy (uy) 4 Lovyth Te other Lavo Co-orclindel 8 L cp (ita) anOn required to convent AB Ld into dle Lalla , respers, 4 The gene ewbrittion flor a difpornbied feng h ee De 2 avd + rdo do remo dd & The adibpewt antas ¢ qs = xtreme de do & vont drab ae * the dibfental volume * che 2 wind ax do dd carton tocodiyhs 2 Sprodte) crerdiele 0 ot) —— we an g rk Le Pose ov snd cost pone ua) Ye R Gnd = vind nb aor Map = ros? ve ett Aer Aso) fae] [omoead Sash 0 Bal \ poe] fad og & ee He j By Roa B = Gab use A 5 wi ows, OSE in Pee PirDan+Tables Three Rasfe Orthegonel Co-ordinate Systems 7 Conordinde Sashes | Carterian Vindriel her % Ou 42) bef dye) ene) Rose vnik vectored 7 ay & a, ‘ a a iy 4 ; , & x a os 43 92 a Debse gocfficiens I | Ay d f a he 1 one hs [| | + ! gino dr dod —— aes [eropeseits Goyporkss vet | ar [Tee eae eee wy in opr Sol” o&) wo we ven ose = 8 aI" ee “ = Be Re ye eR emo ain = ee c ae po 3b ae reese e F cosl2e” = —F . di : C6, -2Fr -#). So, ye porn jr Cantthian Cero ed Hes S w Par Gre oo a Gn = 4B pad = 330" ae Tue = gl acd > pope PO Pu, 33° = 4) — cylindrtel corr © Cobre tte vertor B= ee + ran ® + 3% sn cantehion @ CyUdaien! corodbinsks. Pro! BLS 2) & Bes, ty).Sol 3 - oe - She Ghd tos wd -nd lop, y | =| Gnome cose Sind. LOS4 Bo 8 Coho — Gre ° 1 2 = = Sno cosd pr Cost Cost — Bnd By = i Gino Gob tr CostD Sin + lost By = 12 cose — F &O%nO a Out, a ,8 ates (eet), 4 (& 5.) Hene: . Eno ote THF ey fo ¥Gne >) % Saeee — gd) Gnbe de je fob 2 ORGS ae yer {ws D cosh Ae Fas zcruse =) Choe % 2 2 ——~ wT Feeppee- Substbby ell Hhese inte above? y we - 4g — eet eS Gg a AO” eae Tgegorrr) peas By > Nh + te z pty> Shag * sea "Tae ty 2 we - tT pe SS PY mee tee ab (B40) MERE ARN ERO do 9) hy = OM Ys F eet , Bye Ss * g 22-0 HO ws, (Fea ] wowfor Sphewenl fo Cy binabnead oe @ Bs __ | Sno Us © lo Ctlea ace can a Br. O49 -Gind 2 en > B& = 1h & yuo a rst) L ba = jus = 1958 us Pa ' TRY a Hem gp Oh AT Oe SP gu he = Loe - ae oN >) 7 -f te 7 Ee Dy} Be (pee Tree ee eee a Oe pene 47 8187 + White Hod a (34) 7 aca = [Pe = IE (af 0¢)) 229%, =P This wor lor Wed ho chek ie acne correctness of he auwur wherver parse@) Given tot P(-21613) 2 Veeder Re ye reryd ®@ Crprest PRA in cplindriod € spherical cororlinates, @valuate A&P in the Cortetian, eylindenend & sbherial Cues, SAN %— at poi 4 Ke-2, Yrs, 23, d Renee, p= Sataye 2 Se Hse & Saw =O 3e $e tea'(%) = ten'(fe) = log 43° z23 we Tate gt eee efereetg OF saa) = ee) Gy 62, 108-48") ASB Tus 3 EE Ptr by) = OG 3d) 196 HF 3) eh AS. Tn Hu cartevow Sytem, Bak P is Rey Ox avs 2 OA The a Pr vecdor FB, Ae > Y¥, Ay = UR Ac yin we indmoal System 4A “(to Gay 0 t ag 7 |esp ony ? are An ° o |. y DD) dpe yr 4rd See +e bp hype yb BED TF = O Ap = But = Push / yep BrP, Put these above, He fot 6 ay + ay of. >. ; sd ]ay + [pond nb + A 2 scat in + usp rast] f Batre.)D> cps te) Sint © £_ re # S Re FH eee ee & |) fd wet (Set) Re) ot - 27 a x Le al a fe ) a] dy + Ore a — a 38 a 09489 4p — 6.008 4. 35) Fe 0 aay ap —br008 a As Dinilely ine spherial Sysleon ? Ay GinOCorg — Gin Sint cos ¥ %e cap cap ce sah Sn] | 4 oO Ag — Sint toh 2 ? Ay et gng cap Ler) GO Hind +o] Ap o yuse cot burr) Us Sind +° Ad & —y corr alate) & Qube ¥ Gnd cosh 4 7 snd oP Substibbe tue abo, We jee Fi , 3 9 Snel & +a R 2 Ponta arp smb (Hine cos? + O80) Gn8 ! . x [ond sap bing ap + Gingcnd + 80) 8 Gud] a + A a [esing aed + Bae Op usp) c+] EN rx Os 7 _ Ol yng, tant = (6) ® jong = GE a3, Suge LE 1 ww 5 ONE. - t+? — TOse . £ D> coh = yy nde TS> So Re 4) Any ae —* 4+ (BR tg) TB x & , @ Jue ZF Seo. ay Sey Bxe ech Se yt * 3 +2) = (D6 ae +( IB x 3 SL), + 9 [Be ee + E)* ae a ea A 16 gy —J% — 40 _ 38 ay scam d Down ho | a2 = 0. est ay - oye 66 Ay — ok ay pos hee ae three baystens j hee, {4) le the Same in Note tak \Rewon) & e|Runs 9] > Ronin t)| se Assuming Mab cloud of ek eleckons contined jn a bolwear 1100 surgaues oF” cen gs So density aE ost (fw) » ed ae pod cae contained in Hu. wegen ee tow plans is & Line. { we wont the. a7 yc Const 5 infinite plans Cue unt pg = const >A Line) p qe mt 2D The intewection of three planes As a, oint\ Canush, Yount dh 2eumt > A point °) 6 - egush > A cron: Cinder. \__ Te inbogsbie e = gb = const 9 9 semi iminile plane Ge pois zest > dam ! Infinite plane 4 jn’ & Corterian Bytom get rods ae howl inginile | A circle ot WES tl gm5.)° A bone ie & fous oa wit ik eter ob the origin 4 Uru cone with the zeapis at ib omic & He origin af 4e vont 9 4 conn nbn plane as ina expindnical System + Hs ventepor Se weet & pont 2 A aomi Urde- Tteuedin & free Sergocet Fives SO pois, =by a Dine we. mean the path along a Curve _in Space. te The terms? Dine , Curve + scans a) ‘ugeol Inler a hangeally. Te Line inkeyrad $F a a intepral ar oh along Cue Le $C He oath of inteyreon i pase hen, ie becomes a | ow Of Bp -besgjaround L: crewed bulick is oiled “Hae Grewlaton, \ veetor fiekdl BR, condnues in @ region Condatniy © bm we aan the i pr dhe Smooth cunfae S$) Rds & fF .ay AS \a ve SR# The volume _inbeprel_ is dehineol até 2 ay vor snkep dad off scaler fy over tHe vol 9, —_ ) fy 3 salons Grob! Smamble's Grivon to P= dy — eG GH, colmlle he cirewlation of ® crowd He (hosed) pth 2 Bhewh below. Si OO gat Ut $ro a x Gh eat 1) doe #4! =~ fec@ nel, Acid 2G -ve CBee Gree ae BD e (ray yr) on, 2ey Ode 244 Ja gets $ q Sed Ee si3- D4ye %& Bee 6 oeDel cheredors & + The cub opuwbr, Vi, is He ver oliffenntial operotor fn cantenian Cororalinakts joe KeOWN as A ¥ sa) oberstor, otherwise IC ae ee ae Se not a _vector_in ia the Ce a stalox £, ft aM when th on a _% osu me The operator 5 usefl in dlebining @ RB writen os ve A vector ay Tw divergence Of a Fee mR 3) Te ant of a vector As W ne wy. 4) Th Laptacian ‘ , The du ebenshor Vv in_eylindnical & Spheniiod (0-0 —— wpe raeage , bane? & Hence , csp 2. - Sat 2 i af Oe phew 8, PJ, We He Gimlaty Jo brow vin bons C oe ; ar we ee » tenes Do 7% ra spots J - Grb J we_gok, ke Sint og $+ ob tet 2 c Sue Sind go + ab Sab 3g + 8bsadie a Sclor Field : Gia scl or sor Leaky ent ee fa le oR gradient dy oe geal Held Vv is a, represents laoth the mognitude & the die” of the ou Byoce abe Incresse ey _V> 5), ngider a Bacal funehion + spo tn a bubleling , a det us Co Ly Tt Com bey For OY te ep acest the ably of a meuninincis tenti, 4 The magnitude yin gure, depends on Be BATT ot tas poe OTR spdle, tot iE soy be toil = coplein Dines or bunbintth + “Two supacd on whide shul of V & Constant & He Me tee valus Vv, & vitdv, po dy indicales a Srl change “ inv. BES space & Heat B any Cans oa gene, Cann Weary yang ff Le cocordinshes V Curis + Poink P, tk on surpoue Vi, Pr is the torruporti point norma) veer doy & @ if & port close to Pp along, another vector ot + a. & for He dame change lv inv He apace robe ef es , change, aw, is obviowaly qrestut dong da because clo Abc shate Ssh bjs He to Sapa: (e erivabivend~ Toedve we wd dn if dv & eve (a decree in V bom fi ove in he an div. fe Te diveckions) derivable along dt & mn ana on ah space rahe of jnerease off V in te Ao the prejechin Ube vompenent ) of the in hak Ai”, ae ~ [ew a) [eead), —>av 4 yp ay dds 2) Se av. ast + oe dle + Si NS - mel : Sor Ca, jue, Us) %-° i a pats dia + ats te esas * mc dig 3 Bs \ Vv ay + Bhatt Y oo ong} ay. ba). (4 Atsdu a & dirr & og grader of Vv D> we =(5 doa 2 hi =(%4 da, + + 35h * Ts *) ee Ni Tre cartertn- Co cacorcinalhy Carta 43) = C9 2) Leta ohs = 1 be, [vv ae & + a + V4we Te fedloroing computahow formals proved » should bee voted % ® v(vrv) = verve 8 ee a yvu ru [S]= oma 5 vv = nv” vv whee, UE V we ao o The fardaneril popatio of the ge O The ud of VY cuts A megane ob Om ae ® vv pes in Yu div of the word vate of change 39Ve ® vv ak amy poi se Ao A comthank V sunray Thal pastes Hyranpe hat point: ® ™ ra rrojection- Cor componerd) of vv in the Di of a ie velo fis wed RE cabled aan donivodive of Vv alo 4, Thi the vate of che yin ee di Foc so:, AY above is the diab) derivabue of V above AB Ths te gradi of scolar fv provide vs dx with both ie eS eH bey oh te a eniveds © 4 [Fe vu) v ix_gard fo be the Salen poten of ® n js an inhege” ryadionk ef % cealan eld v *Om elecbreatahe Bald intenwity 2 is derivable as tu® grado of sialar fotenb! vj ve [Pa-7V], Determine € ab pei Cu 2) if ® Ve Wen Sm Be KB E> @D Vv av nse = wT? Ron @O«x aan cnet fe SeMs— Ve wero a a proses to or dinds fer @. @ @- -[ZarHe gv. o* z wwe, gs Me [EOF Qo. a Vp R ASP +) A le &) 22 - [3a bbe ht amet | A 2 -Ve | Se = = (ume dy — Ge BY F ved, Ba bind the pendent of the follaaig Stal fields + @ ve E* Barr wshy ve re ass7p © We tor Grr cos ~ cold -vV = Wah + aay + Ee \\ = a Eo Cothy Chee a + © nr Sinhy. a, + Sinn alge ok ei ae cos rn Corby, ay + Es Sinhy dy = Creanrx tay a Dvedv 13u gy avd @ Org re oe ar 0 23 tt em dos QATULAP a} = Aft Sued ay + prcesa4 a O vwe wa ag ay ® we Wal Lae & +1a5 oe noe fy —10 Swe Sat Dy fos RH div denivadive dein ® vo " \ = lo sinty cose a +) ® Given Ws ayy tyr» CO ude Vv ww diy” aah y aahy 4 aah at Corts 0). my = A+ WG sons Vw WATE +e wang ye be 488g OG + PH We (ach o)t VW = acy - ay ~ 2%: Home, dae NIGH eager ae at which Line x= yr % @ ord te oft | Ae ain), Tf 2 eA AG der, Who te Humer, a Unit verfor normed Te tne & elipeetd met feel te galreay ras’ =! Dace | intewedtion “vt B byt 4 avi pp wy rig GED] Ore ve Bet Teg Te cabin a [ergss) 2B) Takis te Cove ign (fer Me mene’) point of; inter Oy this point, Pega r dra. wn Ba? it Fon og Te tunjeun of “he bprsid aabied Co = One» Baa 5 Jr oN “ a Sy) EST a Fug) = PAI? | Hemp geal eeconie an| Te ged f ach $y +4 n [Ae pats fc Be tty FAT pose pose sept, Wes Fe3 Ts) &Divergence of a Vector Fit a= Te divergence of A ak a gien pointe’ ts Hn net pete flay per unit _velume os the vo) Ahrinks about P. GAR Hencey robes yy te fae GOI encased oy the Lose sunfcet in hich ‘7 is beled > Physically, we may hegord the divergence. Of the veclow field Rak © given point as a masa of how muth ite fll hiverges or emanstes boom thak point + In or he odor Relds, it & Convenient te repraot : a va ‘ 4 + wari sold Qines , wrbich ane fi vorledtions graphieabey “ called fLvyo Qines 01 Bhreambivts + These au divested Qines or cuwer that jndicalhes of each sport te div op Mae verte fields The mituole ef tee cS is heck depicted by Hur density of te (ines in He vicky ot He + Th flue ef a verter field & analagows fo Hu fle oh or Quid suck _os_Walers Si. Me TM “IN ZIN TTT ie te © ue dinyene W) Gn dinyue 1 Ber alioyonte veckry fill of P H The dive ck th verter fell con alo Leo-vieused cu simply He Litt of he fll! Beune sheryl per unit vel( er soune densiby 5 i+ fs G)ve ak a Sounle point th Ihe fold, ¢ Cove ak a dink poink, or 2uK whee Hane U nifien feune, oe iesSevivedion. Ge) FS contyder Abert vel! of le 4 qpdes du, dy & de coukred stant a pent p(x, Ye 207 In He field of a ver BR. In confepan 00-0 rebinahes, Pa mary 4A Bince, phe Leggs rvetm hog Sip faces, fu Burfate batepral com be cle compased into Rp pads 437 grees fofafol fof fe Fre Back lett aight Jop Bottom Qu te front Biche, (PB Ra? Brot = Py: & (di de) front HAC tH, yo, 2) dy do ~ | asa Tyler ss | Big, Exnlunbin of VF + The quetly BP xordes go 120] Con ter empanded gevies abot is valug ak (Ke Yor Be)» fotlows + 2 . {24 By Yor ae) 2 alter Soy) oe 2 | aan hate , @t Ceotasg fad 2 Bg ag = Baa CR GH) Bak oH Ay (e-e) 91) dy de Te Pagloe — series sepetion of Ax (x01 901 2) u - 23 higher ord oy 0) ee o Aad, Yor Ae ACD el anne Se [Leb Jre Grreyaee fee Yen)% Fellowes WY Hee Beane . > Hoe Bodine ae de dhe might & bift Bibs, When i +d & Qo, respectively b dss del A) US “L] oe (& + dips, ovler) | acety dre » £ Gc, 94126) Cory ete) Fe Re bop & belle tt [hol [28 -(S PED ao Carta vere) | Revver vw) Se filly prio - (2% 1 oty 4 ah) | dette ™ aes ay "FT (to) wor) 8 Yer ae Wiyher orden fens tncberdieee § RL x ovale Ss v2 7 => dv = VA = g050 oe of In gene! ork Uuwlineow oe ordinahes Cur tans 4) e re 3 (mbsr) +2 (vhyB2) Ae he bs [ a, eS oie _ padres) er erdinaesy OAs + 2Ae Oo (4As) + a 556 4) f De “9e bn apres Ge ove Notes he prepedics of the dive of a vector Field é @ 1 podues % sealer field Checare sealer praduck i fre ® Te Lv ft a sealery, ieee “om & vee) ATA ET (VR) cvvR + ROV sh Sela a 1Kponples § ~ (2) ‘Find Var divergence of ee position, voter Jo an cubtheary ints INE Conferian Com mrdines , P Re ep prenrion for the persion vecbor fo an cbihary point 5 A CHV we Pa xt ya 12H $, = (wv @) = ax +352 +3 = ltit) = 3d) an _Spherita) canodivel sy Te power vetor ° a 01 i tafe SB 2 1 20) tee plone + Ging 4? Ot 2" 2 ae .3e% 23 5 Lae Ye nw a , Spa @ Fe my. fle dently B outside a VOU Long cauvyenk - Cami tsire chraumfenentrol & is inversely preperboral fo the Aiahuue ho We apis of the wires Find vB. . 7 ws Gd he boy wire be cotmuictedt with Pre tomaels da a plied upto: TH prion state Pat ¢ Pe kR ¥ ep vorbis (P,4/ 7D» aAb an wt woe Batt Fe GEO ay RR ° - 2 >. h i eb/ia Br &, Spa, ba= av’ + 455 Bn BP vues afet ee) ts eee ha vector that u vot we tonsty, but whos divergence a Revo a + prbealy indicates thot de map Plane Lines close “pon Hromselwes & Hut- Ak no moynehic sourel or tink. G aiverguncobigs fr & wobled a SelensidalDivergence Themen 3 ® * the Livengence theor tals that the ttl outeoard fly Fa vector fell A torough the closed surface ‘S’ ee fant as the vol inteyral ob te Avengers BR. ~] > diveyunce sheoreme alc Known a8 Gauss~ Oshr grodsky dheorem- eset, * gt lieg to amy volume V that is Soounded, lox" surface PP Te hiv” of dé is that of He cuban vorvet Ty to the surface ds & cbivected away boom He voll pestis fils tot A 2 v.P ow_worfinuens # To prove Fue cLivengence_theores, Aubdivide volume v into © forge no: dmall cells: xf the Str coll has vol™ AU; & is hounded by sufore $5 daa; GR.a8 - EGR eae 4] © siue, joe exhwand feu 49 one coll is nwand fo somne iene ing cells, there Is cancellstion ©” even 5 indenioe hurgoce, go Pe Sw of Te sungace integrals over. Sy’ is he same as te Surface integral oven He sunpace ‘s'. oe in corporah? Lo taleing Be Cit on the yah vie pest ry Ph Apr of Divergence Press (Be eget oi (ge ae = vm A, ce kp Qf —— | il MH Converks a WANS inhetral fo" Btejace interval ey intepals ee es alee SsExamples a ee He divergence of tose veetys ¢ Pe eye Ntwd 2 ox ® B= peng dh 2 on © ? S + Hz + zeosp ek A ® PSE + repcep dy + cas0 dh, SNe" TD (Pn = 2424 4 ae of, 4+ Oe a ay” x = 2 3c dx) = ZO?) era + gue) e ange +0 +e S aryr +2%_Ghs © ve. BHO + EHO + BO = 1 aap) 295 . 2 (eest) f f ae = Lapitinp + 1x0 + Usp SQ sinh +s¢4 pitt eG Ais © vPot2en) 4 2 (7B sing) al ) i OCe ring. JO ving OF pe 2, al atten ) Dateinp cosh: Sine), 1 (280 re ¥f ) Fae : 7 D+L » ASO cotD- cos 1 + 0 Do = QUssp Coxsp 4s @ rf Gir) = 198 (p dy + a), cetewine the fle dy G out of Ye entire surface of He cylinder fat, o<=$t+ Confirm He result aay dhe divergence theorem. Sole af yy Re flys £@ Haugh Ha qhen Surface, then ya $08 awe eey,where We Ye Ye ere te FLinoes Hoel Hur dep, bettom, 2 sides (Cunved Yee fda ff re yatas =o $0 = ston gl ° -9 = wRe Fr Yor xco, ad = Papdeca). | Howe, Woe (G.dd = § (0-4 agariy= -pan t| > feo Pro ale = -107 Fr Bt, dam per, Bz ddedd ay. Hence, | 1 as a e fee (AR = fi (0d Faede = 10 ootyr EY! 3 zap $e “Hl = rox C1-€*) Ts, Yo We Ye ys = ord? = 10" arene) = 0 Ay SHerabiely, Gince 's' & @ Cloted sunpace , We Cam ~pply thy divergence Hreoveu + Ye $a-d2 = Syd) dv is ¥v ° >. 48 1 2G) + 26%) Bur 9-G = 5 E08) +R 4) + Se a 4 a(t we™) +0 + Bfiere )' @ ® Given 2 2 wa + Heme, verify eee Pre o ube one unit on cath Side. The 5 Prine te first octank of tu Crletlan Con ordinate System with one corner at He origin. De SePE— Front fae s ne), Be dade dh - SP. Prev “rod = J S dyer Bock face? x20, dd = Cr dy ae 7 da =5 So ye Eee Cobb fan ¢ 37, B= dad 14% * S fafa =e eo Right Faces yo, Din dnt 4 ight Face ¢ " a] * alee yl 7 Gaede S fpr ay BI | ap 2 Betfom Paw, 2 F°y B= rants 4 2-R = (Sy o etyor © — port tek Ag =e 4 dey gR-ds = IF 9 .. pe ant+ 2 ge tre 2 re Hernsbedly 5 VAT HR & Henity $3. ade Sw Pde Sffenaae ; igen a efadee Affe) ) ta do feale | [eae Jel ud f teak belpre al® Given Fe eR de, determine whether the divergence theorem holds for Hee shell veyion enclosed lay Spherion shoes at Ro Ry & Re Rr (hp Ri) Centred at Hy origin, ac shoon below + SIPEM Honey she speeajed Rayon has de Sucfaus, at Rok, & K en,. 2 BH ante Suto: Rey, de = Etat badges wy SPB = $6 Cee) RE sine dod = FRE oud as Sopa, v 7 a 2 = _ erenede dd % Gt imnen Swfaet &Ri > ds = S 2- a mer \ 58 A -f J ee) ar sinade dd 2-4 ew a Qe 5. - 2 = 3K en 1 2REKRI ~ o +O = AS5EP 3 vP = Re TR LB ew comab., ies vel inteprat spanls Pe procluct of Me Const. & the volume: Te vel” of He shell Aryiow bi the tuo spherical bunfoues with radii Ri € Rr ts an (8 - eF)a° = 7 f oPas 2(vP)V = an k (aS BS) = fre Yl caste) = Hak the clivengence Keoron + This epample shows Melle even Hu _vorwn hay holes — bes, vie __ aebeeeCunt of a Vets Fleldé Bele se0g) GD Te ; ‘ ae BR is an awial) Cor_ robahoral) Vector hose. “egnitude is the mayo Cirelekon of A per unit ane as the anew tends to 2010 4 whose_clir” (5 the mpormal oli of He area tohen Hae area is oriented. So ag to make the Cruudaberw mod”, . \ + Rp iA te fom #= vet = (2, SEA) S , ase wha, Hoe cu SS te tg Hace i ‘Uae ay ts Pe Ml Veer & Grudabon +t 2 anounsl. contour 'C’ 2 GA tote prupicd meaning of cireslation, depends on chal kind % of Feld tye vector A? _represonts. ON Uype s if Risa ce acting uw an obgect, its Crudabion wsfl] ee the work clone by the force iin moving the Hbject puce_anound He contour 5 . if a represents ane ckebie jeld indensidy , Pm te | lon Hee clatrmnrhive force, anand te del wader hiring elewon © a Volto Bile Coding a ee cyrenbahiow of fluied velodty. + A ciredksban of Bway epish even uten [aliv A =2 ) Con wu tne flee eee Comms due a dibfewntial ane in thee yerplane, &o, 27. 2a grae(te lela] ee crenlaion + Te familiar phenomenen ob Bork drain is geample ofOn side ab, (= 44 Y eben Re hy 4 nf BRT = Ay Lee, ye, made) de, shee, Bag (epee ) com be ep pared aa Talon Seneas de + He Oe 2 eT Ny (mete, tr de) Ay (ey dere) = (x1 467%) ete. Thus, { _ } Te 2 | ty Cees) - ae 2 i —) Binilel, oe side be, f= dn’) 2 [Fe fa. Re [eset] —©® 8 cfeete]. & AR = 2 dig [ Py C2 +a eu) | — —©® j on tide do ee PL me| J —© sen 2 2 in Ha Same Way, R con eo found in Te y- mre F dhe & 4 & es oe - Sr 2el|5 a | DRA) SS (Gaba), pe Ax Ay AaCa coat I VxA in general ott onond Deneor G9 Corovdinak(s (ui, Ur, Us) is giver ° ay hy oly he as hs a 2 Fae Day hz A3 oe Th shhenea) Co-ordinates, . . a 14 Gnd VW, >. R ; VxA = a 2 rene | oe Ae eho venbAg oo Noe to fleieg pps of Be nls @ Te aunt f He weer Fell = anatten. veel’ fold: ® Te nk oy % selan feud v, TeV, makes wo SMG @ vxAxd = gp + He , @ wxax kB) = Ra)- BA) + A A) 2 8 ae a nL veabor field verishes, Ce: (@-v)a -@ ve © Te diverge of He curl of \e @ to unk of ta gerd sole bidd vaniies, tes [TRC oy Sgniwne ia Phyl meaninTof He con of a vent fields wy val d aver bield Rat 6S ili] a point Pweg be regarded at 2 weal eae : wf ta rela: or Mg yuk te fl «le pay Oeste | oot of He Pope —_ SS@ shoo thet UxXR =o If (Dae s-4 in eptindnied orordinae whe & YS : cl don ovainal eh, wrhure ft) B amg f Hua radial obisfeunrce *r’, KU & Const ov, Be) ae (x) & in Sphere’ Maes en Sng 6) G Fh Arf Mb n on — } 3 3 2 Pl | of OF Fe Ne 4 2 v) 0 , 3 (036°) Px? =o J a el > A unlofree rector bield is _aalled » [ade] irrolabional of a Consenwerive bfeld © etabwiebe bill & feratylional Cor, comernvee).# Stokes! $ theorem Atedes Hut the Circulecdion ef a vector Froll B_around a Cclssed) pol Lis to Te Sunkace interval of Me cork ok over. the oben suabave 's! kouncled by provided that beth tu vector field @ & (xd) te first spade Aenivatives om finite 4 Continusus on Tu surface ‘s’ a3 well as on Mee _tontwun of interest Preof's + Vat 8 on . Gexface's’ ae eontece \s' is Subdivided inbo g Reng no af calls 95, shoon of the Hk call has surpoue Ore sy & Rounded oy pub |. _ > Ae dt 7 ba. s$aaraz sno a a Joy j aS} * then i cancellaion on inferior path Bo the sam + ” ‘ the Vine Ye Dine inteprls around Ls is te same integra) anound the bounding une Le aH Fodeiny Hu Limit on the right -hamel Kode ag a8; 20% sacorportiy the clefinibion ef Curl gives % neo bm T - as yt Opal 40 on spon sucess $R.aP = (xd). 4 sacciee ie Ss J. Wight howd mule < - wee we The dit” of Bg 2 vuyst_te choper Sp UES the BUR. ob The Livergence theorem proledes a Surface integral t9 x Vol™ infra), whereas Stoke Theorem relates a Cine integral Ccirewlaben) S- = to a cunpace (open) inteprel: FR: dd =O) DT U yo sufece-boundiry eternal contours valid far amy : = ae . i ATR Aiimflak efor stance, would be Scimeutcoual plone seats we Sectsamples ¢— @D Aetermine the coal of these Veetor fields + Pz xtyre & ped ® B- Ping + eB trey A © r= 48 & neerscet 3) + Cosd 4 s2— @ vxP = @ gb a go 2 :. eu Pe Pie Be 4 Oe 5) ay (x- x4) + &(o -% Tz) 2 ye - af #8) - 4 2 Ales - prom) as Ee & pa % 2 a Fe vx@ © \- Pe a 2 af Ag Pap Av ae - )| @ase_ arn) ~ : a [| aU) 9A, a + | 908 -#) wp ay Bx) 2 -2)| cali zvnp - 2 =) - 44 (0 -0) + & (st z= fata) Te-hewe «PG rere A] des © cree rene G5 yee res 2 2 a OG % Dy vAg eno Ap $5 B (arte ol [“ Ga Ap 33%") -¥ Geer 3) Oey) gx ye- = 8 + ‘ : “in0 ose 3 (enYy,) = smn & (bres xy vsing sind) — x dy (20 %)) ¥ ar Sip rind Fp ( Bar sine cond _ ope) 2 at (MEE, tone) - oo (yg PPP - 1 xe) | era (Cres cnf 4 Lx tnd) A A & L,)SMd 4p gust +L) = (HS8. y sind) - Ae ap + 7 youd Ars 2 Sy, , evaluate GAA anowd tHe ph @ FOR q feosd | + sob . 4 Us) how Wweleid. Confirm tis ing Shokes's theoverc+ Aly tds po gp diz tiem os Ma (pana de = ccs] Hey f 2 2 § eae 30 = 5 (5-9Aor dels goes e dade dy, DY Verte, a) a . et pee [pomag ~ ese £ = 4h pes 5 & faa = -B+ | + au + SB - s- are 2ES (8-1) = = 4941 Ay gs heorms (because “LS 4 close! path) Os. 5 ne Aeal = ((vxa)-4s §7 Se ) Gut aa fagap he A A A veh = _) af a V4. a 2 tl ae & thy Ae y La (gee 3). GP) + ART eaL&le- 0) = £4, (0-0) + & (rt +t) oe 5 2 [ sebde fc = 7 ” Lv @ Given Pe Hy a and, Verify, Qrokes theorem Ove a quedo Gredde Asie with e vada of ‘al ty the first qradrant at Shown? yA Be ;x Eke cca eae & & a) = a (-2-% * es 2 - (tra) Rh a -Ax 0 (ert) 2 - ie wea): drcdy [48 = ety & ef [avery + Zax) y - [a Saye 6 oe 2(4) + he] = -a0+%h) we Ud corordinsbes fm yids ae fart) & = [(iceesShnarae s feo peo vinke Spinach. dink Quy ay @ - axa): an & Tmam pao Bi = ("sefe =o BR ew a- eeu ° ~ = yd — andy 5 ~ faa Sasa 2 fina 4 ce ecteyes) (tsi = 9) 2 ROT | Gir ansal m alah) 3 sett abe?eS For a veebr Kell A, show caplitiy te that [v- Cox@) =o], te. Me dep tatoo hag age Gas dels- 7 (vx) = ZAKS Hf). L vu * (i Sek am ZIZZO "© for & lon fidd V, show that (exe) Hheceot of tu. gradient es av Sel 5 pve Ma + BH + SA ‘ ry aw greys |4 4 8). alge-ms & ov BO elec bell Os Sith Polenta Ferk a vector Field ic Gunt-free, then 7 ou o gud Salt 6 fetes Hf IM A) cwok-kree vectey field if a Conewabie, Field = An. Cor, 2 consewalived vector Gield thpreased ad lhe dre2 ae WR —S salensidal (ak ane hot associated with flow Sounes or sinks’ 1 Te net udward blu of a Kelenoidal field through comay, Chisel Surbace © ed, & the file Lines close tabon themselves (Like Clessifietion of Vector fields ¥ OF vechy field Is nquely chonacterived fey ite chivengem ce < tank: Niether the divengence nor the curl af a veetor” Held & subgicient pol oo letely describe ke gield « Fn vector brelds can ke ied in douns gf Het vanishing, er non verrishing Aivergence. or conf o frollass; ®O vReo, Vx#= 0 = Sclenoidal 4 irrotedions) Syn a state field ina chenpe free refi: VA EO, VxA co 2p IecosHow! but net solenci Bag she bield in a chenyed hago WR oo ) Vv xR to > Solenaldal but not irrotabo ; Saat Y shBe mops held In a Gurnead “Grigg &) vay 0, vx@ +0 > Neédhor folenpide) nor inimbshoral | Fi Qn cleetsic bield in a 2d] wrechiven. ee al ¢ A > SS KR Pad =, > pea. 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