[1] The European Parliament, The Council, Directive 2014/30/eu on the harmonisation of the

laws of the member states relating to electromagnetic compatibility..

[2]Hong Li, Yuhang Ding , Chongmo Zhang, Zhichang Yang , Zhichao Yang, and Bo Zhang,
“A Compact EMI Filter Design by Reducing the Common-Mode Inductance With Chaotic
PWM Technique” IEEE Trans. Power Electron. VOL. 37, NO. 1, JANUARY 2022.

[3]Rabiaa Gamoudi, Dhia Chariag and Lassaad Sbita, “Conducted EMI Reduction in Boost
Converter Using dsPIC Based Chaotic Pulse Position Modulation Technique” 2020 6th IEEE
International Energy Conference, 2020.

[4]Pahlavandust, M. and Yazdani, M.R., 2020. Single-switch boost DC-DC converter with zero-
current-switching, high power density and low electromagnetic interference. AEU-International
Journal of Electronics and Communications, 121, p.153229.
[5] Yang, Z., Li, H., Ding, Y. and Wang, J., 2020. Continuous multi-scroll chaotic PWM and its chaotic
signal selection method for EMI suppression of power converters. IEEE Access, 8, pp.168910-
168922.

[6] Wang,Y.Y. Maillet, F.Wang, D. Boroyevich, and R. Burgos, “Investigation of hybrid

EMI filters for common-mode EMI suppression in a motor drive system,” IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1034–1045, Apr. 2010.

[7] Y. Son and Seung-Ki Sul, “Generalization of active filters for EMI reduction and
harmonics compensation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 545–551, Mar. 2006.

[8] W. Chen,X.Yang, and Z.Wang, “Analysis of insertion loss and impedance compatibility
of hybrid EMI filter based on equivalent circuit model,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54,
no. 4, pp. 2057–2064, Aug. 2007.

.[9] M. C. D. Piazza, A. Ragusa, and G. Vitale, “Theoretical and experimental evaluation of

the power losses in CM active EMI filters,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron., 2010,
pp. 1517–1522.

[10]M. C. Di Piazza, A. Ragusa, and G. Vitale, “Power-loss evaluation in CM active EMI

filters for bearing current suppression,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 5142–
5153, Nov. 2011.
Switching Frequency = 100 kHz

The schematic and photograph

of the built prototype is shown in Fig. 10. The input to the
converter is a 230 V, 50 Hz AC grid voltage which is stepped down
to 12 V by an auto-transformer. The stepped down voltage is
rectified by a single phase Diode Bridge Rectifier built using diodes of the type
MIC6A4 followed by an electrolytic capacitor of 4700 μF which
produces a pulsating DC with a voltage ripple of 10%. The control
strategy is implemented using a CMC as explained in Section 2.

[11]Subramanian, A. and Govindarajan, U., 2019. Analysis and mitigation of conducted EMI in current mode
controlled DC–DC converters. IET Power Electronics, 12(4), pp.667-675.

[12] Pareschi, F., Rovatti, R. and Setti, G., 2015. EMI reduction via spread spectrum in DC/DC
converters: State of the art, optimization, and tradeoffs. IEEE Access, 3, pp.2857-2874.

buck converter, whose central switching

frequency can be swept from 100 kHz to 1 MHz with a rated
power of 2.5 W, Vout=5V

The second converter considered for test was a boost converter,

which central switching frequency is 40 kHz with a rated
power of 600 W. This converter is used as interface with the
mains (240 V–50 Hz) as a unity PF front end. The nominal
output voltage is 400 and the nominal efficiency, when used
without modulation, is 97%.
In all cases, a reduction around 10 dB is obtained in the whole
band of conducted EMI.

[13] D. Gonzalez, J. Balcells, A. Santolaria, J.-C. Le Bunetel, J. Gago, D. Magnon, and S.

Brehaut, ``Conducted EMI reduction in power converters by means of periodic switching
frequency modulation,'' IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2271_2281, Nov. 2007,
doi:10.1109/TPEL.2007.909257.
The digital buck converter with the proposed RCFMDD

[14] Moon, C.H., Chen, C.J. and Lee, S.W., 2021. A random modulation spread-spectrum digital PWM
for a low system clock digital buck converter. IEEE Access, 9, pp.156663-156671.

[15] Bhargava, A., Pommerenke, D., Kam, K.W., Centola, F. and Lam, C.W., 2011. DC-DC buck
converter EMI reduction using PCB layout modification. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility, 53(3), pp.806-813.
[16] Nguyen, V.H., Huynh, H.A., Kim, S. and Song, H., 2018. Active EMI reduction using chaotic
modulation in a buck converter with relaxed output LC filter. Electronics, 7(10), p.254.

[17] Müller, D., Beltle, M. and Tenbohlen, S., 2021. EMI suppression of a DC–DC converter using
predictive pulsed compensation. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 63(6), pp.2134-
2142.

[85] Q. Li and D. Jiang, ``Variable switching frequency PWM strategy of twolevel

recti_er for DC-link voltage ripple control,'' IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 7193_7202, Aug. 2018.

The goal of EMI modelling is to have a thorough knowledge of how conducted emissions are
formed, how they propagate through the converter, and how to forecast the degree of
disruption they cause. However, the design may require additional solutions to fulfil legal
standards. EMI suppression strategies might be used at the noise source (the production
stage) and/or throughout the transmission line [82], [83].

There are different types of modulation systems that can be used, including random, chaotic,
and variable frequency modulations. These systems have a wide range of frequencies, as
demonstrated by the switching frequency spectrum [84][86]. Additionally, other solutions
such as snubbers, soft-switching, and modifications to gate drivers can be implemented. [87]-
[91]: The architecture of a circuit (92)(94) is specifically designed to reduce emissions, taking
into consideration various design criteria. To further reduce emissions, external solutions
such as shielding, active and passive filters, and hybrid filters (95)(97) can be used.
Additionally, modifying the circuit architecture and layout can also incorporate mitigation
strategies along the propagation path.

[82] K. Mainali and R. Oruganti, ``Conducted EMI mitigation techniques for

switch-mode power converters: A survey,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2344_2356, Sep. 2010.
[83] S. Natarajan, T. Sudhakar Babu, K. Balasubramanian, U. Subramaniam,
and D. J. Almakhles, ``A state-of-the-art review on conducted electromagnetic
interference in non-isolated DC to DC converters,'' IEEE Access,
vol. 8, pp. 2564_2577, 2020.
[84] R. Gamoudi, D. E. Chariag, and L. Sbita, ``A review of
spread-spectrum-based PWM techniques_A novel fast digital implementation,''
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 10292_10307,
Dec. 2018.
[86] J. Chen, D. Jiang, Z. Shen, W. Sun, and Z. Fang, ``Uniform distribution
pulsewidth modulation strategy for three-phase converters to reduce conducted
EMI and switching loss,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67, no. 8,
pp. 6215_6226, Aug. 2020.

[87] A. Charalambous, X. Yuan, and N. McNeill, ``High-frequency EMI attenuation at

source with the auxiliary commutated pole inverter,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33,
no. 7, pp. 5660_5676, Jul. 2018.

[88] Y. Yang, Y. Wen, and Y. Gao, ``A novel active gate driver for improving
switching performance of high-power SiC MOSFET modules,'' IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 7775_7787, Aug. 2019.
[89] H. C. P. Dymond, J. Wang, D. Liu, J. J. O. Dalton, N. McNeill,
D. Pamunuwa, S. J. Hollis, and B. H. Stark, ``A 6.7-GHz active gate driver
for GaN FETs to combat overshoot, ringing, and EMI,'' IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 581_594, Jan. 2018.
[90] F. Chen, R. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, and X. Zhang, ``Low-frequency
common-mode voltage control for systems interconnected with power
converters,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 873_882,
Jan. 2017.
[91] M. Perotti and F. Fiori, ``Investigating the EMI mitigation in power inverters
using delay compensation,'' IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34,
no. 5, pp. 4270_4278, May 2019.
[92] D. Han, S. Li, Y. Wu, W. Choi, and B. Sarlioglu, ``Comparative analysis
on conducted CM EMI emission of motor drives: WBG versus Si
devices,'' IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 8353_8363,
Oct. 2017.
[93] C. T. Morris, D. Han, and B. Sarlioglu, ``Reduction of common mode
voltage and conducted EMI through three-phase inverter topology,'' IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1720_1724, Mar. 2017.
[94] D. Han, C. T. Morris, and B. Sarlioglu, ``Common-mode voltage cancellation
in PWM motor drives with balanced inverter topology,'' IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 2683_2688, Apr. 2017.
[95] L. Dai, W. Chen, X. Yang, M. Zheng, Y. Yang, and R. Wang, ``A multifunction
common mode choke based on active CM EMI _lters for AC/DC
power converters,'' IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 43534_43546, 2019.
[96] D. Xu, C. K. Lee, S. Kiratipongvoot, andW. M. Ng, ``An active EMI choke
for both Common- and differential-mode noise suppression,'' IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 4640_4649, Jun. 2018.
[97] R. Goswami and S. Wang, ``Modeling and stability analysis of active
differential-mode EMI _lters for AC/DC power converters,'' IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 10277_10291, Dec. 2018.