Module 5: THE KKK AND THE As Bonifacio was drafting the document and was

about to consult Emilio Jacinto for comments on

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN his draft, the latter presented his work to Supremo.
(DECLARATION OF After seeing the draft of Kartilya ng Katipunan by
PRINCIPLES) Jacinto. Bonifacio was impressed with his style of
writing and decided to adopt the kartilya as the
The Kataastasan, Kagalangglangang Katipunan ng guidebook for the rules and regulations of the
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan is the most Katipunan.
important organization formed in the Philippine
History. Aside from the maltreatment experience by
Filipinos from Spainiards, the following are the
A revolutionary society that espoused other factors that were influential in the forming of
independence and freedom for the Philippines the Katipunan and that of the Kartilya:
through force of arms.
Age of Enlightenment - Gave way to Liberalism and
Its main objective was separation of the Philippines Classicism in the 20th century, Modernism. (secret
from Spain, at the same time the development of societies like Masonry was established)
the Filipinos as citizens of their own nation once
independence was achieved. French Revolution - Period of social and political
upheaval in France. This led to the spread of
The recruitment process of the Katipunan followed radicalism, liberalism and nationalism which greatly
the masonic initiation rites while its structure was influenced the illustrados in the Philippines and
base on Rizal’s aborted reformist organization La Europe.
Liga Filipina.
Masonry - Introduced to the Philippines in 1856.
The new members of the society were masonry as a civic movement promoting fraternity,
indoctrinated with the katipunan rules and its evidently influenced the dynamics of the
teachings that emphasized the value of the love of Katipunan.
one’s country and fellow Filipinos.
Propaganda Movement - This movement helped
Previous armed revolts had already occurred Andres Bonifacio and other Nationalist to realize a
before the foundation of the Katipunan, but none peaceful way of asking reform is not enough and
of them envisioned a unified Filipino nation staging of an armed rebellion against the Spanish
revolting against a colonizers. colonial government.
Diego Silang was known as an Ilocano who took La Liga Filipina - Established by Jose Rizal when he
arms and led one of the longest running revolts in decided to return to the Philippines to continue to
the country. call for reforms through legal means.
Diego Silang was mainly concerned about his Historian regard Emilio Jacinto as the “Brains of
locality and referred to himself as EL REY DE the Katipunan”
ILOCOS (The King of Ilocos)
“Moses of the Filipino people”
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE KARTILYA
“Soul of the Revolution”
Andres Bonifacio long wanted to have a codified
document listing the duties and responsibilities of “Eyes of the Katipunan”
every member of the Katipunan.
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR The “Kartilya” was printed as a small pamphlet that
was distributed to the members of the Katipunan.
Emilio Jacinto was born December 15,1875 in
Tondo Manila Its term was derived from the Spanish cartilla
which was the primer used for Grade schools
He was the son of Mariano Jacinto a bookkeeper
during the Spanish period. And like the cartllas this
and Josefa Dizon.
document This document served as the primary
Living a life of poverty, Jacinto still managed to get lessons for the the members of the katipunan.
a good education.
The “Kartilya” presents not only the teachings for
He finished secondary education Colegio De San the neophyte Katipunero but also the guiding
Juan de Letran and studied law at the University of principles of the society.
StoTomas.
These teachings are expected from the members
He has to stop his studies when the Philippine even after the attainment of freedom from the
revolution began in 1896. colonizers.
Jacinto joined the Katipunan in 1894 at age 18 and The Kartilya ends with document of affirmation by
took the symbolic name PINGKIAN. the member to society’s Teaching.

He wrote the Kartilya as well as the oath of the The “Kartilya” was not just a document for the
Katipuneros. He also edited the Katipunan katipunan. Its importance today is predicted on the
newspaper Kalayaan and author of several literary teachings that embodied the moral and
writings using the pen namen “DIMAS ILAW” nationalistic Principles of a nation that fought for
independence.
He served the Katipunan in different capacities
such as: Secretary, Fiscal, Editor and appointed These principles are relevant as the sense of
General by Bonifacio in 1897. nationhood still holds true when the cultural and
historical values of every Filipino are threatened by
He also served as an adviser to the Supremo
the onslaught of foreign influences bought about
After the death of Bonifacio in 1897, Jacinto today’s globalization.
continued the fight against the Spaniards even
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
after the truce following the Pact of Biak na Bato.
The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan's code
He was wounded in the Battle against the
of conduct. It contain fourteen rules that instruct
Spaniards in Magdalena, Laguna and was captured.
the way katipunero should behave, and which
He died on April 6, 1899 at age 24 (he contracted specific values should he uphold.
malaria)
The rules stated in the Kartilya can be classified
St. Mary Magdalene Church Magdalena, Laguna into two. The first group contains the rules that will
make the member an upright individual.
ABOUT THE TEXT:
The second group contains the rules that will guide
The “Kartilya” is the best known of all Katipunan
the way he treats his fellow men.
texts and the only document of any length set in
print by the Katipunan prior to august 1896 that is III – True greatness consist in being charitable, in
known to be still extant. loving one’s fellow men and in adjusting every
movement, deed and word to true reason
IV– All men are equal, be color of their skin black or The Katipunan's recognition of women as
white. One may be superior to another in important partners in the struggle, as reflected not
knowledge, wealth and beauty but cannot be just in the Kartilya.
superior in being.
But also in the organizational structure of the
XIII- the nobility of a man does not consist in being fraternity where a woman's unit was established is
a King nor in the highness of the nose And the an endeavor advance for its time.
whiteness of the skin nor in being A priest
But also in the organizational structure of the
representing God, nor in the exalted Position on
fraternity where a woman's unit was established is
earth.
an endeavor advance for its time.
The Fourth and Thirteenth rules are an invocation
The Kartilya was instructive not just of the
of the inherent equality between and among men
Katipunan's conduct toward other people, but also
regardless of race, occupation or status.
for the members' development as individuals in
In the context of the Spanish colonial era where their own rights.
the Indios were treated as inferior, the Katipunan
saw to it the alternative order they wished through
promulgate through their revolution necessarily
destroyed this kind of unjust hierarchy.
True to his words
VI – to a man with sense of shame his word is
inviolate.
Procastination
VII– Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be
recovered But time lost will never come again
Various provisions in the kartilya repeatedly
emphasized The importance of honor and words
and in action.
The teaching on how women should be treated
with honor and respect.
The tenth rule the document specifically stated
that men should be the guide of woman and
children and that he should set a good example.
Otherwise the women and the children would be
guided in the path of evil.
Women should treated as companions by men and
not as playthings that can be exploited for
pleasure.
RPH MODULE 6
ACTA DE LA PROCLAMACION DE LA INDEPENCIA
DEL PUEBLO FILIPINO (The Act of Proclamation of
Independence of the Filipino People)
Every year, the country commemorates the anniversary
of the Philippine Independence proclaimed on 12 June
1898, in the province of Cavite.

The event is a significant turning point in the history of

the country because it signaled the end of 333 years of
Spanish colonization. -Upon arriving in Manila, Aguinaldo proceeded to his
mansion in Kawit, Cavite to rally the Filipinos to unite
Reading the details of the document in hindsight: and fight against the Spaniards in the historic battle cry
“the Hour of Liberation”
1. The kind of government that was created under
Aguinaldo. -Together with the Americans, the Filipinos assaulted
2. The forthcoming hand of the United States of the Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay.
America in the next few years of the newly created “TREATY OF PARIS”
republic.
The said battle was perceived to be a mock battle as
The declaration was a short 2,000-word document arrangements were already made between the
which summarized the reason behind the revolution Americans and the Spaniards that the latter would hand
against Spain, the war for independence and the future over the Philippines, including Guam and Puerto Rico to
of the new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. the former.
The passage demonstrates the justification behind the -The Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence
revolution against Spain. Specifically cited the abuse of (Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del
the Civil Guard and the unlawful shooting of the Pueblo Filipino)
prisoners whom they alleged as attempting to escape.
-Written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista had the
It mentions the avarice and greed of the clergy like the intention to encourage Filipinos to fight against the
friars and the Archbishop himself. Spaniards
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT -Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declaration of
-In April 1898, the Spanish- American War broke out as Independence.
a result of the U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of -Signed by 177 persons, including an American military
Independence. officer.
-Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to -JUNE 12, 1898
Manila Bay aboard the U.S.S. Olympia and led the
Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy The Philippine National Anthem, then known as
“Marcha Nacional Filipina” composed by Julian Felipe
-“We have no plans of taking over your Country... We was played by the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon
are just here to help.” and the Philippine flag as unfurled again.
-The U.S. attacked Spain’s Pacific Possession which led -On May 24, Aguinaldo announced the creation of
to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution Dictatorial Government.
-May 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay ensued. -A necessity when the growing nation needed a strong
leader, but only temporary, as prelude to the
establishment of a Republican form of government
-The Proclamation of Independence also invokes that • A distant relative of the Rizal family, Bautista
the established Republic would be led under the frequently provided advice to Philippine
Dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo. national hero José Rizal during his school days
in Manila.
“Proclaim and solemnize this act by the Dictatorial
Government of these Philippine Island addressed by the • He became the first adviser of President Emilio
Eminent Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo.” Aguinaldo in 1898.
• He was elected as president of the Philippines in
-The colors blue, red and white commemorate those of the Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac and was
the flag of the United States of North America. later appointed judge of the Court of First
-“In manifestation of our profound gratitude towards Instance of Pangasinan.
that Great Nation for the disinterested protection she is • He died on December 4, 1903 (72 years old)
extending to us and will continue to extend to us.” from a fall from a horse drawn carriage.

Contrary to common belief it was Bautista and not

Aguinaldo who waved the Philippine Flag before the
jubilant crowd on June 12,1898 During the Philippine
Proclamation of Independence in Cavite.

ANALYSIS OF THE “PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE

INDEPENDENCE”

The Declaration, the sole document that proves the

-This is often overlooked details about the historically value Filipinos place on their freedom.
accurate meaning behind the national symbol in the
The abuses specifically mentioned in the proclamation
Philippines
like friar abuse, racial discrimination and inequality
-Our basic education omits the fact That those colors before the law.
were taken from the flag of the United States.
There were mentions of past events that was seen as
ABOUT THE AUTHOR AMBROSIO RAINZARES important turning points of the movement against
BAUTISTA Spain. The execution of GOMBURZA, and the failed
Cavite mutiny of 1872
• Known as” Don Bosyong”
• Born on December 17,1830 in Binan, Laguna This shows that they saw this event as a significance
• A lawyer and author of the Declaration of awakening of the Filipinos in the real conditions of the
Philippine Independence. nation under Spain.
Jose Rizal's Legacy and Martyrdom was also mentioned, MAGDALO
however the Katipunan (KKK) as the pioneer
➢ BALDOMERO AGUINALDO (Cousin of Emilio
revolutionary movement was only mentioned once
Aguinaldo)
toward the end of the document.
➢ Kawit, Cavite
There was no mention of the Katipunan's foundation. ➢ It was time to replace the Katipunan and form
Bonifacio and his co- founders were left out. another kind of government

The enmity between Aguinaldo's Magdalo and MAGDIWANG

Bonifacio's Magdiwang in the Katipunan is no secret in
➢ MARIANO ALVAREZ (Uncle of Andres Bonifacio)
the pages of history.
➢ Noveleta, Cavite
Nothing is more relevant to Philippine history than the ➢ Did not want to replace the Katipunan
declaration of independence from colonial rule.
Unable to resolve their differences, Aguinaldo Invited
It must be understood that the independence we the Supremo Andres Bonifacio to mediate
attained in 1898 was freedom that was fought for with
When he arrived it infuriated the Magdalos.
the lives of Filipinos
The two groups finally agreed to form a revolutionary
The goal or objective of this independence is something
government which would lead the revolution.
that we might have failed to achieve and protect
property. The assembly was set to be held in friar’s estate house
in Barrio Tejeros, part ofThe town of San Francisco de
RPH MODULE 7 Malabon.

THE TEJEROS ASSEMBLY On March 22, 1897 the Cavite Katipuneros as well as
representatives Of the katipunan from nearby provinces
The Tejeros Convention (alternate names include
converged at the estate House.
Tejeros Assembly and Tejeros Congress)
Site of the Tejeros Convention (present day Rosario
The meeting held between the Magdiwang and
Cavite)
Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de
Malabon (now General Trias, but the site is now at Emilio Aguinaldo was not at the assembly as he was
Rosario), Cavite on March 25, 1897. commanding the Filipino forces at the frontlines in
Pasong Santol, Barrio Salitran Dasmarinas Facing
The first days of the Philippine Revolution saw the
imminent attack of the Spanish forces
defeat of the Katipunan in Manila, forcing Bonifacio and
his men to retreat to the mountains of Montalban. ARTEMIO RICARTE’S ACCOUNT

The Katipunan in Cavite, under Emilio Aguinaldo The following account was written by Gen. Artemio
managed to subdue the Spanish forces by surprise and Ricarte (nom-de-guerre) VIBORA
take control the province.
Who was one of the officials of the Magdiwang factions
The victory was short lived as the Cavite Katipuneros-
During the Tejeros Assembly, he served as the secretary
which is consisted of two groups. The Magdiwang
of the convention when Bonifacio began presiding over
(Bonifacio) and Magdalo (Aguinaldo).
the session
Were soon fighting each other over territory and
His account of the Philippines revolution (published in
logistics.
tagalog in 1927) Himagsikan ng mga Pilipino laban sa
Kastila

The session opened under the presidency of Jacinto

Lumbreras who explained The purpose of the meeting.
Severino de las Alas rose to address those present that • They then proceeded to the election of the Vice
before discussing the defense of small piece of territory President. Severino de las Alas remarked that
in Cavite. inasmuch as Andres Bonifacio Had secured the
second largest number of votes in the election
It would be well consider first the kind of government
of President, he should be proclaimed Vice
then existing in the Country as upon that government
President
would depend whatever defense might be Needed.
• Mariano Trias was elected Vice President
THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT • The election of Minister of Interior was
proceeded
1. Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian)
• DANIEL TIRONA demanded the floor and said:
2. Provincial Council (Kataastaasang Bayan)
“Fellow countrymen the position of The
3. Popular Council (Kataastaasang Balangay)
Minister of War is very important one and
The chairman replied that from the time the Katpunan should not be occupied by a person Who is not
was established the country Had been ruled by the a lawyer”
supreme council, the provincial and popular councils. • The result ANDRES BONIFACIO was elected
• We have in our province a lawyer Jose Del
Andres Bonifacio went to explain the significance of the
Rosario Hence we must protest against the
letter “K” in the center of the sun on the flag, which
election of the person elected and acclaimed.
stand for liberty
Let us vote for Jose del Rosario, the lawyer.
Severino de las Alas said that neither the letter “K” on • BONIFACIO’s pride being wounded, he rose and
the flag Nor the flag itself has anything to do with the spoke: ” Have we not agreed that we shall obey
character of the government then existing the will of the majority whatever might be the
social position of the person elected?”
That is to say whether it was Monarchy or a Republic
• BONIFACIO drew his revolver and was about to
Andres Bonifacio replied that the katipuneros recognize fire Tirona But the secretary of the session
the principle of Union, Fraternity and Equality- on which (Ricarte) seized his hand The incident passed
account it was very clear that the government of the without ado.
katipunan was Republican in form • BONIFACIO in a loud voice: “As president of the
session and also president of the supreme
KKK stands for KAPATIRAN (liberty, equality, fraternity)
council of the katipunan declared The assembly
or (ligarte, egalite, fraternite)
closed and annul everything That has been
THE SESSION BROKE UP IN DISORDER. done therein.”

ORDER BEING RESTORED ANDRES BONIFACIO’S ACCOUNT

BONIFACIO OPENED THE SESSION: • This account by Bonifacio is from a letter he wrote
to Emilio Jacinto on April 24,1897 a month after the
• “Establish a supreme Government to direct he Tejeros election.
insurrection”
• They proceeded to the election of the following: • This would be the first time the others members
President, Vice President, Captain General of the supreme Council would hear of the events
Directors of War, interior, State, Finance, that happened in Cavite
Commerce and Justice • This was published in Jose P. Santos- Si Andres
• Ballots were the distributed and one hour later Bonifacio at ang Himagsikan (1932)
the votes were counted
• The result of the vote EMILIO AGUINALDO Was • Because of the tumult that occurred, the
elected President defeating Andres Bonifacio President of the Magdiwang announced That this
Mariano Trias. was not an assembly of gentleman Because
• The result was proclaimed amidst applause everything they did had no evidence
 • Also, I discovered that even before the elections THE TRIAL OF BONIFACIO BEGINS IN NAIC
Were made some of those who are from Imus Had
• BONIFACIO TRIAL HOUSE
secretly spread the word that it was not Good for
them to be under the leadership of Someone from • May 6 the court found Andres and Procopio
another province, it was for this reason that Captain Bonifacio guilty of Trying to overthrow the
Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President. government and asked for the DEATH PENALTY
• Instead of confirming the proposed penalty
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’S ACCOUNT Aguinaldo changed it to INDEFINITE
BANISHMENT
• Baldomero Aguinaldo wanted the elections
• Which amounted to an order of pardon- but
to Be finished before it got too dark, to
was persuaded by a group to withdraw the
facilitate the Counting of votes he
order of pardon and allow the execution of the
suggested that for all others Positions to be
Prisoners.
voted upon, voters should stand On one
• The execution of BONIFACIO end in
sides of the hall if in favor and on the Other
Maragondon
side if against.
• On morning of May 10, 1897, Bonifacio and his
• AFTERMATH - After the elections, ACTA DE
brother were taken to the mountains and shot.
TEJEROS as drafted It was signed by Andres
Bonifacio and leaders of The Magdiwang MODULE 8: MAKING SENSE OF THE
faction.
PAST: HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION
• ACTA DE TEJEROS (Naic Cavite) –
proclaiming the Tejeros Convention as MULTIPERSPECTIVITY
invalid because of its lack of due process
This can be defined as a way of looking
• ACTA DE NAIK –proclaiming that some
leaders of the Katipunan had betrayed the at historical events, personalities,
revolution and had committed Treason. developments, cultures and societies
from different perspective. This means
that there is a multitude of ways by
which we can view the world.
The historian decides on what sources
to use, what interpretation to make
more apparent, depending on what his
end is.
Historian may misinterpret evidence,
attending to those that suggest that
acertain event happened and the ignore
the rest that goes against the evidence.
• Though Bonifacio’s Magdiwang dominated the
Historian may omit significant facts
convention, the Supremo lost
about their subject, which makes
• The Magdiwang elected its leaders into office but interpretation unbalanced.
choose Aguinaldo of Magdalo for their President.
Historian utilize facts collected from primary
• In way Bonifacio had united the two factions just by sources of history and then draw their own reading
pushing the idea That he an outsider should head the so that their intended audience may understand
revolutionary government in Cavite.
the historical event, a process that in essence
• The two factions fused against him and the “make sense of the past”. Interpretation of the
government they form Supplanted the katipunan. past vary according to who reads the primary
• THE SUPREMO HAD FALLEN….
source when it was read and how it was read.
CODE OF KALANTIAW REASONS NOT TO RECOGNIZE KALANTIAW
CODE:
• The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal
code in the epic history of Maragtas. it was 1. Lack of Historical Evidence
a source of pride for the people of Aklan. 2. Lack of evidence of the existence of
Before it was revealed as a hoax. Kalantiaw Code even as legend or oral
• In fact, a historical marker was installed in history
the town of Batan, Aklan in 1956. 3. Uknown Source

WHO IS KALANTIAW? AFTERMATH

• Datu Bendehara Kalantiaw, third chief of • In 1998 National Historical Institute

Panay, born in Aklan. admitted that Code of Kalantiaw was a
• The supposed creator of the Kalantiaw Code hoax. The NHI under Ambeth Ocampo
(1433) submitted a resolution to President Arroyo
• Established his government in the peninsula to revoke the National Shrine Status of the
of Batang, Aklan Sakup. Kalantiaw Shrine in Aklan.
• Became chief of Negros until 1435 1. Official affirmation that the Kalantiaw code
• Considered the First Filipino Lawgiver. is a 20th century fraud work by Jose Marco.
• Promulgated in 1433 a penal code now 2. The President of the Philippines cease to
known as the Code of Kalantiaw, containing honor retiring Supreme Justices and other
18 articles with their corresponding international dignitaries with Order of
penalties. Kalantiaw.
3. Revoking E.O. 234 which declared the
Mga dahon kung saan raw nakasulat ang Kodigo ni Municipality of Batan, Aklan as a National
Kalantiaw. Nawasak noong digmaan. (Mula kay Dr. Shrine
Ambeth R. Ocampo.)
A State Honor or decoration created by an
JOSE MARCO executive order of President Ferdinand Marcos in
▪ Known as master forger and fabricator of 1971 known as the Order of Kalantiaw. Conferred
stories on retiring Supreme Court justices and visiting
▪ He attributed the code to a historical fiction international jurists.
written in In 2003 the order was dropped from the rolls
▪ 1913 by Jose Marco titled Las Antiguas pursuant to Executive Order 236 issued by
Leyendes de la Isla De Negros (The Ancient President Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo in 2003.
of Legends of the Island of Negros)
▪ In 1968 it was proved a hoax. William Henry Kalantiaw has had a long life in our textbooks
Scott (then a doctoral candidate at the and we hope that the Code of Kalantiaw is not
University of Sto. Tomas) defended his in the new K to 12 Makabayan learning
research on pre-Hispanic sources in materials. Before Kalantiaw was officially
Philippine History. declared a hoax in 2004.
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE CAVITE MUNTINY?
The year 1872 is a historic year of two events;
1. The Cavite Mutiny
2. The Martyrdom of the Three priest
 -January 20, 1872 the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto and
ACCOUNTS SPANISH OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
came with some fireworks display. The Caviteno’s
(SOURCE: JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL)
mistook this as a signal to commence attack.
The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the labourers
-The 200 men led by Sargent Francisco La Madrid
of the Cavite arsenal from tribute was, the cause of
attacked the Spanish officers.
the insurrections.
-Others implicated such as Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
In the Beginning of 1872, the authorities received
Antonio Regidor and Jose and Antonio Basa were
anonymous communications with information that
sentenced to life imprisonment at the Marianas
a great uprising would break out against the
Island.
Spaniards. But nobody gave importance to these
notices. The conspiracy had been going on since -Father Burgos, Gomez and Zamora were Tried and
the last days of Governor General Ma. Carlos de La sentenced to be executed
Torre with utmost secrecy.
-The revolution was easily crushed; leaders of the
OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO plot were killed.
SOURCE: RAFAEL IZQUIERDO, GOVERNOR
A FILIPINO VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
GENERAL
SOURCE: TRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERA
...It seems definite that insurrections were
“The incident was merely a mutiny of Filipino
motivated and prepared by the native clergy, by
soldiers and labourers in Cavite arsenal to the
metizos and native lawyers. They encourage the
dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies
rebellion by protesting what they called the
of Izquierdo”.
injustice of having obliged the workers in Cavite
arsenal to pay tribute starting Jan. 31 and to render Tavera is of the opinion that the Spanish friars and
personal service, from which they are exempted. Izquierdo used the Cavite mutiny and others issues
by blowing out of proportion.
The principal leaders met either in the house;
The Central Government in Madrid was planning to
➢ Don Joaquin Pardo De Tavera
deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention
➢ Jacinto Zamora
in matters of civil government and the direction
-The plan was to establish a monarchy or a republic and management of educational institutions.
whose head in Filipino word would be called “hari”.
(The friars needed something to justify their
-But it turns out that they would be place at the continuing dominance in the country and the
head of government a priest.... the head selected mutiny provided such opportunity.)
would be: Jose Burgos or Jacinto Zamora
JOSE RIZAL
-In the Spanish accounts, the events of 1872 was
The importance of 1872 can be seen just in its
premeditated and was part of a big conspiracy
effect on one person:
among educated leaders, meztizos, lawyers.
Though he was only ten years old at that time,
-They allegedly plan to liquidate high ranking
1872 meant for Rizal the childhood trauma of a
Spanish offices, then kill the friars.
change of name - from Mercado to Rizal.
-The Signal they identified among the conspirators
in Cavite and Manila were the rockets fired from
Intramuros
In the book: A question of heroes by Nick Joaquin “Mahigit 300 taon mula nang sakupin ng mga
the events as follows: kastilang konkistador at misyonaryong katoliko ang
Pilipinas, nagmistulang batas ang kanilang mga
• Night of January 20, 1872 the Cavite Mutiny
salita na sinunod sa buong kapuluan
seized the Fort of San Felipe. News of
uprising reached Manila; reign of terror Ang sinumang sumusuway ay malupit na
began. on the night of January 21 Burgos pinapahirapan at brutal na pinapatay
was arrested along with Father Gomez.
Ginagawa ito sa harapan ng maraming tao.
• Burgos's counsel Captain Fontiviel moved to
dismiss the case for lack of evidence. Burgos MODULE 9: PHILIPPINE HISTORY:
landlady testified that he was a peaceful SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
man, devout to the virgin and no inkling of CONTROVERSIES
gossip.
• When sentence was pronounced after a “The attempt to discover, on the basis of
summary trial. the court bade the fragmentary evidence, the significant things of the
Archbishop to proceed with the “canonical past.”
degradation” of the three priest. but History is the study of the past, but a more
Archbishop Martinez retorted that not contemporary definition is centered on how it
enough evidence of their guilt to justify impacts the present through consequences.
their unfrocking. Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as:
• Another man who might cleared up the
mystery was Francisco Saldua, the mutineer Historians utilize facts collected from primary
who turned Judas and denounced Burgos as sources of history and then draw their own reading
the mastermind of the plot. so that their intended audience may understand
the historical event, a process that in essence
• Saldua was among those found guilty of
conspiring against the state, to proclaim a “make sense of the past”.
republic and one of the four to be Interpretations of the past, vary according to who
condemned to the garrote. On the way to reads the primary source when it was read and
the scaffold, Saldua smiled with confidence. how it was read.
CASE STUDY NO. 1: DID JOSE RIZAL WRITE “SA
AKING MGA KABATA”?
1. A poem purportedly written by Jose Rizal
when he was 8 years old And probably one
of Rizal’s prominent poem.
2. The immortalized lines “ANG HINDI
MAGMAHAL SA KANYANG SALITA, MAHIGIT
SA HAYOP AT MALANSANG ISDA”. There is
no evidence to support the claim that this
poem Was written by Rizal and worse the
• Execution site of the Gomburza in what is evidence against Rizal’s authorship of the
now Rizal Park, Manila. poem seems all unassailable.
3. The poem was taught in schools to point
out Rizal’s early development of
nationalistic ideals.
 4. There exist no manuscript of the Poem events, identifying the places Where it
handwritten by Rizal. happened.
5. The poem was written in Tagalog and 3. In the Philippines, this happened in August
referred to the word “Kalayaan” but it was 1896, northeast of Manila, Where they
documented in Rizal's letters that he first declared rebellion against the Spanish
encountered the word through Marcelo H. colonial government.
del Pilar's translation of Rizal's essay “El
CONTROVERSY
Amor Patrio” where is was spelled
“kalayahan”. • The controversy stems from the
6. The poem was first published in 1906 in a identification of The date and place where
book of Hermenegildo Cruz. He received the the Cry happened.
poem from Gabriel Beato Francisco, who • Prominent Filipino Historian Teodoro
claimed he received it in 1884 from Rizal's Agoncillo Empahasizes the event when
close friend Saturnino Raselis Bonifacio tore the Cedula or tax receipt
7. RIZAL'S NATIVE TONGUE WAS TAGALOG, HE before the katipuneros.
WAS EDUCATED IN SPANISH • In 1911 a monument to the heroes of 1896
8. The poem spelling is also suspect- the use was erected in Balintawak where beginning
of letters “k” and “w” to replace “c” and in 1908 it was believed that the first cry
“u”. occurred in August 26.
9. If the poem was indeed written during his • However the date and place of the event
time, it should use the original Spanish were later contradicted by different
orthography that was prevalent in his time. Katipunan personalities who claimed that
If Rizal did not compose “Sa Aking mga Kabata”, they were there at the time.
Who Did? • In 1963 the National Historical Commission
decided that Following extensive research
Two Suspects: of primary sources-The First Cry happened
1. The Poet Hermenigildo Cruz on August 23,1896 at Pugad Lawin (now
2. Gabriel Beato Francisco part of Project 8 Quezon City).

Identifying the true author of “Sa Aking Mga DIFFERENT DATES AND PLACES OF THE CRY
Kabata” is important. TEODORO KALAW (Filipino Historian) - Marks the
Millions of Filipino Children are Miseducated each place to be in Kangkong, Balintawak.
during the “Buwan ng Wika”, when they are told LT. OLEGARIO DIAZ (Guardia Civil) - Identified the
That Rizal composed a poem on his mother Tongue cry to have happened in Balintawak on August 26,
when he was 8 years old. 1896.
CASE STUDY NO. 2: WHERE DID THE CRY OF SANTIAGO ALVAREZ (Katipunero) - Leader of the
REBELLION HAPPENED? Magdiwang faction in Cavite.
1. Momentous event swept the Spanish -Alvarez was not an eyewitness; his version cannot
Colonies in the late 19th Century, including be accepted as equal in weight to that given by
the Philippines. actual participants.
2. Journalist of the time referred to the phrase
“EL GRITO DE REBELLION” Or Cry of -There were about 1,000 katipuneros, the supremo
Rebellion to mark the start Of revolutionary decided to hold a meeting,the meeting began at 9
o clock in the morning
 - Valenzuela’s account should be read with
cauation: He once told a Spanish investigator that
-It was 12 o clock noon when the meeting Was the Cry happened in Balintawak on Wednesday
adjourned..loud cries of “Mabuhay ang Mga anak August 26, 1896.
ng Bayan.
-Later in his Memoirs of the Revolution that it
GREGORIO DE JESUS (wife of Supremo) happened at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
“LAKAMBINI NG KATIPUNAN”
WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE FROM ALL OF THIS?
-August 25,1896 near Caloocan
1. The dates: August 23,24, 25 And 26, 1896.
-Andres Bonifacio and other katipuneros left Town. 2. Using primary and secondary Four places
The uprising began with the first cry For freedom have been identified: Balintawak, Kankong,
on August 25, 1896.meanwhileI was with my Pugad Lawin and Bahay Toro.
parents. 3. The is indeed marked disagreements among
historical witnesses as to place and time.
-Andres Bonifacio asked the people to give a
Pledge they were to revolt. RESEARCHED BY HISTORIANS
-I want to see you destroy your cedulas. It will be Gregorio Zaide (Historian) - The Cry happened
the sign that all of us declared our Severance from in Balintawak on August 23, 1896.
the Spaniards.
Milagros Guerrero (Historian) - All these places
GEN.GUILLERMO MASANGKAY (Bonifacio are in Balintawak, then part of Caloocan (now
Childhood Friend) in Quezon City).
-August 26,1896- Balintawak (Eyewitness) As for the dates, Bonifacio and his troops may
have Been moving from one place to another to
-The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio,
avoid being Located by the Spanish
Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata,
government.
Aguedo del Rosario and myself was Balintawak, the
first five Arriving there on August 19 and I on Which could explain why there are several
August 20,1896. accounts of the Cry.
-It was at Pugad Lawin, the house, store house and MODULE 10: REVISITING CORAZON
yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino where AQUINO'S SPEECH BEFORE THE
over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met and UNITED STATES CONGRESS
carried Out considerable debate and discussion on SEPTEMBER 18, 1986
August 23, 1896.
Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino functioned as
-The discussion was whether or not the revolution the symbol of the restoration of democracy and
against the Spanish government should be started the overthrow of the Marcos Dictatorship in 1986.
on August 29, 1896. ..... Many of those Present tore
their cedula certificates and shouted “Long live the The EDSA People Power, which installed Cory
Philippines! Long live the Philippines!” Aquino in the presidency, put the Philippines in the
international spotlight for overthrowing a dictator
PIO VALENZUELA (Katipunero) - Privy to the events through peaceful means.
happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23,1896.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
-From 1928 to 1940, Pio Valenzuela maintained
that the Cry happened on 24 August at the house • The gradual downfall of the regime of
of Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino) in Pugad Ferdinand Marcos began with the
Lawin, on August 24,1896. assassination of Ninoy Aquino on August 21,
 1983 moments after the latter returned in • Cory was welcome with long applause as
exile. she took the podium and addressed the
• Protest rallies erupted in the streets of United Sates about her presidency and the
Manila and other major cities in the challenges faced by the new Republic.
provinces calling for Marcos to resign.
• The Philippine economy began to falter She began her speech with her story of her
amidst accusations of corruption by Marcos leaving the United States three years prior
and his cronies. as a newly widowed of Ninoy Aquino.
• Rumors circulate that Marcos was sick.
• Marcos’s credibility in the international She told of Ninoy’s character, conviction
community also suffered. and resolve in opposing The
• Paired with the looming crisis, Marcos had authoritarianism of Marcos.
to something to prove to his allies in the
United States that he remained to be the She talked of the three times that they have
anointed leader of the country. lost them.
• He called a snap election in February 1986.
• Where Cory Aquino was convinced to runs
against Marcos.
• The opposition field their own candidate.
• It was decided that Cory Aquino will run for
President.
• Salvador Laurel for Vice President.
• The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s favor
but the people expressed their protest
against the corrupt and authoritarian
government.
• Leading military officials of the regime and
martial law orchestrators themselves Juan
Ponce Enrile and Fidel V. Ramos plotted to
take the presidency.
• Civilian headed the call of Manila
Archbishop Jaime Cardinal sin and other
Civilian leaders gathered at EDSA.
• The overwhelming presence of civilians in
EDSA turned a Coup into a civilian
demonstration. THE 1986 PEOPLE POWER
REVOLUTION
• FEBRUARY 25, 1986: AQUINO
INAGURATION and MARCOS INAGURATION
• FEBRUARY 25, 1986 9:05 p.m.
• The thousands of people who gathered at
EDSA overthrew Ferdinand E. Marcos from
the Presidency after 21 years.
• On September 18, 1986 seven months since
Cory became President she went of the Cory emphasized the importance of the
United States and spoke before. THE EDSA Revolution In terms of limited
UNITED STATES CONGRESS. revolution that respected the life and
freedom of every Filipino.
 THE IDEOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES OF THE
“Again, as we restore democracy by the NEW GOVERNMENT
ways of democracy.”
Cory was able to draw the sharp contrast
“We are completing the Constitutional between her government and of her
Structures Gives full respects for Human predecessor by commitment to
Rights.” a democratic constitution drafted by an
independent commission.
Cory proceeded on her peace agenda with
the existing Communist insurgency But despite Cory’s efforts to hoist herself as
aggravated by the dictatorial and the exact Opposite of Marcos her speech
Authoritarian measure of Ferdinand still revealed certain parallelism between
Marcos. her and Marcos government.

Cory then turned to the controversial topic In terms of continuing alliance between the
of the Philippine foreign debt amounting to Philippines and the United States
did not benefit from such debt. and effectively implemented a similar
foreign policy to that of Marcos
Unknown to many Filipinos was the fact
that there was a choice of waving such debt POSTCRIPT OF CORY AQUINO’S SPEECH
because those were the debt of the dictator
and not the country. The task of writing the speech was given to
Teodoro Locsin Jr (Teddy Boy). Who
Cory ended her speech by thanking America admitted years later that he was unable to
for serving as her home and to her family finish the draft and it was Cory who finished
for what she referred as the “three happiest the speech.
years of our lives together.”
It ran one hour and half and was
“three years ago I said Thank you America interrupted with several applause
for the haven from oppression and home and standing ovation.
you gave Ninoy, Myself and my children.”

“today I say Join us America as we build a

new home for Democracy.”

ANALYSIS OF CORY AQUINO’S SPEECH

Cory Aquino’s speech was an important

event in the political and diplomatic history
of the country because it cemented the
legitimacy of the EDSA government in the
international arena.