11 11

EXPERIMENT-11 EXPERIMENT-11

EXPERIMENT-11
EXPERIMENT-11
Aim: Estimation of hemoglobin content. Aim: Estimation of hemoglobin content.

Requirements
Requirements
Haemoglobinometer, 0.1 N HCI, Lancet, Spirit swab Haemoglobinometer, 0.1 N HCI, Lancet, Spirit swab
Introduction
Details of the Patient
Name: dish eradua The most common method for estimation of haemoglobin (Hb) is Sahli's method. Haemoglobinometer
Sex: Mala is an apparatus used in this method to estimate the content of haemoglobin in blood. It comprises of the
Age: following:
Date of Collecion of blood sample: lb-lo
(a) Comparator which is a box having two brown tinted glass tubes and a hole in between them for the
Hbor dilution tube (Sahli's tube) to be kept. The background is shaded white for comparison.
(b) Dilution tube is graduated with permanent non-fading gram% (gm ofHb in 100 ml ofblood) markings.
(c) Hb pipette to collect 20 microlitre of blood.
(d) Stirer to mix blood with HCI
(e) Dropper &Vial are also provided with this apparatus. Vial is used for distilled water dropper to
add water dropwise to dilute blood.
In this method, acid haematin is formed when 0.1N HCl is mixed with blood by causing
haemolysis
of RBCs to release Hb. Dilution with water to match the colour with standard
coloured tubes, gives the
gm% of Hb.
Average range of Hb: 14-18 g% (Males) & 12-16 g% (Females)
Procedure
1. Clean and dry the apparatus to be used.
Figure: Haemoglobinometer (Comparato, Sahli's tube & Hb pipete)
 58 Human Angtomy and Physio logy-I Physio io gy- l
Practical Experiment of Human Angtomy and
s9

Observation
laboratory. Label it.
1ne lower meiscus of the ited hioo 2fer matching with standard colour shows N 2. Prepare 0.IN HCIin the
mark on gm% scale. provide with the apparatus.
3. Take 5 ml of distilled water in the vial
2g%.
Result 4. Add0.IN HClin the Sahli's or dilution tube upto mark
5. Keep this tube in the hole provided in the comparator.
The Hb content of the given sample of blood was found to be 9 gm%. 6. Clean the finger tip with spirit swab and leave it until dry.
fingertip and prick it with lancet.
7. Always take fresh lancet to prick the finger. Hold
Remove first drop of blood.
bubble should
9. Now, suck 20 microlitre of blood with the help of Hb pipette, assuring no air
enter it. Now, put the cotton swab over the pricked area to prevent bleeding.
10. Clean the tip ofHb pipette with cotton swab.
11. Transfer the blood into the dilution tube.
12. Mix it with stirer and keep it for 10 minutes.
13. Add distilled water dropwise along with stirring and continuously comparing it with the stan
dard coloured tubes of comparator till the colour of dilution tube matches with them.
14. Note down the lower meniscus reading on gm% scale.
15. Afier completion of experiment, again clean & dry the apparatus.
Result

The Hb content of the given sample of blood was found to be l4 gm%.

 Observations Requirements
Lancet, Aim:
Spirit EXPERIMENT-12
DatBARDwAT
e Age:NiTiSY
Name: Details
Determination
of of
Collection the swab,
Patient
application of
of blood
blood
sample: group.
Refer D
sticks,
A EXPERIMENT-12
Table ah|| Antisera
1
for
detection A,
B
&
of D,
blood
Male
Sex:
CD
12
group marker,

Procedure cannot
directly of antigen AB anti-A. A,surface A
According Ain:
Lancet,EXPERIMENT-12
blood Rh is have
Introduction
& Requirements
J. 4. 3. 2. 1. B, Determination
a
Always Clean Place Mark Clean beinto blood universal Persons Ablood theircalled Spirit
transfused, groups or to
opposite
the A,and blood group combination
B,agglutinogens
group ABO swab,
take B is havehaving
finger essential recipient rp
&dry stream/ system A system application of
fresh D
three this blood blood
both but
tip sides at antibody or
lancet with the leads bone
describes
for andgroup
of glass antigens theirwhich bloodof group.
these end to blood blood EXPERIMENT-12 sticks,
tospirit marrow
sideslides.agglutination. O absence
prick transfusion the group but A,
anti-B.determinegroups,
swab glass of have Amtisera
the slides glass ofpresence both
another O Persons help RBCs
finger. and antibodies
is blood inthe A,B
leave over slides a
(-)
where universal
having
group
rulingblood or
Hold person. or erythrocytes &
it the with whole group D.
absence viz. out
fingertip until clean CD
dry. area.marker. Persons blood donor.anti-A but
AB
antigen the
of marker.
CD
12
(-) blood the
and noB, contain
or of antibody.
with its Rhanti-B. groups.
& haveindividual.
prick
componentsantigen
incompatible blood glycolipid
with it Therefore, Persons Persons
on grOupDetecion
lancet. RBCs. antigens
blood are having having B
transferred blood but of
Detection antibody antigens
groups groupneither antigen theiron
 The Rsut Table
blood l:
Decsis
gnup
Grags
orbioiÈia
of
the
given
sample
of
blod
wS
und
to hinn
beA 0

(e
Dar
 via10
ml
l ml Aim:
Requirements
Date OyaAge: 2 Details
EXPERI
2 MENT- 13
Name:
Neaghen disposableDetermination
of
Collection of
the
Patient syringe,
of of
blood needle, ervthrocvte
Figure: sample:
3.8%
Graduated
EXPERIMENT-13sodiumsedimentation
Westerngren citrate
rate
solution, (ESR)
tube 13
with Mal,Sex: spirit
stand
swab,
Westergren

tube
&
its
stand,

Procedure method.(2) diseases

Westergren
method
bottom, onWintrobe (1) chronic.
acuteported ergren
the Erythrocyte
or various Introduction via10
ml 2 Aim:
ml
l EXPERIMENT-13
Requirements
citrate 2. 1. Normal Here, treatment. disposable
Determination
pette Clean too etc.
withdiseases. tube
Prepare
fresh
3.8% 200 we
value: in
Two higher Sedimentation
and and Besides
mm, wil one syringe,
transfer dry discuss methods
Decreased ESR. Some hour
0-10 Filled of
all some
practitioners when needle, erythrocyte
apparatus.
it mm/hr inthe Increased
are
to Rate
sodium tubes physiological
ESR
the mostly EXPERIMENT-13
3.8%
((Males)
&0-20 Westergren anticoagulated(ESR)
vial. are has ESR sedimentation
used been use sodium
being indicates is
method rate it
for seenconditions for
solution. held ESR blood
(milimeter) citrate
(females)
mmhr prognostic
in in in
basically rate
polycythaemia,
conditions
estimation: like is solution,
Take verticalwhich like kept (ESR)
pregnancy
the purposes at
0.5 position tube undisturbed.which spirit
13
ml destructive
is swab,
of opened also
erythrocytes
this in &
the menstruation toESR Westergren
solution stand at process check
both is
the setle
a
with with ends congenital
infancy, the in diagnostic
are tube
the mark and efectiveness down
body., also &
help 200 its
graduated may been test in stand,
of at West
pi- a the re
be of for
 The Result q-5ESR(Upper Observations
Starting
Reading=0
= End
56
ESR Reading
nmeniscus
of
the after
given mm/hr
should one
sample hour
be
noted =93
of
blood down)
was
found
to
be Human

Anatomy
mm/hr.

and

Physiology-l

Practical

The Result Precautions

EXperiment
ESR 3. 2 1 7. 6. 5. 4. 3.
DestroyThere Do Start Keepthumb.Transfer tightly
swab Overnight
Take disposable
of
the not
should the
the the immediately of
given needle disturb over
timer Westergren
tube the Human
syringe, fasted
the
sample not the in
blood
after and
be the arm Anatomy
stand report into over patient
of its any stand tube withdraw and
blood use. air or the the locate
the by and should
bubble the vial
pricked and
was tube reading
putting suck 2ml
containing the
ofblood. Physiology-!
be
found duringduring the anticubital
area.
of its asked
ESR lower blood
to filling the
be anticoagulant Release to
upto
experiment. after end vein. sit
of one over mark in
tube. he
tClean
appropriate
mm/hr. hour. the 0 rubber
and and it
rubber with
atmix strap
the position.
pad. thoroughly. spirit
other from
swab.
end the Tie
of arm. With the
the
tube Place rubber
the
place cotton helpstrap
of
 14 14
EXPERIMENT-14
EXPERIMENT-14
EXPERIMENT-14
EXPERIMENT-14
Aim: Determination of heart rate and pulse rate. Aim: Determination of heart rate and pulse rate.
Requirements Requirements
Stethoscope and stopwatch Stethoscope and stopwatch
Introduction
Details of the Patient
Heart Rate is the number of heart beatings per minute and normally it is 70
Name: NT ttf to 80. The contraction &
relaxation of heart are known as systole & diastole respectively. Heart rate (HR)
Age: c Sex: ^itC
output (CO) ofthe heart i.e. HR is directly proportional determines the cardiac
to CO. It is regulated by the cardiovascular cen
Date of Collection of blood sample: 1o? ter which is located in medulla oblongata of brain.
play a major role in its regulation. Higher centres ofProprioceptors, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
the brain (cerebral cortex and medulla
also hep in controlling the HR in various conditions. Sensory oblongata)
nerve
stretch of heart muscles to brain whereas motor nerve fibres from fibres gives sensation of pain and
Observations nervous system i.e. ANS innervate heart through sympathetic and vagus sympathetic & parasympathetic
on SA node. Slowing of heart rate is called nerve respectively by acting
Heart Rate
bradycardia and its fastening is called tachycardia. Various
other factors like oxygen levels, pH, hormones and various
Average HR
conditions like
tional state, temeperature and even the gender also effect the heart rate. excercise posture, age, emo
S.No. Position Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3
Pulse rate is the number of pulsations i.e. altermate expansion and recoil of arteries by the
wave of contraction of left ventricle of heart, per minute. Radial artery is travelled
closer to the surface of body
1. Sitting and can be felt very easily.
42 24 866
Procedure
2. Supine Hear Rate
2 1. Ask the patient to sit normallyover the chair.
2. Place the earpiece of the stethoscope in the ear & turn its chestpiece to hear
auscultations from
its diaphragm.
 Human Anatomy
and
Physiology- Prach ENDerlment of Human Anatomy and
Physiologv-l
70 3 Pluce tlhe
A Stnrt the chestpicce on left side of chest at
71

the location of
Pulse Rate Reading 3
Average HR
5. Take
three
stopwatch timer and note down the patient's heart.
6. Repeut the rendings at an interval of every 15beatings the heart for one minute.
Reading 2
Lovatien
Reading I of
experiment in supine position also.minutes.
SNa

Pulse rate
2. So
1. Hold your
1 Wrist
q2 wrist just below your
2. Gently press it, thumb and
youwill feel pulsating keep the tips of vour first three fingers on your
3 Start the radial
timer and note down the artery. wrist
Neck 4. Multiply stopwatch
the count by 4 to number of pulsations for 15
calculate the seconds.
5. Take three
readings at an interval of everypulse15 rate.
6. Repeat this minutes.
experiment by placing fìngers on lower neck on either
Result side o trachea.
Result
minute and 37minuterespectively. The heart rate & pulse rate of
The heart rate & pulse rate of the person
are the person are
minute and )-S mìnute.
 15 15
EXPERIMENT-15 EXPERIMENT-15
EXPERIMENT-15 EXPERIMENT-15
Aim: Recording of blood pressure Aim: Recording of blood pressure

Requirements Requirements
Sphygmomanometer and Stethoscope Sphygmomanometer and Stethoscope
Introduction

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of blood exerted on the walls of the arteries by contraction of
left ventricle and the pressure in arteries that alwavs remain during ventricular diastole. BP decreases
with the increase in distance from heart. Various factors like stress, age, sex,
Scaling bsad excercise and emotional
conditions alter the levels of BP. Normal BP is 120/80 mm Hg (Systolic/ Diastolic). BP is measured to
examine the pathological conditions of the patients like hypertension and hypotension.
an increase in BP which may be primary or secondary. If not controlled, can Hypertension is
and even death of the person. Many parameters of the body
lead to hypertensive crisis
contribute to the blood
body like cardiac output or stroke volume, peripheral resistance, diameter of blood pressure human
of
~cothExhoust vaue blood, obstructed coronary vessels, venous return and even the hardening of vessels, viscosity of
oldage or some disease. Cardiovascular centre in medulla walls of blood vessels in
oblongata, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus,
chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Systemn (RAAS) and some hormones
like adrenaline, thyroxine, acetylcholine etc. help in regulation of blood
pressure in humans.
The apparatus used to measure blood pressure is known as
sphygmomanometer.
mercury manometer, rubber pump and cuff. Mercury manometer is graduated with
It consists of a
300 mmHg and it is continous with mercury reservoir. The rubber pump is marking from 0 to
air valve screw. The cuff is connected to the connected to the cuff with
note
manometer via a rubber tube. Stethoscope is required to
down the arterial auscultations.

Figure: Sphygmomanometer
 and Physio logy-l 75
74 Human Anatomy and Physio. Experiment of Human Anotomy

Procedure of his/her
arm over the table at the level
on the chair and keep the left
1. Person is asked to sit
heart. way that the middle of cuff
inch above the cubital fossa in sucha
2. Tie the cuff approximately 1
should be in line with the brachial artery.
chestpiece over the brachial artery.
3. Keep stethoscope ready and place its should rise upto 200 mmHg and
4. Start pumping the rubber pump
to inflate the cuff and mercury
pulsating auscultations are present,
there. If
start hearing auscultations. No sound should be
then inflate more to disappear.
gradually at a rate of 2 mmHg per second till a lighi
5. Release the air from valve of rubber pump
tapping pulsating sound appears.
6. Note down this pressure and record it as systolic pressure.
7. Further release the air at the same speed till the tapping sound disappears.
just disappears and record it as diastolic
8. Note down the pressure on manometer when the sound
pressure.
9. Three readings should be taken at some time intervals.
10. Repeat the experiment with supine position also.
Precautions
1. Air release should be gradual to record the accurate BP.
Figure: Stethoscope 2. Cuff should be appropriately tied i.e. neither too tight nor too lose.
3. Remove cuff immediately after recording.
Observations
Result
I. Recording of systolic blood pressure The blood pressure of the person was found to be llotos mmHg.
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average
S.No. Position

1 Sitting

2. Supine
 Human Anatomy and Physiolo gy-! Practical
76

II. Recording of diastolic blood pressure

Reading 2 Reading 3 Average
S.No. Position Reading I

1 Sitting
80 86

2 Supine

Result
The blood pressure of theperson was found to be 36/ 8O mmllg.