ANNEXURE
Evaluation Sheet for the micro project
Academic Year - 2023-24 Name of Faculty - Prof.A.S.Mane sir
Course - ECN Course Code - 22330
Semester - 3rd
Title of the Project…………………………………………
Cos addressed by the Micro Project
A……..……………………………………………….…………..……………………………
B…………..……………………………………………………..……………………………
C…….…………..……………………………………………………..………………………
D…….…….…………..……………………………………………………..…………………
Major Learning Outcomes Achieved By Student’s By Doing The Project-
(a) Practical Outcomes
………….…………..……………………………………………………..……………………
(b) Unit Outcome In Cognitive Doman
…………..………………………………………………..……………………………………
(c) Outcomes In Affective Doming
…………..………………………………………………..……………………………………
Comments/Suggestions About Team Work/Leadership/Inter-Personal Communication
Exam Mark
Mark Total
Seat out Out
Enrollment No Student Name Out Of
Of 6 Of 4 10
No
Name And Sign Of Faculty
DKTE SOCIETY’S
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC, ICHALKARANJI.
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
A
Micro Project Report On
Subject: - ……………………………………………………………………………
Submitted By:
Exam
Seat
Enrollment No Student Name
No
Under The Guidance Of - Prof.A.S.Mane sir Faculty Sign
Academic Year-2023-24
DKTE SOCIETY’S
YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN POLYTECHNIC, ICHALKARANJI.
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
A
Micro Project Report On
Subject: -
CERTIFICATE
Submitted by:
Enrollment No Student Name Sign
Have Successfully Completed The Micro Project Entitled, In Partial Fulfilment Of Diploma
In Electronics & Telecommunication At MSBTE, Mumbai.
Date………………………
Please-ICHALKARAJI
GUIDENCE H.O.D PRINCIPAL
SIGN SIGN SIGN
Introduction
A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a network
is known as a port. A port is an access to the network and consists of a pair
of terminals; the current entering one terminal leaves through the other
terminal so that the net current entering the port equals zero. There are
several reasons why we should study two-ports and the parameters that
describe them. For example, most circuits have two ports. We may apply an
input signal in one port and obtain an output signal from the other port. The
parameters of a two-port network completely describes its behaviour in
terms of the voltage and current at each port. Thus, knowing the parameters
of a two port network permits us to describe its operation when it is
connected into a larger network. Two-port networks are also important in
modeling electronic devices and system components. For example, in
electronics, two-port networks are employed to model transistors and Op-
amps. Other examples of electrical components modeled by two-ports are
transformers and transmission lines.
Four popular types of two-ports parameters are examined here: impedance,
admittance, hybrid, and transmission. We show the usefulness of each set of
parameters, demonstrate how they are related to each other.
Fig. 7.1 represents a two-port network. A four terminal network is called a two-
port network when the current entering one terminal of a pair exits the other
terminal in the pair. For example, I1 enters terminal and exits terminal of the input
terminal.
We assume that there are no independent sources or nonzero initial conditions
within the linear two-port network.
Y Parameters
The network shown in Fig. 7.2 is assumed to be linear and contains no
independent sources. Hence, principle of superposition can be applied to
determine the current I1, which can be written as the sum of two components,
one due to V1 and the other due to V2. Using this principle, we can write
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
where y11 and y12 are the constants of proportionality Figure 7.2 A
linear two-port network with units of Siemens.
In a similar way, we can write
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
Hence, the two equations that describe the two-port network are
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2 (7.1)
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2 (7.2)
Putting the above equations in matrix form, we get
Here the constants of proportionality y11 y12 y21 and y22 are called y
parameters for a network. If these parameters y11, y12, y21 and y22 are known,
then the input/output operation of the two-port is completely defined.
From equations (7.1) and (7.2), we can determine y parameters. We obtain
y11 and y21 by connecting a current source I1 to port 1 and short-circuiting port
Figure 7.3 Determination of y11 and y12 as shown in Fig. 7.3, finding V1 and I2,
and then calculating,
Since y11 is the admittance at the input measured in siemens with theoutput short-
circuited, it is called short-circuit input admittance. Similarly, y21 is called the
short-circuit transfer admittance.
Similarly, we obtain y12 and y22 by connecting a current source I2 to port 2 and
shortcircuiting port 1 as in Fig. 7.4, finding I1 and V2, and then calculating,
y12 is called the short-circuit trans-
Figure 7.4 Determination of y12 and y22
fer admittance and y22 is called the shortcircuit output admittance. Collectively
the y parameters are referred to as short-circuit admittance parameters.
Please note that y12 = y21 only when there are no dependent sources or Op-amps
within the two-port network.
Z Parameters
Figure 7.17
Let us assume the two port network shown in Fig. 7.17 is a linear network
that contains no independent sources. Then using superposition theorem,
we can write the input and output voltages as the sum of two components,
one due to I1 and other due to I2:
Putting the above equations in matrix from, we get
The z parameters are defined as follows :
In the preceeding equations, letting I1 or I2 = 0 is equivalent to open-circuiting
the input or output port. Hence, the z parameters are called open-circuit
impedance parameters. z11 is defined as the open-circuit input impedance, z22 is
called the open-circuit output impedance, and z12 and z21 are called the open-
circuit transfer impedances.
If z12 = z21, the network is said to be reciprocal network. Also, if all the z-
parameter are identical, then it is called a symmetrical network.
Z and Y parameters by matrix partitioning
ABCD Parameters
The transmission parameters are defined by the equations:
Figure 7.45 Terminal variables used to define the ABCD Parameters
Putting the above equations in matrix form we get
Please note that in computing the transmission parameters, I 2 is used rather
than I2, because the current is considered to be leaving the network as shown
in Fig. 7.45.
These parameters are very useful in the analysis of circuits in cascade like
transmission lines and cables. For this reason they are called Transmission
Parameters. They are also known as ABCD parameters. The parameters are
determined via the following equations:
A, B, C and D represent the open-circuit voltage ratio, the negative short-circuit
transfer impedance, the open-circuit transfer admittance, and the negative short-
circuit current ratio, respectively. When the two-port network does not contain
dependent sources, the following relation holds good.
Conclusion
In this project we study about two Port Network and there parameters like Y
parameter , Z parameter and ABCD parameter.
We concluded that the Y parameter are also called as short circuit admittance
parameter. They are obtained as ratio of current and voltage and the parameter
are found by short circuiting port 2(V2 = 0) OR 1(V1 = 0).
Also we concluded that the Z-parameters are also known as open-circuit
impedance parameters as they are calculated under open circuit conditions. i.e.,
Ix=0, where x=1,2 refer to input and output currents flowing through the ports
(of a two-port network in this case) respectively.
And ABCD parameters (also known as transmission parameters) are a simple set
of equations that relate the voltage and current at the input of an N-port network
to the voltage and current measured at the output of the network.
Reference
https://resources.system-analysis.cadence.com/blog/msa2021-abcd-parameters-
of-transmission-lines
https://www.electrical4u.com/abcd-parameters-of-transmission-line
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-port_network
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/network_theory/network_theory_twoport_netw
orks.htm
https://resources.altium.com/p/advantages-abcd-parameters-analyzing-your-pcb
