SCADA

Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition

SCADA
SCADA is a system for gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to

1. Monitor
2. Control.

SCADA system enables to operate Sub transmission (33kV/66kV/11kV) electrical equipment remotely.
There is various analog & Digital signals report from each grid sub stations

Real-time control is the SCADA system, which acquires data from different sources, pre-processes, it and
stores it in a database accessible to different users and applications
SCADA
• SCADA CONCEPTS
• COMPONENTS
• APPLICATIONS
• COST/BENEFITS
SCADA CONCEPTS

CONTROL CONTROLLED
CENTRE PLANT

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
CONTROLLED PLANT
• Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
• Interfacing panels consisting of
1) Transducers,
2) Relays, contactors
CONTROLLED PLANT

D25 GE

C 264 AREVA Sicam AK 1703

ACP SIEMENS
REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)
It is an equipment located at the grid substation it works as :-
• Implement the commands of the control center
• Perform data acquisition in respect of
– Analogs
– Breaker status

Sicam AK 1703 ACP

SIEMENS
Basic Data Acquisition
CT
CB

Pannel control
PT Close
Potential Trip
Field Free Contact

TRANSDUCER

DAS NO Coil NC Coil

for Close for Trip

RTU Ang In RTU Dig In RTU Dig out

Basic functions

• Analog input cards for acquisition of analog

Parameters such as voltage, current.
• Digital input cards for sensing breaker status.
• Digital output cards for performing close / trip
• Operation of circuit breakers through Interposing relays .
• Analog output cards (optionally) to drive the Chart
recorders to have a continuous plot of Analogs.
HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIA FOR SCADA AT SUBSTATON
RS232 PORT

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT TRANSDUCER PANEL

TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL PT
MAIN COMMN SEC F
110VAC R
CPU BOARD PSU
MW MVAR VOLT O
BOARD
M
CT SEC
1 AMPS
S
TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL
W
I
T
A D C
C
N I O H
EVENT LOGGER
A G N PANEL Y
L T T A
O A R R
G L O D
L -
I/P I/P O/P F
D
R I
R
I
E E
TERMINAL TERMINAL TERMINAL L
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK
V
A
L
E
R
Y D
Bay Control Unit

BCU ( Bay Control Unit)

COMMUNICATION
METERING MONITORING CONTROL PROTECTION INTERFACES
RMS (V&I) AUTO-RECLOSE OVER-CURRENT FRONT END
EVENTS
POWER GRAPHIC
(ACTIVE, CHECK EARTH FAULT
FAULTS SYNCHRONISM TERMINAL
REACTIVE,
TOTAL) STATUS OVER VOLTAGE
INTERLOCKING
POWER
FACTOR ALARMS PROGRAMMING UNDER VOLTAGE IEC 61850
TOOL (IEC 61131)
FREQUENCY CLIENT-SERVER
APPARATUS
CONTROL GOOSE(PUBLISHING)
PHASE
GOOSE(SUBSRIBING)
TAP POSITION (4-20 ma) BREAKER
SAMPLE VALUES
WINDING,OIL TEMP (SUBSCRIBING)
(4-20 ma) ISOLATOR
TRANSDUCERS

TYPES
Self powered
Auxiliary Powered

• Convert inputs into low power signals (4.20 milli amps) that
can be accepted by the RTU.
• Should have linear characteristics over the operating range.
INTERFACING
• The connection between the controlled plant and the RTU is termed as
interfacing.
• Interfacing panel will house transducers, contactors and relays.
• Breaker status sensing is done by the auxiliary switch Normally Open (NO) and
Normally Closed (NC) contacts.
• If the only one contact (NO / NC) is used for sensing the status of breaker /
isolator, it is called as single bit indication.

• In double bit indication both the NO and NC contacts are sensed.

RTU Types

• Dumb RTUs : Just follow the intent of control center commends.

• Intelligent RTUs : Can perform operations with built in intelligence even when
communications with the control center is lost.
• Distributed RTUs : Data acquisition / control is done over a local area net work (LAN).
• Pole top RTUs : Miniature versions with small I / O capacity suitable for controlling
equipment online.
INTERFACING CONSIDERATIONS

• Keep sufficient (at least 20%) over range for transducers

• Provide DC auxiliary supply to transducers to prevent loss of indications at control Centre

during station supply failures

• Ensure that the cable lengths between the PT, CTs and RTU kept as short as possible to
avoid excessive drop.

• When the station area is large and cable lengths are excessive explore the distributed
RTU concepts.
INTERFACING CONSIDERATIONS (contd.)

• Ensure perfect earthing of substation

• Connect SCADA earth to the substation earth to avoid differential voltages occuring during
faults which are likely to damage the sensitive electronic equipment.

• When the station area is large and cable lengths are excessive explore the distributed RTU
concepts.

• Ensure perfect earthing of substation

• Connect SCADA earth to the substation earth to avoid differential voltages occuring during
faults which are likely to damage the sensitive electronic equipment.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication system selected should have
• Expandability & flexibility
• Reliability
• Two way communication capacity
• Ability to meet data requirement
CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION

Based on the medium of communication

– Line communications (PLCC, PSTN)
– Optical fibre
– Radio communication (UHF & VHF Links)
– Satellite communications (VSAT)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNICATION (contd.)

Based on the method of communication

– Dial up
– one way
– Two way
– Point – to – point
– Point – to - multipoint
CONSIDERATIONS FOR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

• Require line of sight

• Repetition of signal where there is obstruction or signal strength is low
• Terrain consideration (flat, undulated , contains water bodies)
• Proximity to air ports signal/noise ratios
Indian Government mission

National Optical Fiber Network(NOFN)

A Project to connect 2,50,000 Gram Panchayats(GPs) through OFC

• Approved by GoI on 25.10.2011
• NOFN Project will bridge connectivity gap between GPs and
Blocks.
Project to be implemented by NOFN‐SPV namely Bharat Broadband Network Ltd (BBNL).
• Envisaged as a Centre‐State joint effort .

Govt. of India to fund the project through the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). Rs.
20,000 Cr.($4B)
As per a study conducted by the World Bank, with every 10 per cent increase in
broadband penetration, there is a 1.4 per cent increase in GDP growth
Indian Government mission

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and other

institutions such as RailTel, Power Grid and the Gas
Authority of India. For the implementation and
execution, the Cabinet has approved the formation of a
special purpose vehicle with equity from the
Government of India
Protocols used in power industry in India
• IEC-103
• IEC-104
• DNP
• MODBUS
• LON
• SPA
• IEC-61850 (latest)
Protocols used in power industry in India

• IEC 60870-5-103 :- It is a standard for power system control & associated

communication. It defines a companion standard that enables interoperability between
protection equipment and devices of a control system in a substation. The device complying
with this standard can send the information using two methods for data transfer.

• IEC 60870-5-104 :- It is an extension of IEC 101 protocol with the changes in transport,
network, link & physical layer services to suit the complete network access.

• DNP :- Distributed Network Protocol is a set of communication protocols used between

components in process automation systems. Its main use is in utilities such as electric and
water companies
Protocols used in power industry in India

• MODBUS:- Modbus is a serial communication protocol originally published

by Modicon (now Schneider electrical) in 1979 for use with its programmable
Logic controllers (PLCs). It is now a commonly available means of
connecting industrial electronic devices.

• LON : Lon Works (local operating network) is a networking platform

specifically created to address the needs of control applications.

• SPA : SPA-bus is was originally designed as a fieldbus in a distributed

protection, control and event reporting system. The system may incorporate
slave units as protective relays, control units and alarm units connected over
the SPA-bus to a master unit
IEC 61850

IEC 61850 PROTOCOL

LATEST
IEC 61850 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IEC 61850 – CLASS MODEL
Data model : Hierarchy
Data model : Hierarchical set of objects
IEC 61850 - MODELLING APPROACH
ACSI Server Building Block
Generic Object Oriented Service Event – GOOSE
 System-wide data distribution
• Device to Device exchange
 Based on subscription / publisher mechanism
 Status / State Oriented
 Event ID
 Event Time
 Higher Reliability
Periodic refresh
Automatic Refresh
Sequence Count
Sampled Measured Values
 A method for transmitting sampled
measurements from transducers
 Enables sharing of I/O signals among IEDs
 Supports two transmission methods
• Multidrop point-to-point service (USVC)
over serial links
Predefined format and content
One direction (Sensor-IED)
• Multicast service (MSVC) over Ethernet IEC 61850-9-2
Information content is fully configurable
Status and configuration information can be accessed from IED
IEC 61850 PROTOCOL STACK
IEC 61850-6 – Substation configuration Language - Files
IEC 61850-6 – Substation configuration Language
IEC 61850-6 – Substation configuration Language
CONCLUSION
Situation using different protocols
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF SCADA
SCADA APPLICATION

• Distribution Management System (DMS)

• Outage Management System (OMS)

• Geographical Information System

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

• Network (electrical) model

EMS/DMS Architecture
The hardware and software architecture of the System is presented in this section
Conceptual Configuration
The EMS/DMS is comprised of several component systems:
• Master Control System (MCS)
• Information Storage and Retrieval System (IS&R)
• Backup Control System (BCS), an
• Operator Training Simulator (OTS)
• Program Development System (PDS).

Master Control System

The MCS is the real-time nucleus of the EMS/DMS. The MCS shall be a high-availability system
characterized by high-speed data collection and presentation functions. The MCS may collect,
process, and store real-time data from different data sources

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EMS/DMS Architecture

Program Development System

TP-DDL’s development and testing of the EMS/DMS applications, database, displays, and
reports. The PDS shall be initially delivered with basic database and display generation
capabilities.
Operator Training Simulator
The OTS shall execute on hardware dedicated to that functionality. It shall provide the capability
to train dispatchers by simulating both the power system and the EMS/DMS.

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NETWORK ARCHITECHTURE

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NETWORK ARCHITECHTURE CONT…
Name of the Server Functions on the Server
Information Management (IM) & RAID Source Data Management Data Maintenance
Real Time Control (RTC) Data Processing Supervisory Control
Telecontrol Interface (TC) Telecontrol Interface
User Interface (UI) User Interface (HMI)

Telecontrol Interface (TC):-

The remote terminal interface of SINAUT Spectrum is the TCI (Tele Control Interface). It is
Part of the control center system and communicates with the other subsystems via the local
area network (LAN). The control center system is connected to the substations/power
Stations via remote terminals units (RTUs). The process data are transmitted via remote terminal units
(RTUs) to TCI.

Real Time Control (RTC):-

The RTC server performs the data processing and contains the process data of the SINAUT
Spectrum data base.

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 NETWORK ARCHITECHTURE CONT…
User Interface (UI):-
The UI server is a workstation that supports UI consoles. The console represents the link between the user
and the power system. It is used to display information and accept user input. The UI server is mainly used
for visualizing and controlling the network.

Information Management (IM) & RAID:-

RAID is used for data base storage however RAID server is connected to two IM (information Management
server) through fiber optical cable. There is disk mirror done in storage server to ensure the highest
availability. The IM server is the data base master for all servers. Other servers are updated by the
IM server at system and upon occurrence of certain events, e.g. data modifications. The historical and
future data management is also installed on the SDM server. In the IM server the storage of historical and
future data is done.

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Type of load management
• Forced Load shedding
Load shedding of high AT&C loss feeders from SCADA during emergency requirement

• Under Frequency Relief

Load shedding of scheduled feeder automatically after frequency dropped below defined limit

• Distress Load Relief

Load shedding of scheduled feeder (after acknowledging pop-up ) automatically after
frequency dropped below defined limit and TPDDL is Over drawling from grid

• Tie-Line overloading
Automatic load shedding during overloading of 33kV/66kV line

• Transformer Overloading
Automatic load shedding during overloading of power transformer
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 EMS (Energy Management System)

EMS application like Availability based tariff, STLF, Load shedding, Dispatch training
simulator etc.

ABT application is used for monitoring UI (Unscheduled Interchange) of TPDDL and

TPDDL overdraw/ underdrawal at defined frequency levels.

STLF & load shedding application is used for load forecasting and automatic UFR or
DLR shedding respectively

Dispatch training simulator is useful for new operator to train with simulation of fault
& tripping etc.
Real-Time Operation
BaSiDi is the main window that appears after login. Various applications, list and network world maps can
be open from this displayed

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SUMMARIES

(1) NETWORK
a. SCADA Network
b. DMS Network
(2) System and Alarm Summaries
a. GenSum ; b. Relay ; c. Critical ; d. Trip ; e. LimViol
(3) Data Modes
a. Study Mode
b. SDM Mode
c. DTS
(4) Tag & Status Summaries
a. Tags
b. Remove from operation
c. Permit to Work
d. Control Inhibit Summary

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 Lalit Kumar
Assistant Manager BD Group
TATA POWER DELHI DISTRIBUTION LIMITED
+91-9958294879