Bautista  Barometer – An instrument used to

Science - 3.2 Reviewer measure atmospheric pressure.

 Pascal – N /m 2
 Understanding Climate - The SI unit of atmospheric pressure.
 Weather – The change in the condition of the  Coriolis effect – Named after Gaspar
atmosphere at a particular place over a short Coriolis
period of time. - The result of earth’s rotation.
 Climate – The average weather of a region over - It causes all free-moving objects, including
several years. the wind, to deflect to the right of its path
 Atmospheric Temperature in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left
 Incoming solar radiation/ insolation – of its path in the Southern Hemisphere.
 Solar latitude – The angle of the sun above the - This causes the wind to be deflected at right
horizon. angles to the direction of air flow.
 PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical,  Atmospheric Humidity – Referred to as relative
and Astronomical Services Administration. humidity.
- The government agency that handles  Humidity – The amount of water vapor in the
climatology and meteorology in the Philippines atmosphere.
 Thermometer – An instrument that operates on - A useful indicator in forecasting rain.
the principle of thermal expansion of liquids  Relative Humidity – The ratio of the air’s actual
such as mercury and alcohol, which are vapor content to its water vaport capacity at a
sensitive to changes in alcohol. given temperature.
 Thermograph – An instrument that records air -
temperature on a graph paper. actual water vapor content
Relative humidity=
- Consists of a cylinder that is made to revolve water vapor capacity
once a week. - A relative humidity of 100% indicates that the
- The temperature curve is recorded on a sheet air is saturated and can no longer hold
of graph paper fastened to the outside of the additional water vapor.
cylinder.  Sling psychrometer – The difference between
- A pen point traces the curve according to the the thermometer readings are checked against
expansion and contraction of a sensitive a chart to determine the relative humidity.
metallic.  Bulb – The portion of the glass tube where
 Precipitation – The condensed water vapor that mercury is stored.
falls to Earth’s surface.  Wet Bulb Thermometer – A wick is
 Water vapor – A never-ending cycle of wrapped around its bulb.
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. - The wick is dipped in water before the
 Evaporation – Liquid to Gas psychrometer is used.
 Condensation – Gas to Liquid  Dry Bulb Thermometer – It is spun in the air
 Hail – Big pieces of ice. until the temperature of the wet bulb
- Large hailstones can damage property or injure thermometer stops declining.
people or animals.  Hair hygrometer – Uses human hair eith its oil
 Atmospheric Pressure – The force per unit area removed using ether.
exerted by air due to its weight. - The length increases with relative humidity, and
- Millibars or Millimeter of Mercury (mm Hg) the change in length is multiplied by a lever and
- It is measured in terms of the height of the registered by a needle on a dial.
column of mercury in a barometer.  Hygrothermograph – Has a thermograph and a
hygrometer that is used to record both the
 relative humidity and temperature on a graph  Prevailing Winds – The dominant wind systems
paper. that affects the climate of a region.
 Factors that Affect Climate  Northeast monsoon/ Amihan – The
 Latitude – The distance from the equator. prevailing wind from November to April.
- The climate gets cooler as you move farther - Brings the cold and dry weather.
from the equator.  Southwest monsoon/ Habagat – The
- The poles experience a period of total darkness prevailing wind from May to October.
during winter. The sun cannot be seen within 24 - Brings hot and humid weather.
hours.  Global Wind Patterns – Also known as General
- At the equator, the day length varies only by as Circulation.
much as 2 minutes. - The worldwide pattern of wind and weather.
 Altitude – The measure above sea level.  0˚ – 30˚ - The prevailing winds are
- Temperature decreases as altitude increases in northeasterly winds and southeasterly
the troposphere. winds that originate from northeast and
 Distance from the Sea - Coastal areas have southeast.
lower temperature ranges.  Trade winds – Converge approximately
- Winters are milder and summers are cooler at the equator.
than inland.  Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
 Ocean Currents and Circulation – The ocean – The zone where trade winds
redistributes large amounts of heat all over converge.
Earth through global ocean currents and deep  30˚ – 60˚
ocean circulations.  Westerlies – Orifginate from southwest
 Surface Current – The force exerted by the in the Northern Hemisphere and
wind that causes the water to move. Northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Includes the north and south equatorial  60˚ – 90˚
currents, equatorial countercurrent, gulf  Polar Easterilies – Originate from
stream, and north Atlantic drift. northeast in the Northern Hemisphere
- They mix and redistribute water in the and southeast in the Southern
ocean. Hemisphere.
 Upwelling – The vertical movement of  Topography – When airs passes over a
water caused by winds. mountain range, it loses moisture and cools as
 Deep ocean circulation – Also called it rises.
Thermohaline circulation  Windward side - the direction upwind from
- This is caused by the difference in water the point of reference
density and gravity.  Leeward side – the direction downwind
(1) Surface water becomes denser and from the point of reference
sinks to the bottom of the ocean,  Rain shadow – Where mountains are
replacing the less dense water. formed.
(2) The surface water is replaced by the  Koppen Climate Classification System – The
warmer water from the lower latitude. most widely used system for classifying the
(3) As the warmer water from the lower world’s climate.
latitude moves towards the poles, it
become colder. Climate Description
Type
(4) The cold water sinks again and is
A Average temperature above 18C
replaced by the warmer water.
B Dry climate, precipitation is deficient.
(5) Cycle repeats. C Below 18C but abover -3C
 D Average temperature of the coldest  Providing incentives to increase the use of
month is below -3C and the warmest mass transportation
monthly average exceeds 10C  Minimizing burning of forests
E Average temperature of the warmest  El Nino & La Nina
moth is below -10C
 El Nino – The irregular warming of surface
 Modified Corona’s Classification of Climate –
water in the Pacific Ocean/
The climate in the Philippines.
- The warmer water pumps energy and
Climate Type Description moisture into the atmosphere, altering the
I Dry and wet, with global wind and rainfall patterns.
maximum rain period - “The boy child”
from June to  La Nina – Brings extreme weather.
September. - “The girl child”
II No dry season,
maximum rainfull
occurs in December
and January
III No pronounced
maximum rain period,
short dry season.
IV Uniform distribution of
rainfall

 Global Climate Phenomena – The movement of

air masses determines weather and climate.
- Atmospheric circulation results primarily from
Earth’s rotation and the differential heating of
Earth’s surface.
 Global Warming – A natural and human-
induced increase in the average global
temperature.
- Linked to an increase in the carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
 Climate Change
 Rise in Sea Level – Causes:
 Thermal expansion
 Melting of Glacial Ice
 Land subsidence, groundwater deflection,
natural climate variation.
 Adapting Climate Change
 Using scarce water resources efficiently
 Building flood defenses
 Developing drought-tolerant crops
 Choosing tree species and forestry practices
that are less vulnerable to storms and fires.
 Increasing efforts to reduce emission of
greenhouse gases by turning to alternative
sustainable energy sources.
 Increasing tax for fossil fuels