Objective of the Actioity To verify that the relation R in set Lof all lines in plane defined as{(Iyl):, 14 and hl, © L} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Ltaterials Required ooo os A piece of card board of suitable size Pieces of wires Nails White chart paper Glue Scale Kagieal Steps of the Activity Take a card board of suitable size and paste a white chart paper onit. Draw two straight lines on white chart paper with the help of wires and glue in such a way that some of them are parallel some are perpendicular to the first drawn parallel lines and some are inclined to the given drawn lines as shown in the given figure. Name these lines as ly, lal, ly lay |, as shown in the given figure.Obseroations 1, _ 1, is perpendicular to /, and J, 2. lis perpendicular to I, and [,, 1, is perpendicular to /, and L,. 1, is parallel to 1, |, is parallel to [,. |,is parallel to [,. So (lye Uy)s (ye sds (lay bade (lar bse (lay bee (ly Ip) € Re From the above figure we can see that there is no line which is perpendicular to itself, i.e, (1) € Rso that the given relation R is not a reflexive relation. PN DT ew 9. From the above figure we can see that [, 1.1, and l, 1 1, Then (I, ,1,) € R= (ly, 1,) €R Similarly (ly, 1,) € R= (ly) € R Also (Iy,1,) € R= (lp) © R So we can say that the given relation R is a symmetric relation. 10. From the above figure we can see that /, 1 1,, and I, is 1 1, but /, | | J, not perpendicular. Thus (I,, 1.) € Rand (,,/,) € R but (1,,,) © R so we can say the given relation R is not a transitive relation. Reve From the above activity it is verified that the given relation R “is perpendicular to” on the set R of all straight lines in a plane is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. ApplicationObject of he Aetig To demonstrate a function is not one-one but is on to. Deviragaistte Kaawledge Basic knowledge of relations, functions and type of relations and type of function such that ‘one-one functions and on to functions. Materials Required Coloured chart papers (orange, green) Acard board Scissors Glue sticks Pins Aogical Steps of the Activity 1, Take a orange chart paper and cut outa elliptical strip length 10 cm and width 5 cm as shown in the figure. oo oo % 2. Take a green chart paper and cut a elliptical strip of length 8 cm and width of 3 cm as shown in figure. 3. Paste these two strips on the card board and mark X and Y on them respectively as shown in the figure.Eee Fix 5 paper pins on the orange strip and markas 1, 2,3,4 and 5. Similarly fix4 paper pins on the green strips and mark them a, b, cand das shown in the figure. Now join the pins on the given strips with the help of threads as shown in the figure. xObseroations 1. Now we can see that image of the element 1 of x iny isa. The image of the element 2 of x in y is ¢. The image of the element 3 of x in y is d. The image of the clement 4 of x in y is b. ‘The image of the element 5 of x in y is d. The pre image of the element of y in xis 1. The pre image of the element of y in x is 4. The pre image of the element of y in x is 2. ee New e en The pre image of the element d of y in x is 3and 5. 10. Since the elements 3 and 5 in x have the common image as d in y, so the given function is many-one not one-one. 11. Also we can see that every element of y is image of some element of x so function is on to. Thus from the observation 10 and 11 we can say that the given function is shown in the figure is on-to but not one-one. Rott From the above activity we have demonstrated a function which is not one-one but on-to. CepltcationObjective of the Activity To draw the graph of Sin~'x using the graph of Sin x and demonstrate the concept of mirror reflexion (about the line y = x) Dre-cegatsite Knowledge Knowledge about trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric function and their properties. Difference between trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. Materials Required A cardboard of suitable size White chart papers Ruler Coloured pens ‘Adhesive Pencil Eraser Board pins Paper pins Wires. Logic Steps o he Atty 1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and a white sheet paste on it with the help of pins. ooo OOOO OH 2. With the help of wires draw two perpendicular lines XoX’ and YoY’, XoX’ says x-axis and YoY’ says y-axis. 3. Now mark some points on y-axis like 1, 1/2, 0,-1/2,—1ete.10. Sketch the graph of inverse trigonometric function y = Sin“! x with the help of the following table. This table will help to draw the exact graph of the inverse trigonometric function y = Sin x. x 0 nia sy a Sinx 0 1 pee Now fix the paper pins to locate the coordinate which is represent the points say P, 1P (E. on}? (@ 087), P, G. 1) ad bhown in the figure. Now we will repeat the same process for the other side of the x-axis. Mark the points with the help of the following table. a(- the graph. # 8 2 = e 5 z 3 g 3 5 a 3 a 2 ) z 5 = S 3 e $ a 8 eS 3 Es Join the pins with the help of wires on both the sides of x-axis. Here we have acurve which cartesian plane to draw the graph of line y = x. From the marked point P,, P,, P, and P, draw perpendiculars on the line y = x and construct lines such that length of perpendicular on both the sides of the line y = x are equal. Mark these points as Q,, Q,, Q,, Q, and fix the paper pin on them. Repeat the same process on the other side of x-axis and fix the paper pins on the points Q!, 3 QQ. Now join the pins on both the sides of the line y = x by a wire tightly to obtain the graph of y=sinx. Now placea mirror on the line y =x. The mirror image of the graph of y = sin x represents the graph of y = sin“x which shows that sin“"x is a reflexion of sin x about the line y = x.Observation We observe that the image of point P, in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q,. The image of point P, in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Qy. The image of point P, in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q,. The image of point P, in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q,. The image of point P! in the mirror (through the line y = x) is QI. The image of point PJ in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q}. The image of point P! in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q}. ‘The image of point P} in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q}. SNAPE N Result From the above discussion the mirror image of the graph of in x about the line y = x is the graph of y = sin“!x and mirror image of y = sin-!x through y = x is the graph of sin x. eee This activity is helpful to clarify the concepts of inverse trigonometric functions. Follow-up LActivity Perform the similar activity for drawing the graphs of y = cos“'x and y = Tan"'x ete.Objective of the Activity To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions. Catania Keaguieed % Piece of plywood of suitable size © Piece of wire of different lengths % White paper sheet % Adhesive © Geometry box © Trigonometrictables Logical Step ob the Activity 1. Takea piece of plywood of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it. 2. Take two wires of convenient size. With the help of wires draw two perpendicular lines XOX’ and YOY’ which will bisect perpendicularly at point O. Now XOX’ will represent x-axis and YOY’ represent y-axis. 3. Take two more pieces of wire of suitable lengths and make its shape of curves representing two functions and fix them on the paper sheet as shown in the figure. 4. Take two or three wires of suitable lengths for the tangents to the curves at different points on the curves. 5. Take the straight wire and place it on the curve in (L.H.S.) such that it is tangent to the curve at the point say A, and making an angle Q, with x-axis in the positive direction. 6. Take another two points say A, and A, on the same curve and make tangents using the same wire at A, and A, making angles Q, and Q, respectively with x-axis in the positive direction.7. Now take three points B,, B, and B, on the curve (R.HS.) and using another wires forms tangents to each of these points which makes angles 9, $,, , respectively with x-axis in the positive direction. >x Observations 1. With the above figure we have Q, = 110° is an obtuse angle so tan Q, is -ve. 2. Again we Sec. Q, = 120 and Q, = 125° are obtuse angles and therefore shapes of the tangents tan Q, and tan Q, both are-ve. 3. tan Q, = tan 110° = — 5.6712. 2.7474} These are — ve values 4. Thus we can say that the given function in (L.H.S) is a decreasing function. 5. InRHS. on measuring 4,, 6, and 4, the angles which makes by the tangents are 3 = 65°, 3 = 75,0, =0°.= tan B, =tan 80°=+ 5.6112 tan B, = tan 75°= These are +ve values tan B, = tan 65°= Thus we can say that the given function in (R.H.S.) is a increasing function. ia From the above activity itis verified that a function f(x) is increasing when f(x) > Oand decreasing when f(x) < 0 (where X € domain of f) CipibioneeObjective of the Activity To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting squares from each corner. Materials Required Chart papers Scissors Cello tape Glue Calculator $$ 9 oo 15 of the 1. Take a rectangular chart paper of size 45 cm x 24cm and name itas rectangle PQRS. 2. Cut out four equal square pieces of size 1 cm x 1 em from each comer. Now fold up the flaps from all the sides and form a open top rectangular box (like lid) with the help of cello tape. Now after measuring the length, breadth and height with the help of scale calculate the volume of the box with the help of the formula V = (length (1) x breadth (b) x height (hy). 3. Now take another rectangular chart paper sheet of the same size (45 cm x 24cm) and repeat the above process by cutting the square of size (1.5 cm x 1.5 cm) from each corner and measure its length, breadth, height and then calculate the value of the box which formed. 4. Now take the third rectangular sheet of chart paper of the same size (45 cm x 24 cm) again remove the square of size (2 cm x 2 cm) from each corner and measure its length, breadth, height then calculate the volume of the box. 5. Goon repeating the same process by cutting out the square pieces of same size from each corners of sizes 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm, 3 cm x 3 cm, 3.5 cm x 3.5 cm, 4 cm x 4.cm and so on. In each and every case make an open box by folding up the flips from all the sides now. Aftermeasuring the length, breadth, height of the rectangular box calculate the volume of the box. Pp s 240m Q R Obseroation 1. When x= 1,1 = (45-2) =43 cm, b = (24-2) = 22cm and height = 1m. Volume V, = (43 x 42 x 1) em? = 946 cm? 2. When x= 15,1 = (45-3) =42 cm,b = (24-3) =21 cmand height = 1.5 cm Volume V, = (42 x 21 x 1.5) cm? = 1323 cm? 3. When x = 2m, I = (45- 4) = 41 cm, b = (24- 4) = 20cm and height = 2 cm Volume V, = (41 x 20 x 2) em? = 1640 cm? 4. When x= 2.5m, I= (45-5) = 40cm, b= (24~ 5) = 19cm and height = 25m Volume V, = (40 x 19 x 2.5) cm3 = 1900 em? 5. When x= 3cm, I= (45~ 6) = 39cm, b= (24-6) = 18cm and height = 3 cm Volume V,, = (39 x 18 x 3) cm? = 2106 cm? 6. When x= 3.5m, l= (45-7) = 38cm, b = (24-7) = 17cm and height = 3.5m Volume V, = (38 x 17 x 3.5) cm? = 2261 cm? 7. When x= 4m, I= (45-8) = 37cm, b= (24—8)= 16cm and height = 4 cm Volume V, = (37 * 16 x 4) cm? = 2368 cm? 8. When x= 4.5 cm, 1= (45-9) = 36cm, b= (24-9) = 15cm and height = 4.5cm Volume V, = (36 x 15 x 4.5) cm? = 2430 cm?9, When x= 5cm, I= (45-10) = 35m, b = (24-10) = 14cm and height = 5cm Volume V, = (35 x 14 x 5) cm? = 2450 cm? 10. When x =5.5 cm, 1 = (45 ~ 11) = 34 cm, b = (24~ 11) = 13 cm and height = 5.5 cm Volume Vo = (34 x 13 x 5.5) cm3 = 2431 cm? 11. When x = 6 cm, I= (45-12) = 33 cm, b = (24 — 12) = 12 cmand height = 6 cm Volume V, , = (33 x 12 x 6) em? = 2376 cm> Observation 1, When x=1cm then V, = 946 cm? When x = 1.5 cm then V, = 1323 m3 When x = 2.cm then V, = 1640 cm? When x = 2.5 cm then V, = 1900 cm? When x = 3.cm then V, = 2106 cm? When x = 3.5 cm then V, = 2261 cm? When x = 4 cm then V, = 2368 cm? When x = 4.5 cm then V, = 2430 cm? ey PND YF F YN When x = 5.cm then V, =2450cm3 Maximum Volume 10. When x = 5.5 cm then V9 = 2431 cm? 11. When x = 6m then V,, = 2376 cm? Result From the above discussion we can conclude that volume is maximum = 2450 cm? when size of the square to be removed from each corner 5cm x 5.cm. LpplicationObjective of the Activity To verify geometrically that ¢x(a+b)=¢xa+éxb, Pre-regnisite Knowledge ° Knowledge of vector algebra, addition of vectors, vector product or cross product of two vectors. Materials Required ~ Card board of suitable size White paper sheet © Cutter © Sketch pen % Cello tape © Scale Aogicat Steps of the Activity 1. - 2 Take a card board of suitable size and paste a white paper on it. Draw a line segment OA = 7 cm which is representing ¢. Draw a line segment OB = 5 cm which is representing @ such that ZAOB = 60°. Let OB =a. Draw line segment BC = 3 cm representing b and making an angle of 30° with OA. Draw BM LOA, CL LOA and BN LCL. Now complete the parallelogram OAQB, OAPC, and BQPC.Obseroations 1 Nv » We know that |é x a =|e||a{ sin o[-- =OA x BM 60°] = Area of parallelogram OAQB. xifelf sine =0AxCN =BQxCN = Area of parallelogram BQPC |Ex(axd) =[qJaxd sin a =OAxOCsind=OAxCL = Area of parallelogram OAPC Area of parallelogram OAPC = (OA) (CL) =OAx(LN+NC) = OA (BM + MC) = (OA) (BM) + (OA) (NC) = Area of parallelogram OAQB + area of parallelogram BQPClex (a+b) =[exq +[exq 6. ¢x(a+8),¢xaand¢xé are perpendicular to the same plane. €x(a+b)=¢xa+¢xb (Condition of co-planarity) From the above activity we conclude that it is verified that for any three vectors @, band ¢ we have éx(i+8)=exa+exd. Aeplication | Thisactivity ishelpful to understand the concept of distributive property of vectors,Objective of the Activity To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify by analytically. Pre-requisite Knowledge * Knowledge about various forms of equation of lines, skew lines. Knowledge about the formula of distance (shortest) between two skew lines. Materials Required ~ Thick card board sheets © White chart paper © Four wooden blocks of suitable dimensions © Threads Glue sticks etc. Logical Steps of the Activity 1. Takea card board sheet of suitable size and paste a white sheet on it and after that paste a graph paper onit. 2. Draw two lines XOX’ and YOY’ which is bisected perpendicularly at point O. The point O represent the origin and XOX’ is called x-axis and YOY‘ is called y-axis. On these axis take 1cm = 1 unit and label them as shown in the figure. 3. Mark the points P(3, 3), Q(11,3), R(, 11), S(14, 13) on the graph paper. 4. Label the four wooden blocks as a,b, cand d. 5. Now fix the wooden blocks labeled a, b,c and d at point P(3, 3), Q(11, 3), R@, 11) and S14, 13) respectively such that their base centers fall exactly at these points. 6. Using adhesive/glue sticks fix a piece of thread joining points A and D where A and Dare the contents of the tops of blocks a and d respectively.ay (14, 13, 2) 124 (6.11.0) Ott. 3) 14,3.1) yy 7. — Similarly fix a piece of thread joining points B and C where Band C are the centers of the blocks b and c respectively.8. Takea thread and join it perpendicularly with the lines AD and BC and measure the actual distance. 9. Place set square such that its side forming the right angle is along the thread BC. 10. Move the set square along AD till its other side forming the right angle touches the other piece of thread. 11. Measure the distance between the two threads in this position to get the required shortest distance between AD and BC. Observations 1. Here the threads joining AD and BC represents two skew lines. 2, Equation of line joining two points (x,, ¥,,2,) and (x, Yq, 2) is 2b = HOM = 2741 | BoM Woh Boa 3. Now equation of line joining A(3, 3,1) and D(14, 13, 2) is given by x73 _yo3 271 14-3 13-3 2-1 x — = we (1) “aT 10 o and equation of line joining B(11, 3, 1) and C(6, 11, 0) is given by x-11_ y-3_2-0 0) e-11 11=3 0-1 or 4. Now we know that the shortest distance (d) between two skew lines is given by Pe-m Yah 2-21 a b “1 % by o (abs ~ aby) So the shortest distance d between the lines (i) and (ji) is given by + (bree — boc) + (cme - mer)_| 4 10 1) |_|8(18)-0+1(88+ 50) ~|_b5_ 8 =I || /19044+324+36 (138)? +18? +6? 144 + 138] S + 19404 | |139.29 6 d=.04 °F fi39291~ 5. Onactual measurement the shortest distance between two skew lines = 0.6 cm 6. From point (4) & (5) we observe that the shortest distance between Skew lines AD and BC by actual measurement is approximately equal to the shortest distance obtained by analytical method. Result From the above activity we conclude that the shortest distance between two Skew lines obtained by actual measurement and obtained by analytical method is coming equal. Aeenen