ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND Style - It is how authos arrange
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES his/her writings. Use of third
(EAPP) person rather than first person
perspective.
ACADEMIC TEXT
DIFFERENT TEXT STRUCTURE
Academic Text is defined as
critical, objective,specialized text 1. Description - describing
written by professional in a given something to give the reader
field using formal language mental picture or description.
Academic text is based on facts 2. Cause and effect - casual
with solid basis. relationship between a specific
It is intended for scholarly event idea or concept.
audience / listener or reader like 3. Composition and contrast -
students, teachers. examines the similarities and
diffferences between two or more
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACADEMIC people, events, concepts, idea,
WRITING etc.
4. Order / Sequence - gives reader
Vocabulary Choice a chronological of events or list of
Critical thinking steps in a procedure.
Systematic 5. Problem / Solution - Set up a
Precise - words and terms have problem and explains a solution
specific meaning
Cautions - careful in using words Stated - being stated in the text
Conciseness - writing with short Imply - being understood
and clear statement
Ethical- Should be precise, clear VARIOUS TYPES OF ACADEMIC
meanings TEXT
ACADEMIC TEXT FROM VARIOUS Textbooks - It is a manual of
DISCIPLINE instruction in any branch of study.
Academic writing - used in Educational institutions usually a
school education with given field teacher's guide.
Tone - Character or attitude of a Journal / Article - It is a
writer / author about the topic. periodical publication in which
"word choice" scholarship relating to a particular
Purpose - Why you are writing, disciplined is published.
What goal is it that you have to Academic Essay - It is a short
accomplished and your objective. academic composition
Language - Words used in Theses / Dissertation -
discussing the topic, must be Document submitted in support of
formal and applicable to the candidature for an academic
audience. Do not use colloquial degree or professional
words. qualification. (Researcher,
Audience - Readers of the text Academic and post graduate
students).
Case Studies - Reports about a Topic outline helps you see a
person, group, situation that has larger picture through a series of
been studied. Examines person, short phrases.
place, event, and phenomena. Sentence outline goes into the
Reports - An informational work detail of the paper, hence, makes
that is written for a clear purpose use of full sentence
and to a particular audience.
These two types follow a certain
LANGUAGE USED IN ACADEMIC format as well, using Roman and
TEXT Arabic numerals along with Capital
and Small letters of the alphabet in
Formality - Your dignified stance creating the outline.
in your writing.
Objectivity - Require special OUTLINING PATTERN
knowledge and use of more I. Main categories
complex language and objectivity A. First categories / First supporting detail
1. Subcatgories
(to not be bias) it must be 2. of A
impersonal B. Second supporting detail
Explicitness - use of signpost 1. Subcategories
2. of B
that allows the reader to trace one
paragraph to another, exact to the
point. THESIS STATEMENT
Caution - Careful in using / Is a very important and helpful
choosing words to avoid guide in providing a written
misinterpretation and sweeping message, however a thesis
generalization. statement is naturally hidden
underlying the paper.
OUTLINING clearly identifies the topic being
discussed, includes the points
Creating an outline helps you discussed in the paper, and is
organize your thoughts easier written for a specific audience.
before writing any paper
Is a plan for your writing To identify a thesis statement in the
It shows information each section paper. Consider the following:
and paragraph will contain and in May tell the reader the importance
what order of the topic under discussion.
It also includes the main ideas and Tells the reader what to expect
show how they are organized and from the rest of the paper.
the overall structure. Directly answer the questions
being asked. A thesis
interpretations of question or
subject, not the subject itself.
Makes a claim that others might
TWO KINDS OF OUTLINING disagree.
Is usually a single sentence in or
near the beginning of a paper
(most often, at the end of the first It tells the main idea of a piece of
paragraph) that presents an writing. By your own words in
arguments. compact detail
One way to assess how much
TYPES OF THESIS STATEMENT someone understood the text is
Argumentative - states the topic through summarizing.
of your paper, your position on the
topic, and the reasons you have For developing your summary:
for taking that position. 1. Read the text thoroughly and
Analytical - states the topic of highlight important details or main
your paper, what specifically you idea.
analyzed, and the conclusion(s) 2. After that use your own words in
you reached as a result of that making a summary make sure to
analysis. check if relationship between
Explanatory / Expository - states ideas are established.
the topic of your paper and lists 3. Recheck and revise your work
the key aspects of your topic that with original. May seek teacher for
will be discussed in the paper. feedback
Proposal Thesis Statement Steps in summarizing
The internet has improved the 1. Read the text carefully to identify
lives of many-Although many will its main idea
agree with the statement, the 2. Reread carefully and make an
question "How has the internet outline or notes of the text you
improved people's lives?" should read
be contained in the statement 3. Write the thesis statement of the
is a document that outlines the text
thesis topic, defines the issues 4. Identify the text major division,
that the thesis will address, and section or chunks. Each division
explains why the topic warrants develop one of stages needed to
further research. make the whole main point.
Improved thesis statement 5. Try summarizing in one to two
The internet serves a means of sentences
connecting people around the 6. Combine the summarize of each
world, fostering new friendships section you created into a
and strengthening relationships coherent whole, creating a
and an exchange of ideas that condensed version of the text's
wouldn't have occurred prior to its main idea.
beginning
SUMMARY CRITICAL APPROACHES
Is a short restatement of the main
idea of a text Are different perspective we
It is third of the original tex of your consider when looking at a piece
paper of literature.
They seek to give us answer to Ex. Food, event, movie, literary
these question, aiding us in text
interpreting literature. It is a paper that serves as a guide
to the readers or viewers with
TYPES OF CRITICAL APPROACH some initial information before
making any related decisions
Reader-Response Criticism about a certain topic thing of
affirms that the meaning of texts issue.
depends on how a reader reacts If you are to write a critique or
to it. review one must be credible.
Formalistic Criticism assert that
the meaning of text depends on HOW TO WRITE A CRITIQUE
the form. REVIEW
Psychological Criticism is based
on Sigmund Freud's 1. Think of an interesting title. This
Psychoanalytic approach. It should be interesting enough to
asserts that any text is a reflection catch the attention of your
of it's author's mind and readers.
personality 2. On the first paragraph, provide a
Sociological Criticism claims sufficient background discussion
that the social environment must of what you are to review. Only
be considered in analyzing and three to five sentences on this part
interpreting a text. will do.
Marxist Criticism focuses on the 3. The second paragraph serves as
economic and political elements of the crucial point in your text. This
art, often emphasizing the will serve as the transition period
ideological content of literature, it from the background of what you
is based on the political theory of are to review leading to your (as
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. the writer) general Impression.
Feminist Criticism is concerned
with the role, position, and 4. The third paragraph indicates the
influence of women in a literary start of the Critique or review
text. proper. At this point, all the
Biographical Criticism contends concrete and specific details will
that to better understand any text, serve as Support to the general
the author's life and background impression you gave on the
must be considered. second paragraph
New Historicist Criticism claims 5. As a writer, you may want to
that every literary text is a product include a recommendation for the
of its time and its world. aspects which you find the need
for attention and improvement.
CRITIQUE / REVIEW 6. Lastly, you may also consider
giving rating to what you have
Is a text that expresses judgement reviewed.
on anything that can be produced.
LOGICAL FALLACIES
PLAGIARISM
1. DICTO SIMPLICITER
argument based on unqualified It is defined as the copying
generalization verbatim of language and ideas of
Universal regardless of other writers and taking credits for
circumstances them.
General rule or observation
Generalization as a whole TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
2. HASTY GENERALIZATION Plagiarism of ideas
Conclusion is supported by It occurs when credit for a work is
insufficient evidence ascribed to oneself untruthfully
Someone draws a conclusion
Stereotypes about people Plagiarism of language
Based on too small sample It happens when an author uses
the language of another writer and
3. POST HOC claims it as his or her own.
Believes in myth
Without any scientific basis TYPES OF PLAGIARISM OF
Event B happens because of LANGUAGE
event A
Word for word plagiarism - when the
4. CONTRADICTORY PREMISES writer simply cites the author but
Premise that contradict to each copies the whole text verbatim
other Patchwork Plagiarism - when ideas
One premise denies each other from the sources are mixed with
interpretations of other writer.
5. AD MISERICORDIAM
Argument from pity HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
Argument for sympathy 1. Cite your source
2. Include quotations
6. FALSE ANALOGY 3. Paraphrase
Comparing two different 4. Present your own ideas
situations/things that are not the 5. Use a plagiarism checker
same CITATIONS
7. HYPOTHESIS CONTRARY TO A citations is a reference to the
FACT source of informations used in
Starts with a hypothesis that is not your research.
true then draw conclusion from it.
No evidence or support TYPES OF CITATIONS
Author oriented citation
8. POISONING THE WELL It starts with the surname of the
Attacking the opponent author, followed by the year of the
Discrediting someone's reputation publication.
Text oriented citation
It starts with a paragraph or original intentions of the author
sentence from a source and is are not changed.
followed with the surname of the
author.
Another way of citations
Starts with sentence or paragraph
by using the phrase. "According
to", "Stated that" etc.
PARAPHRASING
It is a restatement in your own
words of the main idea and
supporting details of the text.
Paragraph may match the length
of the original work
TYPES OR WAYS OF
PARAPHRASING
Literal Paraphrasing
This types only replaces
vocabulary terms from the original
work.
Structural Paraphrasing
This type change the sentence
structure as well as the word class
of key words of the original text.
Alternative Paraphrasing
This type the writer first poses
questions about the text such as
what the text is about. Then the
writer answers and discuss using
his/her own words.
STEPS IN CRAFTING
PARAPHRASING
1. Read the text thoroughly noting
both the main ideas and
supporting details.
2. State the major and minor
points in your own words. Making
sure that the relationship between
and among these are observed.
3. Compare your work with the
original to make sure that the
