Circuit Theorem
Part 1: Superposition and Source Transformation
Arwindra Rizqiawan
School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Course Schedule
Week Course
1 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Laws
3 Method of Analysis - Nodal
4 Method of Analysis - Mesh Quiz 1
5 Circuit Theorems Test 1
6 Circuit Theorems
7 Operational Amplifiers
8 Operational Amplifiers Quiz 2
9 Capacitors and Inductors
10 First Order Circuits Test 2
11 First Order Circuits
12 Second Order Circuits Quiz 3
13 Second Order Circuits
14 Sinusoid and Phasor
15 Sinusoid and Phasor Test 3
1
Table of contents
1. Linearity
2. Superposition
3. Source Transformation
2
Linearity
Linearity Property
Linearity
The property of an element
describing linear relationship
between cause and effect. 1. Homogeneity property
Suppose that
a1 y1 = f (a1 x1 )
y = f (x) a2 y2 = f (a2 x2 )
y1 = f (x1 )
2. Additivity property
y2 = f (x2 )
a1 y1 + a2 y2 = f (a1 x1 + a2 x2 )
The function f (x) is linear if it has
1. Homogeneity (scaling) property
2. Additivity property
3
Linearity of Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
The voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current f (i) = v = iR
i flowing through the resistor.
f (i1 ) = v1 = i1 R
f (i2 ) = v2 = i2 R
f (a1 i1 + a2 i2 ) = (a1 i1 + a2 i2 )R
= a1 (i1 R) + a2 (i2 )R
= a1 v1 + a2 v2
4
Linearity of Resistor’s Power
f (a1 i1 + a2 i2 ) = (a1 i1 + a2 i2 )2 R
= a12 i12 R + a22 i22 R + 2a1 a2 i1 i2 R
p = f (i)
6= a1 p1 + a2 p2
p = i 2R
Quadratic
p1 = i12 R Since the power of resistor is a
p2 = i22 R quadratic function rather than
linear, therefore linearity property
is not applicable.
5
Example 1
Express vo as a function of Vs , then
solve for Vs = 10V and Vs = 20V
6
Example 1
In node A
Vs − VA VA VA
= +
2k 4k 4k
Vs VA 2VA
− =
Express vo as a function of Vs , then 2k 2k 4k
solve for Vs = 10V and Vs = 20V Vs = 2VA
Since vo = VA − 0 then
Vs = 2vo
For Vs1 = 10V and Vs2 = 20V
vo1 = 5V
vo2 = 10V
6
Example 1
7
Example 2
Express vo as a function of is , then
solve for is = 15A and is = 30A
8
Example 2
In mesh 1 i1 = is
Express vo as a function of is , then
In mesh 2
solve for is = 15A and is = 30A
2(i2 − i1 ) + 10i2 = 0
12i2 − 2i1 = 0
6i2 = i1 = is
Therefore
vo = 4i2
4
= is
6
For is1 = 15A ⇒ vo1 = 10V
For is2 = 30A ⇒ vo2 = 20V
8
Example 2
9
Example 3
Express vo as a function of Vs and
Is
10
Example 3
In mesh 2 i2 = −Is
Express vo as a function of Vs and
In mesh 1
Is
4ki1 − 2ki2 = Vs
4ki1 + 2kIs = Vs
Vs − 2kIs
i1 =
4k
Therefore
vo = 2k(i1 − i2 )
= 2k(i1 + Is )
1
vo = Vs + 1kIs
2
10
Example 3
If Is = 0A
1
Express vo as a function of Vs and Is voVs = Vs
2
If Vs = 0V
voIs = 1kIs
Therefore
vo = voVs + voIs
1
vo = Vs + 1kIs 1
2 vo = Vs + 1kI
2 |{z}s
Contribution of Is
|{z}
Contribution of Vs
11
Superposition
Superposition
Superposition
The voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the
voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each
1
independent source acting alone. vo = Vs + 1kI
2 |{z}s
Contribution of Is
|{z}
Contribution of Vs
12
Superposition
Steps
1. Only one independent source is allowed to be active in the circuit,
the rest are deactivated (turned off).
• To deactivate a voltage source, replace it with a short circuit.
• To deactivate a current source, replace it with an open circuit.
2. The response obtained by applying each source then added
algebraically to obtain a solution.
13
Example 4
Find the current i using superposition principle.
14
Example 4
Deactivate voltage source
Deactivate current source
1
i1 = 6V 3Ω
6Ω + 3Ω i2 = 2A
2 3Ω + 6Ω
i1 = A 2
3 i2 = A
3
4
i = i1 + i2 = A
3
15
Example 4
16
Example 5
Find io by using superposition principle.
17
Example 5
For io1
12V
io1 =
2kΩ + 2kΩ
io1 = 3mA
18
Example 5
For io2
−4kio2 = 6
6
io2 = −
4k
io2 = −1.5mA
19
Example 5
For io3
2kΩ
io3 = 2mA
2kΩ + 2kΩ
io3 = 1mA
Therefore
io = io1 + io2 + io3
io = 3mA − 1.5mA + 1mA
io = 2.5mA
20
Example 5
21
Example 6
Using superposition, find i
22
Example 6
Using superposition, find i
(2 + 3)i1 + 3i1 = 24
24
i1 = = 3A
8
22
Example 6
v1
Where −i2 = 3 ⇒ v1 = −3i2
Using superposition, find i −3i − 3i2
i2 + 7 =
2
7
i2 = − A
4
v1 − 3i2
i2 + 7 =
2
23
Example 6
v1
Where −i2 = 3 ⇒ v1 = −3i2
Using superposition, find i −3i − 3i2
i2 + 7 =
2
7
i2 = − A
4
Therefore
i = i1 + i2
7
i =3−
4
v1 − 3i2
i2 + 7 = 5
2 i= A
4
23
Example 6
24
Source Transformation
Source Transformation
Source Transformation
The process of replacing a voltage
source Vs in series with a resistor
R by a current source Is in parallel
with a resistor R, or vice versa.
Vs = Is R
Vs
Is =
R
25
Source Transformation
Vs = Is R
Is = VRs
26
Source Transformation
General considerations
1. Also works for dependent source
2. The arrow of the current source
is directed toward the positive
terminal of the voltage source
3. Is not possible when R = 0
27
Example 7
Use source transformation to find vo
28
Example 7
29
Example 7
Current division for i
2Ω
i= 2A
2Ω + 8Ω
i = 0.4A
Solve for vo
vo = 8i = 8(0.4)
vo = 3.2V
29
Example 7
30
