Sydney Landscape Code

Volume 2: All Development Except for Single Dwellings

The Landscape Code is a policy adopted by Council
on 21st November 2016 to guide the assessment of
development applications which include landscaping.

Version Amendment

21 November 2016 Adopted

City of Sydney Council

Town Hall House
456 Kent Street
PO Box 1591 Sydney NSW 2001
www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au
 Sydney Landscape Code |

Table of Contents
A INTRODUCTION 7
A1 Purpose 9
Scope 9
Who should use the Code? 9
A2 How to use the Code 10
Types of Land Use 10
Document Structure 10
Reading the Code 11
A3 Relationship of the Code to other plans and policies 12
A4 Greening Sydney 13
What is the Greening Sydney Plan and why is it important? 13
Greening Sydney on private land 14
Urban canopy 14
Urban ecology 14
A5 Landscape design principles 15
A6 DA checklist of required information 16

B LANDSCAPE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 19

B1 Landscape Design Requirements 23
B2 The city scale 24
Sustainability 24
Urban canopy 25
Urban ecology 26
B3 Site scale 27
Water management 27
Site planning and circulation 28
Deep soil 29
Landscapes on structure 30
Setbacks 31
Accessibility 32
B4 Detail scale 33
Amenity Items 33
Planting 34
Soil depth, volume and quality 36
Green roofs and walls 38
Development entries 39
Vehicle access 39
Materials and finishes 40
Maintenance 41
Lighting 42
Irrigation 43
Basement ventilation 43
Bin storage 43
Services 43

City of Sydney 3
 Sydney Landscape Code |

C MULTI-UNIT RESIDENTIAL AND MIXED USE 45

C1 Primary Guidance: Multi-Unit Residential and Mixed Use Developments 49
C2 Site planning 50
Site planning, design and circulation 50
C3 Landscape spaces 52
Communal open space 52
Private open space 53
Private open space fronting the street 54
Interface between private and communal spaces 56
Through-site links 57

D COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL 59

D1 Primary Guidance: Commercial and Industrial Developments 63
D2 Site planning 64
Site planning, design and circulation 64
D3 Landscape spaces 66
Private open space 66
Surface car parks 67

E GLOSSARY 69

F REFERENCES 75

City of Sydney 5
 PART A
Introduction
PART A

City of Sydney
Image 1: Trio, Sydney
 PART A
| Introduction

Introduction
A1 PURPOSE
The City of Sydney Landscape Code (the code) guides the creation of high quality, sustainable
landscape spaces within private developments. Volume 2 of the code applies to all development except
for single dwellings. Volume 1 of the code applies to single dwellings.
The Landscape Code provides practical advice and guidelines to assist land owners to contribute to the
greening of the City of Sydney (the City). It specifies council guidelines for the preparation of landscape
plans required for Development Application submissions. The code explains how your development
can:
• create and enhance usable private landscape spaces
• establish a good relationship between the private domain and built form
• contribute to the character and amenity of the local area, streetscape
and broader neighbourhood
• establish landscapes that are accessible and usable for all
• contribute to habitat provision
• support the City’s urban tree canopy targets
• reduce the urban heat island effect
• manage storm water and reduce water usage.

SCOPE
The code applies to all new developments, alterations and additions on private land within the City of
Sydney Local Government Area (LGA) unless noted otherwise.
The City recognises that, as the code applies to landscape areas within private land, each landowner
will have their own functional objectives and aesthetic style. As such, the principles outlined in this
document are not prescriptive, instead the code outlines considerations that will help make your
development more environmentally and aesthetically pleasing and functional.

WHO SHOULD USE THE CODE?

The code should be used by private landowners, developers, architects, landscape architects and
other designers who are undertaking development. The City of Sydney council officers will use this
document as a reference when assessing development applications.

City of Sydney 9
 | Introduction

A2 HOW TO USE THE CODE

Volume 2 of the code applies to all development except for single dwellings. Please note that the use
types outlined below correlate with the Sydney Development Control Plan 2012 (SDCP), which you
must refer to for further requirements when preparing your DA.
Where a development application is for a house like development (e.g. town house) then reference
should also be made to Volume 1 of the code. Types of development not listed in parts C or D should
reference all parts of this code that may have relevance to the proposed type of land use.
Ensure that you have responded to all issues discussed in this document to help council officers assess
your development application. By addressing the principles and guidance outlined in this document
you will assist council officers in reviewing your development application. This will make the process
faster.

TYPES OF LAND USE

Residential Flat and Mixed Use Development
Residential flat and mixed use developments combine residential uses and other uses within the same
development. Other uses may include commercial, retail, employment or entertainment uses.
Commercial and Industrial Development
Commercial and industrial developments include bulky goods retail, display centers, commercial
offices, warehouses, factories and industrial units.

DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
This code is structured as follows:
Part A provides general information for use of the code.
Part B outlines design guidance to be applied to all development types. It explains the common
elements, types and spaces that should be considered for all developments and is described at three
scales: the city scale, the site scale and the detail scale. Each element cross references the primary
guidance shown in Part B1 as well as providing detailed considerations.
Parts C and D address additional design guidance in terms of:
1. Site Planning: the overall organisation of the landscape spaces. This includes understanding
the site-wide constraints, the location of different landscape uses and the way people move
through them.
2. Landscape Spaces: the separate types of landscape areas within a development. Each space
must be designed and considered as part of the overall site. Landscape design requirements
and site planning considerations should be applied to each landscape space.
Part C applies to residential flat and mixed-use developments.
Part D applies to commercial and industrial developments.

10 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 PART A
| Introduction

READING THE CODE

STEP 1
Read Part A and understand how the code can help guide the design of
landscape spaces

STEP 2
Determine development type using the description in Part A

STEP 3
Read Part B and understand the primary landscape requirements that must be
addressed for all development applications

STEP 4
Use the relevant guidelines in Part C and/or D to inform the landscape design of
your development

STEP 5
Review all checklists - including the general DA checklist found in Part A6 that
apply to your development prior to submission of your DA to Council.

Figure 1: Flow chart explaining how to read the code

City of Sydney 11
 | Introduction

A3 RELATIONSHIP OF THE CODE TO OTHER PLANS AND POLICIES

The City of Sydney Landscape Code is to be read in conjunction with the City of Sydney’s other
documents, policies, controls and guidelines. The relevance of each document to this code is explained
below:
The Sustainable Sydney 2030 Plan is the City’s comprehensive strategic plan and was generated as a
response to the community’s ideas for creating a better Sydney. It sets the directions for all of the City’s
policies, controls and guidelines.
All development on private land must observe and comply with the Sydney Local Environmental Plan
2012 (SLEP) and Sydney Development Control Plan 2012 (SDCP). The SLEP is a legal document
prepared by Council and approved by the State Government to regulate land use and development
within the LGA. The SDCP is a document that supports the SLEP with more detailed planning and
design guidelines.
To complement these documents, additional guidelines have been prepared by The City to assist with
the design of new developments as well as alterations and additions on private land. These include:
• The Sydney Landscape Code (2016)
• Green Roofs and Walls Policy (2012)
In addition, the City has prepared a suite of design codes, guidelines and specifications to inform
development of the public domain. Consulting these documents will help designers and applicants
understand the context of their site and requirements for any works proposed within the public domain

SUSTAINABLE SYDNEY 2030

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

GREENING SYDNEY PLAN

PUBLIC LAND LGA - WIDE PRIVATE LAND

Sydney Streets Design Urban Forest Strategy The Sydney Landscape

Code Code (2016)
Street Tree Master Plan Urban Ecology Strategy Green Roofs and Walls
Policy (2012)
Lights code SLEP/SDCP SLEP/SDCP

Signage code

Parks code

Liveable Green Network

BUILDING CODE OF AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS, SEPP 65

Figure 3: Relationship of the code to other plans and policies

12 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 PART A
| Introduction

SUSTAINABLE SYDNEY 2030

The private domain has the ability to contribute to the City of Sydney’s 2030 vision for Sydney as a green,
global and connected city. Sustainable Sydney 2030 sets out 10 key targets, 5 big moves and 10 strategic
directions. The following apply specifically to the design of landscape in the private domain.
TARGETS: BIG MOVES:
TARGET 3: at least 138,000 dwellings, 48,000 Number 3: a liveable Green Network
additional dwellings in the City for increased Number 5: transformative development and
diversity of household types sustainable renewal
TARGET 4: 7.5% of all City housing will be
STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS:
social housing, and 7.5% will be affordable
housing Direction 9: sustainable development renewal
and design
TARGET 7: at least 10% of City trips will
be made by bicycle and 50% by pedestrian Objective 9.2: encourage the provision
movement of additional open space as part of new
developments
TARGET 8: every resident will be within a 10
minute (800m) walk to a main street
TARGET 9: every resident within a three minute
walk (250m) of continuous green links

A4 GREENING SYDNEY

WHAT IS THE GREENING SYDNEY PLAN, AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

The Greening Sydney Plan is a strategic document written to support the targets established by
Sustainable Sydney 2030. It coordinates the projects and programs that focus on increasing tree
canopy, landscape amenity and native habitat creation within the City. Urban greening ensures that our
city remains livable and healthy despite growing population pressures. It provides habitat for plants and
wildlife that are under increasing pressure from urban developments and encourages transformation of
potentially under-utilised space (such as roofs, walls and city streets) into green, vibrant and beautiful
parts of the city.
The Greening Sydney Plan is the City’s commitment to:
• greener streets
• more parks and open space
• greening new developments and private land
• creating green links and urban wildlife corridors
• empowering the community to take green initiatives.
Green elements are some of the City’s most important assets on both public and private land. There are
significant benefits of having access to healthy, complex and biodiverse urban environments. Integrating
greenery into the urban fabric improves air quality, cleans water, controls storm water runoff, maintains
healthy soil, supports a healthy urban climate and minimises urban heat island effect. Research also
shows that biodiversity contributes significantly to human health and well-being, and also to economic
prosperity.

City of Sydney 13
 | Introduction

GREENING SYDNEY ON PRIVATE LAND

Privately owned land makes up 62% of the City’s LGA, but only contributes 42% of the City’s urban
canopy. Significant improvements to both urban canopy and the greening of the City can be achieved
through the provision of trees in green space in new developments and through maintaining established
landscape features. This can include tree planting, deep soil landscape, green roofs and green walls.
The code has been developed to support the Greening Sydney Plan: establishing minimum guidelines
and standards for the provision of open space, planting and urban canopy in new development and
maintaining these elements on existing private land.

URBAN CANOPY
Trees are recognised as one of the City’s most important assets and as a result the City has developed
the Urban Forest Strategy. The urban forest refers to all the trees and other large vegetation found in
gardens, parks and along our streets. The City’s Urban Forest Strategy outlines how important trees are
in making the City an attractive, sustainable and resilient city. It recognises that trees play a vital role in
the environmental, social and economic sustainability of our city.
Urban forests will become increasingly valuable in the face of climate change. Maintaining and
supplementing existing vegetation can help mitigate climate change. Trees absorb carbon dioxide,
release oxygen and help cool the City.
These environmental, social and economic benefits underpin the City’s requirement to increase canopy
cover.
The City has analysed the amount of canopy cover required for our area. Targets have been set to
increase the average total canopy cover by 50% by 2030 and 75% by 2050. This will mean the canopy
cover percentages would increase from the current 15.5% coverage to 23% in 2030 and 27% in 2050.
The City is planting trees in streets and parks, however as private property occupies the most land
within the City, it is vital that tree planting is undertaken within private property as well.

URBAN ECOLOGY
Urban ecology recognises the City as a habitat for people, vegetation and wildlife. The City encourages
the creation of habitat to ensure the survival of indigenous plants, locally native flora and fauna species
such as small birds, lizards, small mammals, frogs and insects. By designing landscapes that protect
and enhance the ecological value of a site, your development can contribute to the City’s Urban Ecology
Strategic Plan.
Ecology on private land
Healthy ecosystems do not exist in isolation, but contribute and respond to the conditions of surrounding
environments. The amount and quality of vegetation on private land has a significant impact on the
overall urban environment, and as a result needs to contribute positively. The inclusion of diverse,
locally indigenous plants and appropriate habitat planting is critical and can be done at all scales of
development from large commercial courtyards to landscape setbacks, private gardens and balconies.
Even the smallest pockets of vegetation can contribute to the overall system, and play a role in attracting
wildlife and creating habitats.
Ecology Targets / Urban Ecology Strategy
The City aims to increase the overall quality and quantity of vegetation and habitats, with a focus on
facilitating priority species as nominated in the Urban Ecology Strategic Action Plan. A network of
biodiversity linkages has been identified and private developments can contribute positively to these.

14 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 PART A
| Introduction

A5 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLE 3:

PRINCIPLES Create beautiful and comfortable places for
people
• Consider the landscape in the initial site
The following principles outline an ethical planning and feasibility phase of the design
decision-making framework for landscape process to ensure integration with the
design. The principles support the Sustainable proposed development.
Sydney 2030 objectives and they direct the
• Ensure all landscape spaces provide high
design of landscape interventions aimed
levels of amenity.
towards more sustainable and holistic
outcomes. • Ensure the landscape design has a strong,
unifying concept while being engaging and
functional.
PRINCIPLE 1: • Utilise tree planting to provide amenity and
Promote responsive landscape interest within landscape spaces.
environments
• Select high quality, robust materials that
• Protect and incorporate existing natural respond to the specific conditions of the
features such as mature trees, rock site.
formations and significant vegetation.
• Retain and incorporate cultural features
such as heritage items, built structures, PRINCIPLE 4:
gardens and artwork. Contribute to and enhance the natural
• Include plant species that respond to the environment and urban ecology
scale of development and the site’s context. • Include generous areas of deep soil and
• Respond to the public domain in a other planting. All planting should positively
complementary manner. respond to the scale of development and
the site’s context.
• Increase the amount of tree planting and
PRINCIPLE 2: canopy cover on the site to support the
Promote sustainability City’s urban forest targets.
• Increase the amount of tree planting and • Contribute to urban ecology and regional
canopy cover on the site. biodiversity through use of endemic or
• Utilise indigenous plant species where native plant species.
possible and appropriate. • Mitigate the urban heat island effect through
• Utilise robust and durable materials from thoughtful selection of materials.
sustainable sources.
• Consider material selections to assist in PRINCIPLE 5:
mitigating urban heat island effect.
Promote and improve water quality
• Provide connected landscape linkages to
promote and contribute to biodiversity. • Maximise permeable surfaces, storm
water harvesting and detention storage
• Capture, store and recycle storm water for opportunities to ensure clean storm water
re-use. discharge from the site.
• Include deep soil and other soft planting
areas to increase surface permeability
of the site and improve infiltration into the
water table.
• Utilise Water Sensitive Urban Design
(WSUD) initiatives to assist in water
cleansing, storage and treatment prior to
discharge from or reuse on site.

City of Sydney 15
 | Introduction

A6 DA CHECKLIST OF REQUIRED INFORMATION

The following information is required when submitting a development application that includes
landscape works. The code provides guidance for how to address each of these items.

1. Site Survey

2. Landscape Design Statement to be included in the Statement of Environmental Effects

Document how the proposed scheme addresses each of the relevant landscape principles,
general landscape guidance and specific guidelines for the development type including
checklists.

3. Landscape Strategy Diagrams

a. opportunities and constraints including landscape features

b. access and movement
c. views
d. ecological connections (existing vegetation, habitat and canopy)
e. character and identity.

4. Landscape Plan

a. boundary treatments including integration with the public domain

b. trees (existing - show tree protection zone (TPZ) and structural root zone (SRZ), proposed
and to be removed)
c. levels including boundary/building/private/public/commercial interface conditions, contours
(existing and proposed), location of on-site detention (if above ground), the top of walls etc
d. areas of deep soil and extent of basement, other soil areas, depths and types
e. structures (existing and proposed)
f. materials including furniture, fences, walls and paving
g. massing and arrangement of plants and trees, including species list and densities
h. any works on or affecting adjacent land including land to be dedicated to public domain
(reference the Street Design Code)
i. existing and proposed electrical substations, underground services and utilities.

5. Landscape Sections

a. a minimum of two site sections at 1:100 or 1:200 to illustrate the relationship between
proposed landscape elements and the buildings, podium, site extents and adjacent
development
b. detail sections at 1:20 or 1:50 of all types of complex interfaces, e.g. street frontages, edges
to roof terraces and interfaces to private open spaces.

16 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 PART A
| Introduction

6. Maintenance and Management Plan

for the full life of the landscape, including green roofs and walls, covering:
a. desired heights for plants requiring pruning (e.g. hedges)
b. tree works/maintenance (e.g. pruning)
c. irrigation, mulch, fertiliser
d. procedure for plant failure, covering species replacement and removal, particularly in
locations where access is difficult, such as roof gardens and enclosed courtyards
e. removal of green waste including large limbs from trees.

7. Arborist report for development affecting significant trees (if applicable)

a. An Arboricultural Impact Assessment will be required at the development application stage.

It is to be prepared by a qualified arborist (AQF Level 5) in accordance with the Australian
Standard for the Protection of Trees on Development Sites (AS4970).
b. A Tree Protection Plan may also be requested at the development application stage, or
following consent, it may be required prior to the release of the Construction Certificate.

8. Green Roofs and Walls (if applicable)

a. a cross-section of green roofs showing details of all the components such as drainage,
irrigation, waterproofing and overflow design, accessibility, balustrading, earthworks, soil
depths and mulch. Sections must show the proposed structure.
b. evidence the green roof or wall has been assessed as part of the structural certification
provided for the building
c. evidence the green roof or green wall has been assessed as part of the waterproofing
certification provided for the development.

City of Sydney 17
 PART B
Landscape
Design
Requirements
PART B

City of Sydney
Image 2: One Central Park, Chippendale
 | Landscape Design Requirements

Landscape Design

PART B
Requirements
This section outlines the specific design guidance for typical elements found within landscape spaces at three
scales of development, the city scale, the site scale and the detail scale.

Each element cross references the primary guidance shown in Part B1 as well as providing other detailed
considerations.

The issues discussed here are common to most types of developments, however not all issues will be relevant
to your project. This section may provide some useful ideas for making your development a comfortable,
convenient and visually pleasing place.

City of Sydney 21
Image 3: City Quarter, Camperdown
 | Landscape Design Requirements

B1 PRIMARY GUIDANCE: LANDSCAPE DESIGN

PART B
This checklist is the specific design guidance to be addressed in the Statement of Environmental Effects
for all developments including landscape works (excluding single dwellings).

Refer to Part A6 for the DA Checklist for all developments. Refer to Volume 1 of the code for
Single Dwelling Landscape Design Guidance.

Document how your design has achieved the following:

1. The City Scale

a. Sustainability: address how your development is sustainable and has implemented initiatives
that support the City of Sydney’s Sustainable Sydney 2030 Vision (the vision).
b. Urban canopy: address how your development meets the 15% canopy cover requirement and
has located trees in appropriate locations.
c. Urban ecology: address the importance of vegetation for preserving, improving and creating
habitat in urban areas.

2. Site Scale:

a. Water management: treat storm water on site. Consider what system is appropriate for your
development and how it will meet the City’s water management targets.
b. Site planning and circulation: incorporate a variety of usable landscape spaces and provide a
legible, safe circulation network for occupants.
c. Deep Soil: provide appropriately sized and located deep soil areas that comply with SDCP
requirements.
d. Landscapes on structure: demonstrate that your proposal has incorporated set downs and
structural provisions to support planting.
e. Setbacks: treat setbacks to create an attractive visual outlook and improve the environmental
viability of your development.
f. Accessibility: design your landscape to be accessible to people of all abilities.

3. Detail Scale:

a. Amenity Items: provide adequate and appropriate amenity items in all landscape spaces.
b. Planting: use plant species that are suited to your site conditions and the scale of your
development.
c. Soil Depth, Volume and Quality: use soil that is fit for purpose and complies with minimum
depth and volume requirements.
d. Green Roofs and Walls: specify a green roof or wall system that is appropriate for your
development, that uses appropriate plant species and can be maintained.
e. Development Entries: reinforce the visual hierarchy and clarity of all entry points to your
development including to private and communal courtyards, lobbies, and vehicular entries.
f. Vehicle Access: demonstrate that landscape has been used to promote pedestrian safety and
minimise visual dominance of vehicle access ways within your development.
g. Materials and Finishes: use appropriate materials for each site situation that meet the
requirements of use, aesthetics, privacy, safety, maintenance and sustainability.
h. Maintenance: provide a maintenance strategy that complements the design.
i. Lighting: incorporate an efficient, appropriate and environmentally conscious lighting strategy.
j. Irrigation: incorporate an efficient and environmentally friendly irrigation strategy.
City of Sydney 23
 | Landscape Design Requirements

B2 THE CITY SCALE

SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability ensures that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.

Sustainable Sydney 2030 is the vision for making the City more sustainable, liveable, accessible, inclusive and
economically sound.

Landscape plays an important role in achieving and promoting a sustainable city.

PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your development is sustainable and has implemented initiatives that support the City’s
Sustainable Sydney 2030 vision.

Methods for achieving sustainable targets of the vision include:

Improve and promote biodiversity:

• Increase canopy cover within your development.
• Use native species.
• Consider green roofs for additional habitat opportunities.
• Retain mature trees on site.
• Connect to habitat linkages.
Improve water quality:
• Integrate Water Sensitive Urban Design within the landscape.
• Maximise water storage for reuse.
• Use green roofs and walls as methods for collecting, storing and cleaning storm water.
Reduce water and energy use of a development:
• Maximise the use of recycled water.
• Use low water use plant species.
• Use green roofs and green walls to help improve the efficiency of buildings by regulating temperatures
and reducing reliance on heating and cooling.
Promote the use of sustainable materials:
• Consider the provenance, manufacturing process, life span and durability of all materials.
• Consider the use of recycled materials where relevant.
• Minimise hard, impermeable surfaces.
Promote social interaction:
• Create a variety of spaces to encourage exchanges
between user groups, spaces such as BBQ areas and
communal vegetable gardens can encourage social
interaction.
Promote the use of sustainable transport:
DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
• Provide safe access for pedestrians and cyclists.
Greening Sydney Plan 2012
• Provide ample, safe and convenient bike parking.
City of Sydney Urban Forest Strategy 2013
• Provide direct cross site connections for pedestrians
City of Sydney Urban Ecology Strategic
through your development where appropriate. Action Plan 2014
City of Sydney Decentralised Water Master
Plan 2012-2030

24 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

URBAN CANOPY

PART B
Urban canopy refers to all trees located throughout the local government area (LGA). Trees play a vital role in
the health, social well-being and economic sustainability of the city and can positively affect the quality of life of
people in urban areas.

In developing a comprehensive Urban Forest Strategy, the City has set targets to improve the quality and quantity
of the City’s urban canopy. These targets are outlined in Part A4

The Sydney Development Control Plan 2012 (SDCP) objective is to ensure that tree canopy cover is considered
and provided in all developments. The SDCP lists specific requirements for the minimum amount of canopy cover
to be provided on private land, along with criteria for species selection, soils and other considerations.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has met the SDCP required 15% canopy cover percentage and has located trees
in appropriate locations.

Methods for improving the urban canopy include:

• retention of existing sound, healthy trees with adequate deep soil for healthy and safe growth
• selection of appropriate tree species, considering their mature size, whether they are deciduous or
evergreen etc
• understanding of the type and volume of soil you have available, and what the tree will require for health
and safe growth
• location of trees to achieve the greatest benefits (i.e. to provide shade, screening etc)
• location of trees with consideration to services and infrastructure.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
City of Sydney Urban Forest Strategy 2013
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012
AS4970-2009 Protection of trees on development sites

City of Sydney 25
 | Landscape Design Requirements

URBAN ECOLOGY

Urban Ecology (biodiversity) refers to living things that inhabit urban areas and the ecosystems they form. The
aesthetic, cultural and economic values of biodiversity can positively affect quality of life for people in urban areas
by providing a connection to and sense of stewardship of nature and the environment

The City aims to promote existing ecosystems, enhance existing biodiversity values and improve community
awareness to create a liveable city.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has considered the importance of providing vegetation for preserving, improving
and creating habitat in urban areas.

Methods for conserving, improving and creating urban ecology include:

Vegetation
• retaining existing healthy understorey and groundcover vegetation
• selecting appropriate locally indigenous species where possible
• creating densely planted understorey vegetation
• incorporating appropriate understorey plant species that will provide shelter, food, or nesting sites for
priority species. Consider rotational year round flowering and fruiting with the plants that you select, and
consider the creation of areas of sanctuary where vegetation is unlikely to be disturbed
• incorporating densely planted vegetation at a variety of heights. This is vital for recreating necessary
habitat for wildlife, and enabling the shelter and movement of animals along the ground and between
trees and shrubs
• retaining and protecting existing vegetation on site until similar replacement vegetation has established.
Habitat
• retaining existing habitat features e.g. water bodies, rockeries
• connecting to existing biodiversity linkages, and adjacent ecosystems
• ensuring vegetation removal and establishment is undertaken when required to enable habitat provision
• providing components to compensate for the lack of natural occurring nests, such as clean water, logs,
rock piles or walls, leaf litter and mulched areas to form important shelter and nesting sites. These
typically include boxes for birds, bats and insects. Note that like other landscape features, nest boxes
require regular maintenance.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

Greening Sydney Plan 2012

City of Sydney Urban Forest Strategy 2013
City of Sydney Urban Ecology Strategic
Action Plan 2014

26 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

B3 SITE SCALE

PART B
WATER MANAGEMENT

Water management is the responsible treatment of on-site storm water and runoff generated by your site. It aims
to reduce water consumption, improve water quality and, in turn, reduce the impact on local water systems. The
City promotes an at source approach to water management which relies on water being treated within individual
developments.

Sustainable Sydney 2030 targets include 10% of the City’s water to be from recycled sources and a 50% reduction
in pollution being discharged into waterways.

Within landscape, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) provides the means to achieve these targets.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate how your proposal manages, stores and treats storm water on site. Consider what system type
is appropriate for your development and how it will positively contribute to meeting the City’s water management
targets.

Methods for on-site water management and reduction of water consumption include:

WSUD
• consideration of how storm water will be treated on your site and implemented as an integrated water
treatment and management strategy- water treatment systems can include one or more of the following:
grassed or landscaped swales, infiltration trenches and bio-retention systems, gross pollutant traps,
wetlands, sediment ponds, rainwater tanks for storm water harvesting, rain gardens, rooftop greening
and urban forests, porous pavements, aquifer recharge and reuse
• capturing storm water at a scale to match the demand of a site-stored rainwater can be re-used on site
and specifically within the landscape for irrigation. This can help make your development self-sufficient
and minimise your overall water consumption.
Vegetation
• integrating more vegetation into the urban areas can help slow down and filter pollutants in storm water
and protect local waterways
• using appropriate plant species to filter and treat water within the landscape
• using native, endemic and low water use species where possible
• using low water use irrigation system as appropriate.
Materials
• promoting infiltration to the water table and mitigating the urban heat island effect by increasing permeable
surfaces
• using large impermeable surfaces such as rooftops and car parks to capture rainwater.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
City of Sydney Decentralised Water Master Plan 2012-2030

City of Sydney 27
 | Landscape Design Requirements

SITE PLANNING AND CIRCULATION

Site planning refers to the placement of landscape spaces and circulation networks in relation to natural features,
existing elements, urban context, built form (existing and proposed), public domain and neighbouring properties.

By planning your site to consider the relationship of spaces, scale and circulation networks you will create well
connected, integrated and accessible landscapes for people of all abilities. Well planned landscape space can
help contribute to the overall functionality, safety and visual appearance of your development.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your development has incorporated a variety of usable landscape spaces and has provided a
legible, safe circulation network for occupants.

When planning your site you must:

• provide legible pedestrian and cycle access directly linked to building entries
• provide multiple pedestrian access points from the street especially where there are long frontages or
corner lots
• establish a clear circulation network and hierarchy to help define primary pedestrian movement paths
• minimise conflicts between various user groups such as pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles
• ensure open space is well connected to adjacent buildings, both physically and visually
• optimise solar access to landscape spaces. Ensure spaces have access to several hours of direct
sunlight during winter months
• design spaces that are appropriately scaled for the size of your development and the number of users
• consider the range of user groups likely to use your development. Ensure your landscape addresses the
functional needs of residents, workers and visitors and allows for flexible use of space for passive and
active recreation
• consider locating open space adjacent to businesses (cafés and other retail) to help provide increased
amenity for users.

28 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

DEEP SOIL

PART B
Deep soil zones are areas within a development of natural ground with no obstructions above or below and
relatively natural soil profiles. Deep soil zones help promote healthy growth of large trees, protect existing mature
trees and allow infiltration of rain water into the water table to reduce storm water runoff. Deep soil zones exclude
areas on structures, pools and non-permeable paved areas.

Where possible, deep soil zones should be consolidated, contiguous and connected to other deep soil systems.
They should be located so that large trees provide useful shade and amenity to achieve privacy between facing
units in courtyards, or to mitigate the scale of high density development.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have provided appropriately sized and located deep soil areas within your development.

Methods and considerations for the provision of deep soil zones within your development include:
• designing car parking so it does not cover the whole site, providing zones for deep soil and where
possible containing underground carparking beneath the building footprint
• providing consolidated and contiguous areas of free draining, deep soil with a minimum dimension of
3m (ADG 2015)
• locating deep soil in areas connected to existing deep soil systems such as on site boundaries or within
setbacks
• utilising permeable paving materials where paving is required in deep soil zones
• utilising deep soil areas to retain existing trees and planting new large trees to support the urban tree
canopy, biodiversity and urban wildlife linkages.

Figure 4: Description of acceptable deep soil arrangements DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

Apartment Design Guide - June 2015

Greening Sydney Plan 2012
City of Sydney Urban Forest Strategy 2013
City of Sydney Urban Ecology Strategic
Action Plan 2014
City of Sydney 29
 | Landscape Design Requirements

LANDSCAPES ON STRUCTURE

Ensure that all landscape spaces located over a structure are identified during the site planning process. These
spaces are typically located above car park or roof slabs and often have special soil, drainage and waterproofing
requirements.

Landscapes on structure offer significant opportunities to improve landscape amenity and contribute greatly
to the open space provision for your site. By considering landscapes on structure early in the design process,
adequate soil depth, drainage and waterproofing can be accommodated. This will help these landscapes feel as
verdant and generous as if they were located on natural ground.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has incorporated set downs, soil depths and structural provisions to support planting.

Methods for designing successful landscapes on structure include:

• collaborating with the architect and engineers during the site planning phase to ensure set downs and
appropriate soil depths, widths and volumes are incorporated in locations that are beneficial to landscape
spaces
• where set downs are provided, ensuring the depth is suitable for paving thickness or required soil depth
for proposed plants
• limiting the use of raised planter walls where possible to minimise visual and physical clutter within
landscapes, except where they are purposeful, such as set at 450mm high as additional informal seating
• consider providing raised platforms or mounding to achieve required soil depth
• ensuring waterproofing and adequate drainage is provided
• considering how to capture, store and harvest run off from landscapes on structure for reuse on site
• utilising lightweight soil mixes on slab- soil should be free draining, porous and suitable for selected plant
species.

Figure 5: Ways to achieve soil

depth when landscapes are
located on structure

30 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

SETBACKS

PART B
Setbacks are the distance which a building is offset from the boundary or other defined reference point. The
location of mandatory setbacks are pre-determined by the City and can be referenced in the SDCP. Where
no setback or alignment is required, the setback and alignment should generally be consistent with adjoining
buildings. Where setbacks exist, they should be utilised for both their functional and aesthetic benefits.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate how you have used the setback treatment of your development to create an attractive visual outlook
and to improve the environmental viability of your development.

Setbacks should:
• reduce the visual dominance of the building on the public domain
• respond to the character of the street, reference the City of Sydney’s Street Tree Master Plan and use
complementary plant species
• be environmentally sensitive, utilising areas for deep soil to retain significant existing trees and to provide
WSUD. This will offer opportunities to improve site biodiversity and contribute to wider environmental
systems
• be a natural extension of the public domain
• be easy to maintain
• consider and integrate signage for the development
• ensure that landscape design allows for views and natural surveillance from adjacent buildings and
minimises opportunities for concealment whilst maintaining privacy. Avoid the placement of walls and
trees adjacent to entryways that might block sight lines
• consider side and rear interfaces with neighbouring properties and their adaptability for potential future
development.

Figure 6: Setbacks can accommodate a range of uses that improve the function and beauty of the development

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

City of Sydney Street Tree Master Plan 2011
City of Sydney Decentralised Water Master
Plan 2012-2030

City of Sydney 31
 | Landscape Design Requirements

ACCESSIBILITY

Access must be provided to landscape spaces for people of all abilities. The City aims to ensure the provision
of a continuous accessible path of travel to support equitable and dignified access for everyone including older
people, people with impairments or disabilities and families with prams. A continuous path of accessible travel is a
footpath, path or accessway that is free of barriers such as steps, steep inclines, loose surfaces and obstructions
such as furniture, bins and overhanging planting.

To ensure the provision of universally accessible landscape spaces, all proposals must be designed to comply with
relevant standards and controls relating to accessibility and mobility. These include the Disability Discrimination
Act 1992 (DDA92), Building Code of Australia (BCA) and Australian Standards 1428.1 (2009) Design for Access
and Mobility.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your landscape proposal is accessible to people of all abilities.

To achieve accessible landscape spaces, consider:

• minimising the use of stairs and ramps. By integrating soft landscape the visual impact of stairs, ramps
and handrails can be minimised. Set downs in slabs can help reduce level changes within landscapes
• providing widths of paths to accommodate a range of users. Ensure paths are level, paved and free of
obstacles
• providing pedestrian paths that are clearly marked
• providing clear, legible accessways to building entries, courtyard and communal areas as well as between
buildings and courtyards
• locating planting so that it does not overhang onto the footpath creating an obstruction. This is particularly
important for people who are visually impaired as tree or shrub branches may not be detectable at
ground level by people who use a white cane
• ensuring planting selection avoids species that drop seeds, bulbs or other potential hazards on the
footpath.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Australian Standards 1428.1 (2009) Design for
Access and Mobility
Building Code of Australia
Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA92)

32 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

B4 DETAIL SCALE

PART B
AMENITY ITEMS

Amenity items are elements or features within a landscape that contribute to the physical comfort of a space. These
elements can increase the value of a landscape and make spaces more attractive, convenient and functional for
users.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has provided adequate and appropriate amenity items in all landscape spaces.

To promote the amenity of your development consider:

• integrating elements such as benches, lighting, shade etc as part of the overall landscape design.
Consider location of elements in relation to adjacent uses and environmental factors such as sun/shade
and wind
• locating seating, bins and lighting along paths and in communal landscape spaces
• arranging bbqs, tables and seating to encourage social engagement i.e. group seats at right angles
• locating bike parking along bike paths and in close proximity to the building entry (or entries)
• providing areas for public seating next to cafés etc
• incorporating public art to bring visual interest to a space
• providing shade and weather protection. Consider how natural and built elements will create a different
quality of shade
• incorporating generous areas of soft landscape, retaining sandstone outcrops and mature trees to
provide visual amenity for the development.

City of Sydney 33
 | Landscape Design Requirements

PLANTING

Planting can be used to define and separate spaces, screen and soften building façades, increase permeable
surfaces and create visual interest within landscapes. Plant selection can help meet the City’s targets for tree
canopy cover, biodiversity and sustainability.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have selected plant species suitable for your site conditions and the scale of your
development.

Considerations for planting on your site include:

Species Selection
• Identify appropriate species for site conditions. Use plants endemic to the Sydney region where possible
or suitable exotic species.
• Incorporate a range of planting types of varying scales, including trees, shrubs and ground-covers. Plants
can be layered to create a rich, diverse garden setting.
• Select trees and other plants that are appropriately scaled for your development.
• Select species to help minimise maintenance and the required watering of plants.
• Select hardy and low maintenance plant species.
Spatial Planning
• Retain existing trees and locate areas of open space around them.
• Locate trees away from buildings and boundaries. Consider the mature height and spread of the tree
when positioning it in the landscape to accommodate future desired views and solar access. Use
deciduous trees to maximise solar access for winter sun.
• Where planting is proposed, ensure sufficient soil depth, width and volume is provided. Shallow soils
cause the ground to dry out and plants to fail.

Image 4: Use planting to help define building entries and Image 5: Use a variety of plant species to help create a
landscape spaces visually interesting landscape

34 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

PART B

Figure 7: Methods for using planting in a variety of ways within a landscape

City of Sydney 35
 | Landscape Design Requirements

SOIL DEPTH, VOLUME AND QUALITY

Appropriate soil specification including depth, volume and quality will improve the viability of all planting on your
site. By carefully considering and utilising appropriate soil for each application, the success of landscape spaces
and visual quality of your development will be maximised.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that the soil proposed in your design is fit for purpose and complies with minimum depth and
volume requirements. Multi-Unit Residential developments must comply with the Apartment Design Guide.

Considerations:
• Use soil suited to the range of plant types proposed in your development.
• Nominate soil appropriate for its proposed application. For example, light weight soil may be required for
use on structure.
• Improve the quality of site soil by digging in organic matter (such as manure and / or composted green
waste). This can help aerate the soil and increase its permeability. Organic matter should be used in the
top 300mm of soil in areas of mass planting only.
• Determine required soil volumes dependent on the mature size of proposed trees. A large tree will require
a greater volume of soil than a small tree.
• Consider engaging a soil scientist to test existing soil and/or design specific soil mixes for your
development. They can assist in designing shallower soil profiles for use on structure.

Figure 8: Soil Profile detail for planting on structure Figure 9: Soil Profile detail for planting on natural ground

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

Apartment Design Guide - June 2015

36 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

PART B
HELPFUL HINT:

How much soil do plants need?

Most trees have a root plate rather than a root ball. This means that they prefer to spread their roots across
a broad, shallow area of soil rather than growing in a narrow, deep area of soil. The relationship between
the width of the root plate and the diameter of the tree trunk needs to be balanced to give the tree stability.
The volume of soil required for a tree differs depending on the type of tree, the type of soil and the amount
of water (rainfall or irrigation) that the tree receives.
The following minimum soil depths for planting on structure is outlined in the ADG. Depths have been
calculated assuming fortnightly irrigation. Any sub-surface drainage requirements are in addition to the soil
depths listed.
Mature Size Height Canopy Width Soil Volume Soil Area on Minimum
(per tree) Structure Depth
Small Trees 6-8m 4m 9m3 3.5m x 3.5m 800mm
Medium Trees 8-12m 8m 35m3 6m x 6m 1000mm
Large Trees 12-18m 16m 150m3 10m x 10m 1200mm

All volumes are subject to review against current industry best practice standards. An arborist or soil scientist
can provide specific advice about the volume of soil that planting requires in your development.

Figure 10: Minimum soil depths and volumes required for small, medium and large trees, shrubs and turf on slab.
Soil volume does not need to be rectangular. It relates to the total volume of soil that tree roots may access.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

Apartment Design Guide - June 2015

City of Sydney 37
 | Landscape Design Requirements

GREEN ROOFS AND WALLS

Green roofs and walls are an efficient way to maximise space and create amenity whilst providing measurable
environmental and social benefits.

When space becomes constrained, green roofs and walls are an efficient way to insulate the building from heat
and noise, create habitat to support urban ecology and add beauty to a building. There are a variety of green roof
and wall types that should be considered when planning your development.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal specifies a green roof or wall system that is appropriate for your site. It should
utilise appropriate plant species and incorporate ongoing maintenance systems.

Green roof and wall designs should:

• provide sufficient soil depth and soil type for the plants and system being used
• be designed to ensure safe and easy access for installation and maintenance
• minimise water consumption and investigate the potential to harvest rainwater for watering
• make adequate provision for drainage and storm water runoff
• respond to the particular sun, wind and shade conditions of the roof or wall environment.

HELPFUL HINT:

RECOMMENDED SOIL DEPTHS:

These are minimum soil depths endorsed by the City of Sydney. Deeper soils may be required for
different landscapes or types of vegetation.
Plant type Minimum soil requirements
Turf 200mm
Grass and ground covers 300 - 450mm
Shrubs 500 - 600mm
Trees 800 - 1200mm (tree size dependant)

GREEN ROOF WEIGHTS

This table provides a rough guide to the saturated weights of green roofs compared to other materials.
It is a guide only and a qualified structural engineer can assess the design and weight of your particular
green roof design.
Material Depth Approximate weight
Soil 100mm 120 Kg/m²
Soil 500mm 600 Kg/m²
Gravel 100mm 150 – 180 Kg/m²
Pavers 40-50mm 70 – 150 Kg/m²

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

City of Sydney Green Roofs and Walls Policy - 2014

City of Sydney Green Roofs and Walls Policy
implementation Plan - 2014
Apartment Design Guide - June 2015

38 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

DEVELOPMENT ENTRIES

PART B
Development entries are the public address to your site. They include entries to private and communal courtyards,
lobbies and basement car parks. Landscape can be used to define and reinforce all entry points. By utilising
wayfinding techniques, entry points can be clearly marked and identifiable.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate how landscape has defined and reinforced visual hierarchy and clarity of all entry points to your
development including to private and communal courtyards, lobbies, and vehicular entries.

Considerations for development entries include:

Wayfinding
• Where there are a range of building entry points, make sure that they provide direct, legible access from
the street and are distinguishable from one another.
• Use landscape paving and planting to help establish a hierarchy and mark building entry points.
• Use consistent markers or signage to help define entries, assist in overall site wayfinding and create a
sense of identity for the development.
Privacy and Safety
• Minimise opportunities for concealment by considering placement of walls and trees. Ensure building
entries have good site lines to and from the street.
• Manage the need for clear entry points with the need for privacy in residents’ terraces and courtyards.
Amenity
• Consider locating functional features on building entry paths. N.B. letterboxes must be in secure areas.
• Provide shade and weather protection to primary building entries.

VEHICLE ACCESS

PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that landscape has been used to promote pedestrian safety and minimise visual dominance of
vehicle access ways within your development.

Vehicle access ways are entries to service areas or car parking areas within your development. They require clear
street connections and usually access to buildings façades. Landscape can be used to define and minimise the
impact of vehicle access ways and reinforce a hierarchy of access for your development.

Vehicle access ways should:

• be separated and clearly defined from pedestrian access routes to improve pedestrian safety and comfort
• use changes in surface materials and variations in planting to assist in defining access types and provide
separation
• consider changes in surface materials or textures as traffic calming methods on access ways
• minimise length, width and number of access ways within the landscape. The visual impact of access
ways can be minimised by changing alignments and screen planning
• be integrated with the buildings façade. Utilising the architectural materials and colour palette to minimise
visibility of vehicle access ways from the street.
• use designed structures and planting to screen garbage collection, loading and servicing areas.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:

Apartment Design Guide - June 2015

Sydney Development Control Plan 2012
City of Sydney 39
 | Landscape Design Requirements

MATERIALS AND FINISHES

Materials and finishes within the landscape can greatly assist the functionality and longevity of your development.

By selecting appropriate materials you can improve the aesthetics of your site, promote a safe environment for
users and minimise the need for ongoing maintenance.

PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal uses appropriate materials for each application and meets the requirements of
use, aesthetics, privacy, safety, maintenance and sustainability.

Considerations for materials selection include:

Use
• Consider the intended use and activity of a space and ensure materials are durable and suitable for their
location (appropriately sized and structurally suitable).
• Consider the noise implication of the material selected e.g. crushed gravel may not be appropriate for a
highly trafficked footpath near a residential unit.
• In spaces adjacent to the public domain, ensure there is consistency of materials with public domain
palettes.
Colour, texture and finish
• Consider location and sunlight when choosing materials. Dark colours can contribute to an urban heat
island affect, light colours can create glare and mark easily.
• Consider different materials and colours used to emphasise circulation routes and identify a hierarchy of
spaces.
• Consider the texture of materials when designing spaces. Excessively rough or smooth surfaces may
result in trip or slip hazards.
• Ensure all materials meet relevant industry standards such as slip resistance for paved surfaces.
• Ensure material selections form a cohesive palette with landscape and built elements including buildings.
• Use variations in materials to differentiate between the public and private spaces.
• Materials that contribute to a human scale are preferred, detailing should create tactile, warm and well
scaled surfaces.
Maintenance
• Ensure products are easily obtained if replacement is required, or provide a stockpile for maintenance if
a rare, bespoke product is used.
Sustainability
• Use ethically sourced sustainable materials within the landscape design. Consider the provenance,
manufacturing process and durability of all materials.
• Consider the intended lifespan of products.

40 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

MAINTENANCE

PART B
Maintenance of landscape spaces can help retain a positive visual quality for your development.

PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have considered how the landscape will be maintained and that a maintenance strategy
has been prepared for your development.

To provide efficient and effective maintenance, ensure:

• all spaces within a development are easily and safely accessed from communal or public land
• a maintenance strategy is provided with your proposal. Ensure your landscape plan and specification
reflects and supports the proposed maintenance strategy
• materials and systems are entered into a maintenance manual for the project
• garden storage facilities are provided in communal areas. Connections to water, power and drainage are
provided
• the requirement for private residents to maintain communal landscape features or elements is reduced,
consider if some spaces should be private courtyards maintained by individuals
• plant species selection is appropriately suited to site conditions to help minimise maintenance and
required watering of plants
• the use of robust, durable and low maintenance materials.

Figure 11: Demonstration of acceptable landscape configurations to allow easy and safe maintenance

City of Sydney 41
 | Landscape Design Requirements

LIGHTING

Lighting can improve the safety of all areas within your development as well as providing visual interest to the
landscape spaces. When used well, light discourages antisocial activity, enhances natural surveillance, makes
the landscape more inviting and acts as visual outlook at night. Lighting can be used to mark entry ways, paths,
signage and landmarks within a development. A constant level of lighting should be provided, avoiding bright
spots and shadows.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has incorporated an efficient and environmentally conscious lighting strategy.

An effective lighting strategy should:

• provide a site-wide, integrated lighting approach that addresses statutory lighting requirements and lux
levels
• use a hierarchy of lighting levels and types to define spaces and usage patterns
• ensure site entries, building entries and directional signage is well lit
• ensure lighting infrastructure such as light fittings are durable, robust and have a consistent design and
appearance
• limit glare and light spill from your development into residences, private courtyards and the public domain
• use ambient light from the street and other landscape spaces to assist with lighting of your development
• utilise lighting to support Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) initiatives.

Image 6: A variety of light quality can discourage antisocial Image 7: Integrate lighting into landscape elements such as
behaviour and make the landscape more inviting stairs and access paths

42 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Landscape Design Requirements

IRRIGATION

PART B
Integrate a professionally designed irrigation system into the landscape proposal. The system must suit site
conditions and the requirements of the landscape. This will enable an efficient, verdant and successful landscape
proposal that is sustainable, optimises water use and requires minimal on-going maintenance.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has incorporated an appropriate, efficient and low water use irrigation strategy.

Methods for ensuring an efficient irrigation system include to:

• consider appropriate species selection, soil depth and soil quality to help minimise maintenance and
watering requirements
• consider whether a manual or automatic system is appropriate for your development
• consider rain sensors fitted to irrigation systems as a mechanism to reduce water use
• provide good drainage from all garden beds and irrigated areas
• use recycled water for irrigation
• amalgamate planter beds to improve efficiency of irrigation systems
• use mulch in garden beds to reduce water evaporation from soils
• consider how irrigation system will be maintained.

BASEMENT VENTILATION

Basement ventilation systems are a functional requirement for underground car parks. Vents, louvres or other
systems should be integrated within the facade of a building but away from the view of communal landscape
areas. Ensure planting is not located directly in front of mechanically ventilated basement intakes. All screening
devices should be permeable to allow ventilation and air flow.

BIN STORAGE

Waste storage areas must be integrated into the overall proposal (preferably within the building) to reduce the
negative visual impact they might have on the development and the public domain. Sufficient space and access
must be provided to all waste storage areas. Specific provisions for waste management and storage are outlined
in the City of Sydney Policy for Waste Minimisation in New Developments and the SDCP.

SERVICES

The screening or integration of site services such as fire booster valves, electrical cabinets and substations is
required to improve the presentation of your development. Ensure sufficient access is provided to all service
facilities. Specific standards and requirements of services providers must be adhered to.

City of Sydney 43
 PART C
Residential
Flat and
Mixed Use
PART C

City of Sydney
Image 8: The Village, Balgowlah
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

Residential Flat and

Mixed Use Development

PART C
Residential flat and mixed use developments combine residential uses with other uses such as commercial,
retail, employment and entertainment uses within the same site.

The range of users within a mixed use or residential flat development result in complex landscape needs. Types
of landscape spaces commonly found in residential flat and mixed use developments include communal open
space, private open space, through-site links and the interface of each of these spaces with the public domain.

Successful mixed use and residential flat landscapes respond to and enhance the dwelling’s context, the
building’s architecture and scale, the property’s unique landscape qualities and the needs of a diverse range of
residents, visitors and workers. These types of developments can create and nurture places that are energetic
and engaging places to live and work.

City of Sydney 47
Image 9: New Acton, Canberra
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

C1 PRIMARY GUIDANCE:
RESIDENTIAL FLAT AND MIXED USE DEVELOPMENTS
This checklist is the specific design guidance to be addressed in the Statement of Environmental Effects
for all residential flat and mixed use developments.

Refer to Part A6 for the DA Checklist for all developments. Refer to Volume 1 of the code for

PART C
Single Dwelling Landscape Design Guidance.

Demonstrate that your design has achieved the following:

1. Site Planning

a. Site planning, design and circulation: incorporate a variety of integrated, functional, connected
and people friendly landscape spaces.

2. Landscape Spaces

a. Communal open space: provide a usable and flexible communal space that caters for the
needs of a variety of user groups
b. Private open space: incorporate meaningful and functional private open space
c. Private open space fronting the street: design development frontages to complement and
connect the private and public domain and comply with the street interface guides
d. Interface between private and communal open space: design the interface between private
and communal open space to promote privacy and comfort for the residents
e. Through-site link: define the public nature of the through-site link as a clear, unambiguously
public pedestrian space with management of safety, security and privacy.

3. Landscape Design Requirements

a. Read and responded to the guidance in Part B of this document.

City of Sydney 49
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

C2 SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING, DESIGN AND CIRCULATION

Residential flat and mixed use developments are comprised of a number of different, defined landscape spaces.
These spaces include communal open space, private open spaces, setbacks, through-site links and the interface
between public and private spaces. Each space must be integrated and connected to the development by a
clear circulation network. Well designed and considered landscapes can help contribute to the overall visual
appearance and functionality of the development.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have incorporated a variety of integrated, functional, connected and people friendly
landscape spaces into your site.

The design of residential flat and mixed use landscapes should:

• be responsive to existing site conditions
• be considered at the start of the site planning and feasibility stage of the development to inform the
placement of built form on site
• be located for maximum solar access
• be connected to the development and be an extension of internal living spaces
• use planting to manage the impact of high density development
• be flexible, to cater for the needs of a wide range of users
• be functional, with provision of a range of amenity items and opportunities for a variety of uses
• be clear and legible so users can move around the development with ease.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Apartment Design Guide - June 2015
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

50 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

PART C
Legend:
Common Open Space (refer C3) Public / Private Landscape
Interface (refer C3)
Private Courtyards (refer C3)
Setback for Commercial/Retail
Through-site Link (refer C3) Primary Building Entries

Setbacks Vehicular Entry

Figure 12:
Example layout of a residential flat and mixed use developments indicating the possible location of a range of landscape
spatial types, circulation and entry points

City of Sydney 51
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

C3 LANDSCAPE SPACES
COMMUNAL OPEN SPACE

Communal open space acts as an extension of the building’s living space, offering flexible opportunities for
passive and active recreation for residents. Communal open space should provide gathering spaces with amenity
for entertaining and play, open space for recreation, good solar access, natural ventilation and deep soil areas for
significant tree and mass planting. Communal open space may be located on podiums and accessible rooftops.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have provided a high amenity, usable and flexible communal open space that caters for the
needs of a variety of user groups.

Communal open spaces should be:

• functional, with appropriate provision of amenity for both residents and visitors
• attractive spaces that are well designed and comfortable
• sunny and well ventilated
• clearly delineated from public areas
• accessible to all user groups with secure private access
• flexible, providing a variety of interesting spaces for residents to use.

Legend:
Communal gathering area

Passive recreation area

Buffer planting

Direct access to open space from

building core
Secondary access

Common circulation
External common circulation
Private Courtyard Entry

Figure 13: Example layout of communal open spaces indicating possible configuration of suggested landscape features

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Apartment Design Guide - June 2015
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

52 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

PRIVATE OPEN SPACE

Private open space is an external area intended for the sole use of tenants of an individual unit. It can be in the form
of a courtyard, deck, terrace or balcony. Private open space should be integrally connected to the apartment’s
main living spaces, functioning as an extension of internal living areas. Private courtyard spaces adjacent to
communal spaces must have a high level of privacy, while maintaining opportunities for visual connection and
outlook to adjacent spaces. Private open spaces can often have a direct relationship with the public domain but

PART C
should be clearly defined as private. Most spaces that are not part of the primary, communal open space should
be designed as usable private open space.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your proposal has incorporated meaningful and functional private open spaces.

Private open spaces should be:

• functional, with provision of generous space for residents
• integrated and connected to living spaces
• screened from the public domain whilst providing some visual links for safety for a person standing in the
space (sometimes referred to as “eyes on the street”).
Considerations:
• Consider setting back balconies above private courtyards to maximise sunlight and solar access.
• Ensure that planting used in landscape spaces responds and contributes to the street and public domain
character.
• Allow opportunities for personalisation of spaces to reinforce the residential nature of the street.
• Ensure private courtyards have enough space to locate functional features such as tables and chairs.

Example courtyard with small level change Example courtyard with large level change

Legend: Figure 14: Example layout of private open space illustrating

different treatments of the interface between courtyards and
Outdoor living space
the public domain
Planting for privacy and screening
Clear entry to front door DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Direct access between outdoor and Apartment Design Guide - June 2015
indoor living spaces
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

City of Sydney 53
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

PRIVATE OPEN SPACE FRONTING THE STREET

Development frontages form the interface between the public and private domain. The design of these frontages
will affect the visual and physical quality of your development, its presence on the street, its contribution to street
activation and passive surveillance and the quality of the public domain. The design of this interface and the private
landscapes that adjoin it must address the development’s relationship with the street including surveillance,
overlooking and privacy.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate how you have designed development frontages to complement and connect the private and public
domain and comply with the street interface guides 1-3 on page 55.

Private open space fronting the street should:

• make the street an active, green and safe place
• enable comfortable, functional and safe private courtyards that are well connected to the public domain
(physically and visually)
• help integrate buildings with the streetscape and landscape setting.
Considerations for streetscape:
• Frontages should be designed to create variation and interest in the streetscape. Arrange structural
elements such as retaining walls, stairs and balustrades in a way that creates depth and rhythm in the
street.
• Ensure the threshold between private and public space is clearly defined. Fences and walls fronting
the street at ground level must find a balance between defining the street edge, achieving variation in
boundary treatments, enabling passive surveillance and providing privacy for residents. Use a range of
materials and finishes to achieve variation. Avoid long stretches of blank walls and opaque balustrades,
especially glass.
• The preferred arrangement for ground level dwellings facing the street is that they should be elevated by
0.8m or more and setback by at least 3m.
• Consider the way front gardens contribute to the street as a place. Hardy and low maintenance plant
species are preferred in gardens that will not be maintained by strata.
• Celebrate the residential nature of the street through material selection. Use a variety of materials to
increase variety, texture and interest.
• Ensure that boundary walls are not too high.

Legend:
View Point

Direct View

Filtered View

Figure 15: An example layout of private courtyards highlighting direct and filtered views

54 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Apartment Design Guide - June 2015
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

STREET INTERFACE GUIDES

Ensure that ground level living spaces and balconies are sufficiently private. In addition, maintain passive
surveillance of the street by enabling intermittent views from the terrace when seated and direct views
when standing.
1. Elevate the ground floor and private open space by a minimum of 0.8m above the adjacent footpath.

PART C
2. Set back the ground floor by at least 3m from the property boundary and upper floors by at least
1.5m for the full height of the building, to provide daylight to a planted front garden.
3. Layer landscape features such as planting, fences, walls, stairs and balustrades to balance privacy with
surveillance of the footpath. Provide:
a. direct views from the private open space to the adjacent footpath when standing
b. privacy with some oblique or intermittent views to the adjacent footpath when seated in the private
open space to balance privacy and passive surveillance of the street
c. direct views from the front door to the adjacent footpath
d. offset and terraced walls, fences and balustrades with layers of landscape planting to avoid tall
overbearing structures adjacent to the footpath (each solid element should not exceed 1.2m in height).

Legend: Legend:
Boundary

Boundary
Direct View Direct View

Intermittent/Oblique View Intermittent/Oblique View

>0.8m
0.8m

Landscape features such as planting, fencing, Significant level changes should use planting at street
balustrades and walls can be used to manage sight lines level to screen high walls. Balustrade openness should
between the public and private domain. (Less than 0.8m manage privacy and passive surveillance.
level changes are not preferred for privacy reasons).
Boundary
Boundary

Legend: Legend:
Direct View Direct View

Intermittent/Oblique View Intermittent/Oblique View

<0.8m
0.8m

Planting at courtyard level only will improve connections Planting at street level can help filter sight lines
to the street and enable a greater visual exchange. where level changes are minimal. (Less than 0.8m
level changes are not preferred for privacy reasons).
Figure 16: Scenarios to manage sight lines between the public and private domain City of Sydney 55
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

INTERFACE BETWEEN PRIVATE AND INTERNAL COMMUNAL SPACES

The interface between private and internal communal spaces is important for managing the privacy of residential
courtyards. It can influence the quality of both private and communal landscapes by providing a high level of
visual connection whilst maintaining separation.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have designed the interface between private and communal open space to promote privacy
and comfort for residents.

The interface between private open space and common spaces, including circulation, should:
• comply with the street interface guides 1-3 on page 55 where possible to ensure that a person seated in
their private open space and living space is afforded privacy
• be clearly defined so there is a distinction between private and communal areas
• where common space or circulation is lower than private open space, maintain visual links to communal
space when standing and privacy when seated
• where common space or circulation is at grade with private open space, be fenced to a height of 1.8m to
provide privacy and security with planting to screen the fence.
Considerations:
• Consider how different plant species can create filtered screens.
• Use planting in raised planters to create a visual and physical separation between private and communal
space.
• Provide semi-permeable screens to private courtyards to improve privacy. Permeable screens on top of
walls can also improve solar access.
Boundary

Legend:
Filtered View
Direct View

Private Common Communal

Circulation
Figure 17: Elevated ground floor and trees can help restrict and filter views between private and communal space
Boundary

Legend:
Filtered View
Direct Screened
View

Private Common Communal

Circulation
Figure 18: Fencing, raised planters and trees can help restrict and filter views between private and communal space
56 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 | Residential Flat and Mixed Use

THROUGH-SITE LINKS

Through-site links are pedestrian and bike connections linking public spaces (streets) across private land.
Through-site links improve the permeability of blocks and increase the potential for direct and clear connections.
Amenity like seating and shade provided in the through-site link can encourage use by pedestrians.

The minimum required location of through-site links is determined by the SDCP.

PART C
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate how you have designed the through-site link as a clear, unambiguously public pedestrian space and
how you have managed safety, security and privacy.

Through-site links should:

• have a public character with high levels of amenity
• be safe, well lit, highly accessible and an extension of the public domain
• provide clear and legible entry points that are inviting, direct and clearly public
• provide direct access with ample width and clear sight lines between the public and private domain as
well as from one end to the other end
• consider placement of elements such as walls and planting to minimise obstruction of sight lines through
the space
• consider placement of windows, doors and verandahs of adjacent buildings to directly front the through
site link at ground level
• provide direct, accessible at grade connections to adjacent streets
• be accessible 24 hours a day
• be completely open to the sky.
Considerations:
• Use landscape, artwork and other features to lead people through the space and create visual interest
within the landscape.
• Provide direct access and a clear line of sight between each end of the though-site link.
• Use materials (paving, planting and furniture) that clearly define the through-site link as a public space.

Legend:
Pedestrian link
Pedestrian amenity

Planting for privacy and screening

Figure 19: Example layout of a through-site link illustrating elements that help draw people through the space while
maintaining privacy to adjacent properties

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

City of Sydney 57
Commercial

PART D
and
Industrial
PART D

City of Sydney
Image 10: Bourke Street, Alexandria
 Commercial and Industrial |

Commercial and Industrial

Commercial and industrial developments include areas used for businesses such as office buildings, bulky
goods, retail outlets, display centers, service stations, cafes, retail uses, shopfronts, restaurants, warehouses,
factories and industrial units.

Commercial and industrial developments are places of work and recreation. They are often places of high
activity and accommodate a variety of user groups. Through jobs provision, commercial and industrial land use
is a vital component in sustaining the social and economic sustainability of the city.

Commercial and industrial developments are typically characterised by large scale buildings with a high

PART D
proportion of built site coverage, large surface car parks and hard paving. Within the City center, commercial
developments are often high rise office towers with 100 percent site coverage and limited opportunities for
landscape on private land.

Landscape proposals must be responsive and sensitive to local environmental conditions and seek to improve
biodiversity, water quality and the natural landscape. Landscape should aim to reduce the perceived scale and
bulk of the building and the overall visual impact of the development on the public domain and neighbouring
properties.

City of Sydney 61
Image 11: Rouse Hill
 Commercial and Industrial | PRIMARY GUIDANCE:

D1 PRIMARY GUIDANCE:
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS
This checklist is the specific design guidance to be addressed in the Statement of Environmental
Effects for all commercial and industrial developments.

Refer to Part A6 for the DA Checklist for all developments.

Refer to Volume 1 of the code for Single Dwelling Landscape Design Guidance.

Demonstrate that your design has achieved the following:

1. Site Planning

PART D
a. Site planning, design and circulation: incorporate a range of integrated, functional and well
connected landscape spaces that address environmental and social requirements

2. Landscape Spaces

a. Private open space: integrate flexible and accessible private open space
b. Surface car parks: design surface car parks that are environmentally sensitive, safe and
functional.

3. Landscape Design Requirements

a. Read and responded to the guidance in Part B of this document.

City of Sydney 63
 Commercial and Industrial | Site Planning

D3 SITE PLANNING
SITE PLANNING, DESIGN AND CIRCULATION

Commercial and industrial developments are comprised of different landscape spaces and movement
requirements. These include private open space, setbacks and surface car parks. Each of these spaces should
be well defined to minimise the safety risk between various site users (such as pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles),
to be generously sized to cater for the needs of workers and visitors, to help increase the permeability of the site
and to reduce the perceived bulk of the building.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that you have incorporated a range of integrated, functional and well connected landscape spaces
into your site and have addressed environmental and social requirements of your development.

Commercial and industrial landscapes should:

• be integrated, contained and connected to the development to improve convenience for
workers and visitors
• be responsive to existing site conditions to ensure a site specific outcome
• utilise planting to mitigate the scale of development
• be functional with provision of a range of amenity opportunities catering for all user groups
• be safe for all users.

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012

64 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 Commercial and Industrial | Site Planning

PART D
Figure 19: Example layout of a commercial development indicating possible location of a range of landscape spatial types,
circulation and entry points

Figure 20: Example layout of an industrial development indicating possible location of a range of landscape spaces,
circulation and entry points

City of Sydney 65
 Commercial and Industrial | Landscape Spaces

D4 LANDSCAPE SPACES
PRIVATE OPEN SPACE

External courtyard areas are for the use of both workers and visitors and provide important outdoor breakout
spaces and amenity for the development. A private open space should be appropriately scaled for the size of
the development and the number of people likely to use it. It should be connected to the building and have direct
access from primary working areas.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate how you have integrated flexible and accessible private open space within your development.

Private open spaces should be:

• functional, with provision of generous and varied spaces for workers and visitors
• located to maximise direct sunlight
• integrated and connected to the building, in particular areas where people work
• diverse, catering for a range of users and uses e.g. smokers, separated from people eating and relaxing.

Image 12: Example of private open space that provides Image 13: Example of private open space that can be
gathering areas with significant planting and amenities for viewed upon from within the building and provides a
workers space for workers to relax

66 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 Commercial and Industrial | PRIMARY GUIDANCE

SURFACE CAR PARKS

Surface car parks must be functional yet environmentally sensitive. They must offer safe pedestrian circulation
and access options for a variety of users. Car parks should not visually dominate the development. They must
incorporate large trees and diverse understorey planting and promote the use of permeable surfaces for water
sensitive urban design principles.
PRIMARY GUIDANCE

Demonstrate that your surface car park is environmentally sensitive, safe and functional.
Incorporate regular tree planting and extensive canopy cover, as per the SDCP.

Surface car parks should:

• minimise runoff into surrounding storm water systems by enhancing permeable surfaces

PART D
• minimise the urban heat island effect by introducing tree and mass planting and
considering material choices
• provide clear and safe pedestrian, vehicular and bike circulation.
Considerations:
• ensure planting doesn’t obscure sight lines
• provide convenient, safe and logical paths for pedestrians, bike riders and vehicles, avoiding conflict
between the different modes
• provide clear entries in and out of the car park
• ensure the carpark surface material selection complements the landscape palette.

Figure 21: Example configuration of a car park bay showing suggested landscape features

DOCUMENT REFERENCE:
Sydney Development Control Plan 2012
Greening Sydney Plan 2012
City of Sydney Urban Forest Strategy 2013
City of Sydney Urban Ecology Strategic Action Plan 2014
City of Sydney Decentralised Water Master Plan 2012-2030

City of Sydney 67
 PART E
Glossary
PART E

City of Sydney
Image 14: The Village, Balgowlah
 Glossary

Glossary of Terms
Amenity the ’livability’ or quality of a place which makes it pleasant and agreeable to be in for
individuals and the community. Amenity is important in both the public and private domain and
includes the enjoyment of sunlight, views, privacy and quiet (NSW Multi-Unit Residential Design Code
2002).
Arborist refers to a qualified and experienced practitioner with a minimum AQF 5 (refer to
Arboriculture Australia website).
AS 1158 Australian Standard 1158: Lighting for Roads and Pedestrian Spaces Series.
AS 1428 Australian Standard 1428: Design for Access and Mobility Series.
Australian Standards can be accessed at any City of Sydney library. Just ask the Librarian and they
will show you how.
BCA means Building Code of Australia.
Building line the line formed by the main external face of the building, excluding any balcony or bay

PART E
window projections (NSW Multi-Unit Residential Design Code 2002).
Communal open space also known as common open space is a usable community open space
for the recreation and relaxation of residents which is under the control of a body corporate.
CPTED means crime prevention through environmental design.
SDCP means Sydney Development Control Plan 2012.
Deep soil is an area of natural ground with a relatively natural soil profile. It excludes areas where
there is a structure underneath, as well as pools and non-permeable paved areas. However, it can
include 50% of the area of any porous paving and essential accessible paths up to 1.2m wide,
providing there is deep soil area to one side that is level with the footpath.
Endemic plants a plant species occurring at a place within its historically known natural range and
forming part of the natural biological diversity of a place (NSW Multi-Unit Residential Design Code
2002).
Green roof means a roof system designed to promote the growth of various forms of vegetation
on the top of buildings. Differing from a roof garden, a green roof can also support various forms
of renewable energy and water collection technology to assist in supplying power and water to the
occupants of the building.
LGA refers to Local Government Area.
Planting Design refers to the physical arrangement of plant species within a garden bed or site.
Planting design means that the garden beds and plants within them are considered as whole
elements.
Private courtyard refers to private open space which may be on a structure (i.e. podium, parking
deck) or at ground level (NSW Multi-Unit Residential Design Code 2002).
Private open space refers to an open area of land or building attached to a dwelling intended for the
exclusive use of occupants of the dwelling for private outdoor living activities.
Public domain refers to areas of the City in which access to and use of is available for any member
of the public. Public domain typically includes parks, plazas, footpaths and streets. Public domain
elements of the City are typically controlled by the City of Sydney.

City of Sydney 71
 Glossary

Setback Setbacks are the distance which a building is offset from the boundary
Sight line is a line extending from an observer’s eye to a viewed object.
Site planning is the process of arranging built and unbuilt elements on a site to accommodate a
chosen function, program and design outcome.
Soft Landscape refers to planted or grassed areas with a permeable finished ground surface.
Sustainable Source refers to forestry products that are environmentally appropriate, socially
beneficial and economically viable. “Environmentally appropriate forest management ensures that
the harvest of timber and non-timber products maintains the forest’s biodiversity, productivity and
ecological processes.” (Forestry Stewardship Council)
Sydney LEP means Sydney Local Environmental Plan 2012.
A through-site link is a pedestrian and bike path that connects two public access ways across a
site. They improve permeability, help break up large street blocks and increase the potential for direct
and clear connections between buildings.
Universally accessible in the context of the landscape means that an access way complies with the
provisions of AS 1428: Design for Access and Mobility. This standard is referenced in the Building
Code of Australia and aims to ensure that all people can use an access way regardless of their
degree of mobility.
Urban canopy refers to all trees located throughout the local government area.
Urban ecology (or biodiversity) refers to living things that inhabit urban areas and the ecosystems
they form.
Urban island heat effect is an urban area having higher average temperature than its rural
surroundings owing to the greater absorption, retention, and generation of heat by its buildings,
pavements, and human activities.
Water Sensitive Urban Design means the integration of urban planning with the management,
protection and conservation of the urban water cycle so as to ensure urban water management is
sensitive to natural hydrological and ecological processes. It may include practices such as storm
water reuse, use of bio-retention swales and detention ponds.
Wayfinding a term used to describe the ease of navigating through a landscape with the aim of
reaching a pre-selected destination.
WSUD means Water Sensitive Urban Design.

72 Landscape Code 2016, Volume 2: All Developments Except for Single Dwellings
 Glossary

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PART E

City of Sydney 73
References
PART F
PART F
Image 15: Moore Park Gardens, Sydney
 References

References
Cover Image: Aspect OCULUS One Central Park. Photo by Simon Wood

Image 1: OCULUS Trio, Sydney. Photo by Oculus

Image 2: Aspect OCULUS One Central Park. Photo by Simon Wood

Image 3: Photo by OCULUS 06.05.16

Image 4: OCULUS The Village, Balgowlah. Photo by Simon Wood

Image 5: OCULUS The Village, Balgowlah. Photo by Simon Wood

Image 6: OCULUS The Village, Balgowlah. Photo by Simon Wood

Image 7: OCULUS Napier Street, Paddington. Photo by Simon Wood

Image 8: OCULUS The Village, Balgowlah .Photo by Simon Wood

Image 9: OCULUS New Acton Precinct, Canberra. Photo by Simon Patching

Image 10: Photo by Oculus 09.07.14

Image 11: OCULUS Rouse Hill Town Centre, Rouse Hill. Photo by Brett Boardman

Image 12: OCULUS Barangaroo South. Photo by Florian Groehn

PART F
Image 13: OCULUS Exo Apartments, Melbourne. Photo by NIls Koenning

Image 14: OCULUS The Village, Balgowlah .Photo by Simon Wood

Image 15: Photo by Oculus 06.05.16

77