PHYSICS-I/Chapter 5

LAWS OF MOTION

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Lecturer: Dr. Emine YILDIRIM

 Vocabulary of Chapter 5
law=kanun
●
force=kuvvet
●
exert=uygulamak
●
equilibrium=denge
●
mass=kütle
●
weight=agirlik
●
Action force=etki kuvveti
●
Reaction force=tepki kuvveti
●
inertia=eylemsizlik
●
Inertial frame of reference=eylemsiz referans sistemi
●
Inclined plane=egik düzlem
●
Force of friction=sürtünme kuvveti
●
Tension force=gerilme kuvveti
●
Coefficient= katsayi
●
Free-body diagram=serbest-cisim diagrami
●
static=statik/durgun
●
act=etki etmek
●
Attractive force=çekici kuvvet
●
Repulsive force=itici kuvvet
●
frictionless=sürtünmesiz
●
External force=dis kuvvet

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 The Concept of Force
●
A force is a vector quantity and measured in Newtons.
1 Newton= 1 N= 1 kg. m/s2 .
●
An object at rest needs a force to get it moving; an object
in motion needs a force to change its velocity.
●
When several forces simultaneously act on an object, the
object accelerates only if the net force ( ∑F ) acting on it
is nonzero.
●
What does the phrase “net force” mean?
●
The net force is the vector sum of all the individual
forces acting on an object.

If ∑ F⃗ =0 , ⃗v =constant , ⃗a =0
If ∑ F ⃗ ≠0, ⃗a ≠0.

●
When ∑F=0, the object is in equilibrium.

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 Problem 4: A certain orthodontist uses a wire brace to align a Patient's
crooked tooth as in Figure below. The tension in the wire is adjusted to have a magnitude
of 18 N. Find the magnitude of the net force exerted by the wire on the crooked tooth.

Tension force=T=18 N

●
Let’s indicate x and y components of tension forces in the wire.
TX
x−component of net force :
TX ∑ F x =T cos 14−T cos 14=0
y−component of net force :
TY TY ∑ F y =−T sin 14−T sin 14=−2 T sin 14
⃗ =∑ F x ^i + ∑ F y ^j
Total net force : ∑ F

⃗ =∑ F x ^i + ∑ F y ^j=−(2T sin 14) ^j=−8.71 ^j N

Total net force : ∑ F
the magnitude of net force(resultant force) exerted on the tooth is :
2 2 2 2
|∑ F|=R= √ R x + R y = √ 0 +(−8.71) =8.71 N
⃗

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 Problem 15: F⃗ =(−6 ^i−4 ^j) N
1 and F⃗2=(−3 ^i +7 ^j) act on a particle of
mass 2 kg that is initially at rest at coordinates (-2 m, 4 m). (a) What are the components
of the particle’s velocity at t = 10 s? (b) In what direction is the particle moving at t=10 s?
(c) What displacement does the particle undergo during the first 10.0 s? (d) What are the
coordinates of the particle at t =10 s?
●
Solution:a) Let us find the net force acting on the particle. We add the forces as vectors.

Remember !! ! ∑ F⃗ =m ⃗a

Direction of velocity vector indicates

the direction of motion

vi=0

(xi=-2m, yi=4 m)
r⃗i =(−2 ^i +4 ^j)m 5 / 39
 Problem 19: Two forces F⃗1 and F⃗2 act on a 5-kg object. Taking
F 1=20 N and F 2=15 N find the accelerations of the object for the
configurations of forces shown in parts (a) and (b) of Figure below.

●
Solution: Remember !! ! ∑ F⃗ =m ⃗a

Let’s find the net force for the configuration of forces F1 and F2

2 2
a= √ a +a x y

−1 a y
θ =tan ( )
ax

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

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Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
●
A body at rest remain at rest, and a body in
motion remains in motion, at constant velocity,
UNLES a net force acts on it.
When ∑ F ⃗ =0 , object is :
Newton’s first law
either at rest : ⃗v =0 , ⃗a =0
or in motion :⃗v =constant , ⃗a =0

●
Newton’s first law is also called “the law of
inertia”.
●
Inertia: An object has a tendency to resist any
change in its motion.
●
Inertia is proportional to mass of the object.
●
Newton’s first law is valid only in inertial frame
of reference.
● An inertial frame of reference excludes the
rotating and accelerating frames.
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●
Ask yourself: according to frst law,
if objects in motion remain in
motion, why don’t moving objects
remain in motion forever?
●
Answer: Moving objects don’t stay in
motion forever because there is
always an unbalanced force acting
on them such as force of friction.

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 Newton’s Second Law
●
Newton’s second law is a relation
between the net force (∑ F⃗ ) acting on a
mass and its acceleration.
Mathematically, It is written as: ∑ F⃗ =m ⃗a
Mass is a measure of the
amount of matter the object contains

● ⃗)
(∑ F must be vector sum of all forces
acting on an object.
●
Only action forces acting on the object
are to be included in vector sum.
●
If we are working in 2D, net force
components are:
●
∑ F x=m a x , ∑ F y =m a y
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The Gravitational Force and Weight
●
For all masses near the Earth’s surface,
the Earth exerts a downward gravitational
force:
F⃗g =m ⃗g

● F⃗g , points downward.

●
The weight of an object is the magnitude
of its F⃗g , thus the weight is equal to its
mass times the gravitational acceleration.

W=mg W is measured in NEWTONS.

●
Weight depends on the geographic
location. 11 / 39
 Tension Force:T
●
Tension force is generally exerted by a
cord or string.
●
Tension force is always directed along
cord and away from the object.

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 Newton’s Third Law
●
If body A exerts a force on body B, then B
exerts an equal and opposite force on A.
FAB = The force exerted by A on B.

F⃗AB =action force

F⃗BA =reaction force

●
Notice that action reaction forces act on
different objects.

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 Newton’s Third Law (Continued)
Some Action- Reaction Pairs
●
Let’s consider a monitor at rest on the table, then illustrate
action reaction pairs in the figure.
●

●
F⃗g =− F⃗mE
Action-reaction pairs
● ⃗n =− F⃗mT
●
F⃗g =the Earth exerts an action force on the monitor
● F⃗mE =the monitor exerts a reaction force on the Earth
●
⃗n =the table exerts an action force on the monitor
F⃗mT =the monitor exerts a reaction force on the table
●

●
The action (external) forces acting on the
monitor are ⃗n and F⃗g
● When we apply Newton’s second law, we are only interested
in action forces on the object
●

●
The force exerted perpendicular to a surface is called “normal force”

●
Let’s apply second law to the monitor at rest on the table.
∑ F y =n−F g=m a y =0 in y-axis ay=0, ∑F=0,
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n=F g
Newton’s Third Law (Continued)
Free-Body Diagram
●
The most important step in solving
problems on Newton’s Law is to draw
free-body diagram.
●
In a free body diagram, the object is
represented by the dot, and all action
force vectors are drawn on the dot.

Free body diagram of the monitor is on the right hand side of the figure
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Problem Solving Hints
Step 1: Always draw a free body diagram for
each object, then show all the external(action)
forces on that object.
Step 2: Choose a convenient coordinate system
for each object. In xy- axes, one of the axis is
usually parallel to the direction of motion.
Step 3: Write down Newton’s second law ∑ F⃗ =m ⃗a
for each component, and solve them for ⃗a .

Reminder!!!
●
The object at rest or moving with constant
velocity are said to be in equilibrium.
∑ =0 , for the object in equilibrium
F
⃗

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 Problem 42: Two objects are connected by a light string that
passes over a frictionless pulley as shown in Figure below .
Assume the incline is frictionless and take m1 =2 kg, m2=6 kg,
and θ=55°. (a) Draw free-body diagrams of both objects. Find
(b) the magnitude of the acceleration of the objects,
Solution: a)
Step 1: draw free body diagram

● Since m2 >m1, m2 moves down the incline, m1 moves upward.

●
Since masses are connected by a string, their accelerations have
the same magnitude!
b) Apply Newton’s second law to each mass.
● Second law For mass m :
2

m2 moves only along x-axis, so net force in x-axis:

(1)
● Second law for m1:
m1 moves only along y-axis, so net force in y-axis:
∑Fy = (2)
●
Solve Eq. (1) and (2) for a:
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Problem 42: (c) the tension in the string, and (d) the
speed of each object 2.00 s after it is released from rest.

c) We get tension force T, by using Eq. (2)

d)

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 Problem43: Two blocks, each of mass m =3.50 kg, are hung from
the ceiling of an elevator as in Figure below. (a) If the elevator moves
with an upward acceleration ⃗ a of magnitude 1.60 m/s2, find the
tensions T1 and T2 in the upper and lower strings.

Solution: a) free body diagrams of two blocks are shown below:

●
Each block has downward gravitational force:

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Problem 43: (b) If the strings can withstand a maximum
tension of 85 N, what maximum acceleration can the elevator have
before a string breaks?

Solution:

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 Problem 45: In the system shown in Figure below, a horizontal
force MF⃗x acts on an object of mass m2 =8kg. The horizontal surface
is frictionless. Consider the acceleration of the sliding object as a
function of Fx. (a) For what values of Fx does the object of mass
m1 =2 kg accelerate upward? (b) For what values of Fx is the tension
in the cord zero?

Solution:
m1 and m2 moves with acceleration of a

Apply Newton’s Second law to m1 and m2 :

b) When T=0, what is Fx=?

From Eq. (1), if T=0 a=-g
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Set T=0, a=-g in Eq.(2) Fx=-m2 g=-78.4 N
● When T=0, m1 is under the free fall!!!!
 Problem 45: (c) Plot the acceleration of the m2
object versus Fx. Include values of Fx from -100 N to
+100 N.

●
Use expression of acceleration obtained in part (a).
F x −m1 g
a= Obtain values of acceleration by taking F from 100 to -100
m1 +m2
x

Plot the a versus FX:

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 Problem 30: A block slides down a frictionless plane having
an inclination of θ=15°. The block starts from rest at the top,
and the length of the incline is 2.00 m. (a) Draw a free-body
diagram of the block. Find (b) the acceleration of the block
and (c) its speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline.
●
Solution:

a) Draw free-body diagram

b)

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●
Force of Friction
Friction has both advantages and disadvantages. Friction
reduces the efficiency of machines. On the other part, we could
not walk or run without friction.
●
Friction (f) always occurs when two solid surfaces are in
contact .

●
The direction of the force of friction is:
1) parallel to the surface
2) opposite to the motion

●
There are two types of friction: kinetic friction and static
friction.
●
If the object is stationary relative to surface , the friction
between them is static.
●
If the object is moving relative to surface, the friction between
them is kinetic friction.

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 Force of Friction (Continued)
Force of Static Friction
●
In static friction, two surfaces do not slide relative to one another.
●
The magnitude of maximum force of static friction is:
●
Maximum force of static friction= coefficient of X normal force
Static friction
f (s , max)= μ s ×n

●
The magnitude of force of static friction depends on the normal
force, and µs .
● As long as the block is not moving, the force of static friction (fs)
equals external force F.

● ⃗ ⃗
f
If we increase F , f s increases along with it, but s cannot
⃗
increase indefinitely. f⃗s can increase up to fs,max .

● When F>fs, max the object accelerates and friction switches from static
to kinetic.
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 Force of Friction (Continued)
Force of Static Friction
Example: Let’s assume maximum force of static friction between the
block and the ground is fs,max = 2 N.

● If we apply F=1 N force to the block, fs=1N.

● If we apply F=1.4 N force to the block, fs=1.4N.
● If we apply F=1.6 N force to the block, fs=1.6N.
●
If we apply F=2.3 N force to the block, what is the magnitude of
force of static friction?
a) fs=2 N
b) fs=0, because F>fs,max the block begins to move and the friction
switches from static to kinetic.

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Force of Friction (Continued)
Force of Kinetic Friction

As shown in figure, consider a block travels

rightward when external force F acts on it.

●
Force of kinetic friction= coefficient of X normal force
kinetic friction

f k = μ k ×n

If F=fk , the object moves with constant velocity.

● If F>fk the object accelerates.
● µk and µs are dimensionless constants, their
values are provided in Table 5.1 in your
textbook. 27 / 39
Force of Friction (Continued)
Question: When a car is moving with its wheels, the
friction between the wheels and the road is static
friction. Why is the friction static, although the
car in motion?

Answer: Although the car and its wheels are moving

forward, at any instant the bottom of the wheel is at rest
relative to the ground.

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 Problem 60: A woman at an airport is towing her 20-kg suitcase at
constant speed by pulling on a strap at an angle θ above the horizontal. She
pulls on the strap with a 35 N force, and the friction force on the suitcase is
20 N. (a) Draw a free- body diagram of the suitcase. (b) What angle does the
strap make with the horizontal? (c) What is the magnitude of the normal force
that the ground exerts on the suitcase?

●
Solution: a)

Note that v=constant a=0

Apply Newton’s second law in x and y direction:

(1)
(2)

We can get the normal force from Eq. (2)

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 Problem 70: A 5 kg block is placed on top of a 10-kg block . A horizontal force of
45 N is applied to the 10-kg block, and the 5-kg block is tied to the wall. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between all moving surfaces is 0.2. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block
and identify the action–reaction forces between the blocks.

Solution: .

f1 and n1 are action

Gravitational forces on them: reaction forcess
5(9.8)=49 N f2 friction force between
10 (9.8)=98 N 10 kg mass and the ground

Masses are in contact so 10 kg mass exert a normal force n1 on 5 kg mass,

then 5 kg mass exerts normal force n1 on 10 kg mass, in same magnitude , but opposite direction

Both masses slides along each other so there must be

f1 frictional forces, which are action-reaction pairs, between the blocks

10 kg mass moves rightward so all friction forces on it will be leftward

When 45 N force pulls the masses, 5 kg mass does not want to go anywhere,
because 5 kg mass is attached to the wall, so friction force on it will be
rightward to balance tension force T. 30 / 39
Problem 70: (b) Determine the tension in the string and the magnitude of the
acceleration of the 10-kg block

Solution: .

∑Fy=n1-m1g=0

∑Fx=f1-T=0

f1=µ n1

∑Fx=45-f1 -f2 =m2 a

[1]

Substitute knowns into Eq. [1]

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 Problem 84: An aluminum block of mass m =2 kg and a copper block of mass
1

m2= 6 kg are connected by light string over a frictionless pulley. They sit on a steel
surface as shown in figure below, where θ =30.0°. (a) When they are released from rest,
will they start to move? If they do, determine (b) their acceleration and (c) the tension in
the string.
Solution: a)
● Assume that m2 slides down with acceleration of a.
●
Apply Newton’s second law to both block in x axis.

∑ F x =T −f 1, max=m1 a (1)
∑ F x =m2 g sin θ −f 2, max−T =m2 a (2)
(1)+(2)=m2 g sin θ −f 1, max −f 2, max =(m1 +m2 )a
If m2 slides down m2 g sin θ >f 1, max +f 2, max

Note that the blocks do not accelerate along

y axis since forces on each block in y axis
balance each other

m2 g sin θ <f max

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b) c) No answer, since the blocks are at rest.

 Problem 84: If they do not move, determine (d) the sum of the magnitudes of the forces
of friction acting on the blocks.
Solution: d)

●
The blocks do not move therefore there is static friction between blocks and surface .
●
The force of static friction increase until it equals the applied (external) force.
● In this case, total force of static friction equals m g sin θ.
2

f=f1 +f2

∑ F x =T −f 1=0 (1)
∑ F x =m2 g sin θ −f 2−T =0 (2)
(1)+(2)=m2 g sin θ −f 1−f 2=0
m2 g sin θ =f 1 +f 2

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.
●
Problem: A box weight of 80 N rests on a plane inclined at angle θ=
20 to the horizontal. Between the box and the plane, the coefficient of static
friction is 0.25, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15. (a) What is the
least magnitude of the force F, parallel to the plane, that will prevent the box
from slipping down the plane?
Solution: a)
●
We will have force of static friction towards up to prevent sliding down.
Knowns: mg=80 N, µs=0.25
µk=0.15, θ=20˚, µk =0.15

●
Apply second law along y axis:

∑ F y =N −mg cos( θ )=0

N =mg cos( θ )

●
Apply second law along x axis:
fs,max=µu N
∑ F x=F +f s , max −mg sin (θ )=0
F=mg sin( θ )−f s ,max =mg sin ( θ )− μ s mg cos θ
=mg(sin θ − μ s cos θ )
Plugging knowns into above eq .
F=80(sin 20−0.25 cos 20)=8.6 N

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 Problem: A box weight of 80 N rests on a plane inclined at angle θ=
20 to the horizontal. Between the box and the plane, the coefficient of static
friction is 0.25, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15. (b) What value
of F is required to move the box up the plane at constant velocity?
Solution:
b) In this case, the box is moving static friction is replaced with kinetic
friction. As usual, friction force is opposite to the motion, thus f k points
downward.
● Knowns: mg=80 N, µs=0.25
µk=0.15, θ=20˚, µk =0.15

●
Apply second law along y axis:

∑ F y =N −mg cos( θ )=0

N =mg cos( θ )

●
Apply second law along x axis:

v=constant so a=0
∑ F x =F−f k −mg sin( θ )=0
F=mg sin( θ )+f k =mg sin ( θ )+ μ k mg cos θ
=mg(sin θ + μ k cos θ )
Plugging knowns into above eq .
F=80(sin 20+0.15 cos 20)=38.6 N
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 Problem 78: A rope with mass mr is attached to a block
with S mass mb as in Figure below. The block rests on a frictionless,
horizontal surface. The rope does not stretch. The free end of the
rope is pulled to the right with a horizontal force F. (a) Draw force
diagrams for the rope and the block, noting that the tension in the
rope is not uniform. (b) Find the acceleration of the system in terms
of mb, mr, and F. (c) Find the magnitude of the force the rope exerts
on the block. (d) What happens to the force on the block as the
rope’s mass approaches zero? What can you state about the tension
in a light cord joining a pair of moving objects?

Solution:

a)

●
b) since the block and robe are part of the same system, their
acceleration have the same magnitude.

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 Problem 78: (c) Find the magnitude of the force the rope
exerts on the block. (d) What happens to the force on the block as
the rope’s mass approaches zero? What can you state about the
tension in a light cord joining a pair of moving objects?

Solution:

d) As we see from Eq. [3],:

When mr →0 T→F

●
If the mass of the robe is negligibly small, the tension in the robe is
constant along its length.

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 REFERENCES
1) Physics For Scientist and Engineers, SERWAY
and JEWETT, 9th Edition.

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 Recommended problems in chapter 5:

18,29, 32, 21, 47,

33,37,49,66,64,83,101

These problems are highly recommended. You make a good

practice by solving these problems.

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