CIVIL ENGINEERING Strength of Materials Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions Seea Es) MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd. Corporate Office: 4-4/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delh-170016 | Ph. :011-45124660, 9021300500 Email: infomepamadecasyin | Web: wwwmadeeasypubliations.org Strength of Materials Copyright © by MADE EASY Publications Pv. Lid. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or intoduced into a retrieval system, Cr transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd. has taken due care in collecting the data and providing the solutions, before publishing this Beak. Insaite of this, f any inaccuracy ot printing error occurs then MADE EASY Publications Pvt Ltd. owes no responsibilty. We will be grateful fyou could pointout any such eror. Your suggestions willbe appreciated Frat Eton :2015 Second dition 2016 ‘Third Edition 2017 Fourth Eetion:2018 ith Edtion: 2019 Sixth Elion: 2020 Seventh Elton 2021 Fight Elton 2022 Ninth Edition :2023CONTENTS Strength of Materials aaa Properties of Material 1.1 Introduction 1 12 Stress 1 13° Strain 1.4. Tensile Test for Mild Stee. 3 4 15 Properties of Metals 7 16 Creep. 8 17 Stess Relaxation. ° 18 Elasticity 9 19 Toughness. u 110 Fatigue. n 1.17 Failure of Matera in Tension and Compression sun. 12 Simple Stress and Strain. 22-107 2:12 Statically Indeterminate Axial Loaded Structures... 2.13. Axial Deflection in Interconnected Members v.60 2.14 Strain Energy 3 2.15 Thermal Stresses 66 216 Temperature Stresses in Composite Ba. ns 2.17 Steesss in Bolts and Nuts 82 Objective Brain Teasers. 92 Conventional Brain Teasers. 103 CHAPTER 3 Shear Force and Bending Moment. 3.1 Introduction 108 32. Supports. 108, 33 Beam no 34 Loads m 35 Stabiltyin 2-0 Structures, 1 3.6 External Support Reactions in Beams us 3.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment no 38 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram anno 122 39. Curve Tracing fr SEO and BMD. 124 3.10. Example of Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 125 3.11. Relationship between Load, Shear Force and Bending Moment 126 3.12. Important Points about Shear Force Diagrams and Bending Moment Diagrams Derived from Relationship. 130 3.13. Maximum Bending Moment 13 3.14. SFD and BMD by Integration 140 3.15. Effect of Concentrated Moment on SFO and BMD...151 3.16 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Frames 158 3.17. Loading Diagram and BMD from SFO. 167 3.18 Loading Diagram from BMD, m 3.19. Elastic Curves Using Bending Moment Diagram... 177, Objective Brain Teasers 2 Conventional Brain Teasers 208Strength of Materials ft alas 6.7 Shear Centres of Thin-walled Open Sections. 332 68 Shear Centres of Some Important Sections... 336 Centroids and Moments of Inertia Objective rin Teasers a 41 Conti 219 Conventional Bran Teasers 345 42 Moment of inertia 2 43° Productof inert 223 44 Parallel Axis Theorem 224 45 Perpendicular Axis Theorem, 224 Transformation of Stresses. 348-429 46 Properties of Plane Areas 224 7.1 Introduction 348 47 Principal Axes and Principal Moments of inertia.» 28, 72. Plane Stresses 348 48. Rotation of Axes 228 73 Prneipal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stes5.0.n- 351 Objective Brain Teasers 237 74 Principal Stresses in Bears. 363 Conventional rain Teasers. 240 75 Mohr's Circle 369 75 Hooke law for Plane Stress. 375 77 Analysis of tain a78 78 Transformation Equation for Pane Strain 379 Bending Stress in Beams 79° Sirain Energy yet 5:1 Introduction 245 720 Stain Rosette 386 52 Simple bending or pure bending 245 7.1 Theories of Elastic Failure 381 53 Nature of Bending Stress 282 Objective Bran Teasers 409 54 Section Modulus 2 254 Conventional Bran Teasers 420 55 Moment of Resistance 259 55 Bending Stresses in Axally Loaded Beams 263 5.7 Force on a Partial Ares of Section. 267 5B Composite Beams 270 Torsion of Shafts. 430-495 59 Filtched Beam an 81 Introduction 430 5.10 Beam of Uniform Strength 281 82 Difference between Bending Moment and Twisting 5.11. Unsymmetrical Bending 282 Moment 430 5.12 Biaxial Bening, 20 83 Assumptions involved inthe Theory of Objective Brain Teasers. 298 Pure Torsion 430 Conventional rain Teasers 307 84 Sheor Stress Distribution in Circular SeetiOM non 437 85. Design of Shaft 438 86 Power Transmitted by Shaft 440 87. Seties Combination of Sha 443 Shear Stress in Beams. 88 Parallel Combination of Shaft 443 61 Introduction 313 89 Strain Energy in Torsion, aa7 62. Shear Stress in Beams 33 8.10 Torsion in Thin Walled Tubes 449 63° Analysis of shear stress in diferent sections eon 315 8.11 Totsion of Non-creular Section nn 453 64 Shear Stressesin Composite Sections 327 8:12 Indeterminate Shaft 453 55. Shear Cente 328 18.13. Shaft Subjected to Combined Bending 65 Shear Flow. 331 Moment and Twisting Moment. 456Strength of Materials 18.14 Shaft Subjected to Combined Axial Force Deflection of Beams 496-603 Pressure Vessel: 604-643 108 Pressure Vessels Subjected to Axial Force 61s 109 Thick Gjlinder 619 10.10 Analysis of Stresses 620 10.11 Analysis of Thick Sphere, 622 10.12 Design of Pressure Vessels 625 10.13 Strengthening of Cylinder 626 Objective Brain Teasers ost Conventional Bran Teasers 633 CHAPTER 11 Theory of Columns 11.4 Compression Member ou 11.2. Types of Equilibrium. one 113. Euler Theory for Buckling Faun AB 114 Maximum Lateral Deflection of Column, 653 115. Rankine Gorden Theory 58 116 Column with Eccentric Loading 56 117 Eccentric Loading about both x-axis and year ..660 Objective Brain Teasers, 663 Conventional Brain Teasers 668 Guar) Theory of Springs. 121. Springs on 122 Type of Springs on 123. Springs in Series and Paral os Objective rain Teasers on Conventional Brain Teasers 682CHAPTER Properties of Materials 1.1 INTRODUCTION Strength of material is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading and internal forces developed due to these loading. A thorough understanding of mechanical behaviour is essential for the safe design of all structures, whether buildings, bridges, machines, motors, submarines or airplanes. Hence, strength of material is a basic subject in many engineering fiolds he objective of our analysis will be to determine the stresses, strains and deflections produced b) loads in different structures. Theoretical analysis and experimental results have equally importar study of strongth of materials. So those quantitios are found for all values of load upto the failure load, and then we will have a complete picture of the mechanical behaviour of the body. The behaviour of amember subjected to forces depends not only on the fundamental law of Newtonian mechanics that govern the equilibrium of the forces but also on the mechanical characteristics of materials of which the member is fabricated. Sometimes, to predict the behaviour of material some necessary information regarding the characteristics of material comes from laboratory tests. 1.2 STRESS -—— § —— The fundamental concept of stress can be understood by considering a prismatic bar that is loaded by axial force Pat the ends as shown. A prismatic bar is a straight structural member having constant cross-sectional area throughout its length. Inthe figure (a), axial force is acting away from the cross. section producing a uniform stretching of the bar, hence the bar is said lo be in tension, Similarly in figure (c), axial forceis acting towards the cross-section producing uniform ‘compression of the bar, hence the bar is said to be in ‘compression, To investigate the internal stresses produced in the bar by axial forces, we make an imaginary cut at section mn as shown in figure (b) and (d). This section is taken Perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of bar. Hence it is, known as cross-section,Civil 2 | Engineering MADE EASY Now isolating the part of the bar to the right of the cut and considering the right of the cut as a free body, The force Phas a tendency to move free bady in the direction of load, so to restrict the motion of bar an internal force is induced which is uniformly distributed over cross-sectional area. The intensity of force developed, thatis, internal force per unit area is called the stress. Siress differs from pressure because pressure is defined as the externally applied force on unit area while stress is internal resistive force on unit area, To have better understanding of difference between externally applied force and internal resistance. Consider a bar suspended from a fixed end and a weight Wis gradually applied at its free end as shown in figure. —e w Case-1: Weight, W applied gradually Fig. Axial oad on bar Gradual loading means that value of load is zero atthe starting time and gradually increases to value of W. Here, the bar gradually elongates with the increasing value of load. With increase in elongation, resistance forces say R will also increase gradually = Extotnal load > + + Defiecton —e Deiecton (@) Load detecton curve (b) Resistance detection curve Fig. Exlemal oad is apedgracualy cases Weight, W is applied suddenly Here, external load variation with elongation of bar is such as that its value instantly increases to W. This sudden load will sult into elongation of bar say A. When external load is applied suddenly, resistance force will bbe set up in bar, but unlike external load which is sudden, resistance force has always linear vatiation with elongation of bar. External load Elongation Etongaton—e (@) Load detection curve (©) Resistance defection curve ‘Fig. Extemat oad i applied suddenly Now, as clear from figure (a) and (b), intensity of pressure is not equal to stress induced in bar. hus, stress can be defined as - "Stress is the internal resistance of a material offered against deformation which is expressed in terms of force per unit area” MADE ERSY www.madeeasypublications.org Theory with | OE, Solved ExamplesMADE EASY Strength of Materials 3 Publications Properties ofMaterials Stress induced in material depends upon the nature of force, point of application and cross-sectional area of material. Stress can be tensile or compressive in nature depending on the nature of load. Generally, stress is represented by the Greek letler «. We can calculate stress mathematically as, Pp General Sign Convention: ’) Nim? or Pa (SI unit) Tensile stresses = +ve (i) Nimm? or MPa, Compressive stresses = -ve = Stresses are induced only when motion of bar's restricted either by some force orreaction induced. It body or bar is tree to move or free expansion is allowed, then no stresses will 1| be induced. = Pressure has same unit but pressure is different physical quantity than stress, Pressure is external normal force distributed over surface. NOTE (On the basis of cross-sectional area considered during calculation of stresses, direct stresses can be of following two types: {a) Engineering or nominal stress: Its the stress whore the original cross-sectional area of specimen is taken, Mathematically, Ao where, A, = Original cross-sectional area of specimen taken (b) True or actual stress: Itis the stress where the actual cross-sectional area of specimen at any time of loading is considered Pp A, where, A, = Actual cross-sectional area of specimen at any time of loading i.e. changed area of cross-section due to lGading A, = Ay#AA_ as porour convention +’ for compression and for tension s taken Mathematically, ‘+ Intension, true or actual stress is always greater than engineering or nominal stress. renewen * INCOMpression, true or actual stress is always less than engineering or nominal stress. et 1.3 STRAIN — longer when in tension and shorter when in compression. The elongation es » strain. Strain is represented by € t ee {a oe bat the form of number. If the member is in tension then the strain is called a sean tensile strain. Ifthe member isin compression, then the strain is called compressive strain, MADE EASY wwrw.madeeasypublicas ERSS P tape [CE Solved ExamplesCivil 4 | Engineering MADE EASY (On the basis of length of member used in caleulation of strain, strain can be of following two types: (a) Engineering or Nominal Strain: Engineering or nominal strain is strain calculated, when length ‘of member is taken as original length al Mathomatically, €)= ~ whore, {y= original length of member (b) True or Actual Strain : True or actual strain is, actual length of member at loading in calculated, when length of member is taken as Mathematically, where, /, = Actual length of member sign for tension; ~’ sign for compression A prismatic bar with rectangular cross-section (20 mm x 40 mm), length L = 2.8 m is subjected to an axial tensile force of 70 kN. The measured elongation of the bar is 1.2 mm. Calculate the tensile stress and strain in the bar. +k 5 TORN 7OKN 40mm t ™ i ' 2a "Zo mn Solution: Assuming thal force acts al CG of section. We know thal, P__7oxt0°N 2 stesso = &=OXION. _ 97.5 Nimm? = 875MPa 85° = A” 20x AOE and strain,e = Sb. 12mm _ 4 996 x 10% “LC 28x1000m™m 1.4 TENSILE TEST FOR MILD STEEL he mechanical properties of materials used in engineering are determined by experiments performed ‘on small specimen. These experiments are conducted in laboratories equipped with tesling machines that are capable of loading in tension or compression. he American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has published guidelines for conducting test. Tensile testis generally conducted on Universal Testing Machine (UTM). 1 1 General Specifications of Specimen + Specimen is solid cylindrical rod ‘+ Gauge length 2" (inches) * Diameter of middle section 0.5" (inches) * LD ratio = 4.0 1.4.2 Stress Strain Curve for Tension + Ais limit of proportionality: Beyond this linear variation ceases. Hooke’ law is valid in OA. + Bis elastic limit: The maximum stress upto which a specimen regains its original length on removal of applied load, For mild steel, 6 is very near to A. However, for other materials 6 may be greater than A, MADE ERSS worwmadeensypublicationsorg cola] CeMADE EASY Strength of Materials 5 Properties of Materials 4oof Yield platoay E Strain-hardoning region —+le-Post utimae stress reglor-si Upper yet point ste | Deno) region inporeaste region — Measured / i rope + ldealizes ‘Strain (i percentage) Fig, ideo! Tensie stress-strain diagram for Mid Steet upper yield point: The magnitude of the stress corresponding to C’ depends on the cross- sectional area, shape of the specimen and the type of the equipment used to perform the test. Ithas no practical significance, * Cis lower yield point: This is also called actual yield point. The stress at Cis the yield stress (a,) with a typical value of 6, = 250 Nimm? (for mild stee!). The yielding begins at this stress. + CD represents perfectly plastic region: It's the strain which occurs after the yielding point C, without any increase in stross. The strain corresponding to point Dis about 1.4% and corresponding to Cis about 0.12% for mild steel, Hence, plastic strain is 10 to 15 times of elastic strain + DE represents strain hardening region: In this range further addition of stress gives adcitional strain. However, strain increases with faster rate in this region. The material in this range undergoes change in its crystaline structure, resulting in increased resistance to further deformalion. This portion is not used for structural design, + Els ultimate point: The stress corresponding to this point is ultimate stress (,) and the coresponding strain is about 20% for mild steel + Fils fracture point: Stress corresponding to this is called breaking stress and strain is called fracture strain. It is about 25% for mild steel. + EF post ultimate stress region: In this range, necking occurs, Ie. area of cross-section is drastically decreased 1. Strain that occurs before the yield pointis called elastic strain and that which occurs: after yiold point with no increase in stress is called plastic strain. For mild steel, |, Paste strain 100 18 tmes of last stan. 2. Ideal curve for tension is shown in figure, However actual behaviour is different and indicates apparently reduced yield stress in compression after strain hardening in tension. The divergence between tension and compression results is explained by Bauschinger and is called Bauschinger effect. NOTE MADE ERSY Theory with | OE Solved ExamplesCivil 6 | Engineering MADE EASY 1.43 Actual Curve v/s Engineering Curve in Ten: n and Compression for Mild Stee! Actual stress Engineering curve ‘stain cue waneerne Engineering stess ‘an curve, Stress (Nin) Stain Stain Fig. Tension curve for mid stoo! Fig. Compression curve for Mid steel u The racture strain depends upon % carbon prosentin steel 5 | 1 Withincrease in percentage carbon ractue stain reduces = With increase carbon content, steel has higher yield stress and higher ultimate stresses. + Incompression, engineering stress-strain curve lies above the actual stress-strain curve, while in tension actual stress-strain curve lies above the engineering stress-strain curve. + Incompression mild steel has yield stress @, = 263 Nim, slightly greater than tension. + Mild steel has same Young's modulus of elasticity in compression and tension, E= 2.1 x 10° Nimm? Relation between engineering and actual stress ya <0) 19 = Engineering stress; ¢, = Engineering strain ‘As per our convention, for tension, take positive (+ve) sign and take negative (-ve) sign for compression. where, o,=Actualstress; 6, NOTE : While deriving above equation volume changes is neglected which is true in plastic region (Non-elastic region). Stress-strain Curve for other Grades of Steel in Tension Too! steelHTS Loweatioy highstrength ‘see Stress, o (MPa) 3 ° 020 0a ‘Strain, © ‘Fig, Tensile stress-strain clagram for diferent grades of steel MADE ERSS worwmadeensypublicationsorg cola] CeMADE EASY Strength of Materials 7 Properties of Materials = Allthe grades of steel have same Young's modulus of elasticity = Among all steel grades high tension steel (HTS) is more brittle and mild steel is more REMEMBER ductile. = High tension stee! has higher ultimate strength than other grades of steel Stress-strain Curve for Different Materials Low-carbon see! Aluminum alloy ‘tess Castiron Concrete ‘Aig, Stess-strain stagram for diferent material 1.5 PROPERTIES OF METALS 15.1. Ductility Duetilty is the property by which material can be stretched. Large deformations are thus possible in ductile materials before the absolute failure or rupture takes place, These materials have post-elastic strain (Plastic strain) greater than 5%. Some of the examples of ductile materials are mild steel, aluminium, copper. manganese, lead, nickel, brass, bronze ete. 15.2. Brittleness Brittioness is the lack of ductility i.e. materials can not be stretched. In brittle materials, fracture takes place immediately atter elastic limit with a relatively smaller deformation. For the brittle materials, fracture and Ultimate points are same and after proportional limil very small strain is seen. Britle materials have post elastic strain less than 5%. Some examples of bitte materials are cast iron, concrete and glass. MADE ERSY Theory with | OE Solved ExamplesCivil 8 | Engineering MADE EASY Publications To distinguish between these two type of materials, materials with post elastic strain less than 5% at fracture point are regarded as brittle and those having post elastic strain greater REMEMBER than 5% at fracture point are called ductile (this value for mild steel at fracture is about 25%), 153 Malleability Malicabilty is the property of metal due to which a piace of metal can be converted into a thin sheet by pressing it. A malleable material possess a high degree of plasticity. This property is of great use in operations ike forging, hot rolling, drop (stamping) et 15.4 Hardness * Hardness is resistance to scratch or abrasion, * There are two methods of hardness measurements: (a) Scratch hardness-commonly measured by Mohr’ test (0) Indentation hardness (abrasion) measured by ‘+ Brinelfs hardiness method © Rockwell hardness + Vickers hardness * Knoop hardness 1.6 CREEP Creep is permanent deformation which is recorded with passage of time al constant loading, Total creep deformation continues to increase with time asymptotically. Consider a prismatic bar of longth Lon which an external stalic load P is applied. Due to applied slatic load, goes a deformation of D,, bul after some time itis observed that bar has gone permanent and some stress developed in bar released. This effect is called creep, Elastic detlection = Pe AE where, Static load = Deformation due to creep eee cot Fig. Coep inbar Factors affecting creep are as follows: 4. Magnitude of load 2. Type of oading (static or dynamic) 3. Time or age of loading 4. Temperature + Athigher temperature, due to greater mobility of atoms most of the materials loose their strength and elastic constants also get reduced. Hence, greater deformation at elevated temperature results, even under constant loading, Therefore, creep is more pronounced at higher temperature, and thus it must be considered for design of engines and furnaces. + Temperature at which the creep becomes very appreciable shalt ofthe melting point temperature ‘on absolute scale and is known as homologous temperature MADE EASY worwimadeeasypublications or Trgey wih patties imadeeasypubliationsorg Solved "Eades | CE14 Civil Engineering Publications OBJECTIVE Q.5. Stross curves always a straight ino for BRAIN TEASERS (a) elastic materia (b) materials obeying Hooke's law Q.1 Match List-I (Type of material) with List-Il (c) elasto plastic materials (Characteristics) and select the correct answer (d) none of the above using the codes given below the lists Q.6 The term nominal stress in stress-strain curve List-l for mild steel implies A. Elastiomateral (@) average stress B. Rigid material (b) actual stross ©. Plastic material ©) yield stress D. Resilient material (d) stress at necking List-Il 4. Does not store energy Q.7 Consider the following statements: 2. Has no piastc region in stress strain curve The principle of superposition is applied to 3. Behave as a spring 1. Linear elastic bodies 4, Offera resltence to deformation 2. Bodies subjected to small deformations 5 Which of these statements is/are correct? (@) talono (b) tand2 A BCD (©) 2alone (@) neither 1 nor @4 1 5 3 Q.8 The strain ata pointis a 4 1 6 2 (@) Scalar (b) Vector @2 48 (6) Tensor (@) None of those @1 3 4 8 .9 If the value of Poisson's ratio is 2010, then it Q.2. Astuctute is said to be linearly elastic i moans that (@) Load « displacement (@) the materialis rigid (b) Load « rs (0) the material is perfectly plastic (6) there is no longitudinal strain in the material () Energy « displacement (d) the longitudinal strain in the materials infinite (a) Eneray Load Q.3 Which one is not the characteristics of fatigue @-10 Consider the following statements fracture? 1. Strength of steel increases with carbon (a) Rough fracture surface content (b) Rough and smooth areas on fracture surface 2. Young's modulus of steel increase with () Plastic deformation carbon content (@) Conchoidal markings on fracture surface 3. Young's modulus of steel remain unchanged with variation of carbon content .4 A\atigue crackin a sound and smooth specimen Which of tose statomants is/are correct? takes (a) ‘only (b) 2only {@) longer time initiation than propagation (@) 1and2 (@) 1ana3 (b) longer time in propagation than initiation (©) eaval ime in initiation and propagation (d) notime in propagation MADE EASY www.madeeasypublications.org Theory with | OE Solved ExamplesMADE EASY Publications Q.11 True stress « is related with conventional stress, as @ Sare? —@ 2-4 o5 % (ite) ot OFa o .12 Stoo! has its yiold strength of 400 Nimm? and modulus of elasticity of x 105 MPa, Assuming the material to obey Hooke's law up to yielding, what is its proof resilience? (@) 0.8 Nimm? (©) 0.4 Nimm? (©) 0.6 Nimm? (A) 0.7 Nim? Q.13 What would be the shape of the failure surface of a stanciard cast iron specimen subjected to torque? (@) Cup and cone shape at the cer (b) Plane surface perpendicular to the axis o the specimen (©) Pyramid type wedge-shaped surface perpendicular to the axis of the specimen. (4) Helicoidal surface at 45° to the axis of the specimen. Q.14 Tho groatest stross that a material can withstand for a specified length of time without excessive deformation is called (a) Fatigue strength (o) Endurance limit (6) Creep rupture strength (@) Creep strength .15 Consider the following statements. 4. Creep is usually more important at higher temperatures and higher stress. 2. Croop depends on temperature level, stress level, time and type of loading (static or dynamic) 3. The nalure of creep is elastic because as soon as we remove the load, the material regains its original long Q.18 What is the number of independent Strength of Materials PropertiesofMaterias | 15 Which of these statements are correct? (@) 1,2and3 (0) 1,3and4 (©) 1,.2and4 (@) Zand 4 only Q.16 The following observations refer to two metal samples Aand Bot same size subjected to un axial tension test upto failure 1. Elastic strain energy of A is more than that of B. 2. Atea under stress-strain curve of A is less than that of 8 3. The yield strength of Ais mor B. 4, The percentage elongation of A and B at elastic limit are equal Which of the following statement is true in this regard? (@) Specimen Ais more ductile than specimen B (b) Specimen Bis more ductile than specimen A (¢) The ductility of the two specimen is equal (d) The data is insufficient to compare the ductities of the two specimens n that of Q.17 Consider the following statements: 1. Ifonly shear stress is acting then volume of the specimen does not change. 2. The ultimate shear strength observed trom shear stress-strain curve is almost the same 3 ultimate normal strength observed from normal stress-strain curve. 3. For an isotropic material, number o' independent and distinct elastic constants are21 Which of the statement are CORRECT? (@ tand2 (0) 2and3. (©) tand3 (@) t only ss components in a body loaded under a general state of stress and a plane stress condition respectively in order to completely specify the state of stress at a point? 4. Creepin concrete may relieve same tensile @) Sands ) Gand 4 (©) 9ana3 (@) Bands stress. MADE EASY Theory with Publestons Solved Examples | CECivil 16 | Engineering Directions: The following items consists of two statements; one labelled as ‘Assertion (A)’ and the other as ‘Reason (RY’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answers to these tems using the codes given below: (@) both A and R are true and R is the correct, explanation of A (b) both A and R are true but R is not a correct ‘explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false (@) Ais false but Ris true Q.19 Assertion (A): Many materials do not have well defined yield point. Reason (R): 0.2% offset parallel to the initial tangent of the stress-strain curve intersects the curve at yield stress Q.20 Assertion (A): Strainis a fundamental behaviour of the material, while the stress is a derived concept, Reason (R): Strain does not have a unit while the stress has a unit. Q.21 Assertion (A): The amount of elastic deformation at a certain point, which an elastic. body undergoes, under given stressis the same irrespective of the stresses being tensile or compressive Reason (R): The modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio are assumed to be the same in tension as well as compression. .22 Assertion (A): A mild steel tension specimen has a cup and cone fracture a failure. Reason (R): Mid stool is weak in shear and failure of the specimen in shear takes place at 45° to the direction of the applied tensile force .23 Assertion (A): In a tensile lest on a specimen true stress in the specimen is more than nominal stress. Reason (R): Grip of universal testing machine introduces stress concentrations. shear than in tension and the plane of maximum shear is perpendicular to its axis. .25 Assertion (A): In a tension test on a cast ton spocimen, the failure of the specimen ison a cross: section perpendicular to the axis ofthe specimen Reason (R): The failure of the specimen is on plane subjected to maximum tensie-stress and cast ron is relatively weak in tension .26 Assertion (A): In a tension test on a mild steel specimen, the fallure ofthe specimen is along a plane at 45° to cross-section Reason (R): The failure of the specimen is on aplane subjected to maximum shear stress and mild steol is relalively weak in shear. 2.27 The stress strain diagram for two materials A and Bis shown below: Material A Material & Stress rain Assertion (A): Material A is more brittle than material B, Reason (R): The ultimate strength of material Bis more than that of A. Q.28 Assertion (A): In strain hardening region, the material appears to loose some of ngth and hence offers more resistance, thus requiring increased tensile load for further deformation, Reason (R): The material undergoes changes in its atomic and crystalline structure in this region. Q.29 Assertion (A): There are two independent elastic constants for an isotropic material Reason (R): All metals at micro-level are Q.24 Assertion (A): The failure surface of a mild isotropic. 721 specimen subject to a torque about its axis is along a surface perpendicular to its axis. Reason (R): Mild steol is relatively weaker in MADE EASY www.madeeasypublications.org Theory with | OE Solved ExamplesMADE EASY Publications 16. 1. (a) 2. (@) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) 114, (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 18. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24, (a) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) HINTS & EXPLANATIONS: 5. (b) Stress « strain (Hooke’s law) Which is valid within proportional limit Within elastic limit stress — strain curve may be linear or nonlinear, For e.g. Rubber. (a) Nominal stress = Load P Oiginal area" Ay 17 Nominal toss also called engineering stose or average stress load P Actual area” A, ‘Actual area atinstantotloacing does notremain constant and decreases with increase in elongation Acualstessis alsocaled tue stress 10, (d) 22. Stengthof steel increases wih carbon content but Young's modulus remains constant 12. (b) Actual stress 400% 23. 2x2x105 Proof r -& ANImen? i roof resilience 13. (a) Biritle materials fails ina plane at 45° from the axis when subjected to torque because they are weak in tension compare to shear. If ductile materials 29. are subjected to torque, then the failure surface willbe in a plane at 90° from the axis of shat. 18. (c) At higher temperature creep become more important because after temperature halt of Properties ofMaterials 20. Strength of Materials 17 melting point, ithecomes uncontrollable. ‘The nature of creep is elastic as well as plastic. (b) Uy Up For material For material 8 Strain energy per unit volume of Ais loss than B. Ya _ Ye Va < Ve us _ Ue Since materials are same size, ZF = App Lo ls and given that 6,,, > Gy, 2 Material Bis more ductile than that of B. () Forisotropic material number of elastic constant are2i.e, (Eand w). tbody are stressed by shear stress as in pure shear case, then the change in volume of stressed body is zero, (b) During experiment in laboratory, strain is measured that is why itis called fundamental quantity, While stress is derived from strain (a) Mild steel is enough strong in tension and compression but itis weak in shear. Hence, the failure of the specimen takes place due to shear. (b) For rue stress, the actual area at any time used is less than original area, due to elongation in specimen, therefore, true stress is more than nominal or engineering stress. () The two olastic constants for isotropic materials are usually expressed as Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio. However the other elastic constants K, G can also be used. For isotropic material, Gand Kare found out from Eand p. All metals at micro level are anisotropic. Theory with Solved ‘Examples | CECivil 18 | Engineering MADE EASY Publications £ mS CONVENTIONAL BRAIN TEASERS —_ Q.1 For a brass alloy, the following engineering stresses produce the corresponding plastic engineering strains, prior to necking Engineering Stress (MPa) | Engineering Stain 235 0.104 250 0.296 On the basis of this information, compute the engineering stress necessary to produce an engineering strain of 0.25. Solution : () Aspergiven information, we first need lo convert engineering stresses and strains lo rue stresses and strains. True stress, = ot +2) (07), = 0,(1 + €) = 235(1 + 0.194) = 280.59 MPa True strain, e,= In(t +e) (€p, = In(t + €,) =In(t + 0,194) = 0.1773 Similarly, tue stress (om) = 0,(1 + €,) True strain, (pp = In(t +) =In(1 40.296) = 0.259 ‘As we know, true stress and strain relationship given by o,= Ke? Ino; = In(K) + nine) in (280.59) = In (K) + nin (0.1773) (i In (224) = In (K) + nin (0.259) «io By solving equation (i and (i) respectively n= 0379 In(K) = 6.2935 K = 541.0436 MPa General equation, o,= Kee 6, = 41,0436 (€,)°378 For engineering strain 0.28 True strain, eps In(t 4.0.25) = 0.223 6, = 541,0486(0.223)9279 6, = 306.3654 MPa o,= a(t +e) 306,654 = a(1 + 0.25) MADE ASS www.madeeasypublications.or: Theory wilh Publeatene ;madeeasypublications.org = Solved ‘Examples | CEMADE EASY Publications Required engineering stress, 306.3654 1.28 = 245,092MPa Strength of Materials PropertiesofMaterias | 1Q @.2 Prove that for maximum strain hardening true strain is equal to work hardening coefficient. For a material true stress-strain curve follows the relationship 8; = s+ Ai? true stress, s,= 360 MPa, flow stress at 2010 pasts strain, s, = 250 MPa, strain hardening exponent, n= 0.28 and tue plastic strain, = 0.07 (where, @is engineering strain) Solution: + te Tuesvan = Jo e= JF True vain e = loth, =b € = In(t+e) PLA True stress 3, = axe 6, = ox = Ale Volume 1 - AL (hones Now Bley % e ost A 5, = oft +0) PLD yaa ae * ae MADE ERSY Theory with Solved Examples | CECivil 20. | Engineering MADE EASY Publications (ay at OF) (2) Now by ea, (1) and (2) ap de, BL an aran tt AUIS. ey de” dor Now, Ge o, (3) oe. de 0, de do, _ 0 48, My en de a ) dor He. 2xe, de a (4) by eq, (3) and (4) nee For maximum stain harding tus strain is equal to work hardening coeticient 6, = 0+ke/? nd Differentiating equation (i) with respect of € ;. doy doo def —_ 2 +kot de "de de DE ERSY li ‘The with MADE ERSS wowmadeeasypublicationsorg cola] Ce