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 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
International Conference on Food & Applied
Sciences (ICFAS-23)

August 03-05, 2023

Dir-Kumrat, Pakistan

Organized by

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Evolution

(SBBU) Sheringal (Dir KPK) (Pakistan)

In collaboration with
PASTIC, IFANCA Pakistan & Applied Zoological Society of
Pakistan
The material in the book may not be copied or reproduced without permission
of authors.
ISBN: 978-969-8040-55-0

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)
August 03-05, 2023
Composed by: Mrs. Shazia Parveen, PASTIC
Edited By: Dr. Maryum Ibrar, PASTIC
Cover Designed by: Muhammad Arif Khan, PASTIC

Published & Printed by

Pakistan Scientific and Technological Information Centre,
(PASTIC), Islamabad
TABLE OF CONTENT
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE..................................................................................... i
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v
ABOUT PASTIC ..................................................................................................... vi
A Comparative Study on the Activity of Mulberry: a Novel Antioxidant...................... 237
A dynamic learning decision-making method for achieving industry 5.0 objectives as
case study in the bioengineering and biomedical engineering industry of Pakistan ....... 132
A First Principles Study of Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Janus
Monolayer InSSe under External Electric Field and Strain............................................ 153
A Generic Split-Gfp-Based Reporter System for Agrobacterium-Mediated Protein
Translocation in Plants ..................................................................................................... 88
A Simulation Study of Structural, Elastic and Optoelectronic Properties of Aluminium
Based Fluoroperovskite Alxf3 (X = Ca, Cd and Be) ...................................................... 280
A Simulation Study of Structural, Elastic, Electronic and Optical Properties of Gallium
Based Fluoroperovskite Compounds GAXF3 (X= CA, CD) .......................................... 270
A story beyond Cell Cycle and Cell differentiation, retinoblastoma related (rbr-4) has role
in male germline development, and abiotic stresses......................................................... 70
A Study on Prevalence of Different Congenital Limb Defects Patients of Haripur District
who Visited Rehabilitation Centre ................................................................................. 100
A study on the farmer’s knowledge and intensity of pesticide use in vegetables grown in
district Thatta ................................................................................................................. 108
A Sustainable Approach for Producing Green Bioenergy Using Photosynthetic Microbial
Fuel Cell............................................................................................................................. 1
Adapting Food Routines in the post COVID-19 Era...................................................... 275
AFM based surface analysis of High Hydrostatic Pressure Sensitive and Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains ................................................................................... 194
Agro-morphological Characterization of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Germplasm
under Climatic Conditions of Pothowar ........................................................................... 30
AI-based Solutions for Sustainable Beekeeping: A Step towards Controlling Colony
Collapse Disorder ............................................................................................................ 53
Alpha-Mangostin Mediated Silver Nanoparticles as Antioxidantand Anticancer agent,
and Ecofriendly Catalyst for Dyes Degradation ............................................................. 178
Amrit Dhara Oil: A Promising Analgesic ...................................................................... 139
An innovative strategy in wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) grain yield production through
priming of seeds with phyto extract to tolerate heat and drought ..................................... 14
An Intelligent and Secure Transaction Routing Protocol for Distributed Ledger in Internet
of Things ........................................................................................................................ 221
An overview on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Propolis ............................... 5
Analysis of Inducible Clindamycin genes, Virginiamycin A acetyl transferase Vat and
class 1 integrase, in S. aureus isolated from raw milk samples ...................................... 185
Analysis of Phyto-Constituents and Biological activities of Sapindus Mukorossi ............. 250
Antibacterial Potential of Green AgNPs Synthesized Using Cinnamomum verum .......... 93
Anticorrosive polyaniline synthesized using coconut oil as the dispersion medium ........ 69
Antidiabetic Activity of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Bark Extract in Alloxan induced
Diabetic Rats .................................................................................................................. 159
Anti-diabetic studies of Taraxacum officinale ............................................................... 197
Antifungal activity of Green synthesized Schiff Base-Polymeric nanoparticles by
nanoprecipitation technique; A new Advancement ........................................................ 106
Antifungal Activity of Juglans-regia-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) against
Aspergillus-ochraceus-Induced Toxicity in In Vitro and In Vivo Settings ..................... 268
Application of Date Pit Powder for Quality Improvement of Chicken Meat ................. 255
Application of Nanotechnology in Food Industry ............................................................ 89
Apprehending the role of finance sector in transforming food system ............................. 25
Aronia Berry and its Bioactive Compounds as Functional Food in Plummeting the Risk
of Chronic Diseases ......................................................................................................... 31
Arthropod-Borne Diseases and Vector-Borne Zoonoses ............................................... 262
Arthropod-Borne Diseases in Urban Environment ........................................................ 266
Artificial Intelligence based System for Validating Ripening Stages of Storage Tomatoes
Using Sensory Dataset ..................................................................................................... 56
Assessing the Bioavailability and Bio accessibility of Metal Iron in Pastureland irrigated
with wastewater regime to food crops: Wastewater use in Agriculture to grow crops to
reduce water scarcity.......................................................................................................... 6
Assessment and Distribution of Atrazine Pesticide in Water, Sediment, and Fish of the
River Indus..................................................................................................................... 210
Assessment of consumer’s knowledge, perception and behavior regarding food labels .... 7
Assessment of Fungicidal Potential of Inflorescence Extract of Quinoa against
Macrophomina phaseolina and its Phytochemical Analysis through GC-MS ............... 282
Bi2O3-ZnO Heterojunction; An efficient catalyst for photodegradation of dyes ................ 7
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Edible Crustacean Species Collected From
Selected Littoral States of Arabian Sea ............................................................................ 82
Bioactive Peptides as Innovative Therapies for Lifestyle-Related Diseases .................... 32
Bio-fortification: Iron Deficiency Improvement in Staple Foodthrough foliar spray for
Food Security ................................................................................................................. 130
Biosynthesis of Silver and Nickle oxide nanoparticles using polysaccharides fromchia
seed mucilage and evaluating their biological applications ............................................. 78
Bio-synthesized Copper Oxide Nano-composites with applications as ......................... 168
Buckwheat, A Versatile Pseudocereal with great Health benefits ...................................... 241
Buellia pakistanica (Caliciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), a new lichen species from
Margalla Hills, Pakistan ................................................................................................. 186
Celery: A natural Therapeutic Agent ............................................................................. 239
Cellulose based films: Potential green films for food packaging ..................................... 22
Characterization of Acidophilus-Bifidus Milk Fortified with Apple Peel Polyphenol
Extract ............................................................................................................................ 221
Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Helicobacter Pylori Isolated From
Gastroenteritis Patients .................................................................................................. 174
Characterization of Biofunctional Components and Assessment of Biological Activities
of Bunium persicum seed ............................................................................................... 180
Characterization of Fermented Foods and Exploration of their Health Benefits (Anti-
hypertensive and anti-diabetic) ........................................................................................ 26
Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hospital
Wastewater in District Kohat ......................................................................................... 161
Characterization of phytochemicals, assessment of antioxidant activity, and evaluation of
antihypertensive effects of Ocimum basilicum L. .......................................................... 141
Cinnamon as a Potential Cure for Depression................................................................ 242
Climate Change and Arthropod-Borne Diseases ............................................................ 260
Clinical Pharmacists Role and Physicians’ Acceptance in the COVID-19 ICU of Tertiary
Care Hospital ................................................................................................................. 270
Colorimetric Detection of Ascorbic Acid Using Iron Dopped Hydroxyapatite from
Chicken Bone................................................................................................................. 272
Colorimetric Sensing of Dopamine Using Cobalt Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite
from Goat Bones ............................................................................................................ 276
Comparative Analysis of CNN Models to Mitigate Overfitting for Accurate Detection
and Prediction of Monkeypox ........................................................................................ 252
Comparative analysis of ozone treatment strategies for antibacterial effect on salmonella
and E.coli in fish fillets .................................................................................................... 20
Comparative Analysis of Packet Tracer and OPNET IT GURU Network Simulation
Tools ................................................................................................................................ 76
Comparative Biochemical and Nutritional Assessment of Basil, Chia, and Flax Seeds
against Drug-Induced Hyperlipidemia ........................................................................... 248
Comparative evaluation of elemental composition of mollusc and crustacean species’
shells: a case study of Pakistan’s coastline ...................................................................... 82
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem among Pakistani and South Korean
Patients: A Population Pharmacokinetic Study .............................................................. 204
Comparative phytochemical analysis and characterization of local sugarcane products.. 90
Comparative Proximate Analyses of Value-Added Products Derived from Two Varieties
of Bananas (Musa spp.).................................................................................................. 109
Comparative study on the use of mango peel sugar as a natural sweetener substitute in
flavoring milk, in comparison to artificial sweeteners ..................................................... 19
Competitive Effect of Beetroot Juice and Allicin on Hypertensive Patients .................... 16
Computationally Engineered Vaccine Construct Forparasitic Entamoeba Histolytica Based
On SREHP Epitopes ........................................................................................................ 247
Computer and numerical sciences and application of computational methods ................ 74
Concentrations and the Risk associated with Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and
Cadmium (Cd) in Humanurine of Healthy and Unhealthy Subjects .............................. 166
Conductive Hydrogel as Strain Sensor and Electronic Skin ............................................ 24
Cooperative Distributed Uplink Cache over B5G Small Cell Networks ........................ 160
Correlation of Serumprolactin and Thyroid Profile with Infertility ............................... 247
Could PCSK9 be a new Therapeutic Target of Eugenol? In vitro and in silico evaluation
of hypothesis .................................................................................................................. 277
Cultivation, characterization and hydrolysis of polysaccharide rich microalgae: An
indigenous source for third generation bioethanol production ....................................... 148
Cumin and Black Caraway ............................................................................................ 230
Date Pit a Remarkable Fiber Source against Different Ailments ....................................... 245
Deep-HPI-pred: an R-Shiny app for network-based classification and prediction of host-
pathogen protein-protein interactions............................................................................... 50
Delving Into the Climate Change and Food Insecurity in Pakistan: Risks and Futuristic
demands ........................................................................................................................... 34
Design and Synthesis of Novel Anti-Urease imidazothiazole Derivatives with promising
antibacterial activity against the Helicobacter pylori ..................................................... 231
Designing Nutraceutical Foods for Sports Performance and Recovery: Current Strategies,
Emerging Trends, and Future Directions ....................................................................... 170
Detection Mechanism for Malware in Internet of Things Using a Novel Deep Boosted
Convolution Neural Network ......................................................................................... 212
Detection of small-sized DNA fragments in a glassy nanopore by utilization of CRISPR-
Cas12a as a converter system. ........................................................................................ 228
Determination of Reactive Oxygen Species in Japanese Quails at different age and
genders ............................................................................................................................. 80
Developing a sustainable washing solution for fruits and vegetables from Sapindus
Mukorossi and Acacia Concinna ................................................................................... 222
Development and analysis of cookies fortified from chicken egg shells and cod liver oil
as calcium and vitamin D source ................................................................................... 120
Development and characterization of fiber-rich Aloe Vera-based jam .......................... 149
Development and Characterization of Rice Bran Oil Based Low-fat Mayonnaise using
Cinnamon Essential Oil ................................................................................................. 226
Development and Quality Enhancement of Cottage type Cheese Made from Nili Ravi
Buffalo Postpartum Milk (Colostrum) ........................................................................... 143
Development and Quality Evaluation of Healthy Snack by Incorporating Carrot Pomace
and Cowpea Flour ............................................................................................................ 86
Development and Suitability of Tomato Based Value Added Products ........................... 89
Development of a value-added carrot-chili sauce utilizing red CH-27 hybrid and Sindh
Ghotki variety for enhanced flavor and health-promoting properties ............................ 107
Development of oat granola bar enriched with seaweed powder and its effect on
hypothyroidism ................................................................................................................ 46
Development of Oats-Wheat Composite Flour Cookies Enriched with Nigella Sativa
(Kalonji) and It’s Effect on Hyperlipidemia ...................................................................... 2
Development of Quinolones Nanoparticles for an Increased Anitibacterial Activity ...... 76
Development, optimization, and efficacy assessment of next-generation biofertilizers,
Roadmap to sustainable agriculture ................................................................................. 98
Dietary Management of Lactose Intolerance using Plant-Based Dairy Alternative ....... 218
Differential Gene Expression Analysis of Chloride Ion Channels in Bladder Cancer
Patients of Pakistan ........................................................................................................ 171
Discovery of Druggable Potent Inhibitors of Serineproteases and Farnesoid X Receptor
by Ligand-Based Virtual Screening to Obstruct SARS-COV-2 ..................................... 250
DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic Analysis and disease transmission study in Medicago
sativa (16Sr-II-D) infected by Phytoplasma bacteria ..................................................... 102
Dopant Free Triphenylamine (TPA) Based Hole Transport Materials with Excellent
Photovoltaic properties for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells .......................... 271
Dynamics of Loschmidt Echo and Quantum Phase Transition of Ising Spin Systems... 270
Eco-friendly Synthesis of Silver, Copper, and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Peganum
harmala: Assessing Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Properties..................................... 183
Ecological Significance of Symbiotic Relationships between Coral Reefs and Resident
Fish Species ..................................................................................................................... 37
Economical and sustainable utilization of different agroindustrial wastes for production
of bacterial maltase ........................................................................................................ 138
Ectopically expressed LjCCD7 in tomato confers tolerance to water deprivation and leaf
water loss via enhancement of antioxidant system in SL-ABA dependent manner ....... 253
Effect of BDNF on Alzheimer Disease Patients through Antidepressant Drug Therapy216
Effect of Citrus Peel Powder in Marinade for Safety, Quality and Tenderness of Chicken
....................................................................................................................................... 144
Effect of dietary supplementation of microbial dextran and inulin exopolysaccharides on
metabolomics and microbiome of BALB/c mice models................................................. 97
Effect of different Cooking Techniques on the Production of Heterocyclic Aromatic
Amines in Chicken Meat................................................................................................ 181
Effect of Different Hydrocolloids on the Quality of Whey Drink .................................. 162
Effect of Electron-Phonon Interection on Dynamic Conductivity in Photonic Topological
Insulator with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry........................................................... 271
Effect of Incorporating Cereal Grains Combination in Diet on the Prognosis of Diabetes
Mellitus Type II ............................................................................................................... 41
Effect of Lacticaseibacillus Casei H1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SQ-4 on Quality
Parameters and Flavor Profile of Hongsuantang: A Traditional Chinese Sour Soup ....... 12
Effect of Nigella sativa on Growth Performance, Hematological and Serum Biochemical
Parameters of Grass Carp ............................................................................................... 258
Effect of Post-harvest application of Plant Extracts on the Storage Life of Bell Pepper
(Capsicum annum) ......................................................................................................... 217
Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) On Quality and Quantity of Milk and
Meat in Kundhi Buffalloes ............................................................................................. 133
Effect of Ripening and in Vitro Digestion on Free Aminoacids and Angiotensin I
Converting Enzyme Inhibitory (Ace-I) Potential of Cow and Buffalo Milk Cheddar
cheeses ........................................................................................................................... 232
Effect of storage interval and CaC2 on Physico Chemical Properties during the
Commercial Maturity of Persimmon.............................................................................. 224
Effect of various amounts of Jaggery on drying methods on the development and
physico-chemical properties of Tamarind leathers......................................................... 137
Effect of Various Doses of Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment on the Quality
Characteristics of Vacuum-Packed Dry Fermented Sausage during Refrigerated Storage
......................................................................................................................................... 44
Effects of Dietary Threonine and Protein on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of
white Pekin ducks .......................................................................................................... 176
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Antimicrobial Activities of the Selected Seeds from
Pakistan .......................................................................................................................... 156
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and New Chemistry Insecticides against Army
worm under Laboratory Conditions ............................................................................... 175
Efficient Degradation of Industrial Dyes (Methyle Violet & Auramine-O) Using Ni/Zno
Supported Photocatalyst ................................................................................................. 180
Efficient PET Hydrolysis via Mechanochemical Milling: A Sustainable, greener Waste
Approach for plastic recycling ......................................................................................... 28
Egg Shell Powder: A Fantastic Food Waste and Adaptable For Tification Component .... 246
Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy of Octahedral Nickel Complexes and Ligand Field
Splitting by a set of Ligands .......................................................................................... 188
Engineering of Tenofovir Nanoparticle and Stability Assessment Using Isothermal
Approaches ...................................................................................................................... 38
Enhanced Growth of Waste Water Derived Bacterial Culture on Polyaniline Modified
Graphite Anode .............................................................................................................. 159
Enhancing Circular Urban Food Systems through Industrial Symbiosis Powered by
Blockchain and AI ........................................................................................................... 57
Enhancing Extraction Efficiency and Biological Activities of Syzygium Aromaticum
Essential Oils: A Comparative Study of Conventional Extraction Techniques with
Superheated Steam Distillation ........................................................................................ 27
Enhancing Sustainable Agriculture and Animal Sciences through Integrated Approaches
......................................................................................................................................... 73
Environmental pollution: Facts, causes, effects and its emerging solution by plantation; A
critical review ................................................................................................................ 111
Enzymatic physic chemical and phyto-evaluation of apple juice under high-pressure
carbon dioxide and Thermal processing......................................................................... 233
Escherichia coli Isolates from Patients with Gynecological Infections in theKohat
District: A Characterization Study ................................................................................... 47
Establishing the Modern Dairy Value Chain in Pakistan; Tool for Pro Poor Farmer
Development .................................................................................................................. 220
Estimation of Air Activation in 600MeV Proton Accelerator Vaults with Iron, Copper,
Tungsten, and Lead targets. ........................................................................................... 187
Estimation of Essential & Non-Essential Traces of Heavy Metals in Edible Salt Found In
Karachi, Pakistan ........................................................................................................... 104
Evaluation of Antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi and characterization of
compounds from mycelial extract of Talaromyces assiutensis and T. trachyspermus ... 125
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Local Medicinal Plants against Burkholderia
cepacia in Neonatal Pneumonia of District Swat ........................................................... 114
Evaluation of Chelating agents as effective phytoremediatory tools for minimizing Cr-
toxicity in plants grown under Cr-stress conditions ......................................................... 94
Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Nanoemulsion Blended with Clove Oil on Post harvest
Preservation of Strawberry Fruit at Various Temperatures ............................................ 115
Evaluation of fish (Labeo rohita) fillets coated with gelatin and cauliflower leaf extract
based edible coating ....................................................................................................... 124
Evaluation of Methanol Extract of Aerial Parts of Daphne Mucronata against
Doxorubicin-Induced H9c2 Cardiomyocytes ................................................................. 229
Evaluation of proximate composition and mineral contents of cluster bean (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) using different treatment methods ......................................................... 108
Evaluation of radioactive isotopes in concrete by the bombardment of heavy ions on
copper target .................................................................................................................. 199
Evaluation of the impact of cold plasma technology on antibiotic-resistant bacteria in
beef .................................................................................................................................. 18
Evaluation of Various Endocytic Pathways to the Overall Transfection Process of
Nanocarriers in the Lung Cancer Derived Cells............................................................... 41
Examining the Effects of ABACUS-Based Mathematics Trainingon the Cognition of
Primary School Children: A Review of Student Perspectives and Expert Observations.. 83
Exploration of potential inhibition of newly synthesized derivatives of Methyl Pyridine-
4-carboxylate towards COX-1 and COX-2 in the treatment of inflammation and related
diseases. ......................................................................................................................... 119
Exploration of the usage of artificial intelligence in the food industry ............................ 20
Exploring mindful eating: a holistic approach to nourishing body and mind ................... 22
Exploring the Hypocholesterolemic Impact of Soy Milk Based Pudding ........................ 94
Exploring the Potential of Triticale as a Functional Food for Human Health ................ 215
Exploring the Power of Generative AI: Enhancing Capabilities and Eradicating
Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 273
Exploring the Role of Rumen Microbiota in Enhancing Beef Quality ........................... 189
Extraction, Characterization and Kinetic Study of Purified Lipoxygenase (LOX) Enzyme
from Capra aegagrus hircus (Goat) Tissues (Heart, Liver and Brain) .............................. 84
Fabrication and Evaluation of Lipid based Nano encapsulation of Vildagliptin .............. 45
Ferulic Acid Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles and Its Catalytic Applications ............... 128
Ferulic Acid-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and its environmental
application........................................................................................................................ 80
First assessment of the population density and conservation threats of partridgesin North
Pakistan ............................................................................................................................ 66
First report of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus infecting hibiscus plant in Pakistan ............ 87
Fluoride Content in Tea Infusions Sold In Karachi........................................................ 103
Food preservation and food packaging, recent developments, and future challenges .... 113
Food security in changing climate ................................................................................. 112
Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences ..................................................................... 72
Formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in grilled meat and its reduction using local
spices ............................................................................................................................. 134
Formulation and evaluation of polymeric nanosuspensions of meloxicam with its
enhanced analgesic effect in mice .................................................................................... 96
Formulation of Herbal Tea Using Indigenous Sources .................................................. 281
Formulation of nutrient rich coconut bars by incorporating water chestnut (Eleocharis
dulcis) ............................................................................................................................ 116
Frequency of Renal Stone Formation and Its Association with Dietary Pattern in Patients
Visiting Tertiary Care Hospitals, Peshawar ................................................................... 144
From Stress to Success: Selenium NanoparticlesEnhancing Physiomorphological
Resilience and Oil Bioactives in Sesame under Biotic Stress .......................................... 14
Functional foods of Pakistan and their role in Senescence............................................. 192
Fungal Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas Nucleases: A Study for Enhanced Cellulases
Production ........................................................................................................................ 69
Fungi vs Microplasitcs: An in Silico Study on Ascomycetes' Enzymatic Potential ......... 90
GC-MS Analysis and Therapeutic Properties of Marine Algae in the Treatment of
Nephrotoxicity ............................................................................................................... 125
GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Toxicity
Property of Aerial Parts of Haplophyllum gilesii ........................................................... 127
Genetic Analysis of Pakistani Family with Hereditary Albinism................................... 214
Genetic Based Routing Protocol for the Optimization of Sensor Nodes on the Internet of
Things .............................................................................................................................. 62
Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Dynamics of Trematodes ...................................... 260
Genetic Diversity of Rhizobium in Nodules and Rhizosphere of Vigna mungo L.......... 171
Genetic Evaluation of Selected Intellectual Disability Family from District Kohat....... 225
Genomic Analysis and AI-driven Approaches for Personalized Psoriasis Treatment:
Unveiling Mechanisms and Future Strategies ................................................................ 282
Genomic Approaches for Understanding Arthropod-Borne Diseases ............................ 263
Geochemistry of subsurface water of Swabi district and Associated Health Risk with
Heavy Metals Contamination........................................................................................... 85
Globalization and its Impacts on E-commerce ............................................................... 158
Gluten Free Biscuits....................................................................................................... 190
Graphene Nanoscaffolds for Scarless Accelerated Wound Healing................................. 24
Green Synthesis of Biocompatible Core-Shell (Au-Ag) and Hybrid (Au-ZnO and Ag-
ZnO) Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Evaluation of their Potential Antibacterial,
Antidiabetic, Antiglycation and Anticancer Activities..................................................... 75
Green synthesis of Schiff Base-Polymeric nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation technique
as potential candidate for antifungal activity.................................................................. 122
Green Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Derived from, Polyhrbal Recipes ................................................................................... 283
Halophytes as an Alternate Source to Cope Salinity Problem by Estimation of
Phytoremediation and Forage Quality.............................................................................. 61
Herbal Medication (Garlina) Attenuates Cholesterol Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia in
Wistar rats ...................................................................................................................... 191
High Performance Porous Magnetic Gum Acacia Composite for Removal of
Carcinogenic Dyes from Water ...................................................................................... 157
Histopathology of Breast Cancer, Grossing of Breast Specimen and Images
Classifications ................................................................................................................ 188
Host-mediated microbiome engineering for enhancing abiotic stress: Hopes or Hypes 146
Hybrid Cloud Computing, Security Issues, Solutions and Future Directions ................ 124
Hydrogel Based on Gelatin-Carboxymethyl Cellulose for the Removal of Methylene Blue
from Aqueous Solutions................................................................................................. 276
Hydrogels as Adhesive for Solid Surfaces Repairing ...................................................... 23
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots for Metal Ions Detection ................ 162
Identification of a novel variant in GPR56/ADGRG1 gene through whole exome
sequencing in a consanguineous Pakistani family. ........................................................... 65
Identification of novel inhibitors of non-structural protein for treatment HCV: an in-silico
approach......................................................................................................................... 131
Identification of Potent Inhibitors Targeting EGFR and HER3 for Effective Treatment of
Chemoresistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ......................................................... 248
Immuno-Modulating Potential of Goat Milk ................................................................... 33
Impact of Therapeutic Tea (Indian Rennet Tea) in Lowering Blood Glucose in Patients of
Diabetes ......................................................................................................................... 105
Impacts of Fibre Consumption on Gut Microbiota in Individuals diagnosed with type 2
Diabetes ......................................................................................................................... 235
In vitro and in Vivo characterization of therapeutically effective serine protease inhibitor
isolated from Momordica charantia L. ............................................................................ 96
In vitro evaluation of Aloe saponaria as a potential feed additive to reduce protozoal
count and methanogenesis in ruminants........................................................................... 44
In vivo evaluation of different originated corn grains in ruminal fermentation and blood
metabolites of Holstein steers fed total mixed ration as a basal diet ................................ 43
Incorporating oat flour for formulating functional bakery products to meet the dietary
needs of celiac disease patients ...................................................................................... 150
Incorporation of growth factors and bioactive molecules in 3D printing for enhanced
meat tissue engineering .................................................................................................... 17
Incorporation of unripe mango powder (Mangifera Indica) in the preparation of flavored
iced tea ........................................................................................................................... 116
Influence of Preprocessing Methods and Fermentation of Adzuki Beans on Γ-
Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) Accumulation by Lactic Acid Bacteria .............................. 234
Inhibition of Aspergillus niger Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis Pathway using CRISPR-Cas
Gene Editing Approach.................................................................................................... 61
Injectable Oligomer-Cross-linked Gelatin Hydrogels for Regenerative Applications ... 203
Innovations in Alternative Protein Sources: Meeting the Global Demand for Sustainable
Food Systems ................................................................................................................... 68
Innovations in Food Biotechnology: From Genetic Engineering to Cultured Meat ....... 240
Insects as a solution for Food Security and Hunger ....................................................... 143
Insight into Carbohydrate Metabolism, Protein Quantification in Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) by the Action of Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against
Heat stress, With respect to Climate change in Pakistan .................................................. 15
Integrated Management of Canola Aphid Using Silicon Dioxide and Chrysoperlacarnea
under Field Conditions ................................................................................................... 173
Integrated Pan-Omics and Machine Learning Analysis Revealed Multi-Stress Responsive
Roles of the CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) Gene Family Members in Three Mango Cultivars ... 35
Interpreting Machine Learning Models Local and Global Predictions by Leveraging
Explainable Artificial Intelligence ................................................................................... 40
Investigating the efficacy of polylactic acid based active packaging incorporating eugenol
and lycopene for tomato preservation .............................................................................. 18
Investigating the therapeutic properties and environmental sustainability of date seed
herbal tea as promising caffeine-free alternative with nutritional and medicinal value . 110
Investigation of Acrylamide in Fast Food Products and its Health Risk Assessment .... 136
Investigation of Optical, Morphological, and Structural Characteristics of Cuo-Go
Nanocomposites Synthesized by Chemical Solution ..................................................... 278
Investigation ofthe Optoelectronic Properties of Synthesized Monocarbonyl Aryledines
....................................................................................................................................... 200
In-vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of Biologically synthesized Sulphur
Nanoparticles against food-borne Pathogens ................................................................. 192
In-Vivo Antibacterial Potential of Sol-gel Synthesized Honey Mediated Zirconia Oxide
Nanoparticles ................................................................................................................... 49
Invivo Comparative Diuretic study of Cichorium intybus, Terminalia chebula and Punica
granatum ........................................................................................................................ 165
In-Vivo Study of Antifungal Activity of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles ........... 45
IoT based Non-invasive Diabetes Monitoring System using E-Health ............................ 59
Is breakfast the most important meal of the day? ........................................................... 135
Isolation and Identification of Protease Producing Bacteria from Local Salt Mines of
District Karak Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan .............................................................. 280
Isolation Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid
Bacteria from Dzo (Bos Grunniens × Bos Primigenius) Milk and Their Assesment of
Probiotics ....................................................................................................................... 195
Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from local yogurt samples and its Potential Application
in Celiac Disease and Chronic stress alleviation in mice model. ..................................... 60
Isolation, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Identification of
Exopolysaccharides Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria of Different Dairy and Non Dairy
Products ......................................................................................................................... 172
Isolation, Partial Purification and Kinetic Parameters Based Characterization of
Lipoxygenase (LOX) Enzyme from Gallus Gallus Domestics (Chicken) Tissues (Liver,
Heart and Brain)............................................................................................................... 42
Kamarkas; A Nutritional Herb as a Promising Analgesic Remedy ................................ 138
Lipolysis and Antioxidant Properties of Cow and Buffalo Cheddar Cheese in Accelerated
Ripening......................................................................................................................... 164
Machine Learning Techniques in Radiological and Nuclear Medicine Imaging ........... 213
Machine Learning Techniques on Celiac Disease .......................................................... 257
Magnetic and Multiferroic Hybrid 1D Nanostructures, Fabrication, Structure and
Properties ....................................................................................................................... 212
Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of mixture of Resorcinol and Benzophenone-3 from real
samples using magnetic graphene oxide caged in alginate polymer .............................. 185
Measurement of Induced Radioactivity by Carbon Ion in Iron Target and Surrounding
Coolants ......................................................................................................................... 186
Metabolic Engineering of Aspergillus niger Fumonisin Synthesis Pathway using
CRISPR‐Cas .................................................................................................................... 63
Methodologies for attaining sustainable food production and consumption systems ..... 131
Micelle-Micelle Crosslinked Highly Stretchable Conductive Hydrogels for Potential
Applications of Strain and Electronic Skin Sensors ....................................................... 201
Micropropagationand phytochemical profile of wild grape Vitis jacquemontii of the
Himalayan region ........................................................................................................... 193
Microsatellite Polymorphism of Drd2 Gene in Schizophrenia....................................... 163
Mitigating the Effect of Heat Stress by using Green Silver Nanoparticles on Wheat
Yields. A Case Study of Climate Change in Pakistan .................................................... 145
Modeling and Computer Simulations of Materials for Applications in Applied Sciences
....................................................................................................................................... 278
Modification of Legume Proteins: A Strategy to expand the functional Applications ... 232
Molecular Characterization of a Consanguineous Pakistani Family Identified a Novel
ZBTB10 gene Mutation to be involved in Intellectual Impairment ................................ 150
Molecular Characterization of EPHA2 Gene Mutation for Cataract in Pakistani families
....................................................................................................................................... 184
Molecular Docking-based identification of phytocompounds as potential inhibitors of
HPV16 E6 protein for the treatment of cervical cancer ................................................. 251
Molecular epidemiology and its Role in Infectious Disease Control ............................. 197
Molecular Identification of Lactococcus Lactis isolated from Fermented Food and Its
Role as Bio Preservative Agent...................................................................................... 172
Molecular insights into inflorescence meristems identity determination and panicle
architecture in rice............................................................................................................ 74
Moleculer Charactarization of Fasciola Hepatica Based on Its-1 & Its-2 Genes in Small
Ruminants of District Hangu, Pakistan .......................................................................... 200
Monitoring and Method Development for Quality Assurance of Wheat Grains and
Basmati Polished Rice for banned Organochlorine Pesticides’ Residues ...................... 141
Monitoring the Impact of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Food Resources in
Pakistan .......................................................................................................................... 106
Morpho-genetic characterization of Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri and its management. ... 51
Morphological characterization of root inhabiting Endophytic bacteria .......................... 52
Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Therapy and Cytotoxicity Study .............. 31
Multivariate Data Analysis and Prediction of Maternal Health Risk Levels Using
Machine Learning .............................................................................................................. 8
Mutation Mapping and Its In-silico Functional Analysis in Families Segregating
Intellectual Disability ..................................................................................................... 187
Nano-Pesticides against Fruit flies (Bactrocera zonata) ................................................ 168
Nano-Waste Problems and Sustainable Nano Technology: A Novel Approach to
Wastewater Treatment and Applications in Food Industry ............................................ 236
Natural Supplements: As Adjunct Therapy for Diabetes ................................................... 4
Neuroprotective Effect of Traditional Chinese Herb for the Treatment of Parkinson
Disease ............................................................................................................................. 33
Notch Mediated EndMT ................................................................................................ 148
Novel Diagnostics and Surveillance Tools for Arthropod-Borne Diseases .................... 265
Numerical Analysis of Non-Linear Propagation of Ion-Acoustic Waves In Plasma
Physics Modeled By Fractional Gardner Equation ........................................................ 119
Numerical simulation of Graphene based Plasmonic Platforms for Bio-Sensing and
Chemical Sensing .......................................................................................................... 278
Nutraceutical Drink made from Thyme (Thymus Vulgaris) to enhance antimicrobial and
antifungal properties for curing Acute disease. .............................................................. 117
Nutrigenomics: Diet gene interaction ............................................................................ 229
Nutritional Aspects and Health benefits of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.) ............. 194
Nutritional Counseling Improves the Nutritional Status, Liver Function and Serum
Electrolytes of Patients with Liver Transplantation ....................................................... 206
Nutritional Supplement Management Program among Thalassaemia Patients: A Project
of Pharmacist Managed Care Services ........................................................................... 209
One Health Approach to Arthropod-Borne Diseases ..................................................... 264
Optimization of Aflatoxins Analysis in Rice grains and Estimation of Dietary in Take in
the Population of Lahore City ........................................................................................ 234
Optimization of Growth Conditions of Commercially Available Yeast Strains............. 173
Optimization of the Convolution Neural Network Using Hunger Games Search for Image
Classification ................................................................................................................... 11
Opuntia dillenii cladode: Nutritionally Rich Edible Plant for Treatment of Inflammation
and Pain ......................................................................................................................... 123
Organic Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods .................................................................. 238
Organoleptic Properties during Processing under high Pressure Carbon dioxide .......... 243
Perception and Impact of Micropollutants in Urine- Based Liquid Fertilizer on crop
Production ...................................................................................................................... 167
Pharmacological Effects following Administration of Ficus carica Leaves Extract on
Stress in Rats.................................................................................................................. 254
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria: A Green Strategy for Plant Growth Improvement ....... 95
Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye By Uv/Cu+2/Pds Process ............... 164
Physical and Sensory Evaluation of Peanut Yogurt ......................................................... 16
Physicochemical Evaluation of Gelatin Nanoparticles Crosslinked by Photo-Oxidation 13
Phyto Chemical-Rich Oat Cookies, Harnessing Mango Seed Kernels for Waste
Management and Nutritional Enhancement ................................................................... 244
Phytochemical Analysis and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extract of
Desmostachya bipinnata roots ......................................................................................... 10
Phytochemical Analysis, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Hordeum
Vulgare (HV) Seed Extracts........................................................................................... 126
Phytoremediation Potential of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.) Grown In
Tannery Sludge Contaminated Soil.................................................................................... 4
Phytostimulatory Impact of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive PGPR on Zea mays L. and their
Genetic Studies ................................................................................................................ 92
Pinazaphilone B from Penicillium Species: Potential antidiabetic and Nonpromiscuous
Drug Molecule ............................................................................................................... 201
Plastic Invasion: Uncovering the Presence of Microplastics and Nano Plastics in Human
Urine .............................................................................................................................. 166
Polymer Capped Iron Oxide Nanoparticlesfor Biomedical Applications....................... 277
Polymeric Films Supplemented with Natural Therapeutic Agents for Improved Biological
Performance ................................................................................................................... 223
Polyphenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and volatile compounds of Phoenix
dactylifera L. var. Ajwa. ................................................................................................ 196
Positive Energy Condition and Conservation Laws in Kantowski-Sachs Spacetime via
Noether Symmetries........................................................................................................... 3
Potato Starch: Important Ingredient Now a Days for Food Industry .............................. 179
Potential Anticancer and Antioxidant Lauric Acid Based Hydrazones Synthesis and
Computational Slant towards the Electronic Properties ................................................. 269
Potential of Apple Pomace, waste of food processing industry ..................................... 113
Potential of mango waste as a sustainable resource for the development of biodegradable
cellulose-starch composite films ...................................................................................... 85
Power dynamics in environmental Decision making for large-scale infrastructure projects
....................................................................................................................................... 140
PR Proteins Engineering in Sugarcane to explore their role in Disease Management ... 184
Prediction of drying rate of fruits and vegetables using machine learning....................... 53
Prediction of the loading/releasing Behavior of a pH-responsive Drug which has multiple
pKa, through a Profound Combination of Theoretical Calculation, pKa, and DFT
simulation: A novel Approach ....................................................................................... 207
Predictive Modeling and Forecasting: Use of smart trap to forecast the infestation of pest
in crops ............................................................................................................................ 55
Preparation & Characterization of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles ofPeanut Skin
Extract and Carrot Root Extractand Evaluation of their Anticancer and Antimicrobial
Potentials........................................................................................................................ 118
Prevalence of Anchor Worm and Its Impact on the Gills Histopathology and Hematology
of Common Carp in Kohat ............................................................................................. 203
Prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid -19) In District Haripur, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan ..................................................................................................... 63
Prevalence of dengue Fever in District Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan .......... 155
Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitusin District Haripur, KPK, Pakistan .............................. 101
Prevalence of Food Poisioning......................................................................................... 87
Prevalence of Symptomatic Anxiety in Children & Adolescents Suffering from Beta-
Thalassemia: “A Longitudinal Study” ........................................................................... 272
Prevalence of typhoid fever in urban areas of Haripur, KPK, Pakistan ........................... 59
Probiotics protect intestinal microbial dysbiosis and subsequent aero-gastric infections of
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ...................................................... 9
Product Development and Sensory Evaluation of Value Added Food Products Made By
Incorporating Dried Wasted Onion Green Leaves ......................................................... 137
Production and characterization of a high molecular weight levan and fructo
oligosaccharides from a rhizospheric isolate of Bacillus aryabhattai .............................. 98
Production of Lovastatin by Fermentation of newly isolated Fungal Strain Aspergillus
Terreus using Corymbia maculata Leaves as Carbon Source ........................................ 182
Productivity and Quality Enhancement of Fodder Oat Using Bio-stimulants Under NARC
Conditions .......................................................................................................................... 2
Proof of Pseudonym: Blockchain-Based Privacy Preserving Protocol for Intelligent
Transport System ........................................................................................................... 129
Protective Effect of Bee Propolis on Genotoxicity against Atrazine Intoxication in Grass
Carp ............................................................................................................................... 208
Protective Role of β-Glucan against the Toxicity of Malathion in Rohu (Labeo Rohita)
....................................................................................................................................... 210
Proteomic insight into soybean response to flooding stress ........................................... 146
Proximate and mineral composition of wild melon (Citrullus Ecirrhosus) of village
verhar, district Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan ................................................................... 109
Proximate and sensory analysis of wheat bread supplemented with Nigella sativa oil and
Nigella sativa extract ....................................................................................................... 29
Quality and safety aspects of Functional foods ................................................................ 67
Quantum Walks in an Inhomogeneous Incommensurate Off-diagonal Aubry-André-
Harper Model ................................................................................................................. 225
Recent Trends: Intelligent Packagingin the Food Industry ............................................ 216
Relationship between Microfinance and Sustainable Women Entrepreneurial
Performance: The Mediating Role of Social Capital...................................................... 158
Removal of Hydrocarbon Pollutants from Refinery wastewater through Adsorption using
Mo based MOFs............................................................................................................. 155
Repurposing Neurokinin-1 Receptor, Aprepitant in combination with corticosteroid,
Dexamethasone as a therapeutic Regimen for Severe to Critically ill COVID-19 patients
....................................................................................................................................... 266
Research in Solid State Dosimetry ................................................................................. 279
Rhizobacterial Bioformulations: A Green Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture.............. 92
Rise of Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverages: Consumer Preferences, Market Trends and
Flavor Innovation ........................................................................................................... 151
Role of Commercial Bank in the Economic Development of Pakistan .......................... 223
Role of ICAM-1 in Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Arterial Disease ......................... 249
Role of Mushrooms in Medicinal Field and as Functional Food ................................... 239
Sapodilla: Health Benefits Bioactive Compounds Antioxidant Activity and Uses ........ 237
Schiff-Bases and its polymeric nanoparticles as antibacterial agents: synthesis,
characterization and therapeutic potential ...................................................................... 122
Section: Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences ....................................................... 84
Seed Cycling: A Promising Approach for Preventing PCOS......................................... 111
Seed Priming Techniques: A novel approach for crop productivity with special reference
to Maize using microbial metabolites ............................................................................ 135
Serum and Hematological Changes in Hypertensive, Diabetic and Cardiac Patients As
Rapid Diagnostic Markers For Covid-19 ....................................................................... 283
Siliconbgb B application ameliorates the Growth and Physiological Attributes of maize
(Zea mays L.) under Salt Stress ..................................................................................... 259
Silver Nanoparticlesfrom Salvia Species as Ecofriendly Catalysts for Removal of
Synthetic and Food Dyes ............................................................................................... 177
Single Cell Protein: High Protein Low Carbon Food ..................................................... 222
Smart Approach for optimizing Shelf-Life of Perishable Food Crops through Computer
Vision and IoT ................................................................................................................. 57
SMARTRAPS: An Automated Insect Pest Monitoring and Identification Device for
Enhancing Food Security ................................................................................................. 54
Somatic embryogenesis and generation of transgenic Ajuga bracteosa plants expressing
rol genes ........................................................................................................................... 39
Sooty Mold Disease Detection on Cotton Leaves using Deep Learning .......................... 56
Soyabean and Its Efficacy on Different Health Diseases ............................................... 154
Soyprotein: An emerging Nutritional Power House with Versatile Applications .......... 242
Speedy Delights: Unveiling the Secrets of Fast-Food Magic ......................................... 241
Standardization of Garlic Paste and Shelf Stability Evaluation of Its Antioxidant .......... 50
Standrization of Phytase and Biomass Production in Submerged Fermentation with
Aspergillus Flavus Phy190 Isolated From Soil ................................................................ 79
Steeping Technology: The Need for Development of Long Term Preservation of
Vegetables...................................................................................................................... 235
Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Activities of
Alstonia Scholaris Linn and Plumeria Rubra Linn ........................................................ 227
Structural insights into the mechanism of resistance to bicalutamide by the clinical
mutations in androgen receptor in chemo-treatment resistant prostate cancer ............... 100
Study of Heavy Metals in Soil and Wheat Crop and their Transfer to Food Chain.......... 78
Study of Preparation and Applications of Nanoparticles in the Synthesize Nitrogen-Based
Molecules: Probing their Chemo-sensing Study ............................................................ 134
Surface Decorated Liposomes for Tumor Targeting ...................................................... 195
Sustainable Development of Nanomaterial from Upcycling of Waste Plastic for
Interfacial Solar Desalination......................................................................................... 227
Sustainable options to minimize postharvest losses in Pakistan..................................... 169
Sustainable Utilization of Food waste ............................................................................ 117
Synergistic effect of Syzgium aromaticum based titanium oxide nanoparticle and
antibiotics against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi ............................................... 206
Synergistic Effects of Essential Oils and Antibiotics against Listeria monocytogenes .. 252
Synthesis and Antifungal Potential of Schiff Bases of Phenothiazine ........................... 104
Synthesis and Catalytic Potential of Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica and Prunus
persica Gums (Green Reductants) Mediated Silver Nanoparticles ................................ 177
Synthesis and Characterization of Bi2O3 Nanoparticles Impregnated with
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Nanocomposites ........................................................... 153
Synthesis and characterization of copper doped Hydroxyapatite for the colorimetric
sensing of uric acid ............................................................................................................ 5
Synthesis and characterization of Guar Gum based biopolymeric Hydrogels as carrier
materials for controlled delivery of Methotrexate to treat Colon cancer .......................... 34
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticles Impregnated with
Polytetrafluoroethylene Nanocomposites....................................................................... 198
Synthesis and Charactrization of Nickel Doped Hydroxyapatite for the Colorimetric
Sensing of Ascorbic Acid .............................................................................................. 281
Synthesis and Conjugation of Zinc Phthalocyanine with Antimicrobial Peptide for the
Efficient Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy .................................................. 120
Synthesis and surface morphology of banana biochar-based Nano-fertilizer and its effect
on first stages of growth parameters of Cucumber, Broccoli, and Red Okra ................. 142
Synthesis of Chitosan Composite of Metal-Organic Framework for the Adsorption of
Dyes; Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach ............................................................... 168
Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Root Extract of Zingiber officinale and
Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli. ............................... 70
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of a Potential of Piperidine Substituted
Heterocyclic Compounds ............................................................................................... 154
Synthesis, X-Ray Crystallography and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of a Novel
Thiosemicarbazide ........................................................................................................... 40
Targeting Breast Cancer Receptor Proteins with Phytochemicals from Nigella Sativa: A
Computational Study ..................................................................................................... 156
Technical Aspects of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS); Applications of Genome,
Transcriptome and MicroRNAome Sequencing Information for Clinical and Research
Purposes ......................................................................................................................... 268
Techno Functional Properties and Quality Assessment of a Camel Milk Ice Cream
Supplemented With Aloe Vera ...................................................................................... 219
The Development of Effective Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with Anticancer
Drugs against Human Rhabdomyosarcoma ................................................................... 202
The Impact of Auxin on the Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Carrot (Dacus
Carota L.) ........................................................................................................................ 30
The Impact of Ultrasound-based processing on the Nutritional Quality of Citrus Juices
....................................................................................................................................... 127
The Impact of Wnt Signalling Activation on Ear Canal Dermis: Unravelling the
Pathogenesis of Keratosis Obturans ............................................................................... 181
The Influence of Ph on Thermal Degradation of Roziglitazone in Various Aqueous
Buffers ............................................................................................................................. 77
The Interplay of Nutritional Status and Metabolism: A Critical Determinant of Human
Health............................................................................................................................... 81
The Mobile Genetic Elements Proliferation and Diversification in Brassica Crops....... 211
The PgCadh gene in Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is involved in Resistance
Suppression against Cry1Ac in Pakistan ........................................................................ 102
The Prevalence of Ectoparsites and Endoparasites of Pigeons in Dera Ismail Khan ..... 132
The Quality Estimation of Exported Seafood from Pakistan: A Health Concern with
Reference to Food Safety ............................................................................................... 198
The Rational Design of Green Nanocomposites Materials for Environmental
Detoxification of Pollutants ............................................................................................... 1
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Sciences ............................................ 147
The Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus ............................. 151
Therapeutic Implications of Oats on Appetite Hormones ................................................ 48
Therapeutic investigation of Standardized Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Bitter Melon
(Momordica charantiaL.) for its potential against Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in
experimental animals’ model; In vitro and In Vivo Studies ............................................. 64
Therapeutic potential of Dicliptera roxburghiana against CCl4 Induced Renal Toxicity in
Mice ............................................................................................................................... 205
Tick-Borne Diseases and Public Health: Challenges and Strategies .............................. 263
To evaluate milk quality and adulteration of tehsil Maidan District Lower Dir ............. 224
Towards a Sustainable Future: Innovations in Food Sustainability and Waste Reduction
for a Greener Planet ....................................................................................................... 152
Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Protects Mouse Macrophage Derived Raw Cell Line 264.7
from Advanced Glycosylation End Products with Promising Anti-Aging Potential ...... 190
Turtle Neck Syndrome -The 21st Century Syndrome ..................................................... 256
Unravelling the In vitro and In vivo anti diabetic Potential of Polysaccharides from
Lepidium Sativum Seed Mucilage ................................................................................... 66
Unveiling the Consequences of Anthropocentrism: A Journey through the Decline of
Natural Resources ............................................................................................................ 36
Unveiling the Pervasive Presence and Potential Risks of Aspartame ............................ 193
Unveiling the Pharological Applications of Biosynthesized Silver and Nickle Oxide
Nanopaticles Using Lepidium Sativum Mucilage Polysaccharides ................................. 71
Use of protein-polysaccharides based hydrocolloid system for improve targeted delivery
of probiotics ..................................................................................................................... 28
Using Large Language Model for understanding Journalistic Polarization on Social
Media ............................................................................................................................. 256
Utilization of pomegranate and guava seed oil in mucilage coating for preservation of
poultry meat ..................................................................................................................... 21
Utilization of saccharified Arthrocnemum macrostachyum biomass as a low-cost natural
adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution ........................ 99
Utilizing the Wheat Straw against Different Maladies: A Waste-Based Therapy of 21st
Century ............................................................................................................................ 26
Validating SNP Markers Associated with Common Traits in Maize using Machine
Learning ........................................................................................................................... 58
Valorization of pomegranate peel as a source of natural antioxidants to improve oxidative
stability of edible oil ........................................................................................................ 84
Vector-Borne Diseases and Genetic Manipulation of Vectors ....................................... 261
Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women and Its Effect on Neonates in Rural
Jhelum .............................................................................................................................. 38
Volatile constituents from bark of Symplocos racemosa ................................................. 88
Volatile Flavour Profile and Bioactivities of Elettaria cardamomum, Trachyspermum
ammi, and Foeniculum vulgare...................................................................................... 176
Volatile Oil Compounds and Antimicrobial Activities of Cinnamomum Verum ........... 178
Waste to Wealth: Innovative utilization of eggshell waste for the improvement of
nutrition in various food products .................................................................................. 219
Water Chestnut: A Non-Conventional Approach to Combat Anxiety ............................. 52
Water conservation strategies in speargrass (Heteropogon contortus L.) for ecological
success in hyperarid conditions...................................................................................... 214
Wearable strain sensor based on ionic conductive hydrogel ............................................ 24
What makes human diet carcinogenic or anti-carcinogenic? ......................................... 121
Yak, Buffalo and Camel breeds under Productive and Adaptability Pressures during
Adverse Climate Change Scenario in Pakistan; Current Research Efforts and Future
Opportunities ................................................................................................................... 10
Yogurt for Tified with Date Pits: A promising Nutritional Innovation .......................... 244
Zinc Complex Reversed Memory Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease ........................... 46
Zn-Nanobiofertilizers: Green Synthesis and Their Phytostimulatory Potential ............... 91
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Patron in Chief
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shahab
Vice Chancellor, SBBU Sheringal Pakistan

Patrons
Prof. Dr. Faqir Muhammad Anjum
CEO, IFANCA Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan
Country Director, IFANCA Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Tahir Zahoor
Dean, Nur International University, Lahore
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Shiekh
Director General PASTIC Pakistan
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Umair Arshad
HOD, Food Technology GCU Faisalabad
Prof. Dr. Mian Anjum Murtaza
Director, IFSN University of Sargodha, Sargodha
Mr. Tariq Sarwar
CEO, Nosh Food Industries

Principal Organizers
Dr. Abdul Khaliq Jan
Pro Vice Chancellor, SBBU Sheringal Pakistan
Khurram Iqbal
Managing Director, Evolution (Pakistan)

Conference Co- Chairs

Prof. Dr. Aijaz Hussain Soomro
Director, IFT, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
Prof. Dr. Syeda Mehnaz Hassan
Department of Social Work, Punjab University Lahore
Dr. Fraz Bilal
CEO The Physio Network, Multan
Dr. Azhar Rasool
Focal Person, Applied Zoological Society GC University Faisalabad
Dr. Muhammad Shahid
Dep of Bio Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad

i
International Organizers
Prof. Dr. Mariusz Mojzych
Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences &
Humanities, Poland
Prof. Dr. Idrees Hamad Attitalla
Dean Faculty of Medical Technol, Omar Al Mukhtar University, Libya
Prof. Dr. Farooq Anwar
Faculty of Food Science & Technology, University Putra Malaysia
Dr. Katarzyna Kotwica- Mojzych
Experimental Cytology Unit Medical University, Lublin Poland

Conference Coordinators
Dr. Muhammad Asif Nawaz
Department of Biotechnology, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Hammad Tariq Janjuhah
HOD Department of Geology, SBBU Sheringal Pakistan
Dr. Sadaf Javaria
Director, IFSN, Gomal University D-I-Khan

Conference Technical Committee

Prof. Dr. Jan Nisar
NCPC, University of Peshawar
Dr. Shahid Basheer
HOD, University Institute of Food science & Technology UO Lahore
Dr. Saima Huma Tanveer
Director PASTIC
Dr. Faizan Ullah
Chairman, Department of Botany, UST Bannu
Dr. Muhammad Nadeem
IFSN, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
Dr. Kanza Aziz Awan
HOD, Department of Food Science & Technology, UCP
Dr. Allah Ditta
Dep of Env, Sciences SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Sadaf Shakoor
HOD Food Dep UAF Burewala Campus

Conference Steering & Accommodation Committee

Ms. Ghazala Ali Khan
Additional Director, KPK PASTIC
Mr. Badaha Hussain

ii
Registrar, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. M Shahbaz
Chairman Department of Food Science & Technology, MNSUA Multan
Mr. Sikandar Ullah
Provost, SBBU Sheringal
Ms. Shazia Khushdil
Deputy Provost, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Zia Shahid
Food Department UO Lahore
Mr. Ihtesham Islam
Warden, SBBU Sheringal
Mr. Adnan Ahmed
Warden, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Zul Kamal
Manager Linkages ORIC SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Muhammad Israr
HOD, Dep of Sociology and Guests Affairs, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Ummi Kulsoom
Female Warden, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Shujaat Ahmad
Dep of Pharmacy, SBBU Sheringal
Mr. Ibrar Hussain
Director Admin Accommodation, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Adnan Ahmad
Manager R & D ORIC, SBBU Sheringal
Ms. Imrana Rubab
Evolution (Pakistan)
Mr. Muladad
Provost Office, SBBU Sheringal

Conference Industrial, Publication & Media Committee

Mr. Mustajab Ahmad
GM Productions Cakes & Bakes
Mr. Shoaib Awan
Business Unit Head, Wiztec Food Solutions
Dr. Maryam Ibrar
PASTIC, Pakistan
Mr. Anwar Zada
Deputy Registrar, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Raisa Bano
Women University Swabi

iii
Dr. Shamayam Aslam
Evolution Pakistan
Mr. Rohul Islam
PRO, SBBU Sheringal
Mr. Zahid Jan
Senior Journalist, Dir

Technical Sessions Organizers

Dr. Khan Sher
HOD Botany, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Jumma Muhammad
HOD, Food & Env Science, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Shafiq Ur Rehman
HOD Pharmacy, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Nasir Mehmood
HOD Agriculture, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Wajid Raza
HOD, Management Sciences, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Muhammad Riaz
Department of Pharmacy, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Mirdar Ullah
HOD, Department of Biotechnology, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Irfan Ullah
HOD, Department of Computer Science, SBBU Sheringal
Dr. Latif Ahmad
HOD, Mathematics, SBBU Sheringal

iv
INTRODUCTION
International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)
which is organized in the Beautiful Valley of Dir-Kumrat on 03-05
August, 2023, at SBBU Sheringal organized by Evolution (Pakistan)
with SBBU Sheringal.
ICFAS-23 brings together investigators across every scientific
discipline to advance our understanding in the field of Food &
Applied Sciences. It aims to stimulate new collaborations, promote
highly interactive discussions, and elevate the professional
development of trainees and junior investigators.
ICFAS-23 aims to be one of the leading international conferences
for presenting novel and fundamental advances in the fields of Food
& Applied Science. It also serves to foster communication among
researchers and practitioners working in a wide variety of scientific
areas with a common interest in improving related techniques
.

v
ABOUT PASTIC
Pakistan Scientific & Technological Information
Centre (PASTIC) is a subsidiary organization of
Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), under the
umbrella of Ministry of Science and Technology
(MoST). PASTIC is a specialized premier
organization in the field of S&T information
handling and dissemination responsible for catering
to information needs of R&D and industrial community across the country.
The PASTIC National Centre is housed at Quaid-e-Azam University
Campus, Islamabad having a network of 6 Sub-Centres at Karachi, Lahore,
Peshawar, Quetta, Faisalabad and Muzaffarabad.
To begin with PASTIC supported research community across the country
when S&T research infrastructure in Pakistan was at a nascent stage and
provided facilities including supply of scientific and technical documents,
abstracts and indexes, bibliographies, translations, patent information and
patent indexes, science reference library service, technological
information transfer service, dissemination of computer-based
information services, reprographic and publication services.

PASTIC Objectives
 National S&T/R&D Information Repository of indigenous
information resources (databases)
 S&T/R&D information dissemination through contemporary
reference information tools
 Strengthen National Science Reference Library for resource sharing
& Inter-library collaborations (consortium) and empowerment of
information professionals.
 Promotion of R&D based industrial development
 Facilitate printing of S&T/R&D Publications
 Capacity/skill development of researchers & entrepreneurs
 Develop collaborations with national and international information
networks

PASTIC Activities/Functions
Online databases
Pakistan Science Abstracts (PSA): National research published in
Pakistani S & T Journals & Conference Proceedings etc.
PakCat: Union online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) of Books
available in Science and technology Libraries of Pakistan.

vi
DSpace full text digital repository of indigenous S&T literature.
Database of R & D Projects executed in Pakistan.
Industy related databases.
S&T Publications
 Technology Roundup: Publish bi-monthly bulletin by repackaging of
latest global Trade and Technology information.
 Union Catalogue: Provide information on research materials
(books/journals/conference proceedings/reports, etc.) available in
different S&T libraries of Pakistan.
 Scientific Periodicals of Pakistan: A handy guide of scientific
periodicals published in Pakistan.
 Abstract Books of Conferences: PASTIC support publication/printing
of Abstract Books organized by various S&T universities (on
request).

Promotion of Commercializable Technologies & Industrial Products

Organize STEM and IT Expo to promote local Research and
Development, SMEs, technologies/products/services/industrial R&D
challenges/issues as well as empowering youth and general public on new
and faster ways of delivering and accessing information.

National Science Reference Library Facility

A state-of-the-art Traditional Library facilitating the researcher through
following services: Reference & Referral Services; Reader Service;
Internet Service, Journal Listings; Photocopying & Scanning Services.

Human Resource Development (Capacity Building)

Organize Seminars/Workshops /Trainings/ for capacity building of:
 Young Researchers on Data Analysis and bibliographic citation Tools
(SPSS, EndNote, Mendeley)
 Women Entrepreneurs on e-marketing and e business skills
 Library Professionals on Library Information Management Tools &
techniques (Koha, D-space etc.)

Researchers and entrepreneurs on Intellectual Property Rights, Media
Information Literacy

vii
ABSTRACTS
 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

The Rational Design of Green Nanocomposites Materials for

Environmental Detoxification of Pollutants
Rooh Ullah
Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat
The sulfur adsorption capacity of the adsorbents strongly depends on the pore
structure, the chemical states and the dispersion of active species. In this work,
ZnO-Al2O3 mixed oxides with an improved structure were synthesized via a
freeze-drying modified cation-anion double hydrolysis (CADH) technique and
used as the support. Freeze drying technique provided the adsorbent with a smaller
sized ZnO and an improved pore structure compared with the normal oven drying
method. Micro fibre alumina was synthesized using thermal urea precipitation
technique and applied as support for the nano-sized ZnO precursor. The facile
functionalization of nano sized ZnO in reactive adsorption desulfurization
(RADS) performance and effect of diffusion rate in the desulfurization process
were compared with commercially prepared alumina used as support for ZnO and
Ni precursors. Higher breakthrough desulfurization activity and sulfur adsorption
capacity were concluded that strongly depends on the diffusion rate of molecules,
homogenous nano-sized ZnO dispersion and degree of active oxides interaction
with support. Detailed characterization results conclude that higher external
diffusion of reactant molecules within the cress crass micro-fibre, nano-sized ZnO
particles and their lower irreversible oxides interactions (IOI) may be the reasons
for superior RADS performance of Ni/ZnO-Al2O3-fibre adsorbent.
Keywords Environmental pollution, nanomaterial, desulfurization, micro fibre,
catalysis
A Sustainable Approach for Producing Green Bioenergy Using
Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell
Naeemullah, Fatima Sajid, Dileep Ahmad
Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Balochistan-92600, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
The Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) is a promising green alternative
for sustainable bioelectricity production, merging the benefits of renewable
energy generation, CO2 fixation, and wastewater treatment. Photosynthetic
microbial fuel cell (PMFC) is a type of fuel cell that combines the principles of
photosynthesis and microbial electrochemical systems (MES) to generate
electricity. It harnesses the energy produced by photosynthetic microorganisms,
such as cyanobacteria or algae, to convert light energy into electrical energy. This
research study used a double chamber, mediator-free microbial fuel cell to
bioelectrochemically transform the chemical energy stored in the organic
molecules present in the wastewater samples into electrical energy by using blue
green algae as photosynthetic microbes. The physical parameters such as pH,
conductance, current density, voltage, power output and resistance were
monitored for a week to observe changes due to metabolic activities of photophes.
A maximum current and voltage of about 381 mV and 529 MA were obtained
respectively. PMFCs represent a promising green alternative for sustainable
bioelectricity production, merging the benefits of renewable energy generation,
CO2 fixation, and wastewater treatment. MFCs hold promise as an

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environmentally friendly and sustainable technology that can contribute to the

generation of clean energy and the remediation of environmental pollutants.
Continued research and development in this field will help unlock their full
potential and expand their practical applications.
Keywords: Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel, photosynthetic microbes, Bioenergy,
wastewater
Development of Oats-Wheat Composite Flour Cookies Enriched
with Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) and It’s Effect on Hyperlipidemia
Hajra Saleem, Muneeb Khan
Faculty of Rehab & Allied Health Sci, Riphah International University, Lahore
The term hyperlipidemia is used to describe elevated lipid levels such as
cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and triglycerides within the body.
Hyperlipidemia is also cause of other ailments such as heart and liver diseases
that can be fatal. The present study was aimed to develop healthy snack cookies
and investigate its effect on hyperlipidemia. Oats-wheat composite flour cookies
enriched with Nigella Sativa (kalonji) were developed. Sensory evaluation of
cookies was performed. Proximate analysis of cookies was done. Results revealed
the moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate content of cookies
were 9.17, 2.17, 16.97, 10.47, 1.82 and 59.40 percent respectively.70 individuals
of 25-45 years were included in the study divided equally in two groups, control
and treatment group with 35 participants in each group. Treatment group was
given intervention for 30 days whereas control group didn’t receive any
intervention. It was observed that intake of cookies for 30 days significantly
reduced weight in participantsand consequently BMI p<0.01. The Total
cholesterol and triglycerides showed significant reduction p<0.01 after clinical
trial of 30 days. Similarly LDL showed significant reduction too p=0.041. No
significant reduction was seen in VLDL p=0.630. On the other hand HDL levels
were elevated significantly p<0.01. Results revealed an overall improvement in
parameters of Lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. In conclusion intake of a
healthy snack in form of cookies can play a very important role in weight
management and as well as in improvement of biochemical markers such as lipid
profile. Just by replacing unhealthy snacks with a healthy one overall health can
be improved.
Keywords: Composite flour, oats-wheat, nigella sativa, lipid profile,
hyperlipidemia
Productivity and Quality Enhancement of Fodder Oat Using Bio-
stimulants Under NARC Conditions
Zulfiqar Ali Gurmani1, Sami Ullah Khan*2, Sajjad Khan1
1Fodder Research Program, Crop Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
2Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
The use of bio-stimulants is gaining popularity in today’s agriculture due to their
ability to increase yield and quality of crops without harming the environment. To
ascertain the above facts, research experiments were conducted during Rabi
season 2021 to evaluate the response of fodder oat to various bio-stimulants
applied as foliar spray. The first pot study was conducted for dose optimization

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under completely randomize design using foliar applied bio-stimulants viz.

Moringa leaf extract at ratio of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, Sea weed extract at
1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, Thiourea at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500
ppm and Chitosan at 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm applied at
tillering and booting growth stages of fodder oat. The results revealed that
moringa leaf extracts, Sea weed extract, Thiourea and Chitosan at 1:40, 2%,
400ppm and 100 ppm respectively increased the vegetative growth and quality of
oat than other concentrations. Based on the results of dose estimation experiment,
a field experiment was conducted at Crops Sciences Institute, NARC Islamabad,
Pakistan in 2020-21. Thetreatments comprised foliage application of Sea weed
extract and Chitosan applied at 2% and 100 ppm respectively as single dose and
combined. The experiment was conducted in Randomize Complete Block Design
with three replications in factorial arrangement. Two Oat varieties viz. NARC oat
and PARC oat were assigned to the main plots while bio-stimulants were assigned
to the subplots. Bio-stimulants were applied at tillering (45 DAS) and booting 75
(DAS) growth stages. Data regarding agronomic, physiological and quality traits
of oat was recorded. The results of the fieldexperiment revealed significant
influence of Sea weed extract and Chitosan on growth, yield and quality traits of
fodder oat than control. Therefore, it was inferred from the above research
experimentation that use of bio-stimulants could be a good option to increase the
fodder yield and quality of fodder oat to overcome fodder shortages during the
lean period in the study area and reduce cost of fodder oat production.
Keywords: Bio-stimulants, Fodder Oat, Growth stages, Growth, yield, Quality
Positive Energy Condition and Conservation Laws in Kantowski-
Sachs Spacetime via Noether Symmetries
Sumaira Saleem Akhtar
Department of Mathematics, Women University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
In this paper, we have investigated Noether symmetries of the Lagrangian of
Kantowski–Sachs spacetime. The associated Lagrangian of the Kantowski–Sachs
metric is used to derive the set of determining equations. Solving the determining
equations for several values of the metric functions, it is observed that the
Kantowski–Sachs spacetime admits the Noether algebra of dimensions 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, and 11. A comparison of the obtained Noether symmetries with Killing and
homothetic vectors is also presented. With the help of Noether’s theorem, we have
presented the expressions for conservation laws corresponding to all Noether
symmetries. It is observed that the positive energy condition is satisfied for most
of the obtained metrics.
Keywords: Kantowski–Sachs metric, Noether symmetry, Conservation Laws,
Energy conditions, Einstein Field Equations

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Phytoremediation Potential of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus

Stapf.) Grown In Tannery Sludge Contaminated Soil
Sheza Ayaz Khilji
Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education,
Lahore, 54770, Punjab, Pakistan.
*Contact: [email protected], Cell No: 0334-1811110
Phytoremediation is one of the safest and sustainable approaches to reclaim the
metal contaminated soil. The present study assessed the phytoremediation
potential of lemongrass (Cymbopogonflexuosusstapf.) by growing it in soil mixed
with different concentrations of tannery sludge i.e., 5, 10 and 15% regarded as
5%TS+S, 10%TS+S, and 15%TS+S whereas the soil without tannery sludge was
taken as control (0%TS+S). After 35 days of growth, the plants were harvested to
record various morpho-physiological attributes and accumulation of various
heavy metals in above and below ground plant parts. Results revealed that soil
mixed with TS reduced the morphological attributes i.e., the fresh weight, dry
weight, number of roots, number of leaves, number of tillers, and shoot length up
to 37.50, 26.86, 23.46, 56.25, 16.13 and 19.31%. Moreover, tannery sludge
application enhanced the free radicals i.e., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
and regulated the anti-oxidant activities. The overall metal uptake was higher in
root than shoot whereas the amount of heavy metals uptake by plants was the
highest in 15% concentration. The trend of metal uptake was recorded as: Cr >
Mg > Cd > Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu >Pb.
Keywords: antioxidants; Lemongrass; metals; phytoremediation; tannery sludge
Natural Supplements: As Adjunct Therapy for Diabetes
Taherah Mohammad Abadi
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural
Resources University, Iran
*Contact: [email protected]
The main treatment ofdiabetes includesinsulin injection continuously to maintain
blood glucose, but nowadays, the researchers following some adjunct natural
therapy for diabetes. It is proved that Fenugreek seeds lower blood glucose in
diabetes patients by insulinotropic action and pancreatic insulin-sensitizing
effects. Dietary supplementation of 10 g Fenugreek/day in diabetes cases
decreased insulin resistance. Ginger can directly increase glucose uptake that may
be beneficial in the management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and improved
glucose regulation, insulin secretion and lipid profiles. Using cinnamon had
significant effect on the blood glucose in type 2 diabetics after 40 days and
inhibited glycogen synthase activity. Nettle contains compounds that increase
insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat cells, thereby increasing glucose uptake into
these cells and subsequently lower blood sugar. Colocynth was administered three
times a day in type 2 diabetes patients, and reduced fasting blood sugar and
glycosylated hemoglobin and increased insulin secretion from pancreatic cells.
Anti-diabetic properties of moringa may be due to effect on alpha-amylase and
alpha-glucosidase, which are responsible for converting dietary starch into
glucose and manage diabetes. Camel milk contains insulin like proteins, which
can be absorbed from the intestine and may be an effective alternative for insulin
to treat type 1 and 2 and gestational diabetes. Camel milk may reduce blood sugar

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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

and required insulin dose. Raw camel milk increases insulin secretion, reduces
insulin resistance and improves the glycemic control in type 1 diabetes patients.
Due to the side effects and temporary effects of chemical drugs, the use of herbal
and natural drugs along with chemical drugs is recommended for diabetics. But
more scientific studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of natural
supplements on diabetes cases.
Keywords: natural and herbal therapy, diabetes, insulin
An overview on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Propolis
Taherah Mohammad abadi
Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural
Resources University, Iran
Contact: [email protected]
Bees produce propolis by mixing tree gum collected from young leaves, flowers,
and stems with salivary enzymes. Honeybees use it mainly as a sealant and
disinfectant. Due to its antioxidative properties, propolis reduces the risk of
cardiovascular diseases. Some components of propolis, especially cinnamic
derivatives (caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenyl ester) and flavonoids (quercetin
and naringenin), have adverse effects on the bacterial cell membrane, decrease
motility and prevent the formation of biofilms by gram-positive bacteria. Ethanol
extract of propolis inhibits the urease activity produced by Helicobacter pylori
and may prevent gastrointestinal diseases. Pinocembrin is one of the components
of propolis that affects mold. Propolis inhibits hyphal cell respiration, which leads
to energy depletion and cell membrane damage, and accelerates cell death. The
mechanism of action of propolis on yeasts is related to the disruption of the cell
wall instead of affecting membrane permeability. The antiviral activity of propolis
is due to flavonoids, caffeic acid, and aromatic acid esters. It prevents
proliferation, blocks the virus transmission to other cells, and destroys the virus’s
outer covering. Propolis is effective against polio, influenza A and B, as well as
against HSV-1 and HSV-2 viruses. Therefore, as a natural compound with
antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties, propolis may
heal wounds, cardiovascular, and stomach ulcers. However, more clinical studies
are needed to support propolis's antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory
activity.
Keywords: Propolis, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity,cardiovascular
Synthesis and characterization of copper doped Hydroxyapatite for
the colorimetric sensing of uric acid
Saba Ibrahim1, Umar Nishan1, Nawshad Muhammad2
1Department
of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology (KUST), Kohat
2Department of Dental Materials IBMS, KMU, Peshawar

*Contact: [email protected]
Uric acid and its role as a metabolic waste product, uric acid has been proposed
to be an important molecule with multiple functions in human physiology and
pathophysiology and may be linked to human diseases beyond nephrolithiasis and
gout. The kidney is an important regulator of circulating uric acid levels, by
reabsorbing around 90% of filtered urate. Defective renal handling of UA is a
frequent pathophysiologic factor underpinning hyperuricemia and gout. In the

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

current study, copper dopped hydroxyapatite based biosensor was developed to

identify uric acid in blood serum samples from arthritis patients. Different
characterization techniques, were used such as FTIR, SEM, TGA, EDX and XRD,
were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposite. In the presence of TMB
H2O2 can catalyze the endogenous per oxidase-like behavior of the copper doped
hydroxyapatite nanocomposite. Based on this phenomenon, copper doped
hydroxypatite-based colorimetric sensor was prepared for the detection of uric
acid. To achieve the best possible results, various optimized parameter were
optimized such as the amount dopping, H2O2, pH, TMB, and uric acid. With a
linear range from2 x 10-9 to 3.22 x 10-7 M, a low detection limit of 1.3 x 10-8 M,
a low quantification limit of 4.3 x10-8 M, and an R2 of 0.9996, the suggested
sensor as sensitive and selective for uric acid detection e. Optimum time for the
proposed sensor is 2 minutes at room temperature. The proposed sensor has been
successfully applied to arthritis patientsblood serum samples for uric acid
detection with a visible colorimetric change.
Keywords: Copper doped Hydroxyapatite, TMB, uric acid, colorimetric sensor.
Assessing the Bioavailability and Bio accessibility of Metal Iron in
Pastureland irrigated with wastewater regime to food crops:
Wastewater use in Agriculture to grow crops to reduce water
scarcity
Yan Sun 1, 2, Fu Chen 1, 2, Shamayem Aslam 3*, Zafar Iqbal Khan 4, Ifra Saleem
Malik 4, Kafeel Ahmad 4, Muhammad Nadeem 5, Hafsa Memona 6
1School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.

[email protected]; 2Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine

Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116,
China. [email protected]; 3Department of Basic & Applied Chemistry, University of
Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. [email protected]; 4Department of Botany,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, 40100. [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]; 5Institute of Food Science and Nutrition,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan, [email protected]; 6Department
of Zoology, Queen Marry College, Lahore, Pakistan. [email protected]
*
Contact: [email protected] (SACh)
Purpose: Human beings are exposed to heavy metal stress by the intake of richly
contaminated food crops that are chief part of food chain. We studied various
parameters in wastewater irrigation based food-crops in which the health risk
index (HRI) calculation was the major concern. Methods: Different plant parts
like grain and shoot were collected to study iron (Fe) concentrations through
atomic absorption spectrophotometer in forages whilst soil and irrigating water
samples were also studied in various districts of Punjab province in Pakistan. Our
present findings also emphasized on the assessment of Translocation factor (TF),
Bio-concentration factor (BCF), Daily intake of metal (DIM), Health Risk Index
(HRI) and Enrichment factor (EF) and Pollution load index (PLI). Results:In this
experimentation, most of the Fe concentration was found higher in wastewater
irrigated site. When wastewater irrigation method was used for agricultural land,
the highest Fe concentration in grain was noticed as 3.45 mg/kg and in water
samples observed as 3.27 mg/kg. Soil samples with wastewater irrigation showed
higher level of PLI than those exhibited by control treatment. Bio-concentration

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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

of Fe was noticed higher in millet samples at Lahore as 22.07 mg/kg. The values
of health risk index of Iron vary from 0.001 to 0.021 mg/kg and are lower than
critical value. Conclusion:It is suggested that wastewater must be treated properly
before agricultural use to lessen addition of heavy metals in the cereal crops and
implement safe practices for wastewater usage.
Keywords: Wastewater, Maize, Millet. Bio concentration, Pollution Load Index,
Pakistan
Bi2O3-ZnO Heterojunction; An efficient catalyst for
photodegradation of dyes
Muhammad Saeed*, Misbah Yasin, Majid Muneer
Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected], +923469010903
Semiconductor based photocatalysis is one of the effective techniques of AOPs
for environmental remediation. In present work, the development of an efficient
photocatalyst formed by coupling of p-type Bi2O3 and n-type ZnO is reported.
The Bi2O3-ZnO heterostructures with 5, 10 and 15% Bi2O3 were synthesized by
co-precipitation method. The prepared heterostructures were characterized by
various advanced techniques including XRD, XPS, UV-Visible spectroscopy,
FTIR, SEM and surface area measurement. The prepared ZnO and Bi2O3-ZnO
heterostructures were tested as photocatalysts for photodegradation of dyes using
mixed solution of rhodamine B and reactive yellow dyes. The 5% Bi2O3-ZnO
heterostructure was found as most efficient photocatalyst with 93 and 91%
photodegradation of rhodamine B and reactive yellow dyes, respectively, as given
in Figure 1. It was found that incorporation of 5% Bi2O3 with ZnO enhanced the
photocatalytic activity about 15 times towards photodegradation of dyes.
Figure 1 Photodegradation of (a) rhodamine B and (b) reactive yellow dye in the
presence of various photocatalysts
Keywords: Keywords: Rhodamine B, Reactive yellow, Heterostructure, Bi2O3-
ZnO, Langmuir-Hinshelwood
Assessment of consumer’s knowledge, perception and behavior
regarding food labels
Aliya Nazhat1, Mahpara Safdar 2, Faisal Shahzad 3, Hajra Ahmad 2, Zaheer
Ahmed 2, Asma Afreen 2
1,2 AIOU, Islamabad;3University of Engineering and Technology Taxila
Background and objective: Food label is an effective communication tool. It
attracts consumers to select nutritionally appropriate food, and food makers can
promote and share elementary information. The aim of this cross-sectional study
wasto assess consumers’ knowledge, perception, and behavior regarding food
labels in Mirpur AJK, Pakistan. Data was collected from 384 consumers between
the ages of 20 and 60 years, comprising both genders. A random sampling
technique and a structured questionnaire were used for data collection. The
reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed using Keiser Meyer
Olkin (KMO), the Bartlett’s test of Sphericity and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient.
Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and linear multiple regression were
used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that more than half of
consumers knew about food labels, nearly half of consumers perceived that
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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

reading the food labels is always important, while 24% consumers always, 18.5%
often, and 42.2% sometimes read food labels. Knowledge: a sizable portion of
consumers had knowledge of brand name and dates, and mostly consumers knew
about sugar free products, ingredients list, calories, fat, vitamins and minerals.
Perception:more than half of the consumers’ perceived that taste and price are
always important when buying food. Behavior: most consumers always check the
expiry date. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient is significant at 0.01 and a
moderate negative correlation exists between consumer knowledge with
perception and behavior, while a moderate positive relationship exists between
perceptions with behavior. Multiple regression analysis contributed significantly
at p<0.05 and eight predicated variables explained 46.1% variation with
dependent variables consumers’ knowledge, 20.0% variation with consumers’
perception and 32.1% variation in consumers’ behavior regarding food labels.
Conclusion:Study concluded that mostly consumers have knowledge about brand
name, dates, sugar-free products, majority of consumers’ perceived that price and
taste are important, mostly consumers read price and recipe informationand some
face difficulty in sub type of fat, serving size, sodium, and CHO. Suggestions to
use non-technical language, avoid the use of code words, and conduct programs
that increase level of knowledge.
Keywords: Consumers, Food Labels, Knowledge, Perception, Behavior
Multivariate Data Analysis and Prediction of Maternal Health Risk
Levels Using Machine Learning
Tabinda Qudrat 1, Saima Hassan 1, Samir Brahim Belhaouary 2
Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan,
[email protected], [email protected]
Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,
Hamad bin KhalifaUniversity, Doha, Qatar; [email protected]
Maternal health necessitates proactive measures for risk assessment and
management due to its potentially severe consequences for both mothers and
babies. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop accurate and reliable
methods to predict maternal health risk levels utilizing easily accessible
physiological data. Presently, healthcare professionals depend on traditional risk
assessment methods that rely on limited information and subjective evaluations,
which may inadequately capture the intricate relationship of multiple factors
impacting maternal health. Moreover, these methods are susceptible to human
errors and variability in judgment, resulting in suboptimal decision-making and
delayed interventions. This research employed a dataset comprising maternal
health risk attributes, including age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood
pressure, blood sugar, body temperature, and heart rate, to develop predictive
models for maternal health risk classification. Several machine learning
algorithms are applied to the dataset, including Random Forest, Support Vector
Machines (SVM), Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN),
Gaussian Naive Bayes, and Light GBM. The dataset was carefully preprocessed
using appropriate techniques. The performance of each model was evaluated
using various metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The
models are compared based on their predictive performance, interpretability, and
computational efficiency to determine the most effective algorithm for predicting

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maternal health risk levels. After implementing various machine learning

algorithms on the dataset, Light GBM emerged as the top-performing algorithm,
exhibiting superior predictive performance for maternal health risk classification
with an accuracy of 84.24%. This exceptional accuracy demonstrates the
effectiveness of Light GBM in accurately predicting maternal health risk levels.
Its ability to handle complex relationships within the data and efficiently process
large datasets contributes to its superior performance. The achieved accuracy
highlights the potential of machine learning techniques, particularly Light GBM,
in supporting healthcare professionals in assessing maternal health risks. Accurate
identification of high-risk pregnancies enables the implementation of appropriate
interventions and personalized care plans, ultimately enhancing maternal
healthcare outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of advanced data
analysis techniques in maternal healthcare, with the predictive models offering
valuable insights to support healthcare professionals in improving maternal health
outcomes. Further validation, refinement, and expansion of the models are
recommended to enhance generalizability and real-world applicability. Overall,
this research contributes to the advancement of maternal healthcare by
demonstrating the effectiveness of Light GBM and its potential to inform
decision-making for the well-being of expectant mothers and their babies. Future
research should also consider incorporating additional relevant variables and
expanding the dataset to strengthen the predictive capabilities of the models.
Keywords: maternal health, risk prediction, machine learning algorithms, Light
GBM, multivariate data analysis.
Probiotics protect intestinal microbial dysbiosis and subsequent
aero-gastric infections of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Affhan Shoaib 1, 2*, Lu Xin 2, Yi Xin 2
1Department of Biosciences, Salim Habib University, Karachi, Pakistan
2Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
Studies on the gut microbiome and the balance in this microbial ecosystem have
been of great interest in the past decade. The human digestive tract has an
immense assortment of microorganisms, and the balance in this ecological niche
depends on several factors including gastric acidity and motility. Gut microbial
disturbances or dysbiosis may cause an assortment of illnesses or anomalous
physiological states. Infections caused by pathogens and /or exposure to
antibiotics can change the gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem and create the
opportunity for opportunists to overgrow and translocate to extra-intestinal
niches. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are well-known
opportunists and nosocomial pathogens. They appear to have the opportunity and
the ability to promote intestinal and respiratory infections. They largely cause
morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings. These pathogens
remain the important cause of pulmonary infections in the case of Cystic fibrosis
patients with a worldwide prevalence. Although antibiotics are still an effective
means of treating bacterial infections, the alarming rise of multi-drug-resistant
bacteria has urged us to seek new therapeutic approaches. Thus, there is a need
for the development of potent antimicrobials for the effective treatment of

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infections. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are pulling in incredible

enthusiasm as health supplements due to expanded familiarity of the beneficial
roles in health and nutrition. There is evidence that maintaining a balanced
intestinal microbial ecosystem can antagonize the access of respiratory and enteric
pathogens. Probiotic bacteria play role in keeping the gut microbial ecosystem
stable by re-establishing normal microbiota and can possibly repress pathogen’s
colonization via modulation of the immune response.
Keywords: Gut Microbiome; Dysbiosis; Probiotics
Phytochemical Analysis and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic
extract of Desmostachya bipinnata roots
Asma Ashraf*, Iqra Farzeen, Nimrah Zafar, Shabana Naz, Saima Zafar
Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]

A complex biological response of body tissues to any harmful stimuli,

inflammation remains one of the oldest challenges in the medical history. In this
study, GC-MS analysis, in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory potential of
Desmostachya bipinnata roots was carried out. Gross morphology and
histopathological study was evaluated by considering them as a potential source
of drug candidate. Plant extract was prepared with ethanol to obtain the crude
extract. GC-MS analysis of D. bipinnataroots revealed Tetra
decahydrocyclododeca[c]furan, 12 Z‐Octadecadienoic acid, n‐Hexadecanoic
acid, Oleic Acid, cis‐Vaccenic acid, Bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate and Dodecanoic
acid phytocompounds abundantly. In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory
potential was carried out by Bovine serum albumin assay and Carrageenan
induced rat paw edema model respectively. Concentration dependent response
(50,100, 250,500,1000 μg/ml) was observed in in-vitroBSA assay. The extract
showed maximum inhibition of 63.85±1.83% at 1000 μg/ml as compared to
standard drug diclofenac sodium with 70.67±1.67% inhibition at highest dose
1000 μg/ml. In-vivo anti-inflammatory potential of was evaluated by using
carrageen an induced rat paw edema model All treated groups showed dose
dependent relation at100,200 and 400mg/kg in 1,2,3,4 and 5 hr. At end of trial,
rat paws were preserved in formalin solution. Gross morphology and
histopathological studies of rats paws showed restoration of keratin and
epithelium layer. Hence, it is concluded that D. bipinnata roots exhibited powerful
anti-inflammatory potential.
Keywords: Desmostachyabipinnata,anti-inflammatory,Protein denaturation,
Carrageenan, Albino rats, Histopathology
Yak, Buffalo and Camel breeds under Productive and Adaptability
Pressures during Adverse Climate Change Scenario in Pakistan;
Current Research Efforts and Future Opportunities
Tanveer Hussain*
Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Islamabad
*Contact: [email protected]
In Pakistan the Global Climate Change (GCC) has become a matter of high
concern as this has pushed Pakistan among top ten countries badly affected by
GCC. We have seen extreme weather changes resulting in severe rains, floods in

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the country. The Livestock sector is the back bone of agriculture and food supply
chain in Pakistan however the local mammalian species are under extreme stress
for productivity and heat tolerance and adaptability in different regions. The
genomic studies provide us opportunities to combat with the challenges being
faced by livestock species and genetically identify the better productive and well
adapted animals having superior genetics in different regions of Pakistan. Under
this context we started studies on genomics of our local animals from cold,
moderate and hot regions. In this context we sampled the animals from cold
regions Yak (Bosgrunniens) and moderate to hot regions Buffalo
(Bubalusbubalis), Cattle (Bosindicus) and hot regions Camel
(Camelusdromedarius) of Pakistan. The mRNA expression pattern of Heat Shock
Proteins (HSPs) and immunity-related protein genes were studied through qRT-
PCR in the PBMCs of selected breeds sampled from different regionsin the
Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab of the Virtual University of Pakistan.
Differential gene expression patternswere detected in different breeds during the
study period. These studies provided an insight into the expression pattern in
various genes that may be potentially associated to improve the heat tolerance,
adaptability and production under continuously changing climates of Pakistan.
There are number of opportunities for scientific communities to explore genetics
of local animal species by using modern NGS based technologies
Keywords: Livestock, buffalo, cattle, camel and yak, Heat Shock proteins,
Immunity-related genes, qPCR, gene expression, Pakistan
Optimization of the Convolution Neural Network Using Hunger
Games Search for Image Classification
Arif Ihsan, Saima Hassan
Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science & Technology, KP, Pakistan.
Optimization is the process of adjusting the input parameters in a way to achieve
the best possible result. The choice of hyper-parameters of a model varies from
one dataset to another. Similarly, it is a difficult job to choose among different
hyper-parameters available for a model. For example, the number of suitable
layers, number of neurons, learning rate and activation function, etc. Moreover, it
is difficult to determine the values of these parameters manually. The optimization
of hyper-parameters is thought to be particularly important for the accuracy of an
algorithm. For parameter tuning, researchers use existing optimization algorithms
or may also propose new optimization algorithms. In recent years, deep neural
networks (DNN) have demonstrated good results for image classification and
recognition. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the most important
and prominent models of DNN for image/video classification and pattern
recognition. Various applications of CNN can be seen in medical image analysis,
face recognition, lesion detection, speech recognition, and natural language
processing. The model of CNN involves setting a number of parameters that may
generate different results based on their configuration. Hyper-parameters play a
crucial role in determining the accuracy and convergence of the CNN. The
parameters of a model are often set through a random search or by adjusting
manually using trial and error. In order to solve the problem of optimal parameters
of a CNN, various researchers have proposed different evolutionary computation

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approaches to automatically design the optimal CNN architectures. Researchers

have achieved better results when compared to state-of-the-art architectures.
Different strategies for optimizing CNN architectures are proposed based on
evolutionary computing techniques and these were evaluated on benchmark data
sets and yielded competitive results. The effectiveness of Hunger Games search
(HGS) with 10 state-of-the-art advanced algorithms has been illustrated with a
few advanced meta-heuristic algorithms, different variants of DE on a
comprehensive collection of 23 benchmark functions and IEEE CEC 2014
functions and some engineering problems. The proposed model is applied to the
classification of CIFAR10 image dataset. CNNs have a large number of
parameters and they can generate various classification accuracy for the same
tasks based on diverse parameters including input of same scale and color to
proceed. The HGS in this research is utilized to optimize the parameters of the
CNN. Therefore, an initial CNN architecture is defined. During the optimization
process of the HGS, the parametersare randomly initialized in the specified range,
then recalculate and update to achieve the optimal CNN-HGS model. The
experimental results obtained from this study demonstrate that the HGS algorithm
outperforms other conventional optimization algorithms in terms of accuracy.
HGS leads to superior performance in optimizing the Hyperparameter of CNNs
for image classification. When compared to other commonly used optimization
algorithms such as Simplified Swarm Optimization, particle swarm optimization,
and differential evolution. The HGS algorithm consistently achieves higher
accuracy rates on the benchmark CIFAR-10 dataset. According to the results, the
proposed methodologies achieved favorable results with an accuracy of higher
than 90%, showing competitive results compared to other algorithms. The
superiority of the HGS algorithm in accuracy reaffirms its effectiveness in guiding
the optimization process, resulting in more accurate and reliable CNN models for
image classification tasks.
Keywords: CNN, Hunger games search, optimization, CIFAR10, classification
Effect of Lacticaseibacillus Casei H1 and Lactiplantibacillus
plantarum SQ-4 on Quality Parameters and Flavor Profile of
Hongsuantang: A Traditional Chinese Sour Soup
M. Yousaf1, Hassan Muzaffar1, Jabir Khan2, Sadaf Shakoor3, Saba Mushtaq4
1SouthChina University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; 2Henan University of
Technology, Zhengzhou, China; 3University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan;
4University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Contact: [email protected]
Hongsuantang (HST), a famous traditional Chinese sour soup, poses challenges
in controlling the quality of naturally fermented versions. In this study, we
explored the impact of Lacticaseibacillus casei H1 and Lactiplantibacillus
plantarum SQ-4 strains, as well as pasteurization (PST) and natural fermentation
(NF) without lactic acid bacteria starters, on various characteristics of HST. These
characteristics included acid production, color, antioxidant capacity, total
phenols, total carotenoids, organic acids, volatile substances, antibacterial
substances, essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, and sensory properties. The
objective of current study was to identify the most suitable strain for HST
production. The results revealed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SQ-4

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exhibited exceptional fermentation characteristics. This strain enhanced its color,

organic acids, total phenols, carotenoids, lycopene content, and free radical
scavenging ability. HST fermented by SQ-4 contains desirable acid production
capacity, moderate sourness, spiciness, favorable sensory, and other properties.
Further analysis of various metabolites and metabolic pathways demonstrated that
the inoculation of L. casei H1 resulted in higher production of natural antibacterial
substances (such as hydroxy isocaproic acid), essential polyunsaturated fatty
acids, and umami amino acids (specifically L-arginine) (p< .05). Each sample
exhibited its distinct flavor components. Notably, α-Pinene, myrcene, α-copaene,
and guaiol emerged as vital aroma compounds in HST fermentation, irrespective
of whether the starter, NF, or PST method was employed. This study provides a
foundation for selecting HST starters and potential industrial production,
contributing to the advancement of HST fermentation techniques.
Keywords: Quality parameters, Flavor profile, Lacticaseibacillus casei H1,
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SQ4, Chinese sour soup
Physicochemical Evaluation of Gelatin Nanoparticles Crosslinked by
Photo-Oxidation
Khansa Munir'
Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
Gelatin is a hydrophilic biopolymer which is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-
antigenic, harmless, and lots of renewable resources. Therefore, gelatin
nanoparticles (GNPs) are proved an efficient carriers for transferring large
molecular drugs. Due its hydrophilic characteristic, it dissolves rapidly before
reaching the targeted site. Consequently, it is important to maintain the integrity
of GNs by crosslinking technique. Since, chemical crosslinking reports unwanted
biological effects with gelatin due its protein nature, therefore, it is preferred to
employphoto-oxidized crosslinking (POC) method to obtain stable and effective
GNPs which produce maximal therapeutic effect. For this purpose Poly-Ethylene
Glycol Dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) is used as photo-oxidized crosslinker which
willcrosslinked with gelatin at methacrylol groups under a free radical
photoinitiator, like, Omnirad-2959 and Poloxamer-407 function as a stabilizer.
This resulted formulation is allowed to photocrosslinked under Ultra-Violet (UV)
radiation, 100-400nm. Obtained nanoparticles are evaluated physic chemically by
different tests. Such as, scanning electron microscopy for morphological studies.
Zeta sizer is used for determining the zeta potential of particles and dynamic light
scattering give information about particle size. Turbidity of nanosuspension is
tested for the confirmation of photocrosslinking by observing the absorbance at
600nm.
Keywords: Gelatin nanoparticles, photocrosslinking, physicochemical,
PEGDMA, Omnirad-2959

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An innovative strategy in wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) grain yield

production through priming of seeds with phyto extract to tolerate
heat and drought
Iqtidar Hussain1, Zuhair Hasnian2, Sara Zafar3
1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan,
KP, Pakistan, [email protected]; 2PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi (Punjab), Attock campus, Attock, Pakistan; [email protected]
3Botany department, government College University, Faisalabad; [email protected]

Seed dormancy in wheat is observed in saline or late sown condition in Pakistan.

Some phyto extract of trees having gibrillic acid and cytokinin which promote
germination. Allelopathic trees present in our agro-forestry system having
significance importance in this regard. Allelopathic compounds releases from
decaying of tree’s residue in lower concentration not only help in germination but
also improve the growth, development and maturity under abiotic stress condition.
Although higher concentrations of phytoallelochemicals have detrimental effects
on germination, seedling growth, and yield of crops. These effects were
concentration-dependent; an increase in concentration of extract was invariably
associated with decrease in germination and seedling characteristics of the crops.
Lower concentration of phytochemicals act as plant growth regulators and help in
stress management. Different kinds of allelochemicals are reported to be released
from plant’s leaves. The study regarding the priming of plants extracts on wheat
seed was carried out at Farm area of Department of Agronomy, Faculty of
Agriculture, Gomal University year 2020-21. The trail was laid down in
randomized complete block design with three replications. The seven treatments
comprised of T1 (control), T2 (Conocarpus lancifolius Engl.), T3 (Acacia niltotica
L.), T4 (Moringa oleifera Lam.), T5 (Dalbergia sisso Roxb.), T6 (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehnh.), and T7 (Pongamia pinnata L.) plant extracts applied@5
%(w/v) for seed priming of wheat seed variety AZRIC-Dera Ismail Khan. The
treatment T4 (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and T5 (Dalbergia sisso Roxb.) produced
7% and 3.56% higher yield than control (T1) while these treatments gave 15.1%
higher yield than T6 (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.). Hence T4 (Moringa
Oleifera Lam.) and T5 (Dalbergia sisso Roxb.) may be used as seed priming
substances to enhance germination and attain higher grain yield. Planting of
Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh should be
avoid near the wheat crop due to inhibitory effect on wheat growth and grain yield.
Keywords: Different phytochemicals, seed priming, grain yield, component of
yield, wheat
From Stress to Success: Selenium NanoparticlesEnhancing
Physiomorphological Resilience and Oil Bioactives in Sesame under
Biotic Stress
Ilyas Ahmad, Zohaib Younas, Naveed Iqbal Raja, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani*
Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
*Contact: Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani: [email protected], Cell: +92-333-9022077
Vegetable oil consumption is expected to reach almost 200 billion kilograms by
2030 in the world and almost 2.97 million tons in Pakistan. A large quantity of
edible oil is imported annually from other countries to fil the gap between local

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production and consumption. Compared to other edible oil crops such as soybean,
rapeseed, peanut and olive, sesame has innately higher (55%) oil content, which
makes it an excellent candidate to be considered to meet local edible oil
production. Oil seed crops, especially sesame, are affected by various pathogens,
which results in decreased oil production with low quality oil. Selenium
nanoparticles (SeNPs) work synergistically, as it has antifungal activity along
with improving plant growth. Different concentrations of SeNPs were used, on
three different varieties of sesame (TS-5, TH-6, and Till-18). Plant growth and
development were accelerated by SeNPs, which ultimately led to an increase in
crop yield. Morphological parameters revealed that SeNPs resulted in a growth
increase of 55.7% in root length, 48% increase in leaf number/plant, and 38% in
stem diameter. Out of three sesame varieties, TS-5 seedlings treated with 40 mg/L
SeNPs showed 96.7% germination and 53% SVI at 40 mg/L. Sesame varieties
dramatically increased antioxidant capability using SeNPs, resulting in 147%
increase in SOD and 140% increase in POD enzyme units in TH-6 and 76%
elevation in CAT enzymes in TS-5 (mean ± S.E). GCMS analysis revealed that
bioactive compound I, sesamin, sesamol, and tocopherol contents were increased
along with enhanced production of different unsaturated fatty acids. Kegg
pathway analysis and MSEA revealed that these compounds were mainly
involved in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that SeNPs have
elicited the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid,
and α-linoleic acid. This study concluded that SeNPs (40 mg/L) have an excellent
capability to be used for crop improvement along with better oil quality.
Keywords: Selenium nanoparticle, Sesame, Edible oil, crop improvement, biotic
stress.
Insight into Carbohydrate Metabolism, Protein Quantification in
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by the Action of Green synthesized
silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Heat stress, With respect to
Climate change in Pakistan
M. Iqbal, N. I. Raja*, Fozia Abasi1, Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani, Maria Ehsan
Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi,
Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]; Cell: 0313-5257004
In the present investigation, the role of GS-AgNP treatment in wheat plants was
carried out in reducing heat stress with the aim of facilitating scientists on this
topic. The effect of GS-AgNPs against heat stress has rarely been deliberated in
wheat plants, and only a few studies have been established earlier in this scenario.
This work illustrated the effect of GS-AgNPs on the regulation of carbohydrates
metabolism, SOD, proteins, crude fibers, and minerals changes in wheat plants.
Data were analysed using PCA analysis, correlation parameters, and normal
probability distribution in PAST 3 software. The results indicated that heat stress
alone caused severe changes in carbohydrates metabolism, SOD, proteins, crude
fibers, and minerals immediately so that plants could not recover without foreign
stabilizers such as GS-AgNPs. The application of GS-AgNPs increases the flux
of carbohydrates metabolism, SOD, and proteins, including HSPs, crude fibers,
and minerals, in wheat plants to reduce the effect of heat stress. The 50 mg/l

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concentration of GS-AgNPs has shown an increase in carbohydrates metabolism

and SOD activity, while crude fibres have shown a significant enhancement at
100 mg/l of GS-AgNPs. The crude and true proteins were also shown pronounced
increase in treatment to a concentration of 50 mg/l of GS-AgNPs. GS-AgNPs
stimulated HSP production; most importantly, smHSP production was observed
in the present results with other HSPs in wheat plants treated with a 50 mg/l
concentration of GS-AgNPs. The mineral distribution was also regulated by the
respective treatment of GS-AgNPs, and the highest amounts of Ca, P and Fe were
found to be highest in wheat under heat stress. In general, we computed the
expected model based on GS-AgNPs on the genes/factors that respond to heat
stress and their potential role in mitigating heat stress in wheat. In addition, we
discussed the prospective signalling pathway triggered by GS-AgNPs in wheat
against heat stress. In the future, this work might be helpful in distinguishing the
genetic variation due to GS-AgNPs in promoting tolerance in wheat against heat
stress.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum; Nanobiotechnology, Metabolism; Minerals;
Fibres; Heat Shock Proteins
Physical and Sensory Evaluation of Peanut Yogurt
Misbah Arshad, Zainab Sharmeen, Asad Nawaz, Amir Iqbal
University of Lahore
The word “yogurt” is related to the Turkish word “jaukurt” which means thick
milk. Yogurt refers to a fermented milk product made by using selected
microorganisms to develop not only the characteristic flavor but also body and
texture. Peanut is one of the important nutrients which has significant amount of
all essential nutrients. Objective: In this study physical and sensory properties of
peanut yogurt are evaluated by using different scientifically proved sensory
evaluation methods. Methods: Organoleptic evaluation of yogurt showed that
storage as well as treatments had significant effect on all sensory parameters and
a progressive deterioration in flavor, body & texture and appearance of yogurt
under various preparatory treatments. Results: Among treatments, highest scores
were awarded to treatment containing 10 % peanut milk, 80 % skimmed milk
liquid, 9 % skimmed milk powder and 1 % sugar, for all parameters and minimum
changes were noted in it during the whole period of study. Recent investigation
revealed that treatment T1 (10 % peanut milk) was comparatively best for
manufacturing of peanut milk yogurt followed by T2 (20 % peanut milk + 70 %
skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) while peanut milk
yogurt from (30 % peanut milk + 60 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk
powder + 1 % sugar) had the lowest degree of firmness and organoleptic
acceptance. Conclusion: It was noticed that correlation among fat, total solids and
protein contents in peanut milk affect the extent of serum separation and pH of
yogurt and ultimately the texture and overall acceptability of yogurt.
Keywords: Yogurt, jaukurt, skimmed milk, peanut milk, skimmed milk powder
Competitive Effect of Beetroot Juice and Allicin on Hypertensive
Patients
Momina Shahid
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

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We performed this study to compare the therapeutic effect of beetroot juice and
allicin in reducing the hypertension among mild to moderate hypertensive
patients.75 hypertensive patients were selected from two hospitals for 4 weeks.
Patients were informed to record daily home BP twice a day with
Sphygmomanometer. The anthropometric measurements and biochemical
evaluation were also collected. The mean difference of Systolic Blood pressure of
Group A having beetroot juice was 18.14±9.347mmHg and in Group B taking
allicin capsules were 6.20± 12.017mmHg (p=0.000, 0.009) respectively. The
mean difference of Diastolic Blood pressure of Group A and B was 15.46±
10.807mmHg and 4.29± 11.297mmHg (p= 0.000, 0.056) respectively. There is
no statistically significant mean difference in change in BMI and hemoglobin
among the patients of two study groups (p-value, 0.134 and 0.653). The trend of
reduction in HDL and cholesterol was observed in both study groups, (pvalue,
0.016, 0.019) respectively. There is no statistically significant mean difference in
change in LDL and Triglycerides among the patients of two study groups (p-
value, 0.702, 0.552) respectively. Group A showed more significant reduction in
hypertension as compared to Group B. Beetroot juice exhibits remarkable
hypertensive effectiveness.
Keywords: Allicin, Beetroot, Cardiovascular Diseases, Dietary Nitrate, Garlic,
Hypertension
Incorporation of growth factors and bioactive molecules in 3D
printing for enhanced meat tissue engineering
Samran Khalid1*, Muhammad Talha1, Syed Ali Hassan1, Muhammad Azeem1,
Muzammil Mustafa1, Muhammad Umar Farooq1, Muhammad Naeem1
1National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
This study focused on the development of enhanced meat tissue engineering by
the inclusion of growth factors and bioactive compounds into 3D-printed
constructs. A thorough investigation was conducted to find the best growth
factors, such as Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), and bioactive
molecules, such as the antioxidant quercetin flavonoid, to add to the 3D-printed
meat constructs. To successfully encapsulate the bioactive chemicals, various
encapsulation techniques were examined. Microencapsulation techniques, such as
emulsion-based or electrostatic-based approaches, were used to achieve a
regulated release of quercetin during the growth of meat tissue. Several
parameters were used to customize adjusting factors such as printing speed, layer
thickness, and nozzle diameter to accommodate the incorporation of (TGF-β) and
quercetin while maintaining the structural integrity and overall quality of the
printed meat. To determine the effect of the growth factor and quercetin integrated
into the 3D-printed constructs on the formation of meat tissue, in vitro
investigations like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix
deposition were carried out. Additionally, the produced meat-like structures'
texture, sensory qualities, and nutritional value were assessed. To assure the
security and quality of the 3D-printed meat structures, thorough evaluations were
conducted. The results offered insightful information about possible uses of 3D
printing technology in the meat sector, enabling the production of alternatives to
meat with improved quality, texture, and nutritional value.
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Keywords: 3d printed meat; bioactive compounds; growth factors; meat

constructs; meat sector tissue meat engineering
Investigating the efficacy of polylactic acid based active packaging
incorporating eugenol and lycopene for tomato preservation
Samran Khalid*, Muhammad Azeem, Muhammad Talha, Muhammad Umar
Farooq, Muzammil Mustafa, Syed Ali Hassan, Aman Ali, Ahsan Ali
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Tomato is a highly perishable commodity the quality and shelf life of tomatoes
are significantly affected by the fungal attack and oxidative deterioration. To
reduce spoilage the efficiency of active packaging based on polylactic acid (PLA)
which is a biodegradable material extracted from corn or sugarcane was evaluated
on tomatoes. This active packaging was incorporated with eugenol antifungal
compound extracted from clove essential oil and lycopene antioxidant compound
with free radical scavenging activities extracted from tomato. The freshly
harvested tomatoes were taken and active packaging treatments were applied. The
experiment was conducted with four treatments which were, control without any
scavenging agent and three treatments with eugenol (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%) and
lycopene (10, 20, and 50µg) and then stored under controlled conditions (10-
15℃). Afterward, monitoring of fungal growth on tomatoes using microbial plate
counting methods was determined and the oxidative stability of the tomatoes was
evaluated by measuring lipid oxidation markers, such as peroxide value or
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additionally, the sensory
attributes, including color, texture, and flavor, were evaluated also. The release
kinetics of the incorporated chemicals was also investigated. All the treatments
performed well in enhancing the shelf life in contrast to the control treatment but
the 4 treatment had significant results. By increasing the concentration of eugenol
and lycopene the quality and shelf life of tomato increased. The findings of this
study have important implications for the tomato industry since active packaging
options with antifungal and antioxidant compounds may offer a practical way to
maintain the quality and shelf life of tomatoes. These active packaging methods
have the potential to decrease postharvest losses and improve consumer
satisfaction by preventing fungal growth and oxidative deterioration. Continued
research in this field is crucial to optimize active packaging formulations and
validate their practical implementation in the tomato industry.
Keywords: Antifungal; antioxidant; active packaging; eugenol; polylactic acid;
lycopene; tomato
Evaluation of the impact of cold plasma technology on antibiotic-
resistant bacteria in beef
Samran Khalid*, Muzammil Mustafa, Muhammad Talha, Muhammad Umar
Farooq, Muhammad Azeem, Syed Ali Hassan, Muhammad Naeem
National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
The emergence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics poses a serious risk to
the public's health, emphasizing the need for alternate strategies to eliminate
microbial contamination in food products. In order to meet the pressing need for

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effective solutions in the meat sector, this study investigated the potential of cold
plasma technology in eliminating antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in beef. The
utilization of cold plasma, a partly ionized gas produced at low temperatures, is
an innovative approach for reducing antibiotic resistance bacteria. Cold plasma is
a good choice for lowering bacterial contamination and preventing the spread of
antibiotic resistance genes because it has been reported to have antibacterial
qualities. Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, which are frequently linked to
antibiotic-resistant bacteria in beef, were evaluated using a variety of cold plasma
treatments, in which the exposure time(1, 2.5 and 5minutes) and plasma power
levels (100, 200 and 300 watt) were used. The effect of all the treatments on the
survival of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was assessed, the bacterial colonies were
counted that revealed a significant drop in bacterial population. Cold plasma
worked by creating pores in the cell wall of bacteria causing leakage of cell
content and ultimate cell death. This approach has the potential to be implemented
in the beef processing industry. It improved food safety and supported the effort
to combat antibiotic resistance as a whole. To completely understand the
effectiveness and practical application of this novel technique in boosting food
safety and minimizing antibiotic resistance in beef, further research and validation
are required.
Keywords: antibiotic resistant bacteria; beef; cold plasma; food safety; novel
technique
Comparative study on the use of mango peel sugar as a natural
sweetener substitute in flavoring milk, in comparison to artificial
sweeteners
Samran Khalid*, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Muhammad Talha, Syed Ali
Hassan, Muhammad Azeem, Muhammad Naeem, Waqar Mujhaid
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Artificial sweeteners are frequently employed to provide a sweet taste in flavored
milk products. However, questions have been raised about their safety and
possible negative health effects. As a result, there is an increasing demand for
natural sweeteners that are healthier and safer than artificial ones. Due to its
inherent sweetness and potential health benefits linked to bioactive chemicals,
mango peel sugar which is made from mango peels, represents a potentially
practical solution. This research explored the potential of mango peel sugar as a
natural alternative for flavoring milk, serving as a substitute for artificial
sweeteners. The sensory attributes, sweetness profile, and overall acceptability of
flavored milk using mango peel sugar were evaluated with the aim of providing a
healthier and more sustainable option for consumers seeking reduced reliance on
artificial sugar additives. The mango peels from ripe mangoes were collected,
washed, dried, and thoroughly ground into a fine powder to extract sugar from
them. The experiment was conducted on a control group of flavored milk
containing artificial sugars and a test group of flavored milk containing natural
mango peel sugar. Then a sensory analysis was conducted to evaluate the flavor,
sweetness, aroma, and overall acceptability of the flavored milk samples, and
microbial stability, quality, and shelf life of milk samples were assessed. The

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sugar level, calorie density, and micronutrient profile of flavored milk

formulations were examined as part of the nutritional analysis. The consumer
studies were conducted to assess the acceptability and preference for flavored
milk formulations using mango peel sugar. The findings of this study shed light
on the usage of mango peel sugar as a sustainable and healthier choice for
flavoring milk. This will allow customers to rely less on artificial sweeteners.
Keywords: Artificial sweeteners; natural sweetener; flavored milk products;
mango peel sugar
Comparative analysis of ozone treatment strategies for antibacterial
effect on salmonella and E.coli in fish fillets
Samran Khalid*, Muhammad Talha, Sara Amin, Aman Ali, Muqaddas Zahid,
Muhammad Naeem, Waqar Mujahid
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Fish spoils quickly and has a very short shelf life due to the attack of bacteria,
especially Salmonella and Escherichia coli. This research evaluated the
effectiveness of various ozone treatment techniques in lowering the microbial
load of these microbes and extending the shelf life and safety of fish fillets. The
mechanism of ozonation to kill bacteria is based on cell membrane damage,
enzyme inactivation, and DNA damage of bacterial cells. The experimental
design consisted of a total of 4 treatments, the first treatment control group of fish
fillets without any ozone treatment, the second treatment with an ozone
concentration of 1ppm for 5 minutes, the third treatment with an ozone
concentration of 3 ppm for 10 minutes and fourth treatment with 5ppm for 15
minutes. The two ozone treatment methods, direct ozone gas application and
ozone gas in combination with packaging materials were used to check which
performs well. The bacterial analyses were conducted by using the method of
enumeration of bacterial colonies using appropriate selective media and
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to assess the efficiency of the experiment. The
impact of ozonation on the quality parameters such as odor, texture, and color of
fish fillets was evaluated also. The results indicated that the combination of higher
concentration and longer exposure time means the fourth treatment performed
very well than others in the reduction of bacterial load and maintaining the quality
of fish fillets. Both treatment methods performed well but both have their strength
and limitation according to microbial load and product type. The findings
contributed to the development of optimized ozone treatment strategies for
improving microbiological safety and extending the shelf life of fish products.
The continued research in this area will aid in establishing ozone treatment as a
viable technology in the seafood industry, enhancing food safety and consumer
confidence.
Keywords: Fish fillets; bacteria; microbial load; ozonation; seafood
Exploration of the usage of artificial intelligence in the food industry
Samran Khalid*, Muhammad Talha, Syed Ali Hassan, Muhammad Azeem,
Muzammil Mustafa, Muqaddas Zahid, Muhammad Naeem, Ahsan Ali
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) can transform several industries, including the food
industry. AI could be used to automate and streamline procedures in the industry.
There are several applications of AI in the food industry. AI approaches offer
improved supply chain management, optimizing logistics, and inventory control.
AI algorithms may assist in the manufacturing of food products by generating
unique and innovative recipes that take into account things like dietary limitations,
sensory preferences, and nutritional content. This makes it possible to create
individualized meal selections and encourages better eating practices. AI-
powered systems can be used to enhance food safety by quickly analyzing huge
amounts of data to find pollutants and hazards, as a result preventing outbreaks
and assuring the quality of food products. AI can help in reducing waste, boost
efficiency, and ensure that consumers have access to fresh, wholesome food
through the analysis of real-time data on customer preferences, trends in the
market, and environmental concerns. AI is essential for determining the quality
of food, maturity, and freshness of fruits, vegetables, and other food products
using analysis techniques integrated with machine learning and computer vision
algorithms. Additionally, AI-enabled robotics can automate the food processing
and packaging processes, improving productivity, lowering labor costs, and
lowering the risk of contamination. These robots can efficiently perform all the
tasks from cleaning to final product supply in the market. There is a need for
research to find ways how to apply AI in the food sector. In conclusion, the
application of AI in the food industry has several benefits.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; AI powered systems; food industry; robots
Utilization of pomegranate and guava seed oil in mucilage coating
for preservation of poultry meat
Samran Khalid*, Muhammad Talha, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Muzammil
Mustafa, Muhammad Azeem, Sara Amin, Aman Ali
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Poultry meat spoils quickly, because of its perishable nature bacteria, yeasts, and
molds attack it and reduce its shelf life. New preservation techniques are being
used to overcome this issue, and one such strategy is the application of natural
antibacterial coatings. These edible coatings are an alternative to plastic
packaging because of their biodegradability. The use of essential oils extracted
from food waste products is a major step in reducing waste. In this research, the
mucilage coating added with pomegranate and guava seed oil was utilized for the
preservation of poultry meat. The pomegranate and guava seed oil, have
antimicrobial properties, and exhibit strong inhibitory effects against a pathogenic
and spoilage-causing microbes. These oils contain bioactive substances, such as
fatty acids and phenolic compounds with antibacterial properties. The protective
barrier provided by the mucilage coating, which is made from natural sources like
plant extracts or seaweed, helps to prevent microbial growth and lengthen the
shelf life of perishable food products, and its antibacterial efficiency is improved
by adding pomegranate and guava seed oil, adding another line of defense against
microorganisms that cause spoilage. In this study, an experiment was conducted
in which a coating of mucilage alone and 3 different combinations of pomegranate
and guava seed oil (500, 1000, and 1500µL/L) were applied to the poultry meat
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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

and stored at 5℃. The results showed that the shelf life of poultry meat extended
up to 5-6 days due to the antimicrobial effect, reduced moisture loss, and delayed
oxidation. The treatment with 1500 µL/L showed the best results as compared to
others. The use of mucilage coating enriched with pomegranate and guava seed
oil is a promising technique for implication in the poultry industry. These coatings
are alternatives to synthetic preservatives and also maintained the quality and
safety of meat.
Keywords: edible coatings; antimicrobial effects; pomegranate and guava seed
oil; poultry meat; mucilage
Exploring mindful eating: a holistic approach to nourishing body
and mind
Samran Khalid*, Muhammad Talha, Syed Ali Hassan, Ahsan Ali, Muzammil
Mustafa, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Aman Ali
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Mindful eating is a growing trend that encourages a deliberate and non-
judgmental awareness of the eating process. People who practice mindful eating
are encouraged to form a close bond with their food and to become more aware
of the tastes, textures, and scents of each bite. People can completely engage their
senses and have a more fulfilling eating experience by taking their time. Tuning
into body cues, such as signals of hunger and fullness, is one of the key principles
of mindful eating. This routine enables people to differentiate between genuine
physiological hunger and environmental or emotional stimuli, fostering a more
harmonious and intuitive relationship with food. Additionally, mindful eating
emphasizes the value of impartial awareness. It teaches people to be aware of their
cravings, thoughts, and emotions without judging them as "good" or "bad." This
kind and tolerant attitude enables people to have a healthy relationship with food
without feeling guilty or ashamed. The potential advantages of mindful eating go
beyond the personal level. According to research, mindful eating may enhance
digestion, increase meal pleasure, and help you manage your weight issues more
effectively. Additionally, mindful eating has been associated with a decrease in
disordered eating patterns and a raised awareness of the social and environmental
impacts of food production and consumption. In a nutshell, mindful eating
provides a complete method for nourishing the body and mind. People can change
their connection with food, which will enhance their general well-being, by
practicing present-moment awareness and non-judgmental acceptance. Further
study is required to examine the possibilities of mindful eating in encouraging
healthy eating behaviors, reducing eating disorders, and establishing a more
sustainable and mindful food culture as it becomes more widely acknowledged as
a beneficial practice.
Keywords: eating process; healthy eating behaviors; mindful eating; non-
judgmental awareness
Cellulose based films: Potential green films for food packaging
Muhammad Talha, Samran Khalid*, Syed Ali Hassan, Waqar Mujahid
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]

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The possibility of upsurging price and uncertain supply of conventional

petroleum-based packaging materials have paved the way for research in
bioplastics which are environment- friendly and suitable to address the globally
increasing problem of environmental pollution. In this context, cellulose is the
first most abundant polysaccharide, considered as a competent biopolymer for its
abundance, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low price, and mechanical
attributes. The cellulose is obtained from renewable resources including wood
pulp, agricultural waste, and plants and are biodegradable and compostable, which
lessens the negative effects of films on the environment. They have strong anti-
oxygen, anti-moisture, and anti-UV capabilities, ensuring the quality and
prolonged shelf life of food products. The mechanical strength and flexibility of
cellulose-based bioplastic films are also favorable, making them suited for a
variety of packaging applications. Cellulose based films can be considered as an
approach to attain the same quality parameters that were offered by petroleum-
based packaging materials. Different kinds and concentrations of plasticizers and
cross linking agents can be used to attain the required strength, elongation and
other characteristics. Modified lignin and hemicelluloses can be applied to
cellulose films to alter the water and oxygen transmittance rate of the films.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds can be applied to cellulose films to
preserve oil-based food products. The concept of active and intelligent packaging
is very useful to extend the shelf life of many food products and to fulfil the
limitations of neat cellulose film. There is an emerging trend of cellulose based
thermoplastic materials for its striking resemblance in quality attributes and
functionalities with the conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Keywords: Cellulose films; food packaging; biodegradability; environment
friendly; petroleum-based polymers
Hydrogels as Adhesive for Solid Surfaces Repairing
Muhammad Tahir Khan, Luqman Ali Shah
Polymer Laboratory, NCEPC, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
The aim of the present work is to prepare adhesive, mechanically strong and
biocompatibleacrylamide and gellan gum based associated hydrogel. The tannic
acid and MBA were utilized as a physical and chemical cross-linkers respectively
to investigate the cross-linker nature on the adhesive performance of hydrogel.
The hydrogel was synthesized by free radical polymerization method. The
synthesis and surface morphology of hydrogels were confirmed by FTIR and
SEM analysis respectively. Complete rheological tests were performed by
rheometer (Anton paar) to check the adhesive behavior of the as-prepared
hydrogels. The results revealed that the interaction between polymer chains plays
important role in controlling the adhesive behavior of hydrogels. The adhesion
properties of the materials were tested by changing the amount of tannic acid
(0.005 g to 0.020g) and it was found that the adhesion is first increase and then
decrease. The rheological investigation via frequency sweep curve (shear
measurement), creep recovery compliance test and amplitude sweep (dynamic
mechanical analysis) were performed at different temperature 20, 30 and 40 °C.
The storage (G′) and loss (G′′) moduli as a function of angular frequency, yield
stress, tangent loss, damping factor and retention property were also studied to

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

confirm the visco-elastomeric nature of the co-polymer p (AAm-co-GG). Our

prepared adhesive hydrogel shows best performance towards glass, wood,
ceramics and steel like materials.
Conductive Hydrogel as Strain Sensor and Electronic Skin
Rafi Ullah, Luqman Ali Shah*, Latafat Ara
Polymer Laboratory, NCEPC, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
Hydrophobically associated strain sensor hydrogel have gained significant
attention for the researcher due to their remarkable recoverably, self-healing
properties. These hydrogels have been implemented in the development of
artificial intelligence, human motion detection, soft robotics, drug delivery and
tissue engineering. However low mechanical properties, low strain sensitivity
range, and high response time declined their applications. We developed
hydrophobically associated hydrogel with excellent mechanical property with
tensile stress 0.5 MPa and tensile strain 400%, good anti fatigue resistance with
five cycles at 400 % without relaxation time, good shape recovery, excellent strain
sensitivity with 0.2 Sm-1conductivity, 25% to 400% strain sensing and Gf (8.9 at
400%). Moreover, it can detect different human motion like finger bending, wrest
bending, elbow motion, angry mood, chewing smiling etc. Furthermore, it can use
as electronic pen and electronic skin. The functional groups identification and
morphology were study through FTIR and SEM respectively.
Wearable strain sensor based on ionic conductive hydrogel
Rafi Ullah, Luqman Ali Shah*, Latafat Ara
Polymer Laboratory, NCEPC, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120 Pakistan
Hydrophobically associated conductive hydrogels have great attention due to
their excellent properties like stretchability, self-healing, energy dissipation
mechanism and strain sensor. But hydrophobically associated hydrogels have
poor mechanical properties and weak strain and time response to external stimuli.
In this work toenhance the mechanical properties and response to stimuli,
Acrylamide- co-Butyl acrylate / Guar Gum based conductive hydrogels were
prepared. SDS work as micelle forming agent while NaCl makes hydrogel as
conductive in nature. The results show that our strain sensing reached upto 400%,
fracture stress and fracture strain reached 0.5 MPa and 401% respectively. Beside
this it having excellent response to multiple cycle without any fracture utpo 180
sec continuously stretching and unstreching and excellent time response. The
hydrophobic hydrogels show good response to human motion like finger, wrest,
and writing. Which indicate that our prepared hydrogel can monitor human body
motion. The functional groups and morphology were confirmed from FTTR and
SEM respectively.
Graphene Nanoscaffolds for Scarless Accelerated Wound Healing
Sehrish Batool1, Asia Naz*1, Fareeha Goher1, Shazmeen Aslam2, Hamza
Suharwardi3, Muhammad Raza Shah4, Shahid Abro3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi
2Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Pakistan
3Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED UET, Karachi, 2522, Pkaistan
4H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], 03323117226, 03352677613
Graphene scaffolds have spectacular drug delivery properties such as small size,

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high surface area, layer number, lateral dimension, surface chemistry and purity,
improved physicochemical properties surface and intrinsic antibacterial activates.
Consequently, it has gained broad interests in delivery of small molecule for
instance drug and gene. The current study deals with fabrication of GZnO-CH-
DEXscaffolds which were prepared through Layer-by-layer method using
polymeric hybrid of chitosan and dextran and consequently was used for delivery
of topical antibiotic bacitracin. Thesenanocomposites were characterized by UV-
Vis, FTIR spectroscopy, zeta potential, DLS, TGA-DSC, SEM and XRD. The in-
vivo wound healing potential of the drug loaded G-ZnOnanoconjugates gel was
analyzed in Sprague–Dawleyratsat different time points (day 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 & 14)
that showed at day 15, 56% wound contraction was observed compared to the
control which showed 45% contraction, enhanced cell adhesion, epithelial
migration, and high hydroxyproline content leading to faster and more efficient
collagen synthesis compared to reference marketed product, placebo (vehicle) and
negative control resulting in complete wound healing with no scar formation.
Thus, novel delivery strategy of BCT loaded graphene based CH / DEX
nanoconjugates gel has therapeutic potential in effective management of wound
and scar less healing.
Keywords: Graphene scaffolds, bacitracin, invivostudies, scars less wound
healing.
Apprehending the role of finance sector in transforming food system
Faisal Asghar
Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected], Contact #: 0322 8500 900
Food insecurity is a major threat to developing nations and Pakistan is no
exception. Moreover, changing food system may accelerate this problem. The role
of finance sector may play a pivotal role to fix this problem. The magnitude of
problem has been evident through the fact that by 2050, the world will need to
feed nearly 10 billion people while remaining within our planetary boundaries. To
fulfil this mammoth task, we need to transform our food system and finance sector
can play a big role in this aspect. The key stake holders identified by the World
ecnomic forum was ranged from smallholders, large corporates and businesses to
governments, farmers and civil society with major representation from youth
organizations. In order to implement the change effectively, we need to activate
the transition through cooperation and every stakeholder in the food value chain
has a pivotal role to play in creating healthier, more equitable and more
sustainable food systems as the deadline for the 2030 SDGs fast approaching, we
must all act now. In many ways, finance has been seen as a kind of capstone in
the process of creating a more sustainable food system, instead of a partner or
agent of change from the start. If we can turn this sentiment on its head and
welcome financial players and institutions into the food system conversation and
following suggestions caused important improvement from the finance sector in
food system.
• address issues including the so-called “Risk-Duration-Reward” triangle
• find long-term lending possibilities for sustainability solutions
• align portfolios to match different climate scenarios
• and increase collaboration between existing business/finance coalitions

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and (public and private) funding.

Conclusively, the finance sector should play its role to transform the food system.
Keywords: Food system; corporate finance; sustainability
Utilizing the Wheat Straw against Different Maladies: A Waste-
Based Therapy of 21st Century
Junaid Ai Raza
Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]; 0309 187 0669
In millennia, there has been increasing research interest in the value ofbio-sourced
lignocellulosic biomassin serious consideration of the worldwide economic and
environmental pollution issues. Agro-industrial biomass comprised on
lignocellulosicwaste, is an inexpensive, renewable, abundant and provides a
unique natural resource forlarge-scale and cost-effective bio-energy collection. In
the current scenario, efforts are made to briefly review the agro-industrial
lignocellulosic biomass as a broad spectrum of several functional ingredients and
respective health benefits with special reference to wheat straw. Wheat straw is
lignocellulosic materials including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Its
microbial culture is the most important and well-adjusted, for a variety of
applications in the fermentation substrate, feed, food, medicine, industry and
agriculture in order to increase soil fertility. In industrial fermentation, Wheat
Straw can be used as substrates for the production of a wide range of hydrolytic
enzymes, drugs, metabolites and other biofuels as a low-cost substrate or a natural
source. Wheat straw is a moiety which have health benefits including anti-
inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-artherogenic, anti-allergenic, antioxidant, anti-
thrombotic etc. The bioactive components in wheat straw have potential to reduce
CVDs (cardiovascular Diseases)and have protecting effects against numerous
disorders likehypercholesterolemia, intermittent claudication, benign prostatic
hyperplasia. Furthermore, Wheat straw is the best source for the production of
bioethanol, biogas, and biohydrogen in biorefineries because it is a renewable,
widely distributed and easily available with very low cost, and its consumption is
protected and environment friendly.
Keywords: Wheat Straw, Cellulose, Lignin, Hemicellulose.
Characterization of Fermented Foods and Exploration of their
Health Benefits (Anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic)
Tayyab Hameed
GC University, Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]; 0321 85 86 000
In the past, the beneficial effects of fermented foods on health were unknown
that’s why people primarily used the process of fermentation to preserve foods,
enhance shelf life and to improve flavor. Fermented foods became an important
part of the diet in many cultures and over time fermentation has been associated
with many health benefits. Because of this, the fermentation process and the
resulting fermented products have recently attracted scientific interest.
Compounds known as biologically active peptides, which are produced by the
bacteria responsible for fermentation, are also well known for their health benefits
(Şanlier et al., 2019). Among these peptides, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have

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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

a blood pressure lowering effect, exopolysaccharides exhibit prebiotic properties,

bacteriocins show anti-microbial effects, sphingolipids have anti-carcinogenic
and anti-microbial properties as well as bioactive peptides exhibit anti-oxidant,
anti-microbial, opioid antagonist, anti-allergenic and blood pressure lowering
effects. As a result, fermented foods provide many health benefits such as anti-
oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-
atherosclerotic activity (Cheonet al., 2020).
Keywords: Fermented Foods, Health Benefits
Enhancing Extraction Efficiency and Biological Activities of
Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oils: A Comparative Study of
Conventional Extraction Techniques with Superheated Steam
Distillation
M. Adnan Ayub1, Haseeb Raza1, Ambreen Fatima1, M. Shahid2, M. Amin Abid1
1Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
2Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Contact:[email protected]

Syzygium aromaticum L. is an aromatic plant with a significant amount of

essential oil (EO), which is used in food, medicine, for flavoring, and in the
fragrance industry. The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate the
chemical composition, yield, and antioxidant and antifungal activities of
Syzygium aromaticum essential oils extracted by the conventional
hydrodistillation, steam distillation, and the emerging superheated steam
distillation methods. It was noticed that the extraction methods significantly
influenced the yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities of essential oils. The maximum yield was obtained using superheated
steam distillation, followed by hydro-distillation and steam distillation. The
antioxidant potential of EO extracts was evaluated following the scavenging of
2,2-dipenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and
ferric reducing power assays. Results revealed that EO extracted superheated
steam distillation exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. GC-MS analysis
depicted eugenol (47.94–26.50%) and caryophyllene (20.24–9.25%) as the major
compounds of Syzygium aromaticum EOs. The antimicrobial activity of EO
extracts was evaluated, via the resazurin microtiter plate assay, microdilution
broth assay, and disc diffusion methods, against normal and food pathogenic
bacterial and fungal strains. After comparative evaluation, it was observed that
superheated steam extracted EO exhibited the highest antimicrobial potential.
Overall, methodical evaluation disclosed that superheated steam distillation is an
effective method to extract EOs from plant sources, with greater yield and
promising biological activities.
Keywords: superheated steam distillation; Syzygium aromaticum; essential oil;
caryophyllene; antioxidant activity

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Efficient PET Hydrolysis via Mechanochemical Milling: A

Sustainable, greener Waste Approach for plastic recycling
Kiran Hidayat, Adurey Moores*
University of McGill, Montréal, Canada
Contact: [email protected]
Plastic waste is a rising environmental concern that has led to the development of
chemical recycling. However, the Chemical recycling of post-consumer
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into terephthalic acid (TPA) is still challenging.
This study focuses on mechanochemical ball milling to demonstrate a highly
efficient solid-state hydrolysis method for converting post-consumer
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into terephthalic acid. Various Solid-sate
reagents such as potassium methoxide, sodium carbonate, and potassium
carbonate were investigated for hydrolysis efficacy. However, sodium carbonate
and potassium carbonate enabled the conversion but resulted in poor filtration due
to the difficulty in precipitating the depolymerized product with HCl. Potassium
methoxide was the most effective solid-state reagent, leading to a high conversion
of waste PET to its monomer TPA with a high yield of 94%. Moreover, using
potassium methoxide resulted in easier filtration and recovery of the
depolymerized products compared to sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate.
It was found that using half of the stoichiometric amount of potassium methoxide
was sufficient to achieve an excellent conversion rate as compared to Mg (OH)2,
Ca (OH)2, Li (OH), KOH, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. All solid-
state reagents, such as sodium and potassium hydroxide, were used at their total
stoichiometric amount under optimized conditions. The resulting
mechanochemical degraded product was characterized by various analytical
techniques, including FTIR, HNMR, mass spectrometry, and TGA, confirming
the successful depolymerization of waste PET into TPA. This study provides a
promising solution to the plastic waste problem and shows excellent potential for
the sustainable cost effect of recycling PET waste.
Use of protein-polysaccharides based hydrocolloid system for
improve targeted delivery of probiotics
Iqra Yasmin1*, M. Saeed2, Wahab Ali Khan3, Ayesha Manzoor4, M. Azam2
1Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Chakwal,Chakwal Pakistan
2National
Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
3Department of Nutrition and Health Promotion, University of Home Economics, Lahore
4Barani Agricultural Research Institute Chakwal, Chakwal Pakistan

Nowadays, consumers are more interested towards the diet and health benefit of
a product. Probiotics products are being introduced in the market due to health-
boosting effects. Probiotics are living microorganisms that ingested in sufficient
quantity; benefit the health of the consumer. They provide certain health benefits
by improving immune system and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria in
the human body. The main challenge is the survival and viability of probiotics
because they lose their viability during gastric transit and storage. Lactobacillus
plantarum is well known probiotic known to date. Currently research focused on
the interaction of protein-polysaccharide interaction and their stability under
different environmental conditions. This field opens new horizon to study the
texture, behavior and microstructure. The aim of current research was to develop

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protein-polysaccharide based matrix in different combination to improve survival

and viability during gastric transit. Therefore, Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp-01)
was chosen for microencapsulation with Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) and CMC. T5
(3% SPI + 1.5% CMC) showed maximum encapsulation efficiency >80% as
compared to other combinations. The survival and viability of encapsulated
Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp-01) was investigated through their resistance to
simulated gastric juice (SGJ), tolerance to bile salt, release profile in simulated
intestinal fluid (SIF) and storage stability during 30 days at 4 °C. The survival rate
of free and encapsulated probiotic was 106 Log CFU/ml and 109 Log CFU/ml,
respectively. The viable count was significantly higher than non-encapsulated
probiotics in simulated gastric juice. The complex of protein-polysaccharides
based encapsulates showed maximum viability of probiotics as compared to
others. So, protein-polysaccharides in combination is one of the effective
encapsulating material for targeted delivery of bioactive compounds.
Keywords: probiotic, protein, survival, encapsulation efficiency, storage stability
Proximate and sensory analysis of wheat bread supplemented with
Nigella sativa oil and Nigella sativa extract
Palwasha Khalil, Sara Masood, Attiqur Rehman, Ayesha Zafar Iqbal
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Wheat is one of the important food crops worldwide while wheat bread is the
most commonly consumed form of it in different populations. As Nigella sativa
is rich in several phytochemicals that possess disease preventive properties hence,
the proximate and sensory analysis of the breads supplemented with Nigella sativa
extract and oil have been discussed in this study. Nigella sativa is one of the
famous medicinal plants that has been used for treatment of various illnesses in
different parts of the world. Compositional analysis revealed that Nigella sativa
extract supplemented bread contains 14.75% moisture content, 10.32% crude fat
content, 4.40 % ash and 3.55 % crude fiber, 11.89% crude protein and 55.09%
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE). In comparison, analysis of Nigella sativa oil
supplemented revealed that it contains 14.23%, moisture content, 10.53% crude
fat content, 4.10% ash and 3.20 % crude fiber, 11.79% crude protein and 56.15%
NFE. Sensory evaluation was evaluated using 9 points-hedonic scale. Maximum
score for overall acceptability was recorded for Nigella sativa extract fortified
bread. In the meantime, the requests for wheat-based items with value addition
are developing quickly in the previous couple of decades, as customers
understood that eating foods with medical advantages is superior to taking
medicine. The breads fortified with Nigella sativa will not only meet the consumer
demands in terms of sensory attributes but might also aid in improving their
health.
Keywords: Bread; Food fortification; Nigella sativa; Proximate composition;
Sensory attribute

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

The Impact of Auxin on the Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of

Carrot (Dacus carota L.)
Rana Muhammad Azhar Ali1, Ayesha Manzoor1, Muhammad Saqib Naveed1,
Muneeb Manawar2, RafiqAhmad1, Farah Naz3, Syed Hamza Mahfooz4
1Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Talagang Road, ThoaBahadur, Chakwal
2Vegetable Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
3PMAS, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
4Centre of Excellence for Olive Research and Training (CEFORT), BARI Chakwal

Seed is a basic component of every crop species and quality seed is essential for
farmers to achieve greater crop production and higher yields. Seed yield can be
improved by using the growth hormones. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) plays a vital
role in reproductive and seed development of crop plant. An investigation is being
conducted to determine effect of rooting hormone IBA on reproductive growth
thatleads to seed development. Roots treated with three levels of IBA (500 ppm,
1000 ppm and 1500ppm) along with control in a 3 replication. Results showed
that roots treated with IBA @ 1500 ppm had taken least number (28.4) of days to
flowering with maximum plant height (34.3cm), number of leaves (15.3), leaves
length (19.6 cm), number of secondary (10) and tertiary umbels (13.7), diameterof
secondary (12.7 cm) and tertiary umbel (4.4), weight of secondary (5.1 g) and
tertiary umbel (3.5), seed weight of secondary (4.4 g) and tertiary umbels (1.5 g)
and biological weight of the plants (81.0 g) respectively. However, the diameter,
weight and seed weight of primary umbel was good in IBA @ 1000 ppm. Thus it
is recommended that IBA application at concentration of 1500 ppm can
significantly improve growth of carrot seed plants, hence increasing production
and seed quality.
Keywords: Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), quality seed, root growth, umbel
diameter, umbel weight
Agro-morphological Characterization of Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) Germplasm under Climatic Conditions of Pothowar
Muhammad Saqib Naveed*, Ayesha Manzoor
Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal
*
Contact: [email protected]
Tomato fruit is full of health-promoting compounds consisting of minerals and
antioxidants including vitamin C and E, lycopene, ß-carotene, lutein and
flavonoids such as quercetin. Presently in Pakistan, up till now no detailed
evaluation study were done regarding quality parameters of tomato cultivated
varieties/germplasm. Therefore to resolve these issues, the research was
conducted at research area of Vegetable Department of Barani Agricultural
Research Institute Chakwal during 2021-22. The study involved evaluation of
various lines of tomato for morphological characteristics and fruit quality
parameters. For this purpose, 40 various genotypes were evaluated. Significant
variation were observed for plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of
clusters,number of flowers/cluster, number of fruits/cluster, fruit set percentage,
fruit size and weight and minimum days to maturity among different genotypes.
Maximum variation were also observed for postharvest studies (fruit firmness,
total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content and total sugars).
Among indeterminate type, lines Adv-1202 and Adv-1207 were promising lines
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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

while for determinate, LBR-4, LBR-9, Nadir, LBR-11, 6232, 07039 and Avinash
were the most promising lines and performed very well for those above mentioned
parameters and had quite well heat resistance. Thus best performing genotypes
under climatic conditions of Pothowar can be used in future breeding programmes
as parents for trait specific hybrid development.
Multifunctional Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Therapy and
Cytotoxicity Study
Fareeha Goher1*, Asia Naz1, Sehrish Batool1, Hamza Soharwardi2, Shahid
Abro2, Muhammad Raza Shah3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi
2Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED UET, Karachi, 2522, Pakistan
3H.E.J Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Pakistan

*Contact: [email protected] , [email protected]

In recent years, the development of multifunctional nanocomposites has gained
significant attention in the field of biomedical research. The multifunctional
nature of this nanocomposite holds great promise for various drug delivery
applications, particularly in the field of antibacterial therapy. Zinc oxide (ZnO)
has emerged as a promising antibacterial agent in biomedical applications. The
antibacterial effects of ZnO nanoparticles are attributed to their unique
physicochemical properties, such as high surface area and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) generation. The mechanism of action involves the penetration of ZnO
nanoparticles into bacterial cells, leading to intracellular ROS production and
disruption of vital cellular processes, ultimately resulting in bacterial death. This
study is designed to engineer Zinc oxide decorated Dextran-Chitosan
nanocomposites which was used as nanocarrier to deliver neomycinfor synergistic
antibacterial action. These nanoparticles were characterized for UV, FTIR, DLS,
XRD, Zeta potential, SEM and TGA-DSC. Further drug release profile and
release kinetics was assessed using Higuchi model, Hixson model, and the
Korsmeyer model. Antibacterial efficacy against various microorganisms and
cytotoxicity of the nanocomposites was evaluated on mouse fibroblast.
Keywords: Multifunctional nanocomposites, zinc oxide, neomycin, cytotoxicity,
antibacterial activity, korsmeyer model
Aronia Berry and its Bioactive Compounds as Functional Food in
Plummeting the Risk of Chronic Diseases
Smara Qaisar Alvi*, Umar Farooq, Umrah Zafar
Depatment of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
Contact: [email protected]
Functional foods are gaining popularity around the world and have become a
regular part of people's diets. The term "functional foods" was coined in the 1980s
by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, which established a regulatory
system for foods with potential health benefits. In addition to its nutritional effect,
a food may be considered "functional" if it has a beneficial impact on the intended
functions in the human beings, with the goal of promoting health and well-being
and/or reducing chronic diseases. Food contains trace amounts of bioactive
compounds, and their effects on human health are being studied. Epidemiological
evidence suggests that a high intake of natural functional foods rich in bioactive

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compounds, such as specific vegetables and fruits is associated with a lower risk
of chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, type II diabetes,
cardiovascular disease and cancer. Berries contain a high concentration of
phenolic compounds like flavanols, flavonols, anthocyanins, pro-anthocyanidins,
phenolic acids and ellagitannins. Berries, including blueberries, blackberries and
strawberries are among the best dietary sources of bioactive ingredients, which
may have synergistic as well as cumulative effects on promoting human health
and preventing chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, hypertension, obesity,
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia. Aronia, a type of berry,
contains polyphenols that have anti-inflammatory properties. Scientific evidence
suggests that consuming aronia berries can alter gut immune function thus
improving the quality of life and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
Keywords: Functional foods, Bioactive compounds, Chronic diseases, Metabolic
syndrome, Berries, Aronia berry
Bioactive Peptides as Innovative Therapies for Lifestyle-Related
Diseases
Umar Farooq, Smara Qaisar Alvi*, Umrah Zafar
Depatment of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
*Contact: [email protected]
Lifestyle-related diseases are a major issue in the twenty-first century, with
millions of people dying each year as a result of lifestyle choices and associated
complications like diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
Although synthetic drugs have been shown to be highly effective in treating these
conditions, their safety remains a concern. Natural alternatives to drugs, such as
food-derived peptides, are currently being investigated for the prevention and
treatment of lifestyle-related complications. Peptides are nascent fragments of
primary protein sequences that can provide health benefits in addition to
nutritional benefits. Bioactive peptides may be able to prevent obesity by
controlling adipocyte differentiation and lipase activity. In light of their ability to
inhibit the enzymatic activity of DPP-IV, α-glucosidase and α-amylase, bioactive
peptides are useful as drugs for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, bioactive peptides
can compete with angiotensin-converting enzymes, resulting in antihypertensive
effects. Bioactive peptides have the potential to lower cholesterol by inhibiting
cholesterol metabolic pathways and cholesterol synthesis. Whey protein, α-
lactalbumin, and lactoferrin were found to be anti-obesity in an animal study.
Overweight subjects who consumed 300 mg of lactoferrin daily for 8 weeks saw
significant reductions in visceral fat, body weight, and BMI. As peptide discovery
technology advances, more alternative avenues for treating complications,
particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes, should be identified. In vivo and clinical
trials have less data than in vitro studies, so this area needs to be prioritized.
Furthermore, strategies for achieving peptide stability and targeted delivery via
micro- and nano-conjugation must be prioritized. Moreover, clinical trials are
required for production sequences and regulatory standards should be geared
towards commercialization.
Keywords: Bioactive peptides, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Antihypertensive,
micro and nano conjugation

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Neuroprotective Effect of Traditional Chinese Herb for the

Treatment of Parkinson Disease
Gul-e-Zahra Hassan1, Asia Naz Awan1, Shakil Ahmed2
1Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi
2H.E.JResearch Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi. Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]&[email protected]
Parkinson (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, which is
characterized by an induce programmed cell death. It is associated with
aggregation of α-synuclein and selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the
substantia nigra, thereby leading to cognitive and motor impairments. The
available drugs provide only symptomatic relief to PD therefore, indicating urgent
need for explore new drugs against PD, especially from plant origin. The
Dendrobium nobilLindl (DNL) is a good source of phytochemicals for instance
alkaloids, flavonoids glycosides, benzyl derivatives, phenantherenes and
phenylpropanoids. This study aimed to investigate the anti-Parkinson activity of
the extractsof Dendrobium nobillin, by using Caenorhabditis elegans model
instead of environmental induced toxin model of rodent. The DNL was found
effective to increase life span of C. elegans and the aging process had reduced to
fifty percent in PD model. The dominergic behavior of C. elegans depicted
significant improvements in movement and memory/intellect properties when
treated with DNL that were assessed using Basal Slowing Food searching, and
Area restricted assay models. DNL effectively reduced α-synuclein aggregation
that reduced dopaminergic activities. The neuroprotective action of DNL was
marvelous even in 6-OHDA intoxicated model.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Neuroprotective, Antioxidant, Herbal
treatments, DNL.
Immuno-Modulating Potential of Goat Milk
Tayyaba Tariq*, M. Asim Shabbir, M. Furqan Nawaz, Seemal Munir
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Contemporary human diet and lifestyle changes are emerging as a challenge in
developing countries consequential to endless diseases. Hence, foods play a
crucial role in the modern spectra of human health and ultimately effecting the
immune system. Goat milk isa rich source of macro and micronutrients
responsible for various health benefits. Although, it contains more calcium than
cow milk and bioactive peptides to boost immunity but unfortunately, not
consumed commonly and its health benefits are not attained for health promotion
and disease prevention. Bone disorders are a major problem worldwide as well in
Pakistan mainly due to the inadequate nutritional status of calcium and vitamin
D. According to the National Nutrition Survey 2018, about 79.7% of women of
reproductive age are vitamin D deficient in Pakistan. Strong immunity has been a
concern in the COVID-19 pandemic and it helps to fight ailments. Milk proteins
are major suppliers of amino acids and biologically active peptides that are
enzymatic fermentation products which are an important part of dietary protein.
The bioactive peptides from milk regulate pathways associated with osteoporosis.
Goat milk possesses alpha-S2 casein (36 kDa molecular weight), contains eight

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peptides that modulate the immune system. Although, Pakistan is the 4th largest
milk-producing country in the world with 991000 tonnes of goat milk there are
no locally produced products of goat milk available in the local market. In 2019,
Pakistan imported $14.7M in Cheese, becoming the 92nd largest importer of
Cheese in the world. Goat milk cheese and other products can be prepared by
utilizing indigenous resources to boost immunity and reduce the global burden of
osteoporosis. Moreover, it will help to lower the import of cheese and dairy
products from other countries as well.
Keywords: immunity, goat milk, bioactive peptides, bone health
Delving Into the Climate Change and Food Insecurity in Pakistan:
Risks and Futuristic demands
Muhammad Furqan Nawaz*, Muhammad Asim Shabbir, Tayyaba Tariq
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Food security is a significant concern in the context of climate change. Climate
change poses a range of challenges to agriculture, food production, and
distribution systems, ultimately impacting food security at local, regional, and
global levels. Human activities and industrial advancements have caused global
warmingby more than 95%. Pakistan contributes to the total global greenhouse
emissions by 1% only but has failed to control these emissions. The world's
already malnourished populations can be more devastated by this fast acceleration
of climate change. The temperature increase interferes with the agrarian regions'
output and production negatively, leading to food insecurity. Despite being self-
sufficient in producing staple foods, 37% of Pakistan's population still lacks
access to adequate food due to several variables, including political, institutional
and agronomic instability. The affordability and availability of food are critical
issues of food insecurity. Furthermore, the challenges caused by climate change
make it harder to grow and access food due to changes in rainfall, temperature,
water availability, and population size. Plant diseases, adverse weather
conditionsand a worldwide water crisis are contributing factors to decreased corn
and wheat production in recent years. The increased carbon dioxide levels in
plants also affect their nutritional value by reducing the zinc, protein and iron
content. The introduction of support pricing for all crops and the provision of
agricultural insurance is urgently required to aid farmers, according to
economists. The factors causing Pakistan's food crisis also include hoarding and
resource smuggling. Therefore, there is a need to implement the National Food
Security Policy launched in 2018. Food insecurity will continue to multiply in
ongoing economic pressures and the fight against the global pandemic, which will
invariably exert pressure on the most vulnerable households until the government
can focus and initiate more programs to cater to the rapidly spreading food
insecurity.
Keywords: food insecurity, global warming, food crisis, climate change
Synthesis and characterization of Guar Gum based biopolymeric
Hydrogels as carrier materials for controlled delivery of
Methotrexate to treat Colon cancer
Aneeqa Zarbab1, Amna Sajjad1*, Azhar Rasul1, Farhat Jabeen1, M. Javaid Iqbal2

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1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, GCU Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

2COESSP, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
Guar Gum has been evaluated for its importance in the food and pharmaceutical
industry. A blended biopolymeric hydrogel was prepared by solution casting
technique using guar gum (GG), chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),
chemically crosslinked with tetra orthosilicate (TEOS), and impregnated with
methotrexate (MTX) to assess its drug carrying capacity against colon cancer
(HCT-116). The surfacemorphology, chemical bonding, hydrophilicity, and water
absorbing capacity were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements, and
swelling properties in variable conditions. Furthermore, degradation, drug release
kinetics, hemocompatibility, and cytotoxicity of MTX-loaded hydrogel were
tested. The release of MTX from the GG/CS/PVA biopolymeric blend occurred
in a sustained manner. Results displayed that in 7h 25min duration, 96% of the
drug was released in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. These blends were
non-hemolytic and antiproliferative against HCT-116. Furthermore, the MTT
assay has revealed that MTX-loaded hydrogel had prominently decreased the cell
viability (with IC50 11.7µg/ml) as compared to free MTX (with IC50
21.57µg/ml). Hence, these results suggest that guar gum based hydrogels are
potential biomaterials for colon cancer treatment.
Keywords: Biopolymeric blend; biodegradable; pH sensitive; Methotrexate
(MTX); colon cancer (HCT-116)
Integrated Pan-Omics and Machine Learning Analysis Revealed
Multi-Stress Responsive Roles of the CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) Gene
Family Members in Three Mango Cultivars
Muhammad Sadaqat, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar*
Integrative Omics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics
and Biotechnology, GCUF, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
*Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
The nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS–LRR) gene family is the
largest group of plant disease resistance (R) genes in plants and are active in
response to viruses, bacteria, and fungi usually involved in effector triggered
immunity (ETI). Pangenome-wide studies allow researchers to analyze the
genetic diversity of multiple plant species or members of a species
simultaneously, providing a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary
relationships and diversity present among them. This approach can provide
valuable insights into the genetic makeup and evolution of plant species, as well
as potential applications in areas such as plant breeding and conservation. The
draft pan-genome of three Mangifera indica cultivars (Alphonso, Hong Xiang Ya,
and Tommy atkins) was constructed and Presence/absence variants (PAVs) were
filtered through ppsPCP pipeline. As a result, 2823 genes and 5907 PAVs from
H. Xiang Ya, and 1266 genes and 2098 PAVs from T. atkins were added to
reference genome. For the identification of CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) genes in these
mango cultivars, this draft pan-genome study has successfully identified 47
membersin Alphonso, 27 members inH. Xiang Ya, and 36 members in T. Atkins.
According to phylogenetic analysis, the MiCNLproteins are consist of four
distinct subgroups. This division was further supported by the analysis of

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conserved motif composition and gene structure. All MiCNL genes are unevenly
distributed on chromosomes. Additionally, our study revealed that both tandem
and segmental duplication events played a significant role in the expansion of the
CNL gene family. These genes contain cis-elements related to light, stress,
hormone, and development. The analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI)
revealed that certain MiCNL proteins have the capability to interact with MiCNL
and other defense responsive proteins, indicating their potential involvement in
various biological processes and pathways. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis
indicated that MiCNL genes play a role in defense mechanisms within the
organism. The expression level of the identified genes in fruit peel wasobserved
under disease and cold stresswhich showed that Mi_A_CNL13 and 14 were up-
regulated while Mi_A_CNL15, 25, 30, 31, 40 were down-regulated in disease
stress. On the other hand,Mi_A_CNL2, 14, 41, 45 were up-regulated and
Mi_A_CNL47 is down-regulated in cold stress. Subsequently, the Random Forest
(RF) classifier was used to assess the multi-stress response of MiCNLs. It was
found that Mi_A_CNL14 is a gene which response to multiple stress conditions.
The CNLs have the similar protein structures which shows that they are involved
in same function. Our study provides information on CNL genes for the
investigation of the functions and mechanisms of these genes in three mango
cultivars. The above findings provide a foundation for deeper understanding of
the functional characteristics of the CNL gene family.
Keywords:Draft pan-genome, mango, NBS–LRR, defense response, machine
learning.
Unveiling the Consequences of Anthropocentrism: A Journey
through the Decline of Natural Resources
Rimsha Jamil1*, Khalid Abbas1, Muhammad Imran2, Mehrab Khalil1
1Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Anthropocentrism is the believe that human is superior to all other animals. It
actually means human-centered and human alone possess intrinsic value and all
other beings possess the ability to serve humans. Some belief systems suggest that
humans are part of a grand plan or divine design and that our existence has a
specific role to play in the unfolding of the universe's destiny. Blind
anthropocentrism has pushed climate change, destruction of rainforests, poisoning
of air and water, ozone depletion, abundance of wildfires, species extinction,
decline in biodiversity and many other environmental crises worldwide.
Anthropocentrism is main driver of the environmental crisis, society has been
madly pursuing project “human planet” without considering humanity, man
thinks this world is for me and I am not for this world. Anthropocentrism cannot
lead us a sustainable future. Today we are approaching almost 8 billion and to
feed all people is not so easy we need an extensive system of trade, industry,
banking, communication, transportation, economic cooperation and many other
things. Humans control the world because we live in dual nature, this fictional
reality became more and more powerful, the most powerful forces in this world
are these fictional entities. Over past 50 years, unexpected changes in land and
sea use as well as overexploitation of natural resources caused dramatic increase

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in biodiversity loss. As the population is increasing day by day due to this reason
natural habitats are converted into urban areas at an alarming rate. WWF’s living
planet reported 2022 finds that wildlife populations have declined an average 69%
in past 50 years. Approximately 18 million forest cover is destroyed, which means
half of the world’s forests has been cleared that results 12-17% increase in
greenhouse gasses. The survival of trees, rivers, small and large animals depends
upon the decisions taken by humans. We are responsible for actively conserving
the natural resources so that next generation can enjoy same benefits as we do
today.
Keywords: Anthropocentrism, climate change, destruction, rainforests, ozone
depletion, wildfires, extinction, biodiversity, environmental crisis, human planet,
overexploitation, forests, greenhouse gasses, natural resources
Ecological Significance of Symbiotic Relationships between Coral
Reefs and Resident Fish Species
Rimsha Jamil1*, Muhammad Imran2
1Department of Zoology Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Coral reefs are incredibly productive ecosystems that are home to a wide variety
of marine species. Coral reef ecosystems and the resident fish species that live
there depend on one another to function and remain resilient. Reefs are frequently
referred to as the "rainforests of the sea" due to the diversity of life that can be
found there. The health of coral reefs is essential for about 25% of the ocean's
fish. In the numerous crevices created by coral, fish and other creatures find
refuge, eat, reproduce and raise their young. The ecological significance of these
symbiotic relationships is examined in this article with a focus on fish that serve
as seed dispersers, cleaner fish, herbivorous fish, and fish that feed on coral. While
cleaning fish contribute to the hygiene and disease prevention of the reef
community, coral-feeding fish control algal growth, which helps to maintain a
healthy coral environment. Cleaning fish, like cleaner wrasses and cleaner gobies,
clear parasites, dead skin, and pathogens from other fish species, helping to
maintain the reef community's cleanliness and prevent disease. They contribute to
maintaining the general health and wellbeing of the fish population by lowering
the parasite load on reef fish. Their cleaning services are essential for stopping
disease from spreading and maintaining the health of the coral reef ecosystem.
Fish that are herbivorous stop nutrient cycling, coral growth, and algal
overgrowth. Fish that spread coral seeds help to increase genetic diversity and the
recovery of damaged reefs. For the conservation and sustainable management of
coral reef ecosystems, it is critical to recognize and maintain these symbiotic
relationships. We can work to ensure the long-term survival of these remarkable
underwater communities by realizing their ecological significance.
Keywords: Coral reefs, cleaning fish, hygiene, marine species, mutualism,
parasites, pathogens, nutrient cycling, algal growth, sustainable management.

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Engineering of Tenofovir Nanoparticle and Stability Assessment

Using Isothermal Approaches
Nousheen Ali1, Sabahat Abdullah1, Zeeshan Mirza2, Asia Naz1
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi,
2Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, KSA

*Contact: [email protected], [email protected]

Tenofovir is effectively used for the treatment of HIV and HBV antiviral
infections but it is prone to hydrolytic degradation in an aqueous medium which
may affect its activity. Therefore in this study three different metallic
nanoparticles of drug were fabricated using copper, zinc oxide and nickel chloride
to improve physicochemical properties. These nanoparticles were characterized
by UVS, FTIR, AFM and TGA-DSC. Thermal stability of tenofovir metallic
nanoparticles was assessed by TGA and Horowitz – Metzger method was used to
calculate decomposition kinetics of the drug and its metallic NPs. It was evident
from the results that the tenofovir loaded nanoparticles were proved to be more
stable then the drug itself. Considering the improved kinetic outcomes tenofovir
loaded nano-delivery system may serve as a promising antiretroviral therapeutic
agent upon further investigation.
Keywords: antiretroviral, tenofovir, HIV, nanoparticles, Horowitz – Metzger,
Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women and Its Effect on
Neonates in Rural Jhelum
Shaheena Anwar1, M. Perwaiz Iqbal2, Iqbal Azam3, Atif Habib4, Sajid B. Soofi4,
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutta4,5
1Department of Biosciences, Salim Habib University, Karachi
2Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi
3Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
4Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health& Institute of Global Health &

Development, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan

5Centre for Child Global Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread health problem affecting people from all

age groups. We conducted the first ever double blinded randomized control trial
in Jhelum to answer a multitude of questions pertaining to vitamin D deficiency
in the most fragile groups of our society; pregnant women and neonates. This
nutritional study involved supplementing pregnant women during pregnancy and
their neonates with vitamin D. Our observations indicated that most of the
pregnant women and their newborns were vitamin D deficient (95% - 99% in rural
Jhelum) at the time of recruitment. Supplementation with 4000 IU/d of women
during pregnancy resulted in decrease in deficiency to 66.3% and increase in
vitamin D levels in Jhelum study (Placebo = 29.8 ± 19.2 nmol/L vs. supplemented
=44.6 ± 25.0 nmol/L, P<0.0001). Maternal supplementation also benefitted the
neonates as the deficiency was lower and significantly different at the time of birth
(placebo = 84.2% vs supplemented=54.7%, P<0.0001). Our observations
indicated that most of the pregnant women and their newborns were vitamin D
deficient regardless of their location (95%-99% in urban Karachi and rural
Jhelum) at the time of recruitment. Supplementation with 4000 IU/d of women
during pregnancy resulted in decrease in deficiency to 66.3% and increase in
vitamin D levels in Jhelum study (Placebo = 29.8 ± 19.2 nmol/L vs. supplemented

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=44.6 ± 25.0 nmol/L, P<0.0001). Maternal supplementation also benefitted the

neonates as the deficiency was lower and significantly different at the time of birth
(placebo = 84.2% vs supplemented = 54.7%, P<0.0001).
Keywords: Vitamin D, Vitamin D supplementation, pregnant women, Control
trial, maternal supplementation
Somatic embryogenesis and generation of transgenic Ajuga bracteosa
plants expressing rol genes
Rehana Rani1*, Samina Rubnawaz2*, Laila Jafri1, Samreen Saleem3, Bushra
Mirza4
1Department
of Life Sciences, Abasyn University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
2Departmentof Biochemistry, IBBB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, IUB, Bahawalpur
3Department of Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine Health Services Academy, Islamabad
4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, QUA, Islamabad, Pakistan

*Contact: [email protected]; [email protected]

Background: Ajuga bracteosais a prominent source of therapeutically active
compounds. However, the yield of these phytochemicals is extremely low in wild
A. bracteosa which can be enhanced by somatic embryogenesis as well as
metabolic engineering techniques. Thus, present study aimed to develop an
efficient protocol for high frequency somatic embryogenesis and optimization of
the conditions for the stable genetic transformation of A. bracteosa with root
oncogenic loci (rol)A and C genes. Moreover, the possible impact of rolgenes
transformation on phytochemistry and pharmacological properties (antioxidant,
antibacterial, antiproliferative, and antidiabetic) was also evaluated.
Methods: For somatic embryogenesis, various combinations of auxins and
cytokinin’s were employed on tissue cultured explants. Additionally,
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 harboring the rolA, rolC and nptII
genes was used for transformation of leaf discs and nodal regions of in vitro grown
A. bracteosa. Successful integration of rol genes in putative transformants and
their copy number was confirmed by conventional PCR, RT-PCR and southern
blot techniques, respectively. Then the plant extracts were prepared to check the
phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant, and antioxidant activity. Whereas,
cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, and antidiabetic
activity via DPP-4 assay were also assessed. Besides, the plant metabolites were
quantified by ESI-QTOF-MS analysis. Among various explants, leaves showed
maximum response for callus induction with the hormonal combination of 1mg/L
NAA + 0.5 mg/L BAP. Positive PCR results were obtained for rolA (308 bp),
rolC (540 bp) and nptII(780 bp) genes in gDNA of transformed plants. RT-PCR
indicated the varied expression of rolA and rolC transcripts in different transgenic
lines. A4 line showed the high transcript level compared to rest of rolA transgenic
lines. While among rolC transgenic lines, C1 had maximum transcript level.
Southern blot analysis of PCR-positive plants showed that one copy of bacterial
gene was inserted in all the transformants except A4 and C1 having two copies.
These 2 lines (A4 and C1) showed maximum phenolic and flavonoid content,
antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, antiproliferative, and antidiabetic
activities when compared with other transgenic and wild type plants. These 2 lines
also had the highest number of primary and secondary metabolites. This study
opens up the avenues for effective means of preserving and multiplying this

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endangered medicinal plant to cope with its overexploitation. Agrobacterium rol

A and C can account for the increased level of phytochemicals and significant
biological activity of the transgenic lines. Further studies that can be carried out
to recognize genes involved in biosynthesis of key metabolites identified, which
can be used in metabolic engineering for obtaining high yield of these
pharmaceutically important metabolites to meet market demands.
Keywords: Ajugabracteosa; somatic embryogenesis; antiproliferative activity;
antidiabetic activity; LC-MS
Synthesis, X-Ray Crystallography and Anti-Inflammatory
Evaluation of a Novel Thiosemicarbazide
Leena Anjum1,2, Asia Naz1,2, Hina Shamshad2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
2Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

*Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

An innovative thiosemicarbazide compound Methyl trimethoxy phenyl hexene
thiosemicarbazide (MTHT) was produced by a single pot condensation reaction.
Different techniques were used for structure elucidation including
chromatography, spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, anti-
inflammatory response of the synthesized compound was estimated by luminol
enhanced chemiluminescence technique through reactive oxygen species. MTHT
exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory action with IC50 value of 08 ± 0.6 µg/ml
in contrast to reference standard ibuprofen. Molecular docking was preferred for
determination of possible binding interactions of synthesized compound with
Phospholipase A2 protein. Additionally, biological activity was predicted through
PASS virtual method.
Keywords: Thiosemicarbazide, Anti-inflammatory agent, Molecular docking, X-
ray Crystallography, Virtual bio-screening.
Interpreting Machine Learning Models Local and Global
Predictions by Leveraging Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Muhammad Karim
Department of Computer Science, Kohat University of Science &Technology
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), Virtual Learning Environments
(VLEs), and Learning Management Systems (LMS) make it possible for millions
of students to follow their interests in learning without regard to time or location
constraints. However, online learning environments have downsides, including
poor student engagement, high dropout rates, the need for students to self-regulate
their conduct, and the requirement that students establish their own academic
goals. In this research, we propose a hybrid machine-learning predictive model
that evaluates the challenges faced by students who are at risk. The hybrid model
gives teachers the ability to initiate intervention to encourage students to increase
the amount of time they spend studying and improve their academic performance.
Moreover, the proposed hybrid machine learning prediction model uses student
study characteristics to define students' learning behavior. When comparing the
performance of hybrid models to various machine learning algorithms, many
metrics such as accuracy, precision, support, and f-score are utilized. Our hybrid

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machine learning model achieves the best results in terms of accuracy, precision,
recall, support, and the f-score metric. In addition, the proposed hybrid machine
learning prediction model can help teachers identify students who are at risk of
dropping out of school, provide rapid intervention, and reduce the number of
students who withdraw from their studies.
Effect of Incorporating Cereal Grains Combination in Diet on the
Prognosis of Diabetes Mellitus Type II
Areeba Usman
Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (Type 2 DM) is emerging as a common health issue
across the globe. Due to its raised prevalence and complications in major organs
of human body owing properties, it is becoming a challenge for mankind to tackle
with it. It highlights a long list of causative factors among which the life style
modification is on the top of all. Furthermore, it does not differentiate among any
race and age groups which make it further vulnerable. As the ailment is
progressing, advances have been made in pharmaceutical approaches and several
over the counter medications are available. The recent exploration in the science
of nutrition has given insight that not only the pharmaceutical approaches but the
dietary interventions could open the new horizon of curing and improving the
status of this otherwise life threatening metabolic disorder. To support this
concept, a study was conducted to test the effect of some commonly practiced
cereal grains flours incorporation in the diets of pre diabetics and diabetics. This
study aims to conclude that if routine dietary patterns can be altered, they could
be a promising remedy with or without the consumption of anti-diabetic drugs.
To conduct this study, six treatment flours were prepared from the grains
commonly incorporated in an Asian diet. Human diabetic and prediabetic subjects
aged between 40 to 70 years including both genders were selected in Multan,
(Pakistan) through simple random sampling after taking their proper history and
essential preliminary examination and lab investigations. After research,it was not
surprising to observe that participants consuming processed wheat flours show no
improvement in their diabetic status while all the other study groups demonstrated
an improved HbA1c levels although there difference in magnitude varied. It was
thus concluded that incorporation of these cereals in routine diet can be beneficial
for good prognosis of diabetes and other cardio metabolic risk factors.
Evaluation of Various Endocytic Pathways to the Overall
Transfection Process of Nanocarriers in the Lung Cancer Derived
Cells
Laiba Farooq, Mohammad Daud Khan, Zia ur Rehman, Noor Muhammad
Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, KUST
*Contact: Laiba Farooq [email protected] (LF), [email protected] (ZR)
Gene therapy offers a highly promising approach to effectively address a range of
diseases, including lung cancer. Non viral vectors, such as nanocarriers, have
emerged as attractive alternatives to viral carriers due to their simplicity of
modification and reduced immunogenicity. However, the low transfection
effectiveness of gene therapy is a substantial obstacle that must be overcome.

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Understanding the endocytic routes used by nanocarriers and their various

functions in the transfection process is crucial to overcoming this challenge. The
development of more effective gene delivery devices depends on this
understanding. The internalization and intracellular trafficking of gene delivery
systems are governed by the endocytic pathway, which has a significant impact
on how well these systems deliver therapeutic genes to target cells. Gene therapy
can be successful by improving transfection efficiency and endocytic process
understanding. In a recent work, we sought to evaluate the proportional
contributions of the several endocytic pathways used by commercially available
nanocarriers in lung cancer-derived cells. We will create H1299 cell cultures
derived from human lung cancer, identify and validate a reporter gene, and create
nanocarrier complexes using Lipofectamine 2000 and Linear Polyethyleneimine.
We intend to clarify the role of each endocytic pathway in the cellular uptake and
intracellular trafficking of gene delivery systems by using particular inhibitors to
disrupt each pathway while transfecting H1299 cells. Fluorescence microscopy
and ImageJ software were used for this investigation, which will give important
insights into the most important endocytic routes and direct the development of
tactics to increase transfection effectiveness for better gene therapy outcomes. A
thorough analysis of nanoparticle absorption through the endocytic route has the
potential to make significant advancements in the domains of cell biology and
nanomedicine. The results of this work will open the door for novel strategies in
the creation and improvement of nanoparticle-based treatments, enhancing the
treatment of many diseases and enabling us to fully realise the potential of gene
therapy. We want to revolutionise healthcare, enhance patient outcomes, and
usher in a new era of precision medicine by figuring out the complex interactions
between nanoparticles and cells.
Keywords: Gene Therapy, Nanocarriers, Endocytic Pathways, Transfection
Efficiency, Lung Cancer-Derived Cells
Isolation, Partial Purification and Kinetic Parameters Based
Characterization of Lipoxygenase (LOX) Enzyme from Gallus
Gallus Domestics (Chicken) Tissues (Liver, Heart and Brain)
Anum Abbas*, Aisha Siddiqua, Muneebat-ur-Rehman
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan
*Contact: [email protected]
Lipoxygenases (LOX) are the non-Sulphur, non-heme (iron) cofactor containing
dioxygenasesthat play important roles in various biological processes
including;inflammation, lipid metabolism and cell signaling. It alsoregulates the
production of hormones and defensive metabolites in plants, animals and
microorganisms (algae and fungi) due to their ability of catalyzing the oxidation
of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linolenic, linoleic, and arachidonic
acid. In chickens, lipooxygenase enzymes are involved in the synthesis of
bioactive compounds called eicosanoids from PUFAs. Recent work focused on
the isolation and partial purification of LOX from the heart, liver, and brain tissues
of Gallus gallus domestics (chicken), as well as the determination of its
biochemical parameters. The LOX enzyme was purified from the heart, liver, and
brain tissues of Gallus gallus domestics usingphosphate(PO4) buffer at pH=9, and
it was subsequently concentrated using the salt precipitation method with

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ammonium sulphate to levels of 30% and 70%. The specific activity of LOX in
the heart, liver, and brain tissues was (2.522, 5.539, and 3.03) U/mg, (9.852,
6.602, and 7.096) folds purification, with (79.22, 56.33, and 49.80)% recovery,
respectively. The optimum temperature for enzyme was 40 oC for all three
samples whereas the optimum pH for each organ varied from 5.2 for the heart to
4.8 for the liver and brain. The preliminary results obtained from the biochemical
characterization of LOX from three organ tissues (heart, liver and brain) of Gallus
gallus domestics can serve as a starting point for future in-depth studies.
Keywords: Lipoxygenases (LOX), Gallus gallus domestics (chicken),
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), salt precipitation, enzymatic activity
In vivo evaluation of different originated corn grains in ruminal
fermentation and blood metabolites of Holstein steers fed total mixed
ration as a basal diet
Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid1,2, Ammara Ammer2
1Institute
of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab 38000 Pakistan
2Department of Animal Resource, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk 38453, Korea

This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo effect of geographically

different originated corn grains in ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of
Holstein steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) as a basal diet to explain fundamental
data of corn grain for cattle in Republic of Korea. Four ruminally cannulated
Holstein steers (body weight 746 ± 32.8 kg) fitted with 100 mm i.d. ruminal
cannula in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment fed TMR as a basal diet were housed
under the condition of temperature humidity index (THI) 71.5 (no stress, 24 °C
and 60%). Treatments were TMR with, 5.0% of dry matter (DM) intake; Korean
low (KL), 10.0%; Korean high (KH) of Korean corn grains and 6.0%; American
low (AL), 11.0%; American high (AH) of American corn grains respectively. To
measure the ruminal pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids (VFA), ruminal digesta
was sampled through ruminal cannula at 1 h intervals after the morning feeding
to determine ruminal fermentation characteristics. Blood was sampled via the
jugular vein after the ruminal digesta sampling. There was no difference in dry
matter (DM) intake of Korean and American corn grains because DM intake was
restricted to 1.66% of body weight. Ruminal pH was significantly higher for KL
and total VFA concentration for KH were noted along with iso-valerate and
caproic acid. There was no change on mean ammonia. Concentration of blood
metabolites were not affected by the treatments. Feeding KH may increase feed
digestion in the rumen, whereas the KL treatment appeared to attain inadequate
corn retention time for the microbial degradation in the rumen. Meanwhile, AL
and AH has shown similar digestion kinetics, but production parameters will give
more clear results.
Keywords: Holstein Steer; American and Korean Corn Grain; Ruminal
Fermentation

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Effect of Various Doses of Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment on

the Quality Characteristics of Vacuum-Packed Dry Fermented
Sausage during Refrigerated Storage
Ammara Ameer1, Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid1,2
1Department of Animal Resource, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk 38453, Korea
2Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of
Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
In this study, we investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on
thephysicochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes of dry fermented
sausage during 8 weeksof refrigerated storage at 4°C. The five doses of e-
beamirradiation applied were: 0 kGy (control) and 1, 2, 3, and 4 kGy. All the
experimental treatments led to a significant decrease in pH valuesduring the
storage period of 60 days (P<0.05). The 2-kGy treatment caused a significant
(P<0.05) decrease in pH value, bacterial growth (total plate count, Listeria
monocytogenes, SalmonellaTyphimurium, and Escherichia coli), and
thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values than otherirradiated fermented
sausage batches during the study. Irradiation did not affect the water activityvalue
of the fermented sausage samples. For color characteristics, 3 kGy
exhibitedsignificantlylower (P<0.05) L* (lightness) values than other irradiation
treatments. A similar trend ofsignificantly lower (P<0.05) a* (redness) and b*
(yellowness) values was observed in all irradiatedtreatments than in the control.
All thetreatments showed no significant differences (P>0.05) inscores in sensory
attributes (color and sourness); however, fermented sausage irradiated with 3kGy
had the highest sensory characteristics (overall acceptability) at the end of the
storage period. In conclusion, 1, 2, and 3 kGy irradiation treatments can be
beneficial for inhibiting lipid oxidation,controllingmicrobial growth, and
maintaining sensory attributes of fermented sausage duringstorage, thereby
enhancing their foodsafety and shelf stability.
Keywords: fermented sausage, irradiation, sensory characteristics, storage
In vitro evaluation of Aloe saponaria as a potential feed additive to
reduce protozoal count and methanogenesis in ruminants
Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid1, Ammara Ammer2, Muhammad Saim Arif1,
Ikramah Ashfaq1, Qaswar Hafeez1, Ramish Abrar1
1Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, UAF, Faisalabad
2Department of Animal Resource, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk 38453, Korea
This study was conducted to evaluate dietary supplementation of Aloe saponaria
(AS) on rumen fermentation and rumen microbial diversity in in vitro. Two
different forms of AS (heat dried [HAS] and freeze dried [FAS]) were prepared
and five treatments were used for in vitro fermentation over a 48-h incubation
period: no addition of AS (CON), 1% and 2% addition of HAS (HAS1, HAS2,
respectively), and the same level of FAS addition (FAS1, FAS2 respectively).
Significantly higher (P < 0.05) gas production was observed in AS treatments than
CON during the incubation. The addition, levels, and drying methods of the AS
did not affect (P > 0.05) the production of methane and gas fitted parameters. The
in vitro nutrient degradability, pH and ammonia-N concentrations of AS
treatments did not differ (P > 0.05) from CON. AS addition and levels

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significantly increased (P < 0.05) the total VFA, acetate proportion, general
bacteria, fungi, and methanogenic archaea but the freeze dried AS decreased
ciliate protozoa (P < 0.05) abundance. In conclusion, freeze dried AS can reduce
rumen ciliate protozoa and safely manipulate the ruminant fermentation
characteristics.
Keywords:Aloe saponaria, drying methods, in vitro fermentation, methane
production, rumen microbes
In-Vivo Study of Antifungal Activity of Green Synthesized Gold
Nanoparticles
Zoha Zainab, Amna Sajjad*, Muhammad Kamal, Azhar Rasul
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, GCU Faisalabad
The incidence of skin fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate
worldwide, presenting a major challenge to health professionals. Cutaneous and
subcutaneous fungal infections are caused by pathogenic or opportunistic
organisms varying from mold, yeasts, to dimorphic fungi. The polymorphic
fungus Candida albicans is a member of the normal human microbiome, and is
more severe in immunocompromised patients of cancer. Increasing antimicrobial
resistance is a clinical crisis worldwide. The increasing developments in
nanotechnology will have intense impact on various areas of therapeutic
applications, tissue engineering, and other applications. In this study we have
synthesized and characterized Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) by XRD, FTIR and
SEM to check the crystal structure, composition, crystalline grain size, for Surface
composition and ligand binding,size and structural properties of AuNps
respectively. Moreover, Gold nanoparticles have unique and tunable surface
Plasmon resonance (SPR) with various applications in different fields of science
especially in biomedical sciences and research, and to develop fungal mouse
(C57/6) model of disseminated cutaneous candidiasis caused by injecting Candida
albicans 5 × 106 cells/mlin to the subcutaneous layer of skin. This murine model
would be used to the evaluate the first time in-vivo antifungal potential of AuNps
prepared by various methods against subcutaneous fungal infections caused by C.
albicans.
Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, nanotechnology, onsite delivery, fungal (C.
albicans) mouse model, subcutaneous fungal infections.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Lipid based Nano encapsulation of
Vildagliptin
Asiya Farheen1, Asia Naz1, Munair Badshah2, Majeed Ullah3
1Departmentof Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi.
2IslamCollege of Pharmacy, Pasrur Road, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
3Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP

Lipid nanoparticles have potential to design sustained release of short half-life

drugs to improve pharmacokinetic features. Conventional dosage forms of
Vildagliptin (VLG) require frequent doses due to rapid metabolism and it is
beneficial to enhance its duration of action for controlled drug delivery. In this
research, we fabricate and optimize sustained release vildagliptin loaded
nanoparticles via microemulsion and solvent evaporation, solvent diffusion
emulsion. Glycerylbehenate used for used for solid lipid nanoparticles. The
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prepared drug-loaded nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy,

HPLC and DSC-TGA) confirmed morphology and thermal stability. Fractional
factorial design was employed to understand the effect of formulation factors like
surfactant concentration, L/D ratio and drug content on particle size, drug loading
and encapsulation efficiency. In-vitro drug release profile of formulated
nanoparticles revealed more than 24 h sustained release of drug. It concludes lipid
based nanoparticles may have potential to design sustained release drug delivery
system using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor agent.
Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticle, Vildagliptin, Compritol® 888 ATO,
sustained release drug delivery.
Zinc Complex Reversed Memory Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Rifat Jahan1 2, Mohammad Yousaf1, Hamayun Khan1
1Department of Biochemistry, SBBWU, Peshawar, Pakistan.
2Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Background: Alzhimer’s disease (AD) is globally affecting people and is one of
the most prevalent cause of dementia. Still efficient treatment is not available for
the patients so new compounds that are biologically active are regularly tested. It
was, therefore, hypothesized to study the neuroprotective potential of Zinc Ortho
Methyl Carbonodithioate (thereafter called ZOMEC) in induced AD model using
adult albino mice. Methodology: Scopolamine was used to induce Alzhimer’s
disease in the mice. The mice were injected for five weeks. Mice were divided
into four groups. ZOMEC (30 mg/Kg) was administered into two groups of mice
for last three weeks on daily basis. One of the group received 0.9% saline and the
other group was injected with SCOP (1 mg/Kg) for initial two weeks. The other
two groups of mice received 0.9% saline (Control group) and SCOP (1 mg/Kg)
respectively for five weeks. After memory related behavioral analysis the brain
homogenates were evaluated for the antioxidant potential of ZOMEC and
multiple protein markers were examined through western blotting. Results:The
resultsshowed that ZOMEC decrease oxidative stress by increasing catalase
(CAT) and glutathione S transferase (GST) and decreasing the lipid peroxidation
(LPO). The SIRT1 and pre and post synaptic marker proteins, synaptophysin
(SYP) as well as post synaptic density protein (PSD-95) expression were also
enhanced upon ZOMEC treatment. Furthermore, memory impairment was
rescued and ZOMEC appreciably abrogated the Aβ accumulation, BACE1
expression and the p-JNK pathway. The inflammatory protein markers, NF-kβ
and IL-1β in ZOMEC treated mice were also comparable with control group. The
predicted interaction of ZOMEC with SIRT1 was further confirmed by molecular
docking. Conclusion: These findings thus provide initial reports on efficacy of
ZOMEC in SCOP-induced AD model.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; PSD95; SIRT1; SYP; p-JNK
Development of oat granola bar enriched with seaweed powder and
its effect on hypothyroidism
Zartashia Kanwal, Muneeb Khan
Riphah International University Lahore
Granola bar is a ready- to- eat snack food that is highly nutritious due to the

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presence of different ingredients such as oat and nuts. Snack bars are likely useful
foods since they contain a wide variety of ingredients that are abundant in
bioactive chemicals. Ready-to-eat snacks called bars are adaptable, portable, and
practical. They allow for meal skipping and can be consumed while travelling or
working on other duties (1). They are rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins and
minerals. Oat granula bar enriched with seaweed powder which is high in dietary
fiber and iodine content developed to address hypothyroidism. Dietary iodine is
important to human health and deficiency can leads to hypothyroidism. Even a
slight iodine deficit can have negative effects on thyroid health, and too much
iodine can cause problems with thyroid function. Seaweed, which is becoming
more popular as a diet in Western nations, is one source of iodine. Seaweed is rich
in iodine. Iodine deficiency-related disorders continue to be a significant public
health concern that require prevention and treatment. Iodine shortage can have
detrimental effects on one's health, including cretinism, goiter, or other thyroid
problems, as well as on the economy. The objective of this study was to check the
effect of consumption of oat seaweed granula bar on females suffering with
hypothyroidism. As hypothyroidism is the disorder of iodine deficiency so the
addition of seaweed powder in oat granula bar was aimed to check the impact of
intake of seaweed granula bar on serum thyroid levels, weight reduction and
managing ideal BMI range. To study the effects of ingestion of oat granola bar
enriched with seaweed powder on female suffering with hypothyroidism. To
investigate the effect of seaweed powder to normalize the thyroid level in females
with hypothyroidismGranula bar was produced by combining the oats, syrup of
dates and brown sugar, almond powder, raisins and seaweed (kelp) powder.
Proximate analysis was performed for granula bar that showed the moisture
content was 8.32 %, ash content was 1.62%, protein content was 7.01%, fat
content was 11.49, crude fiber was,5.25%,carbohydrayt content was 52.27%. The
seaweed powder enriched oat granula bar was given to eat to females with
hypothyroidism for time period of 1 month and their weight , BMI, serum
TSH,T3,T4 levels were analyzed to check the effect. By statistical analysis of
pretreatment and post treatment the paired significance values for
weight,BMI,TSH,T3,T3 were as .087,.080,.004,.072 and .077 respectively. When
analyzed the pre-treatment and post-treatment data of experimental group the
weight reduced was 3.26%, BMI reduction was 3.25%, serum TSH level
reduction was 3.66%, T3 was 21.77% and T4 was 1.74%. The iodine content of
seaweed powder have significant effect on serum thyroid level and dietary fiber
of oat granula bar play role in weight reduction and consequently reduce BMI in
females with hypothyroidism.
Keywords Granula bar, Hypothyroidism, BMI. Iodine content, seaweed, enriched
Escherichia coli Isolates from Patients with Gynecological Infections
in theKohat District: A Characterization Study
Sobia Ali, Muhammad Qasim*
Department of Microbiology, KUST, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]; [email protected]
Background: Gynecological infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose
significant health risks for women worldwide, often leading to mortality. The
escalating prevalence of Escherichia-coli and its associated antibiotic resistance
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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

in gynecological infections highlight the global concern of antibiotic resistance,

which hampers effective treatment. Objective: This study aimed to characterize
Escherichia coli strains isolated from gynecological patients and analyze their
drug resistance profiles. Methods: High vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected from
female patients at Liaqat Hospital in Kohat to obtain samples for bacterial culture.
The specimens were cultured on MacConkey Agar and Blood Agar media and
incubated at 37˚C for 24-48 hours. The identification of isolates was performed
through biochemical tests, Gram staining, and subsequent pure culture for
pathogenic bacterial growth. A total of 80 bacterial isolates were obtained from
100 females provisionally diagnosed with gynecological infections. Results: The
highest incidence of bacterial infection was observed in the age group of 26-36
years. Among the isolated bacteria, Escherichia coli accounted for the majority
(41.6%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.4%) and coagulase-negative
Staphylococci (12.2%). Escherichia coli exhibited the highest susceptibility to
meropenem (98.2%) and imipenem (97.7%), while demonstrating the lowest
susceptibility to amoxicillin (9.8%) and ampicillin (9.6%). High resistance levels
were observed for cefoperazone, sulphamethoxazole, and cefuroxime,
respectively. Approximately 3.27% of patients experienced recurrent infections.
Conclusions: Sulphamethoxazole (81.4%) and amoxicillin (80.2%) showed the
maximum resistance among the tested antibiotics. To mitigate antibiotic
resistance and enhance the management of gynecological infections in Pakistani
women, it is crucial to determine the causative strain and employ susceptible
antibiotics accordingly.
Keywords: Gynecological infections, UTI, Antibacterial susceptibility,
Antimicrobial resistance, Drug resistance profiles.
Therapeutic Implications of Oats on Appetite Hormones
Seemal Munir*, Tayyaba Tariq
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Oats are the fourth most consumed cereal globally that exhibit anextensive
therapeutic implications. The significant metabolites credentials of oats include
beta-glucan, protein, fatty acids, minerals, phenolic acids, tocols, sterols,
avenacosides and AVNs that play a pivotal role in health promotion and appetite
management. The primary components of oats that showed an influential impact
on appetite hormones are beta-glucan and secondary metabolites. Appetite
regulatory hormones are directly associated with hunger, satiety, glucose
metabolism and obesity. These hormones include leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin
(CCK), oxyntomodulin (OXM), glucagon-like receptor-1 (GLP-1), insulin-like
peptide-5 (INSLP-5), and peptide YY (PYY). Beta-glucans are natural
compounds with no substantial adverse effects that are found to be in two forms,
insoluble and soluble. These bioactive forms intend to interact with lipids and bile
salts in the intestine and lower cholesterol levels. Oats are considered to be
developed as a viable alternative therapy due to its multiple functions and
bioactive properties. The beta-glucans are based on their capacity to ferment and
create high viscosity solutions in the human colon. These significant molecules
are responsible for lowering postprandial glucose and insulin resistances along
with the suppression of certain appetite hormones and satiety stimulation. The oat

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beta-glucan and glycemic management have also shown a strong association as

appetite regulating hormones and microbiota in T2DM are particularly being
positively provoked via this mechanism. Oats are found to significantly decrease
the HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA),
Lactobacillus spp. and butyrate-producing bacteria through appetite hormones
control. The suppressed levels of leptin, GLP-1, and PYY hormones by oats
enhances satiety levels in humans. The positive changes in lipid profile including
total cholesterol, Low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, TAGs,
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), insulin,
hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total body fat percentage (TBF), waist and hip
circumferences, visceral fat percentage, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) also
owe to the combating effects of oats. Hence, oats are rich in macronutrients,
soluble fiber, minerals, vitamins, and several phytochemicals that have a positive
role in maintaining body weight and BMI, reducing percent body fat, and
regulating appetite and energy.
Keywords: oats, beta-glucan, appetite hormones, hunger, satiety
In-Vivo Antibacterial Potential of Sol-gel Synthesized Honey
Mediated Zirconia Oxide Nanoparticles
Adnan Ahsan, Muhammad Kamal, Azhar Rasul, Amna Sajjad*
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad
Bacterial infections are becoming more common at an alarming pace throughout
the world, posing a significant challenge to health practitioners. Staphylococcus
aureus is a leading opportunistic human pathogen renowned for its ability to evade
the immune system and cause a variety of different infections. In particular,
methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) are a global cause of hospital-
associated (HA) and community-associated (CA) infections which can vary from
superficial skin lesions, through deep seated abscesses to life threatening sepsis.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant cause of
healthcareassociated infections. Zirconia based nanomaterials have biomedical
and biological properties i-e in drug delivery, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous, and
anti-microbial. In this study we have synthesized and characterized ZrO2
nanoparticles by honey mediated sol-gel method. The structural characterization
of nanoparticles, surface morphology, crystalline structure was observed by FTIR,
SEM, and XRD. The antimicrobial activity of ZrO2 has been checked InVitro, a
synergistic effect was observed, so now we are developing a bacterial mouse
(BALB/C) model for In-Vivo experiments. H&E staining would be used for the
observation of infected mouse tissue. This technique is relatively environmentally
friendly as no toxic material discharges into the environment. This mouse model
would be applicable for the evaluation of novel antimicrobial treatments of ZrO2
NPs against superficial infections caused by S. aureus (MRSA).
Keywords: ZrO2Nps, bacterial strain S. aureus (MRSA) mouse model,
antimicrobial.

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Deep-HPI-pred: an R-Shiny app for network-based classification

and prediction of host-pathogen protein-protein interactions
Fatima Noor, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar*
Integrative OMICS and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics and
Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Host-pathogen interactions (HPIs) play vital roles in many biological processes
and are directly involved in infectious diseases. HPIs are involved in every step
of disease: from the initial pathogen transmission, through the activation of the
pathogenic mechanism used to overcome (or hijack) host cell defenses, and to the
pathogen becoming established and massively reproduce within the host system;
all these processes involve the interaction of host and pathogen proteins.
Identification of these protein–protein interactions (PPIs) could help to unravel
the disease pathway, provide methods to improve resistance and ultimately
accelerate the development disease control strategies. During the last decade,
experimental methods to identify HPIs have been used to decipher host–pathogen
systems with the caveat that those techniques are labor-intensive, expensive and
time-consuming. To complement experimental methods for identifying PPIs,
many computational methods have been developed to accelerate the discovery of
PPIs. Since computational tools offer a promising alternative, we developed web-
based R/Shiny app, Deep-HPI-pred, that uses network-driven feature learning
method to predict the yet unmapped interactions between pathogen and host
proteins. Using citrus and the CLas bacteria training sets as a case study, we show
that Deep-HPI-pred achieves a good performance with PPI predictions between
citrus and the CLasbacteria. The Deep-HPI-pred is the first to use Multilayer
Perceptron (MLP) models for HPI prediction. These models have been selected
based on a comprehensive evaluation of topological features and neural network
architectures. The best prediction models have been tested on independent
validation datasets, which achieved an overall Matthews correlation coefficient
(MCC) value of greater than 0.80 for host–pathogen using the eigenvector
centrality topologicalfeature. Additionally, the interaction network also offers
relevant gene ontology (GO) term information for each pathogen and host protein
within the system. This protein annotation data contributes an additional layer to
our understanding of the intricate dynamics within host-pathogen interactions.
Collectively, Deep-HPI-pred applet integrates both the detection and visualization
of interaction networks in a single web service, facilitating the apprehension of
model and non-model host–pathogen systems to aid the researchers in building
hypotheses and designing appropriate experiments.
Keywords: Host–pathogen interactions, deep learning, multilayer perceptron,
neural networks, prediction, topological features
Standardization of Garlic Paste and Shelf Stability Evaluation of Its
Antioxidant
Nighat Raza1, Zeeshan Saleem1*, Ambreen Naz2, Shamas Murtaza1, Umar
Farooq1
1Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
2Department of Home Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
Contact: [email protected]
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a bulbous herb of the lily family and closely related
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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

to the onion. Garlic has been used for a long time both in medicine and as a spice,
and useful for controlling many diseases dysentery, detoxification, lowering fever
and relieving stomachaches. Garlic is a rich source of potassium, phosphorous
and sulphur. Main objective of this research is evaluating the shelf stability of
garlic paste antioxidants over a specified storage period. Garlic helps to cure many
diseases like for cardiac health problems, improves brain functioning, improves
digestion and balances blood sugar. Garlic Paste is a potential alternative that
would keep the soft, delicate and fresh odor of garlic. Garlic Paste can be stored
for a long time by adding preservatives in it. Some methods for garlic paste
preparation are based on the inactivation of alliinase, which would otherwise give
rise to odorous and irritant compounds. Researches on the shelf life extensibility
of garlic paste has been done by adding potassium metabisulphite, oil and sodium
benzoate over a period. After treatment the antioxidant may be checked and
sensory evaluation also done to see the results. Addressing garlic preservation
issues requires the adoption of more appropriate legislation and better methods of
preservation for shelf life extension. The need for this project arises from the lack
of a universally accepted method for garlic paste preparation and the limit
information regarding the shelf stability of its antioxidant. Establishing a
standardized protocol will provide industry professionals and consumers with a
reliable method for preparing garlic paste ensuring consistent quality and
preserving its beneficial compounds. This research will contribute to enhancing
the quality control and consumer satisfaction of garlic paste products, while also
promoting the utilization of its beneficial antioxidants properties in culinary
applications and potential functional food development.
Keywords: Garlic Paste, Shelf life, preservatives,antioxidants,legislations
Morpho-genetic characterization of Xanthomonas citri pv. Citri and
its management.
Subhan Ali, Akhtar Hameed
MNS-University of Agriculture Multan.
Citrus fruit is widely known as the most significant fruit globally and it has a
crucial function in sustaining human nutrition. Pakistan has historically relied on
it as a significant source of foreign exchange. Unfortunately, a number of abiotic
and biotic diseases affect both its production and quality, such as citrus canker
(CC) induced by Xanthomonascitripv. citri (Xcc) is most devastated. Xcc
bacterium is one of the most well-known plant pathogenic bacteria that are
responsible for infections in citrus, cotton, and rice. Due to the existence of several
Xcc races, no resistant variations against this disease are currently available. The
study was performed to explore the morpho-genetic characterization of the Xcc
causal organism of CC. A systematic survey of randomly chosen areas in the
districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Bahawalpur and Multan were done for collection of
disease samples showing distinctive canker symptoms and carried out into lab for
isolation of bacterium. Various confirmatory tests using standard protocol such as
gram staining and KOH test were resulted all the isolates are gram negative
bacterium. Koch's postulates were followed and found Xcc is the causal agent of
citrus canker. Molecular characterization of Xcc was performed through DNA
extraction and commercially sequenced after identification. Some nearly

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associated sequences were downloaded through BLAST on NCBI and form a

phylogenetic tree. This phylogenetic tree showed all the strains examined belong
to the Xcc strains. For the management of citrus canker, nine antibiotics
(Amoxcillin, Kanamycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Vibramycin, Ampicillin,
Clindamycin, Streptomycin and Clarithromycin) were tested in in-vitro
conditions to assess their efficacy against Xcc. Among the tested antibiotics
ampicillin at a concentration of 700 (ppm) showed the maximum effectiveness in
preventing the development of Xcc.
Morphological characterization of root inhabiting Endophytic
bacteria
Rabia Rasheed, Mirza Abid Mehmood
MNS-University of Agriculture Multan
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a leguminous crop belongs to the Fabaceae family
found in East Asia. The protein from soybeans is used in animal feed, as well as
in a variety of food and industrial products. It is the oldest and most important
crop of the world originated from China and cultivated for more than 5000 years.
It has been found to be effective in a variety of conditions, including high blood
pressure, diabetes-related illnesses, and many more. Endophytes such as fungi and
bacteria are associated with host plant tissues without causing any harmand
secrete diverse bioactive compounds to stimulate plant growth. However, there is
little information available regarding the endophytic bacteria associated with the
soybean plant roots. This study examined the diversity of fourteen endophytic
bacteria isolated from soybean root tissues. Morphological and biochemical
characterization methods revealed significant variation among the isolates. The
majority of isolates displayed smooth colony surfaces, regular shapes, and rod-
shaped cells. However, Bacterial Strain-5 and 11 exhibited rough surfaces and
irregular shapes, while Bacterial Strain-4 displayed round cell shapes instead of
the typical rod morphology. Moreover, the isolates demonstrated diverse
pigmentation, with strains showing various shades of white, creamy, light yellow,
pinkish red, light orange, yellow, and red. In KOH test, five strains (2, 6, 9, 10,
and 13) showed positive reactions to KOH, while the remaining nine strains (1, 3,
4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 14) showed negative reactions. The catalase test confirmed
that six strains (1, 2, 6, 9, 10, and 13) were gram-negative, and the eight strains
(3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 14) were gram-positive. In the gram staining test, ten
strains (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) were gram-negative, while the
remaining four strains (4, 5, 7, and 14) were gram-positive. Finally, in the starch
hydrolysis test, ten strains (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) were gram-negative,
whereas the four strains (4, 5, 7, and 14) were gram-positive. This study will help
us to identify various endophytic bacteria that could play a role in nodule
formation and adaptation of soybean plants in diverse soil conditions of Pakistan.
Water Chestnut: A Non-Conventional Approach to Combat Anxiety
Amima Asif Ghouri1, Sadia Ghousia Baig2, Muhammad Mohtasheem ul Hasan1
1Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
2Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Anxiety is defined as the disorder involving excessive, irrational fear and worry.
In 2022, approximately 30% of the men and 37% of the women were reported

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with high levels of anxiety. According to WHO, 70–80% population of

developing countries still believes in non-conventional medicine, predominantly
from plant origin and 40% of pharmaceutical formulations consist of natural
products. The current study was therefore designed to assess the anxiolytic
activity of Trapa bispinosa Roxb., commonly known as water chestnut. The
ethanolic extract was prepared from the fruit kernel and its anxiolytic study was
conducted on Swiss Albino mice. The extract was orally administered to the
experimental animals and the time spent in the light box was analysed, using the
light and dark box model. The results were significant and better as compared to
the drugs available in the market. This indicated the potential of Trapa kernel as
a natural anxiolytic agent.
Keywords: non-conventional medicine, anxiolytic, Trapa bispinosa, water
chestnut, kernel.
Prediction of drying rate of fruits and vegetables using machine
learning
Israr Hussain,*, Javeria Jabeen, Aneeqa Shafique,
Department of Computer Science, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
*Contact: [email protected]
One of the biggest concerns about food security is the lack of provided facilities.
This issue is estimated to affect around 1.3 billion tons of food each year. Food
waste is a major contribute to global food production loss. It may also have an
impact on the energy, water, and land used in food production. One of the most
effective ways to prevent food spoilage is by solar drying. This process can also
help combat hunger and global warming. This method of food preservation can
helpful in reducing the development of molds and dangerous bacteria. This study
aims to forecast fruit and vegetable drying rate using machine learning. This
research examines the time period of different vegetables require to dry properly
in various environments. The use of machine learning (ML)-based algorithms in
the food drying process is fascinating and cutting-edge strategy for developing
drying technologies. I will be using various samples of fruits and vegetables to
dry in a solar dryer while measuring the moisture ratio (MR), temperature (°C),
R.H and drying rate. The next step is dataset analysis and data preprocessing for
prepare it for data prediction machine learning model. The ML trained model will
be use for the estimation of drying time according to air conditions for different
agricultural commodities.
Keywords:global food production, solar drying, food preservation, machine
learning, drying rate, fruit drying
AI-based Solutions for Sustainable Beekeeping: A Step towards
Controlling Colony Collapse Disorder
Asma Rehman1, Nadeem Iqbal Kajla1,*
Department of Computer Science, MNS Agriculture University Multan
*Contact: [email protected]
In recent years, the agricultural industry has witnessed remarkable progresses
driven by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. These innovations have
revolutionized traditional practices by enabling sophisticated monitoring and
analysis techniques. In this context, we present a leading-edge application of AI

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in beekeeping, where a remote monitoring system equipped with sensors and

algorithms provides unprecedented insights into hive conditions and bee
performance. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is a significant problem facing
bee populations around the world, with serious implications for food production
and the environment. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise cause of
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) remains elusive and is believed to be the result
of multiple contributing factors, including exposure to pesticides, presence of
diseases, and inadequate nutrition. As a result, researchers have been exploring a
variety of approaches to mitigate the impact of CCD and improve the health and
productivity of bee colonies. This research aims to tackle the issue of Colony
Collapse Disorder (CCD) in honey bee colonies by utilizing IoT sensors and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in bee hives. We have implemented a range of sensors
including temperature, humidity, sound, weight, and IR sensors for bee counting.
These sensors provide real-time data which is then analyzed by an AI model to
detect any abnormalities or signs of CCD. Our system can also predict CCD at an
early stage, allowing beekeepers to take timely preventive measures. Our
methodology has great potential to help reduce the impact of CCD on honey bee
colonies and improve the sustainability of beekeeping practices. By analyzing the
data collected from various sensors, the AI model is able to identify any changes
in the hive's environment that may indicate the early stages of CCD. This early
detection and prediction can help beekeepers take timely preventive measures,
such as adjusting the hive's conditions or treating the bees for any diseases,
ultimately helping to mitigate the impact of CCD and maintain the health of honey
bee colonies. Our methodology has the potential to significantly improve
beekeeping practices and contribute to the sustainability of honey bee colonies.
This research will inspire further research and development in this field and lead
to the development of more advanced and effective methods to combat CCD.
Keywords: CCD detection, Bee hive monitoring, AI for Beekeeping, IoT in Bee
Keeping.
SMARTRAPS: An Automated Insect Pest Monitoring and
Identification Device for Enhancing Food Security
Ayesha Hakim*, Muhammad Owais, Ali Hamza
Department of Computer Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture
(MNSUA), Multan, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected];http://smarttrap.mnsuam.edu.pk;+92 333 495 2281
This paper presents SMARTRAPS, an innovative device designed for automated
monitoring and identification of insect pests, aimed at enhancing food security.
Insect pests, such as fruit flies and fall armyworm (FAW), pose significant
challenges to agricultural productivity and food sustainability. Fruit flies are
known for their detrimental impact on fruits and vegetables, while FAW is a major
threat to maize crops. Conventional pest monitoring methods, such as pheromone
traps and sticky tapes, often prove time- consuming, labor-intensive, and
ineffective for large fields. To address this challenge, SMARTRAPS leverages
artificial intelligence techniques and real-time image analysis collected by a
camera, along with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. The device aims to automate
pest monitoring, detect attacks, and identify hotspots of pest growth in fields and
indoor storage spaces. By providing farmers with real-time data on pest

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infestations, SMARTRAPS empowers efficient and reliable decision-making for

timely pest control interventions. The device operates on solar power and
integrates seamlessly with a mobile application, facilitating efficient pest
management practices. The dataset used to train and validate the object detection
model was collected from insect-rearing laboratories and local fields. Our
implementation of the object detection model yielded promising results in
identifying different fruit fly species and FAW in captured images. This model
leverages a 24-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for robust feature
extraction and accurately classifies fruit fly species and FAW based on various
visual attributes, including color, size, shape, and wing, abdomen, and thorax
patterns. In field trials conducted in mango orchards and maize fields,
SMARTRAPS demonstrated exceptional efficacy, achieving an impressive 84%
detection accuracy even in challenging environmental conditions. These findings
were further validated through comparison with ground truth data labeled by
expert entomologists. SMARTRAPS represents a significant advancement in pest
management strategies, offering a proactive solution to mitigate crop losses and
promote sustainable agriculture. By integrating AI, IoT, and image analysis
technologies, this device plays a vital role in strengthening food security by
safeguarding crop yields and minimizing the impact of insect pests on agricultural
production.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, IoT, pest monitoring, real-time data, food
security, detection accuracy, sustainable agriculture
Predictive Modeling and Forecasting: Use of smart trap to forecast
the infestation of pest in crops
Ayesha Hakim*, Ali Hamza, Muhammad Owais,
Department of Computer Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture
(MNSUA), Multan, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected];http://smarttrap.mnsuam.edu.pk;+92 333 495 2281
The study presented in this abstract is about forecasting pest infestation in a field
using an intelligent pest control system combining predictive modeling and real-
time monitoring. The system aims to provide farmers with an efficient and
proactive approach to managing pest infestations, thereby minimizing crop
damage and increasing overall productivity. The proposed system incorporates
smart traps equipped with various sensors and IoT connectivity. These traps can
be strategically placed throughout the crop fields to monitor and capture pests
effectively. The smart traps continuously collect data on pest population
dynamics, including species identification, population density, movement
patterns, temperature, humidity and timestamp. The collected data from the smart
traps are utilized to create a historical database, providing valuable insights into
the pest infestation trends specific to the crop and region. This historical data is
then integrated into a predictive modeling framework, which employs machine
learning algorithms and statistical techniques to forecast future pest outbreaks.
The predictive modeling component utilizes a range of relevant parameters, such
as weather conditions, crop growth stage, and historical pest data, to generate
accurate predictions of potential pest infestations. By analyzing these forecasts,
farmers can take proactive measures to prevent or control the infestation before
significant damage occurs. The intelligent pest control system also incorporates

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real-time alerts and notifications to inform farmers about critical pest thresholds
or sudden population spikes. This enables timely interventions, such as targeted
pesticide application or deployment of natural pest control methods, resulting in
precise and sustainable pest management practices. By integrating predictive
modeling, historical data analysis, and smart trap monitoring, the proposed system
offers an innovative approach to pest control in agriculture. It empowers farmers
with advanced decision-making capabilities, allowing them to optimize pest
management strategies, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and mitigate
economic losses caused by pest damage.
Keywords: prediction, precision agriculture, smart farming, pest management,
control
Sooty Mold Disease Detection on Cotton Leaves using Deep
Learning
Sadia Rasheed 1, Javeria Jabeen 1, Ayesha Hakim1, Ali Imran2, Mirza Abid
Mehmood3, Manal Ahmad1
1Departmentof Computer Science, MNS-University of agriculture Multan, Pakistan
2Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan.
3Department of Plant Pathology, MNS University of agriculture Multan, Pakistan

Agriculture in Pakistan is among the sectors that play an important role in

country’s economic growth. Cotton is a cash crop, Pakistan being the sixth largest
producer in world ranking. Pest and diseases largely impact crop production and
total yield. Sooty mold is the one of disease that attack on cotton leaves. The usage
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides may be reduced and the spread of cotton leaf
diseases can be controlled by early detection and diagnosis. This study proposes
the utilization of a deep learning model to detect sooty mold disease in cotton
leaves. To develop an accurate detection system, a dataset consisting of images of
both sooty mold-affected and healthy cotton leaves was collected from cotton crop
fields at MNS- University of Agriculture. Preprocessing is applied, including
resizing and rescaling. Two deep learning models, namely VGG-16 and Xception,
were trained using a transfer learning approach. The results demonstrate an
exceptional accuracy rate of 99.81% achieved by the VGG-16 model in
automatically detecting sooty mold disease. This study holds significant promise
for assisting farmers by enabling the early detection of sooty mold in cotton
leaves. Timely information regarding the presence of the disease empowers
farmers to promptly implement appropriate measures to protect their crops.
Keywords: Sooty mold, Cotton Leaf Disease, VGG-16, Xception, Deep Learning
Artificial Intelligence based System for Validating Ripening Stages
of Storage Tomatoes Using Sensory Dataset
Mubeen Rauf1, Javeria Jabeen1, M. Umar Chaudhry1, Sami Ullah2, M. Ahmad1
1Department of computer science, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
2Department of Agri-business and applied economics, MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan
Tomatoes export plays a vital role in agriculture economy of Pakistan. In 2021,
Pakistan exported approximately 9.03 million USD worth of tomatoes to different
countries. One major hurdle in tomatoes export is its sensitivity towards varying
climate conditions as it directly affects the storage life of tomatoes, thus affecting
the export’s quality and market value. Utilizing the food supply wisely and

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minimizing food waste are essential for ensuring better exports and food security.
In this research, proposed an artificial intelligence (AI) based system to detect the
freshness and early ripeness of storage tomatoes. Our proposed system analyzes
the real time storage conditions and helps in predicting ripening stages of
tomatoes. The data acquired from temperature sensor, humidity sensor, ethylene
gas sensor and methane gas sensor has analyzed by the machine learning models
(SVM, Decision Tree, Random Forest and Logistic Regression) and timely
predicts the repining stages of tomatoes with accuracy (91.5%, 91.3%, 90% and
80.5%) to assist in effective and informed timely decisions making. Early
detection of tomatoes ripening also helps to reduce the spoilage, thus, benefiting
both in terms of economy and food insecurity.
Keywords: SVM, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, AI
Enhancing Circular Urban Food Systems through Industrial
Symbiosis Powered by Blockchain and AI
Ayesha Hakim*, Sundus Shafique
Department of Computer Science, MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected],+92 333 495 2281
Circular urban food systems aim to optimize resource utilization, reduce waste,
and promote sustainability. This paper proposes the integration of industrial
symbiosis principles with blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies
to enhance circular urban food systems. By leveraging blockchain's decentralized
and transparent ledger, resource transactions and data records can be securely
stored and validated, ensuring trust and transparency among participants. AI
algorithms analyze data from various sources, including blockchain records,
environmental sensors, and market trends, enabling data-driven decision-making,
resource allocation optimization, and demand forecasting. This integrated
approach enables resource matching, automates agreements through smart
contracts, tracks resource flows in real- time, and facilitates efficient monitoring
and evaluation. Additionally, the combination of industrial symbiosis, blockchain,
and AI technologies promotes sustainable practices, resource efficiency, and
waste reduction in urban food systems. However, the successful implementation
of this integration requires addressing challenges related to interoperability, data
privacy, standardization, and infrastructure development. This paper highlights
the potential of this integrated approach to transform circular urban food systems,
revolutionizing how resources are managed and promoting a sustainable and
resilient future.
Keywords: industrial symbiosis, circular economy, resource optimization,
blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, sustainable urban food systems
Smart Approach for optimizing Shelf-Life of Perishable Food Crops
through Computer Vision and IoT
Syed Wajahat Mashkoor, Ayesha Hakim*
Department of Computer Science, MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan
Agriculture export plays a vital role in Pakistan’s economy. Due to inappropriate
storage techniques, a large number of export quality of perishable food crops get
wasted. Internet of things (IoT) plays an important role in agriculture sector as a
way to improve shelf life of perishable fruits and vegetables. Information
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technology provides a facility to transform traditional storage methods with smart

storage techniques. The objective of this study is to predict the shelf-life of
perishable fruits and vegetables after harvesting with the help of computer vision
and develop a smart storage chamber using IoT-based sensors to maintain the
shelf-life. The smart storage chamber monitors the shelf-life of perishable fruits
and vegetables and also adjusts the temperature and humidity level to maintain
the food crops quality. IoT sensors including temperature and humidity are used
in this system. A camera is also installed for capturing live images and prediction
is made on the basis of live images by classification models. We have done
classification using three different machine learning algorithms including
VGG16, CNN and ANN as well as we have used Azure Custom Vision for
classification. The average accuracy obtained from VGG16, CNN and ANN was
85.67%, 97.78% and 78.05% respectively. But the average accuracy obtained
from Azure Custom Vision was comparatively higher than these algorithm as it
was 99.98%. Smart storage chamber is designed to maintain a stable environment
according to required fruit or vegetable. By implementing this system we can
reduce post-harvest loss of perishable food crops by transforming traditional
storage methods into smart storage techniques.
Keywords: Computer Vision, Artificial Intelligence, Post-Harvest, Azure, Smart
Storage Chamber
Validating SNP Markers Associated with Common Traits in Maize
using Machine Learning
Mahak Rafiq, Ayesha Hakim*
Department of Computer Science, MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan
In the field of maize cultivation, plant breeding is undergoing a transformation
driven by genomic selection, which necessitates the utilization of machine
learning models to validate common traits such as taste, nutritional content, and
disease resistance. To enhance the development of efficient molecular markers for
common traits, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in maize are mapped.
By utilizing these molecular markers, Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) has
emerged as a promising approach to rapidly improve common traits in maize. This
study focuses on validating common traits in maize using a machine learning
algorithm with SNPs as markers. Logistic regression and feedforward neural
network models were evaluated to determine the most effective computational
approach for validating traits in maize. The results showed that logistic regression
achieved higher accuracy in validating SNP markers compared to the feedforward
neural network. The logistic regression model accurately identified SNP markers
associated with common traits, achieving a 99% accuracy rate, while the
feedforward neural network achieved 97% accuracy. These findings demonstrate
the potential of machine learning techniques in validating SNP markers within
maize breeding programs. They highlight the importance of selecting the
appropriate machine learning algorithm to ensure optimal marker validation and
enable the development of improved maize varieties with common traits such as
enhanced taste, nutritional value, and resistance to diseases.
Keywords: maize common traits, SNP, logistic regression, feedforward neural
network, DNA.

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IoT based Non-invasive Diabetes Monitoring System using E-Health

Aamir Hussain, Attiqur Rehman, Muhammad Zaeem Aslam
Department of Computer Science MNS University of Agriculture Multan
Contact: [email protected]
Diabetes type 2, (t2dm) is a chronic disease that affects the insulin level of the
body. Glucose is a class of sugar in human blood, blood glucose is the primary
source of energy to the cell body of human autonomy. Almost 9.3% of the global
population is effective by diabetes and 6.28 % effect only by d2dm. The
prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (d2dm) in Pakistan is approximately
11.77% of the population. A major problem is the control and regular observation
of diabetes mellitus type 2(t2dm) patients. Many issues in this disease are a
sampling of blood, timely analysis, age factor, skin infection, blood transmitted
disease, and many applications are designed for analysis of t2dm these application
work for fitness and patient analysis data records (Christiansen, Bailey, et al.
2013) so, that is not enough for cure diseases and to improve quality of life of a
patient. We needed the most favorable application and devices for treatment and
pre-causation. Ours contributes in alter the system and sample techniques for
t2dm. This system alerts nearby people including a doctor with the help of this
method and we use spectrum techniques for blood sampling from patients. In two
critical situations mentioned now, one is hyperglycemia (shout level of sugar) and
the other is hypoglycemia (minimal concentration) both are abnormalities.
Constantly sampling by body liquid causes inflection and allergic reactions from
blood picking due to body pricking techniques. Body prick is caused by other
diseases that penetrate through blood streaming such as hepatitis and HIV.
Keywords: eHealth, IoT, diabetes, WSN, patient care,
Prevalence of typhoid fever in urban areas of Haripur, KPK,
Pakistan
Isra Khan*1, Faryal khan1, Huria Hassan1, Zainab Bibi1, Mahnoor Malik1, Wazir
Muhammad1, Asima Azam2, Kamran ullah3, Saleha Ashfaq3, Asma ul husna3
1Departmentof Zoology, Govt. Post Graduate College, Haripur, KPK, Pakistan
2Shaheed Benazir Bhutto women university ,Peshawer,KPK,Pakistan
3Department of Biology (Zoology), University of Haripur-22620,KPK-Pakistan

Contact: ([email protected])([email protected]) ([email protected])

([email protected]) ([email protected]) ([email protected])
([email protected]) ([email protected])
Typhoid fever is a deadly bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi and
Salmonella paratyphi and has become a serious public health problem world wide
especially in developing countries including Pakistan. Typhoid fever is estimated
to have caused 21.6 million illnesses and 216 500 deaths globally in 2000,
affecting all ages. Enteric fever like typhoid showed the highest morbidity in Asia
with approximately 93 % of global episodes has been contributed by this region.
In 2008, it was reported that among Asian countries India and Pakistan had high
incidence rate of enteric fever.. A study conducted in 2003 which reported that
waterborne infections claim 250,000 deaths each year in Pakistan among which
typhoid fever is the leading cause. Poor hygiene, poor sanitation and sewerage
system, over population are the key contributing factors. This study is carried out
to determine the prevalence of typhoidfever in Distric Haripur. The Secondary

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data about typhoid cases is collected from January toDecember 2020 from DHQ
Haripur. Total 695 typhoid fever suspected cases were reported including both
male and female of all ages also checked the prevalence of fever month wise and
season wise. The results showed prevalence 393(56.55%) in females and
302(43.45%) in males. Highest occurrence of typhoid feverwas observed among
females of age group above 15 years (36.26%) , and least with the patients of age
group below 15 years (13.24%). The Prevalence was highest in month
ofSeptember (17.12%) , while, minimum cases were reported in December
(1.44%). Total estimation reveals that females (56.55%) suffer more than males
(43.45%) in Haripur. Based on above findings, it is concluded that high incidence
of typhoid fever is found moreamong age groups age 15 years and high ratio in
females than males. Our results can be useful to public health agencies in planning
infectious disease prevention and control strategies.
Keywords: Bacterialdisease, S almonellatyphi, Salmonellaparatyphi
Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from local yogurt samples and its
Potential Application in Celiac Disease and Chronic stress alleviation
in mice model.
Sana Kamran, Maleeha Moin Silat, Affhan Shoaib
Salim Habib University.
Contact: [email protected]
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten molecules. The
proline rich residues present in the grains mediate the adverse immune response
in patients with celiac disease. There is a high prevalence of celiac disease in
children as compared to adults in Pakistan. The association between psychiatric
disorders and Celiac Disease has long been known. There is a significant risk of
the development of depression and other psychiatric symptoms in patients with
celiac disease. Celiac disease also leads to gut dysbiosis. Lactic Acid bacteria are
Gram-positive, acid-tolerant, rod or cocci-shaped bacteria. LAB produce anti-
oxidant enzymes and degrades gluten molecules by producing proteolytic
enzymes. They also mitigate the symptoms of depression by up-regulating the
enzymes, which are downregulated in depression. This present study aims to
isolate Lactic Acid bacteria from local yogurt samples and to degrade the gluten
molecules by sourdough fermentation with LAB. The aim also involves the
alleviation of stress in the chronic stress-induced mice model. Yogurt samples
were collected from various sites in Karachi. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated in
MRS media, macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, and biochemical tests
including catalase, and KOH tests were performed for confirmation of LAB.
Sourdough fermentation with LAB isolates was carried out. The strain, which
gave the best result, was selected for characterization, and DNA was isolated and
outsourced for gene sequencing. A rapid test kit evaluated gluten molecule
degradation. Chronic stress in mice was induced by disturbing their circadian
rhythm for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral studies were performed to confirm
the induction of chronic stress. After 4 weeks, LAB suspension was orally
administered as a therapy for 7 days and behavioral studies were performed again.
This study revealed that the LAB suspension alleviates the chronic stress
symptoms in the mice model. Also, LAB significantly degrades the number of
gluten molecules present in wheat during fermentation.
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Halophytes as an Alternate Source to Cope Salinity Problem by

Estimation of Phytoremediation and Forage Quality
Ghulam Hassan Abbasi*, Muhammad Ali
Institute of Agro-Industry & Environment, IUB, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Soil secondary salinization is a major environmental constraint threating
agriculture sustainability and cause considerable economic losses. Halophytes are
salt-tolerant plants and are being investigated as possible sources of genes that
can improve crop salt tolerance. They’re also being studied as possible resources
for vegetables, fruit trees, forage, and energy plants. It is essential to choose
genotypes that are salt tolerant to produce food from soils affected by salt to meet
the world's rising demand for food for people and livestock. In the current study,
four halophyte species were assessed using various agronomic, physiological,
nutritional, and quality indices in a saline field (9.7 dS m-1). All halophyte species
showed notable differences in terms of growth traits. The tested crops were, It-sit
(Boerhaviadiffusa), Dela (Cyperusrotundus), Bathu (Panicumantidotale) and
Murrot (Chenopodium album) grown in a saline field condition. Higher plant
biomass, chlorophyll, water content, membrane stability, soluble sugars, protein
and ash contents, as well as better mineral nutrition and a higher K+/Na+ ratio
were found in Boerhavia diffusa. In contrast, Chenopodium album showed the
lowest plant growth and the lowest K+/Na+ ratio among all species. Our findings
indicate that the tested halophytes have the potential to be a valuable resource for
plant breeders and crop physiologists due to their genetic variability and salinity
tolerance potential. Moreover, halophytes can also serve as a good starting point
for the breeding of salt-tolerant species with high nutritional value that can grow
and enable the utilization of saline lands and provide alternative forage to feed the
livestock.
Keywords: Halophytes, Salinity, Soluble sugars, Protein, K+/Na+ ratio
Inhibition of Aspergillus niger Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis Pathway
using CRISPR-Cas Gene Editing Approach
Muhammad Rizwan Javed1*, Riffat Seemab1, Abdul Zahir Abbasi1,2, A. Ijaz1
1Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GCUF, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, AJK, Pakistan.
Contact: [email protected]
The Aspergillus niger is a versatile filamentous fungus which has a wide range of
industrial applications such as in biofuels (bio-refinery), food & beverages,
textile, agriculture, paper & pulp, animal feed, detergents, pharmaceuticals. It is
considered mostly safe and has GRAS status i.e. Generally Recognized as Safe.
Recent reports are suggesting that the Aspergillus niger strains used for various
industrial applications can also be the producer of mycotoxins (toxic secondary
metabolites) mainly Fumonisins and Ochratoxins. A variety of food and feed
stuffs are being contaminated by mycotoxins that includes cereals (such as corn,
rye, soybean, wheat, sorghum, rice, spices, nuts, barley), animal products (such
as meat, dairy products, eggs) and beverages. Among mycotoxins, ochratoxin A
(OTA) has been implicated in a diverse range of toxicological effects in both
animals and humans, that may include renal toxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity,

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neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. A cluster of genes having ota1, ota2, ota3,

ota4 and ota5 is involved in the production of ochratoxin A in A. niger. In the
lastdecade, CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering has emerged as a powerful
genome editing tool for various organisms including bacteria, yeasts, molds,
plants, and humans. The system provides the flexibility to alter the genome with
ease and high specificity either through gene knockout or through single or
multiple gene integrations. In the current study, the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
system has been optimized to engineer the genome of Aspergillus niger for the
inhibition of ochratoxins biosynthesis by targeting its transcriptional factor. Cas9
based vector consisting of codon optimized Cas9 gene for A. niger was used.
Motif specific gRNA for transcriptional factorgene was designed and transformed
into A. niger protoplasts. The mutants generated were no longer able to produce
ochratoxin A, validating the key role of targeted genein Ochratoxin A
biosynthesis. Such atoxigenicA. niger strain can be used as a bio-competitor for
mycotoxigenic strains of A. niger. Moreover, mycoproteins (fungal proteins)
produced by such atoxigenic fungus on agro-industrial bio-products can be a
potential protein source of good nutritive value for animal and poultry feed
supplementation.
Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9; Aspergillus niger; Ochratoxins; Transcriptional
Factor; Genome Editing.
Genetic Based Routing Protocol for the Optimization of Sensor
Nodes on the Internet of Things
Fozia Hanif1, Rehan Shams2, Samia Masood3
1Department of Mathematics University of Karachi; 2Sir Syed University of Engineering
and Technology; 3Ned University of Engineering and Technology
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is an emerging filed based on the arrangement
of sensors. WSN provides the sensing data for the applications of internet of
things. Optimize routing is essential for WSN, since WSNs have many limitations
such as node selection, load balancing, data aggregation and data collection as
well. All these factors depend upon the optimize and effective routing procedure
that gives an optimal path for the transmission of data so that minimum energy is
utilized while transferring the data. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the
routing techniques of WSN for the application of internet of things. This paper is
intended to provide the multi objective optimization for the routing in WSN for
the applications of internet of things by using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The
process of genetic algorithm is a heuristic approach that aims to provide the
optimal route by using genetic operators such as fitness function, crossover and
mutation. The provide methodology optimize the node selection method of
wireless sensor nodes facing the Internet of things and the guaranteed method to
avoid coverage holes. The proposed algorithm plays a significant role in selecting
the control nodes by considering energy and distance parameters. The experiment
was carried out on the scale of the performance matrix such as fitness value,
average residual energy, etc. The simulation result of the proposed algorithm
outperforms over other algorithms under the different arrangements of the
network. The results will show the coverage of the area to be monitored, reduce
the network energy consumption, and keep the energy consumption balanced.

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Keywords: Optimization, genetic algorithm, internet of things, routing, WSN

Prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid -19) in District
Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
Bibi Zainab1, Bushra Shah1, Hira Ayaz1, Isra Khan1 ,Zainab Bibi1, Wazir
Muhammad1, Asima Azam2, Kamran ullah3, Saleha Ashfaq3 Asma ul husna3
1Department of Zoology, Govt. Post Graduate College, Haripur, KP, Pakistan
2ShaheedBenazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawer, KP,Pakistan
3Department of Biology( Zoology), University of Haripur, KP-Pakistan

Contact: [email protected], +92 311 5931843

Coronaviruses are the largest, enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA
viruses. Seven coronaviruses that related to human disease had been identified.
Four human coronaviruses (HCoV 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1) had been
endemic globally and just resulted in upper respiratory tract infections in adults.
The SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are the most severe type that
can lead to lower respiratory tract infection and acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), which can cause patient deaths. Covid-19 (coronavirus
disease 2019) leading pandemic was first identified and reported in Wuhan City;
Hubei province of China at the end of 2019. The disease also named Wuhan
pneumonia is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-
CoV-2). The disease spread quickly to other provinces of China and overseas. In
Pakistan, the virus was first confirmed on 26th February 2020, when two cases
were recorded, a student who just arrived from Iran and another person in the
Islamabad Capital Territory. The present study was design to examine the
prevalence of Covid-19 in District Haripur. Our study included the analysis of
covid-19 cases based on age, gender, and area. The secondary data about covid-
19 cases were collected from DHO (District health office) Haripur. Three months
of data (April 2021-June 2021) of 986 patients; 603 (61.2%) males and
383(38.8%) females was statistically analyzed. Covid-19 was found to be more
prevalent among the 41-60 years age group (38.0%) as compared to below 20 age
group (5.0%), 21-40 age group (36.4%), 61-80 age group (19.4%), above 80 age
group (1.2%). Covid-19 was found to be more prevalent in rural areas (51.4%) as
compared to urban areas (48.6%). From above discussion we conclude that covid
19 more prevalent amonge people of age groupe 41-60 due to weak immune
system.
Keywords: Covid 19, Prevalance, SARC- CO-2
Metabolic Engineering of Aspergillus niger Fumonisin Synthesis
Pathway using CRISPR‐Cas
Riffat Seemab1, Abdul Zahir Abbasi1,2, A. Ijaz1, Z. Majeed2, M. Rizwan Javed1*
1Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, GCUF, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan.
2Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, AJK, Pakistan.
Contact: [email protected]
Filamentous fungi are well-known sources of several small molecules (derived
from secondary metabolism) that range from beneficial antibiotics to harmful
mycotoxins. Among such fungi, Aspergillus niger (Generally Recognized as
Safe) is one of the most widespread food and feed contaminant along with the
most important workhorse being used by the biotechnological industry for various

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applications. According to the latest studies, one of the frequently used fungi in
industry i.e, Aspergillus nigeris reported as a producer of mycotoxins mainly
Fumonisins and Ochratoxins. These mycotoxins are posing severe health hazards
and economic risks worldwide, especially in foods and feeds. Separate gene
clusters are involved in the biosynthesis of Fumonisins (B2, B4 and B6) and
Ochratoxins (A, B and C). Therefore, it is difficult to generate mycotoxin free
Aspergillus niger strain by traditional strain improvement methods. Recently,
CRISPR-Cas9, a powerful genome editing tool, is creating a buzz in the scientific
community by changing a genome. It is faster, cheaper, and more accurate than
previous techniques of editing the genome. It has a wide range of potential
applications in various organisms including bacteria, yeasts, molds, plants, and
humans. In the current study, CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been used to inhibit
the biosynthesis of fumonisins by targeting itstranscriptional factor in A. niger,
making it non-mycotoxigenic strain. Cas9 based vector consisting of codon
optimized Cas9 gene for A. nigerwas used. The protoplasts of A. niger were
transformed with gene-motif specific gRNA. The resultantA. niger mutant strain
was unable to produce fumonisins, confirming the key role of targeted gene in
fumonisin biosynthesis. Such non-mycotoxigenic strains ofAspergillus niger can
be used to replace the mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus niger for industrial
applications. Moreover, these can be used in industry as a potential protein source
of good nutritive value for animals and poultry feed supplementation.
Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9; Aspergillus niger; Fumonisins; Genome Editing;
Non-mycotoxigenic.
Therapeutic investigation of Standardized Aqueous Methanolic
Extract of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) for its potential
against Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in experimental animals’
model; In vitro and In Vivo Studies
Liaqat Hussain
GCU Faislabad
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an heterogenous, endocrine, metabolic
and multidisciplinary disorder of reproductive-aged females that aggravates
insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, obesity, and menstrual irregularities and
infertility. Bitter melon is consumed as vegetable in various parts of the world.
The purpose of this study was to provide the rationale for the folkloric uses of
Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) in reproductive abnormalities. HPLC
analysis of standardized aqueous methanolic extract of Bitter melon revealed the
presence of various phytochemicals such as; quercetin, gallic acid, benzoic acid,
chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and cinnamic acid.
Twenty-five Swiss albino adult female rats (120-130g) were acquired; divided
into two group (5+20). Letrozole (1mg/kg p.o.) was used for four weeks to induce
PCOS in twenty rats. Disease induction was confirmed by vaginal smear cytology
analysis under the microscope. Animals were further divided into four groups;
one group as PCOS group, and remaining three are treated with standardized
extract of bitter melon (500 mg/kg p.o.), bitter melon plus metformin (500 mg/kg
p.o.) and metformin alone for the period of next four weeks. After four weeks, the
rats were euthanized at diestrus stage. Ovaries of the experimental animals were

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removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin, blood samples were obtained from
direct cardiac puncture and stored. Ovaries histopathological analysis showed
cystic follicles (9-10) in PCOS group while in all the treatment groups, found
developing and mature follicles. Similarly, hormone analysis showed significant
(p< 0.001) reduction of LH surge, insulin and testosterone levels and
improvement in FSH levels. Lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes status was also
significantly (p< 0.001) improved. In conclusion, the study validates the bitter
melon potential as an insulin sensitizer, ovulation enhancer and authenticates its
potential in PCOS management.
Keywords: PCOS, endocrine disruption, metabolic abnormality, anovulation

Identification of a novel variant in GPR56/ADGRG1 gene through

whole exome sequencing in a consanguineous Pakistani family
Shumaila Zulfiqar1,2, M. Tariq1, Shafaq Ramzan1, Ayaz Khan1, Muhammad
Sher1, Zafar Ali3, Niklas Dahl4, Uzma Abdullah6, Shahid Mahmood Baig 1,5,6
1Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, NIBGE College, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore
3Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
4Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Science for

Life Laboratory, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden

5
University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMASAAU Rawalpindi, Pakistan
6Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), Islamabad, Pakistan

GPR56 gene is best known for its pivotal role in cerebral cortical development.
Mutations in GPR56 give rise to cobblestone-like brain malformation, white
matter changes and cerebellar dysplasia. This study aimed to identify causative
variant in a consanguineous family having five individuals affected with
developmental delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, speech impairment,
strabismus and seizures. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify
mutation in affected individuals. Variants were filtered and further validated by
Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis. A novel frameshift variant
c.1601dupT leading to p.Ala535GlyfsTer17) was identified in GPR56 gene by
whole exome sequencing and subsequent filtering. All five affected individuals
were homozygous for the mutant allele while four asymptomatic individuals
carried the variant in heterozygous state. Radiological findings of a representative
patient presented features of GPR56-associated cobblestone like brain
malformation. MRI findings suggested paucity of sulci, dilated ventricular system
and brainstem atrophy. The microgyria were observed in a simplified gyral pattern
(cobblestone). This single bp insertion, and the consequent frameshift, results in
the truncation of GPR56 protein. This could result in a malformed cortex giving
the brain a cobblestone like shape. Our study identified a 7th novel frameshift
variant from Pakistani population in GPR56 gene, thus broadening mutation
spectrum.

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Unravelling the In vitro and In vivo anti diabetic Potential of

Polysaccharides from Lepidium Sativum Seed Mucilage
Imdad Ullah Khan1, Yusra Jamil1, Aqsa1, Amjad Iqbal2, Ayaz Ahmad1,*
1Department of Biotechnology; 2Dept. Food Science & Technology, AWKU, Mardan.
Contact: [email protected]
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder causing several health
complications and impose economic burden which apparently effects human life.
Polysaccharides have been studied for its promising role to reduce blood glucose
level, converse insulin resistance and prevent diabetes complications. The current
study was performed to evaluate the invitro and invivo antidiabetic potential of
polysaccharides extracted from Lepidium sativum (Cress) seed mucilage.
Polysaccharides from cress seed mucilage were precipitated by 75% ethanol and
were freeze dried. Freeze-dried EPP were further fractioned through size
exclusion chromatography with column loaded with Bio Gel P10. The
monosaccharides compositions of fraction confirms the presence of saturated and
unsaturated uronic acid, pentose and hexose content. Fractionshaving notable
monosaccharides significant were processed for evaluation of their invitro and
invivo antidiabetic potential. Among all fractions, F53exhibited significant
inhibition of α-amylase having EC50 value of 190.96 µg/mL, and α-glucosidase
(EC50 value = 146.28 µg/mL) and promoted yeast glucose uptake ability by
93.67%. The administration of F53 polysaccharides in alloxanised mice decrease
blood glucose level by 91.50% compared to glibenclamide (93.85%) which was
implied as reference drug after 14 days of treatment. Similarly, compared to
diabetic control group, significant weight gain was regarded for alloxanised mice
treated with F53, F18 and F52 polysaccharides fractions. Furthermore F53 and
F18 fractions also restored the lipid profile by reducing blood serum triglycerides
(TG), low density lipid (LDL), total cholesterol (TC) and enhancinghigh density
lipid (HDL), content. Collectively, the finding of this study demonstrated that the
antidiabetic effect of cress seed mucilage polysaccharides may be associated with
regulation of diabetes and can be incorporated in health care foods, drugs to
control diabetes.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Polysaccharides, Lepidium sativum, Mucilage.
First assessment of the population density and conservation threats
of partridges in North Pakistan
Nehafta Bibi1,2, Zafeer Saqib3, Abdul Majid4, K. Nayab2, M. Saleem Ahmad5,
Taimur Shah6, Rehana Khan7, Atta Ullah8, Muqaddas2, Tooba2, Xu Luo1*
1Faculty of Biodiversity & Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
2Department of Zoology, Government Girls Degree College #1 Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
3GIS & Eco-Informatics Lab, Dept. Environmental Science, IIU, Islamabad, Pakistan
4Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
5Department of Zoology, University of Sawabi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
6Wildlife department Mansehra 21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
7
Department of Physics, Higher Education Eolleges, Govt. of KP, Pakistan
8Department of Zoology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan

Contact: [email protected]
Many game reserves have been set up to protect game birds, wildlife, and other
natural resources in Pakistan. However, assessing the conservation threats of

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species is crucial to implement effective conservation measures. In the current

study, we first evaluated population density and key threats to game birds in ten
game reserves in the district Mansehra. Second, we investigated whichthreat is
the key factorinfluencingthe density of game birds. The study was conducted from
2018-2020 and the population density of game birds in the long-term monitoring
plots was collected using the line transect method. Data about key threats to game
birds were collected via a questionnaire. For this, we approachedexperienced local
management staff of wildlife and reservesto rate threat levels for game birds in
connection with seven categories: overgrazing, forest management, urbanization,
leisure, climate change, hunting, and forest fire. In total, we found four species of
partridges in the ten game reserves of the district Mansehra: the Black partridge
(Francolinus francolinus), the Chukar (Alectoris chukar), the Grey partridge
(Francolinus pondicerianus), and the Quail (Coturnix coturnix). All ten game
reserves have been found to have the Black partridges and the Grey partridges,
however, only five game reserves have the Chukar and the Quail. Additionally,
the density of each species varies among different reserves. Parhena game reserve
has a greater overall density of game birds followed by Sheikhabad. While Krair
game reserve possesses the highest but similar density of Black partridges and
Grey partridges 7.2 ± 4.2 birds/km2. However, among the ten game reserves only
Parhena game reserve possesses the highest density of the Chukar and the Quail
9.8 ± 5.7 birds/km2 and 16.53 ± 9.8 birds/km2 respectively. According to expert
opinion, the top four risks to the reserves are climate change (CC), urbanization
(UR), leisure (LE), and fire (FF). The overall analysis of multiple regression
indicates that key threats negatively influence the density of game birdsexcept for
forest management, leisure, and climate change. Intercept, estimate 1428.78, SE,
668.69, overgrazing, estimate, -691.38, SE,425.34, forest management,
estimate,253.61, SE, 154.40,urbanization, estimate -18.62, SE 83.85,
leisure,estimate 1064.05, 530.84, climate change, 71.34, SE, 231.25, hunting,
estimate -420.92, SE 264.48, and forest fire, estimate, -324.27, SE155.54.
This is the first study that covers all game species, their population density, and
key threats. Based on our results we urge more monitoring of illegal activities,
conservation awareness programs, and improved habitat management in order to
safeguard fewer of these species of game birds.
Keywords: Game reserve, Game Birds, Habitat, Mansehra, Conservation
Quality and safety aspects of Functional foods
Maryam Nadeem, K. Aziz Awan, O. Maryam, Sajid Manzoor, Ukasha Arqam
Dept. Food Science & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
*Contact: [email protected]
Functional foods have gained significant attention in recent years due to their
potential to enhance health and well-being. These are regulated differently in
different countries like in the US, functional foods are regulated by the FDA as a
subset of conventional foods. These foods are fortified with bioactive compounds,
such as vitamins, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, and phytochemicals, which
provide additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition. However, ensuring the
quality and safety of functional foods is crucial to protect consumers and maintain
their trust in these products. Firstly, the quality of functional foods encompasses
several dimensions, including nutritional composition, sensory attributes, and

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physical characteristics. Adequate nutritional composition is essential to deliver

the desired health benefits, and accurate labeling is crucial to inform consumers
about the functional properties of the product. Sensory attributes play a role in
consumer acceptance and include factors such as taste, texture, and aroma.
Additionally, physical characteristics like stability, shelf life, and packaging
integrity must be considered to maintain product quality throughout its lifecycle.
Adequate nutritional composition is essential to deliver the desired health
benefits, and accurate labeling is crucial to inform consumers about the functional
properties of the product. To assess the quality and safety of functional foods,
comprehensive testing methods and quality control measures are employed.
Analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, and DNA-based
methods are used to verify the presence and concentration of bioactive
compounds, while sensory evaluations and consumer studies provide valuable
feedback on acceptability and preference. Continuous monitoring, research, and
collaboration between food manufacturers, regulatory bodies, and scientific
institutions are essential to meet the growing demand for functional foods while
upholding high standards of quality and safety.
Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Health benefits, Safety concerns, Standards,
Bioactive compounds
Innovations in Alternative Protein Sources: Meeting the Global
Demand for Sustainable Food Systems
Sana Saeed, Shabbir Ahmad, Kiran Kareem, Ramsha Akram
Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan.
Contact: [email protected]
As the worldwide demand for protein-rich foods grows, it becomes increasingly
important to investigate novel solutions in the field of food science and
technology. This presentation discusses significant advances and emerging trends
in alternative protein sources, with a focus on their ability to solve the critical
difficulties confronting current food systems. Plant-based proteins have received
a lot of interest because of their sustainability and potential to taste and feel similar
to animal-based equivalents. Furthermore, the introduction of cultured meat,
created using modern tissue engineering techniques, has the potential to
revolutionize the meat business by providing an ethically sound and ecologically
sustainable alternative to traditional animal husbandry practices. Insect-based
proteins are also gaining popularity as a viable and sustainable protein source due
to their high protein content and low resource needs. The importance of alternative
protein sources in addressing global issues such as food security, environmental
sustainability, and animal welfare is emphasized. The continuous research and
development efforts in this sector seek to provide consumers with a broad range
of sustainable protein alternatives, therefore shifting the future of food towards a
more robust and responsible paradigm. Finally, the introduction of alternative
protein sources offers a viable option to meeting the rising worldwide need for
sustainable food systems. Plant-based proteins, cellular agriculture, and microbial
biomass advancements provide prospects to lessen the environmental effect of
food production while maintaining appropriate nourishment for a growing
population. However, further research, technical developments, and commercial
backing are required to scale up these breakthroughs and make them more easily

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integrated into mainstream food systems.

Keywords: Plant-based protein, cultured meat, cellular agriculture, microbial
biomass
Fungal Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas Nucleases: A Study for
Enhanced Cellulases Production
Anam Ijaz1, Riffat Seemab1, Zeeshan Shokat1, Abdul Zahir Abbasi1,2,
Muhammad Rizwan Javed1,*
1Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University
Faisalabad (GCUF), Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan
2Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Chehla Campus,

13100-Muzaffarabad-AJK, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Aspergillus nigerhas beenexplored as an industrially important fungus that is
Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). Presence of specific and content enriched
carbohydrate-active enzyme families that are involved in plant biomass
degradation, makes this strain a promising industrial cell factory for cellulases
enzyme production. Cellulases (exo-glucanases, endo-glucanases, and β-
glucosidases) are among the most in-demand commercial industrial enzymes due
to their wide range of potential uses in industries like pulp and paper, textiles,
food processing, agriculture, biotechnology. Several transcriptional factors
(activators & repressors) are known to work synergistically for cellulases
expression in fungi. Over the pastdecade, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated nuclease 9)
has emerged as a ground-breaking technology in genome engineering due to its
high efficiency and versatility. In the envisaged study to achieveenhanced
cellulase enzymes titre, CRISPR-Cas9 based recombinant plasmid was
constructed harbouring an AMA1-based autonomously replicating vector,
hygromycin (hph) resistance marker and gRNAto introduce mutations/silencing
of the repressor geneto inhibit catabolite repression. Protoplast-based
transformation system was developed for genome editing. The engineered
(Δrepressor gene) strain exhibited two-fold improvement in cellulases production
as compared to the wild strain. The optimized method will further enable
todevelop novel strains to produce heterologous enzymes and improvement of
their metabolic pathways.
Keywords: Aspergillus Niger; GRAS; Repressor gene; CRISPR-Cas9;
Cellulases.
Anticorrosive polyaniline synthesized using coconut oil as the
dispersion medium
Rizwan Ullah, Sobia Yaseen.
University of PUNJAB
The eco-friendly and cost-efficient synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) is one of the
perplexing tasks in the research horizons of conducting polymers while keeping
the desired properties unaffected. The present work reports an eco-friendly and
comparably cost-efficient pathway for the synthesis of corrosion-resistant,
thermally stable, and highly soluble PANI salt using coconut oil as a novel
dispersion medium. The PANI salt was optimized by varying the reaction

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parameters, such as concentration of monomer, oxidant, surfactant, and solvent.

The UV/Visible spectra indicated absorption peaks in the range of 344–353, 424–
433, and 740–779 nm. The FTIR analysis of PANI salt reveals the stretching of
the benzenoid and quinoid rings at 1460 and 1559 cm-1respectively. X-ray
diffraction shows peaks on 2Ө at 19◦ and 25◦ which are the characteristic peaks
of PANI. PANI salt was found to be soluble in several organic solvents such as 2-
propanol, n-Methylpyrolidinone (NMP), and highly soluble in chloroform and
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) up to 7.6 and 6.9% respectively. SEM images and
TGA analysis of PANI confirmed the porous morphology like cauliflower and
quite thermally stable up to 538 ◦C respectively. The layer of synthesized PANI
shows remarkable corrosion inhibiting behavior on the surface of mild steel which
reduces the rate of corrosion up to 82%. Hence, boost up the global economy.
A story beyond Cell Cycle and Cell differentiation, retinoblastoma
related (rbr-4) has role in male germline development, and abiotic
stresses
Muhammad Tayyab, Muhammad Sayyar khan
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture
Peshawar.
Retinoblastoma related gene (rbr-4) which is a homologue of pRb and, a negative
regulator of the cell cycle is one of such genesthat has been reported to have a role
in the cell cycle, cell proliferation and genome integrity. Our data suggested rbr-
4mutant leads to genome integrity and causes 25-30% triploidy in plants. The
pollen count was reduced to 50-60 inrbr-4 mutant as compared to control col-0,as
opposed to~400 pollens are in freshly opened flowers. DAPI staining of pollen
revealed that both mitotic and meiotic processes are disturbed, which leads to
abnormal development of pollen. Similarly, seed abortions were observed in 80-
84% of embryos and seeds failed to reach the final stages of viability. Similarly,
a 42% reduction in silique length were observed. Pollen tube germination assay
revealed 50% abnormal growth. Transmission electron microscopy revealed
abnormal pollen walls, accumulation of oil bodies and starch in pollen grains.
Transcriptomic data revealed that some salt-stressed responsive genes Kin12A,
Kin12B, BT2,and BT3 genes were down-regulated in seedlings of the rbr-4
mutant. Our study has concluded that the retinoblastoma related (rbr-4) gene is an
important transcriptional factor responsible both for development of male and
female germline, seeds, silique, and pollen tube, as well as normal fertilization of
the plants.
Keywords: Retinoblastoma, Genome integrity, DAPI, Ploidy, Pollen tube
Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Root Extract of Zingiber
officinale and Evaluation of their Antibacterial Activity against
Escherichia coli
Ayesha Qaisar1, Syeda Maryam Hussain2, Muhammad Zishan Ahmad3, Naveed
Iqbal Raja4, Murtaz Ul Hassan5, Muhammad Shoaib5, Saif Ur Rehman5,
Aayesha Riaz5, Zaib Ur Rehman6, Ali Ahmad7, Zahid Manzoor5
1Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries; 2Department of Livestock Production and
Management; 3Department of Veterinary Pathology; 4Department of Botany, 5Department
of Parasitology and Microbiology; 6Department of Poultry Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah

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Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

7Microbiology Section, Department of Pathobiology, Narowal Campus, University of
Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
Contact: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Poultry industry in Pakistan is a thriving agricultural sector, meeting the demand
for affordable meat and serving as a significant protein source. However, disease
outbreaks and the widespread use of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence
of antibacterial resistance, posing a global concern for healthcare authorities.
Responsible antibiotic use, along with alternative strategies like nanoparticlesis
crucial to mitigate resistance development and safeguard public health in the
poultry industry. This study aimed to assess the potential of selenium
nanoparticles (SeNPs), produced through phytosynthesis using the root extract of
Zingiber officinale, in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, specifically
Escherichia coli (E.coli). Various characterization techniques such as Ultraviolet–
visible spectroscopy (UV-Spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy
Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the
synthesized SeNPs. The results indicated that the nanoparticles were
approximately 80-100 nm in size, exhibited a nearly spherical shape, and
possessed functional groups as well as stability properties as revealed by FTIR
analysis. The antibacterial efficacy of SeNPs against E.coli was evaluated using
the disc diffusion method at various concentrations. The findings demonstrated
that the phytosynthesizedSeNPs effectively inhibited the growth of E.coli,
exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition with a diameter of 22mm and the smallest
zone of inhibition with a diameter of 9.5mm. These results suggest that
phytosynthesized selenium nanoparticles hold promise as an alternative to
conventional antimicrobial agents for managing colibacillosis.
Keywords: Selenium Nanoparticles, Escherichia coli, Zingiber officinale,
Colibacillosis
Unveiling the Pharological Applications of Biosynthesized Silver and
Nickle Oxide Nanopaticles Using Lepidium Sativum Mucilage
Polysaccharides
Afghana Firdous1, Urooj Begum1, Aqsa1, Amjad Iqbal2, Ayaz Ahmad1*
1Department of Biotechnology; 2Department of Food Science & Technology, Abdul Wali
Khan University Mardan
Contact: [email protected]
Nanotechnology, a rapidly evolving field, focuses on the synthesis, manipulation,
and application of nanoscale materials. In recent years, bio-assisted synthesis has
gained considerable attention as a means to overcome the limitations associated
with conventional physical and chemical methods. This study aimed to synthesize
silver (Ag) and nickle oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) using the water-soluble
polysaccharides extracted from Lepidium sativum (cress) seed mucilage.
Mucilage was extracted by soaking cress seed while polysaccharides were
precipitated by treating mucilage with 75% ethanol for overnight. The

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biosynthesized AgNPs and NiONps were confirmed through spectroscopic

techniques. The UV visible spectrum of the AgNPs gives a sharp absorption peak
at 448nm while that of NiONPs was recorded at 343nm. The results revealed that
AgNPS was able to inhibit the growth of five human pathogenic Staphylococcus
aureus (4.5mm ± 0.67mm), Escherichia coli (4.12mm ± 1.09mm), Klebsiella
pneumonia (3.67mm ± 0.19mm), Salmonella typhi (5.16mm ± 1.23mm) and
Shigella (2.9mm ± 0.85mm). AgNPs and NiONPs also exhibited significant
antioxidant activities by scavenging the DPPH free radical having with the EC50
value 67.53 and 109.68µg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that water-
soluble polysaccharides from cress seed mucilage has the ability to synthesized
AgNPs and NiONPs with strong antimicrobial and antioxidant potential and could
be exploited for further biomedical applications. This study concludes that
utilizing mucilage polysaccharides
Keywords: Nanoparticles, polysaccharides, Lepidium sativum, antioxidant.
Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences
Fatima Iftikhar
Dept. Doctor of Physical Therapy, The Physio College of Rehabilitation Sciences Multan
Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences are two interconnected professions
that play critical roles in tackling global food security, health, and sustainability
concerns. This abstract provides an outline of the important aspects and
developments in these Areas. Food technology is concerned with improving food
production, processing, preservation, and distribution using scientific knowledge
and engineering concepts. It includes many activities, such as food safety, sensory
evaluation, product development, and food packaging. Technological
advancements such as genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and food processing
techniques have transformed the food sector, resulting in higher food quality,
safety, and efficiency. Nutritional Sciences, on the other hand, examine the
relationship between food, nutrients, and human health. It encompasses the study
of nutrients' roles in the body, their metabolism, and their impact on physiological
functions. Nutritional scientists explore the optimal balance of nutrients required
for different stages of life, as well as the impact of dietary choices on chronic
diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. Advances in
nutritional sciences have also shed light on the importance of personalized
nutrition and the role of gut microbiota in human health. Food Technology and
Nutritional Sciences have advanced significantly as a result of their integration.
Researchers are using cutting-edge technologies to create functional foods that
offer health benefits in addition to basic nourishment. These foods can be
modified to match people' specific needs, promoting individualized nutrition and
preventive healthcare. Furthermore, the development of sustainable food sources,
such as plant-based proteins and alternative meat products, has been facilitated by
the adoption of novel food processing processes, addressing the environmental
impact of traditional agriculture and animal farming. Food Technology and
Nutritional Sciences are equally important in solving global food security.
Researchers hope to reduce post-harvest losses and improve food nutritional
quality by optimizing food processing and preservation procedures. Furthermore,
these sectors contribute to the development of new food products that may be
conveniently disseminated and kept in resource-limited places, thereby boosting

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disadvantaged populations' access to safe and nutritious food.

Keywords: Food security, health, sustainability, production, processing,
preservation, genetic engineering, food safety, nutrients, human health, chronic
diseases, personalized nutrition, functional foods, plant-based proteins,
alternative meat, environmental impact, global security, interdisciplinary.
Enhancing Sustainable Agriculture and Animal Sciences through
Integrated Approaches
Haseeb Arshad
Agriculture and animal sciences play a vital role in ensuring global food security,
sustainable resource management, and the well-being of both humans and
animals. With the ever-increasing global population, there is an urgent need to
develop innovative and sustainable practices that address the challenges faced by
the agricultural and animal sectors. This abstract highlights the importance of
integrated approaches in enhancing sustainable agriculture and animal sciences.
Purpose of Study: Firstly, sustainable agriculture practices aim to maximize crop
yields while minimizing negative environmental impacts. Integrated pest
management (IPM) techniques that combine biological control, crop rotation, and
judicious use of pesticides have proven effective in reducing the reliance on
chemical pesticides. Similarly, precision agriculture, which employs advanced
technologies such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and
drones, allows for precise application of resources, leading to increased efficiency
and reduced environmental footprint. Secondly, animal sciences encompass
various aspects of livestock production, animal health, and welfare. The adoption
of holistic approaches that integrate nutrition, genetics, housing, and health
management is crucial for optimizing animal productivity while ensuring their
well-being. For instance, precision livestock farming employs sensor
technologies, data analytics, and automation to monitor animal behavior, health
status, and environmental conditions, enabling early detection of diseases,
efficient resource utilization, and improved animal welfare. Results: Integration
of agriculture and animal sciences can lead to mutually beneficial outcomes.
Agroecology, which combines ecological principles with agricultural practices,
promotes the use of diversified farming systems, crop-livestock integration, and
nutrient cycling. Such integrated approaches enhance soil fertility, reduce the
reliance on external inputs, and improve resilience to climate change.
Additionally, sustainable livestock production systems, such as agroforestry and
silvopasture, integrate trees with livestock grazing, providing multiple benefits
like shade, fodder, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation.
Conclusion: The challenges faced by agriculture and animal sciences require
innovative and integrated approaches to achieve sustainability. By combining
practices from sustainable agriculture and animal sciences, we can enhance
productivity, minimize environmental impacts, and ensure the well-being of both
crops and livestock. The integration of precision technologies, agroecological
principles, and interdisciplinary collaborations will be key in advancing
sustainable agriculture and animal sciences for a resilient and food-secure future.

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Molecular insights into inflorescence meristems identity

determination and panicle architecture in rice
Israr Ud Din1,2, Emanuela Franchini1, Veronica M. Beretta1, Elia Lacchinia3,
Lisa Van den Broeck4, Rosangela Sozzani4, Gregorio Orozco-Arroyo1, Hélène
Adam5, Stefan Jouannic5, Veronica Gregis1, Martin M. Kater1
1Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milano, Italy
2Instituteof Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture, Peshawar
3Present address: VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark Ghent, Belgium
4Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
5DIADE, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France

The architecture of the rice inflorescence is an important determinant of seed

yield. The length of the inflorescence and the number of branches are among the
key factors determining the amount of spikelets, and thus seeds that will develop.
Especially the timing of the identity transition from indeterminate branch
meristem to determinate spikelet meristem regulates the complexity of the
inflorescence. In this context, the ALOG gene TAWAWA1 (TAW1) has been
shown to delay the transition to determinate spikelet development in rice.
Recently, by combining precise laser microdissection of inflorescence meristems
with RNA-seq we observed that two ALOG genes, OryzasativaOsG1-like 1
(OsG1L1) and OsG1L2, have an expression profile similar to TAW1. Here we
report that osg1l1 and osg1l2 loss-of-function CRISPR mutants have similar
phenotypes as the taw1 mutant, suggesting that these genes might act on related
pathways during inflorescence development. Transcriptome analysis of the
osg1l2 mutant suggested interactions of OsG1L2 with other known inflorescence
architecture regulators and the datasets were also used for the construction of a
gene regulatory network (GRN) proposing interactions between genes potentially
involved in controlling inflorescence development in rice. The spatio-temporal
expression profiling and phenotypical analysis of CRISPR loss-of-function
mutants of the homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor gene OsHOX14
suggest that the proposed GRN indeed serves as a valuable resource for the
identification of new players involved in rice inflorescence development. One-
sentence summary OsG1L1 and OsG1L2 control panicle architecture through
delaying the transition from indeterminate branch- to determinate spikelet-
meristem identity.
Keywords: inflorescence architecture, meristem, ALOG, OsG1L2, OsHOX14,
Computer and numerical sciences and application of computational
methods
Ansha Khadim
Computer and numerical sciences encompass a broad range of disciplines that
revolve around the study and application of computational methods, algorithms,
and mathematical models for solving complex problems. This abstract provides
an overview of the key concepts and areas within computer and numerical
sciences. Purpose of Study: The field of computer science focuses on the theory,
design, development, and application of computer systems and software. It
encompasses various subfields such as artificial intelligence, machine learning,
data science, computer graphics, computer networks, software engineering, and
computer architecture. Computer scientists strive to create efficient algorithms,
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design robust software systems, and explore new frontiers in computing

technology. Numerical sciences, on the other hand, are concerned with the
development and analysis of numerical methods for solving mathematical
problems. This interdisciplinary field draws heavily from mathematics, statistics,
and computer science to tackle a wide range of challenges. Numerical analysis
involves designing and analyzing algorithms for problems like numerical
integration, solving differential equations, optimization, and linear algebra. These
algorithms enable scientists and engineers to simulate and model complex
phenomena in various fields such as physics, engineering, finance, and biology.
Results The advancements in computer and numerical sciences have had a
profound impact on various aspects of society. They have revolutionized
industries, such as finance, healthcare, transportation, and entertainment, by
enabling sophisticated data analysis, predictive modeling, and automation. These
fields also play a crucial role in scientific research, aiding scientists in data
analysis, simulation, and hypothesis testing. Conclusion: Computer and numerical
sciences form a multidisciplinary domain that combines mathematics, computer
science, and computational techniques to solve complex problems. The
continuous development of algorithms, computational models, and data analysis
methods in these fields drives innovation and enables advancements in various
industries and scientific domains.
Green Synthesis of Biocompatible Core-Shell (Au-Ag) and Hybrid
(Au-ZnO and Ag-ZnO) Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Evaluation of
their Potential Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antiglycation and
Anticancer Activities
Sumaira Anjum
Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore Pakistan.
The fabrication of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) using plant extracts is
applauded since it is an environmentally and biologically safe method. In this
research, Manilkara zapota leave extract was utilized to bioreduce metal ions for
the production of therapeutically important core-shell Au-Ag and hybrid (Au-ZnO
and Ag-ZnO) BNPs. The phytochemical profiling of leave extract in terms of total
phenolic and flavonoid content attributed to highest free radical scavenging
activity. FTIR data also supported the involvement of these phytochemicals
(polyphenols, flavonoids, aromatic compounds and alkynes) in the synthesis of
BNPs. Whereas, TEM and XRD showed the formation of small sized (16.57 nm)
spherical shaped core-shell Au-Ag BNPs and ZnO nano-needle with spherical
AuNPs (48.32 nm) and ZnO nano-rod with spherical AgNPs (19.64 nm) hybrid
BNPs. The biological activities of BNPs reinforced the fact that they show
enhanced therapeutic efficacy as compared to their monometallic components. All
BNPs showed comparable antibacterial activities as compared to standard
tetracycline discs. While small sized Au-Ag BNPs were most effective in killing
human hepato-cellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) in terms of lowest cell viability,
highest intracellular ROS/RNS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane
potential, induction of caspase-3 gene expression and enhanced caspase-3/7
activity. BNPs also effectively inhibited advanced glycation end products and
carbohydrate digesting enzymes which can be used as nano-medicine for aging
and diabetes. Most important findings were the permissible biocompatibility of

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these BNPs towards brine shrimp larvae and human RBCs which suggests their
environmental and biological safety. This research study gives us an insight into
the promise of using green route to synthesize commercially important BNPs with
enhanced therapeutic efficacy as compared to conventional treatment options.
Comparative Analysis of Packet Tracer and OPNET IT GURU
Network Simulation Tools
Rozina Zahir Ullah, Fouzia Jabeen, Tabinda Salam, Sumbal Iqbal
Dept. Computer Science, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Packet Tracer and OPNET IT Guru are both popular software tools used for
network simulation and construction of virtual networks. While they serve similar
purposes, there are some significant differences between both. OPNET IT Guru
is a commercial software product developed by Riverbed Technology for
advanced network simulation tool comprehensive set that caters to professional
network engineers. It provides a multi-vendor broader range advanced network
modeling, performance analysis, and optimization. OPNET IT Guru supports
various network protocols and can simulate complex scenarios involving large-
scale networks and different types of traffic. OPNET IT Guru offers extensive
capabilities, but it may require more time and effort to become proficient with its
features. It suitable for simulating heterogeneous network environments. Its cost
varies depending on the version and specific requirements. However, for
commercial use, a license is required. Packet Tracer's by Cisco systems is focused
on simulating Cisco network equipment. As a result, Packet Tracer primarily
supports Cisco devices and protocols. It is available for free to Cisco networking
academy students, instructors, and Cisco networking academy alumni. Its drag-
and-drop interface and user friendly intuitive design make it easy to create and
configure network devices and connections. The choice between the two depends
on your specific needs, level of expertise, and the complexity of the network
simulations you intend to create, but as when we construct a virtual network or
any topology in packet tracer we click on every wire and on every router switch
and PC separately for its pinging code on packet tracer console environment and
then check functionality on command prompt through individual device IP Ping
command, while in OPNET IT GURU we construct a network first then run
simulation if the analysis graph has been generated it means virtual network is
functional otherwise for every device troubleshooting and diagnosing is too much
difficult as compare to Packet Tracer. So, in short we can say that Packet Tracer
is very easy to console and debug and always give appropriate result on the basis
of which we can take a perfect decision to now this virtually made network can
be implemented in real life on real network devices so, our cost time must be safe
and network quality can be assure too.
Development of Quinolones Nanoparticles for an Increased
Anitibacterial Activity
Fareeha Rashid, Asia Naz, Gul Muhammad, Fareeha Goher
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi,
Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]

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Infection at the site of injury or wound may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases,
hypoxia and even cancer. Fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum antibacterial
activity and a high anti-inflammatory potency. Gemifloxacin is considered to have
a good affinity against bacterial topoisomerase IV and is also found to be effective
against the Gram positive streptococcus pneumonia that shows resistance against
other quinolones, macrolides and penicillin. Development of resistance by
microorganisms against different antimicrobials is a leading problemin medicine
that needs to be resolved by developing new antibacterial agents, derivatizing
existing antimicrobials or by preparing suitable nanocarriers to increase the
delivery of drug at the site of action. The current study was aimed to synthesize
four organic derivatives and nanoparticles of gemifloxacinin order to counter the
existing resistance obstacles, providing a better antibacterial activity. The
characterization was carried out using UV/VIS, FTIR, 1H-NMR and mass
spectroscopy. DLS, SEM, Zeta-sizer and TGA-DSC were used to determine the
morphology, and thermodynamic properties of nanoparticles. The organic
derivatives and nanoparticles of gemifloxacin were investigated against nine
different Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms.
Keywords: fluoroquinolones, gemifloxacin, antibacterial, organic nanoparticle.
The Influence of Ph on Thermal Degradation of Roziglitazone in
Various Aqueous Buffers
Sobia Iftikhar Ali, Asia Naz
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan
Contact:[email protected], [email protected]
Degradation of drugs means instability of drug or loss of potency of drug which
make it esthetically unacceptable. Knowledge of the stability of drug is fruitful to
ensure drug stability and safety. Drug have diverse molecular structure and are
therefore susceptible to many and variable degradation pathways including
hydrolysis, isomerization, racemization, dehydration, elimination, oxidation,
photo degradation by the effect of temperature, light, air, an aqueous medium or
a solvent in which drug is dissolved. In this types drug molecules under goes the
process of fragmentation or cleavage, thus concentration of drug going to
decrease. But in second type there is complex interaction by excipients,
dissolution medium or by the presence of buffer aqueous solutions of ions of
various pH and thus here concentration of drug seems to increases due to
ionization, salt formation, association of cation, or anion of compound, the salting
out effects coming from the buffer used, the common ion effect, the equilibrium
formation of different associates, self-association by forming mixed-charge
micelles or micelle-like structures and possible aggregation of different species.
The similar behavior is observed with drug rosiglitazonein the presences of
different buffer ions species. Literature studies reveals that it is possible that
change of pH, use of buffer, derivatization, complexation and salt formation will
improve the solubility of drug. The present investigation reveals that rosiglitazone
at elevated temperature interacts with solvent and buffer ions for instance ethanol,
potassium, phosphate and borate and forms complex which may be accelerated its
solubility or may retards drug absorption, distribution, elimination or may result
in loss of potency and enhance the risk of toxicity.

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Keywords: Diverse molecular structure, thermal degradation, change of pH ,

complexion, buffer aqueous medium.
Study of Heavy Metals in Soil and Wheat Crop and their Transfer to
Food Chain
Nazish Huma Khan1, Mohammad Nafees2, Tooba Saeed3and Adila Bashir2.
1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar KP, Pakistan
3Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The present study was conducted in orchard field of peach and comparative non-
orchard field with an attempt to know about the soil and wheat crop contamination
caused by heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Ni). Soil samples were collected from both
orchard and non-orchard fields and were extracted with Aqua-regia and Mehlich-
3 extracting solutions for total and available metals respectively. Wheat crops
from both fields (orchard and non-orchard) were collected and analyzed with
aqua-regia for heavy metals contents. Results showed that the average
concentrations of metals in soils of orchard and non-orchard fields were as
chromium (Cr) 56.9 and 52.2 mg kg-1, Ni 29.8 and 27.9 mg kg-1 and Cd 2.46 and
1.11 mg kg-1, respectively. The risk contribution from Cd, Cr and Ni were
significant in crop seeds of orchard field (THQ>1). The substantial load of heavy
metals in studied fields showed the anthropogenic source of pollution. Therefore,
regular monitoring of heavy metals in soil and crops is necessary.
Keywords: Bio-accumulative factor, Health risk, Irrigation water, Non-orchard,
Orchard, Target hazard quotient
Biosynthesis of Silver and Nickle oxide nanoparticles using
polysaccharides fromchia seed mucilage and evaluating their
biological applications
Urooj Begum1, Afghana Firdous1, Aiman Khan1, Amjad Iqbal2, Ayaz Ahmad*1
1Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
2Department of Food Science & Technology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan.
Contact: [email protected]
Green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained attentions because of their diverse
biological applications. The current paper report ecofriendly, and cost effective
synthesis of silver (Ag) and nickle oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) using water-
soluble polysaccharides extracted from chia (Salvia hispanica) seed mucilage.
Chia seeds were soaked in autoclaved distilled water and the polysaccharides were
extracted through 75% ethanol precipitation. The biosynthesized AgNPs and
NiONps were confirmed through spectroscopic techniques. The UV visible
spectrum of the AgNPs gives a sharp absorption peak at 473nm while that of
NiONPs was recorded at 343nm. The antibacterial potential of the nanoparticles
was evaluated using agar well diffusion method against five different human
pathogenic strain. Results revealed that AgNPs were able to inhibit the growth of
five human pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (4.5mm ± 0.67mm), Escherichia
coli (4.12mm ± 1.09mm), Klebsiella pneumonia (3.67mm ± 0.19mm), Salmonella
typhi(5.16mm ± 1.23mm) and Shigella (2.9mm ± 0.85mm). The antioxidant
potential was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was noted

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thatAgNPs and NiONPs exhibited prominet antioxidant activities by scavenging

the DPPH free radical having with the EC50 value 88.53 and 90.23µg/mL,
respectively. Furthermore, the invitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated using
alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition assay. It was found that AgNPs
and NiONPsshowed promising alpha amylase inhibitory potential having EC50
of 76.50µg/mL and 287µg/mL. These results suggest that water-soluble
polysaccharides from chia seed mucilage has the potential to synthesized AgNPs
and NiONPs with strong antimicrobial and antioxidant potential and could be
exploited for further biomedical applications. This study concludes that utilizing
mucilage polysaccharides could offers a sustainable source for green synthesis of
bioactive nanomaterials.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, polysaccharides, Chia, Antimicrobial, ntioxidant.
Standrization of Phytase and Biomass Production in Submerged
Fermentation with Aspergillus Flavus Phy190 Isolated From Soil
Zahid Manzoor1, Aftab Ahmad Anjum6, Syeda Maryam Hussain2, Muhammad
Zishan Ahmad2, Murtaz Ul Hassan1, Muhammad Kamran1, Muhammad
Shoaib1, Aayesha Riaz3, Zaib Ur Rehman4, Ayesha Qaisar5, Ali Ahmad7*
1Department of Parasitology and Microbiology; 2Department of Livestock Production and
Management;3Department of Veterinary Pathology;4Department of Poultry Science;
5Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, PMASAAU, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
6Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
7Microbiology Section, Department of Pathobiology, Narowal Campus, University of

Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected].,
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Phytase is a type of enzyme categorized under the phosphatase group that
facilitates the breakdown of phytic acid, leading to the liberation of inorganic
phosphorus that can be utilized by the host. In this study we standardized the
production of phytase and biomass (estimated by the dry weight content g/L) by
submerged fermentation with Aspergillus flavus PHY190 which was isolated
from soil. Experimental assays were performed under diverse conditions of pH
(3.0 to 6.0) and temperature (20 to 45oC), and the influence of these fluctuating
conditions on the responses was studied through one variable approach. Outcome
of temperature, pH, substrate type and concentration were observed using
submerged fermentation. The maximum production of phytase was achieved
when using pH 5.0, temperature 300 C and 4% oat bran as substrate. Phytase
activity was increased in up to 3.68-fold and the biomass matter was increased in
up to 3.78-fold. Bye-products of Agricultural industry such as oat bran can be
used alternative for cost efficient phytase production method under optimized
conditions. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Post-Hoc Multiple
comparison test (Duncan) was performed to compare the differences between
means using SPSS. Therefore, these results are of interest as they contribute for
the development of an industrial process for phytase production with eminent
yields by submerged fermentation.
Keywords: Aspergillus flavus; Phytase; Oat bran; Submerged fermentation.

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Determination of Reactive Oxygen Species in Japanese Quails at

different age and genders
Rabia Bashir, Rehmatullah Shahid, Razia Kausar, Hasooba Hira, Tayyba Batool
Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
The Japanese quails have rapid growth, high rate of egg production, short
generation interval and early sexual maturity. They require a small place to grow,
short incubation period, less susceptibility to common diseases, less and low cost
feed requirements. Reactive oxygen species are free radicals that are derived from
molecular oxygen. Those molecules are produced as byproduct in the process of
aerobic respiration. The present study was done on 30 Japanese Quails which were
divided into 5 random groups i.e. young Japanese quails (n=6), adult males (n=6),
adult females (n=6), old males (n=6) and old females (n=6). Blood samples were
drawn by slaughtering the birds and the blood samples were centrifuged at 4000
g for 10 minutes. Plasma was separated and stored in appendorf at -20 ᵒC to
ascertain different values of reactive oxygen species like total oxidant status
(TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione reductase, glutathione
oxidase, sodium oxide dismutase, paraoxonase, arylesterase, Serum glutamate
pyruvate transaminase, malondialdehyde, catalase, vitamin A, C and D by using
spectrophotometer at a specific wavelength according to the tested parameters. It
was observed that the values of these parameters were significantly different
among the different gender and age groups of Japanese quails. The whole blood
samples were analyzed by automated hematological system for complete blood
cells (CBC) count. The result revealed that the mean values of TOS, TAC,
glutathione reductase, paraoxonase, catalase, MDA, vitamin A, vitamin C and
vitamin E were significantly different from each other. All the values of red blood
cells and packed cell volume were non-significant.
Ferulic Acid-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and its
environmental application
Saima Iqbal
Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Jinnah University for Women)
The aim of nanotechnology studies is to determine and improve techniques for
producing beneficial nanoscale substances, or nanostructures from their atoms.
Lately, nanotechnology has taken the attention of researchers all around the world
and it has nowadays been used widely in a number of arenas for instance
biochemical industry, biological technology, biological analysis, and various
added fields. The entire special consideration given to the nanoparticles is due to
the unusual properties that the nanoparticles demonstrate, that is detected with
nano-sized substances in the minor nano-meter-dimension regimen. Due to
mentioned unusual attributes nanoparticles are consumed in areas like optronics,
autocatalysis, and biolabelling. This study comprises the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles utilizing the chemical reduction method, utilizing the bottom up
approach. The production of nanoparticles by means of a bottom–up approach has
recompenses in particle shape and size in contrast to the top–down approach.
Ferulic acid a therapeutically well-established compound, is used as a stabilizer
in the synthesis, and trisodium citrate and sodium borohydride as reducing agents.
The catalytic reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenolto 4-Aminophenol was done in

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which silver nanoparticles acted as heterogeneous catalysts. UV-vis spectrum

indicates a reducing process by the catalyzing action of (FA-AgNps-TSC) (FA-
AgNps-NaBH4) in which para-nitrophenol is converted within a second to para-
aminophenol. This result suggests that the catalytic reduction of para-nitrophenol
exclusively yielded para-aminophenol, without any other side products. It can be
inferred that synthesized AgNps using ferulic acid as stabilizing agent can be used
successfully for the reduction of EPA declared number one pollutant4-nitrophenol
to 4-Aminophenolwhichis a precursor in the synthesis of various analgesic and
antipyretic drugs. It is used as an intermediate in the production of medications
such as paracetamol (acetaminophen), which is widely used for pain relief and
reducing fever.
The Interplay of Nutritional Status and Metabolism: A Critical
Determinant of Human Health
Ramsha Akram, Afshan Shafi, Umar Farooq, S. Saeed, K. Kareem, Aliza Batool
Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS- University of Agriculture, Multan.
Contact: [email protected]
Nutritional status and metabolism are vital elements that profoundly impact
human health. They are closely intertwined, exerting a mutual influence on each
other in a complex and dynamic manner. The significance of maintaining a
harmonious equilibrium between them cannot be overstated. The nutritional status
of an individual serves as a cornerstone for their overall well-being. It involves
consuming an adequate amount of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and
fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) to sustain normal bodily
functions. Proper nutrition not only helps maintain a healthy body weight but also
supports immune function, reducing the risk of chronic diseases like
cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and certain cancers. Metabolism, on the other
hand, encompasses the body's biochemical processes that convert food into
energy and synthesize essential molecules for growth, repair, and maintenance. It
regulates the rate at which calories are burned, thus influencing weight
management and energy balance. A well-functioning metabolism promotes
efficient utilization of nutrients, facilitates cellular processes, and helps maintain
a stable internal environment. The intricate relationship between nutritional status
and metabolism is exemplified by the concept of metabolic adaptation. Prolonged
calorie restriction triggers metabolic adaptations that decrease energy expenditure
and conserve fat stores. Conversely, an excess of calories can lead to metabolic
disturbances, including insulin resistance and obesity. In conclusion, the
interdependence of nutritional status and metabolism underscores their paramount
importance in human health. Attaining and maintaining a balanced nutritional
status is crucial for supplying the body with essential nutrients, while a healthy
metabolism ensures their effective utilization. Understanding the intricate
interplay between these factors is key to promoting optimal health outcomes,
preventing chronic diseases, and fostering overall well-being. By prioritizing a
well-balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle that supports metabolism, individuals
can proactively preserve and enhance their long-term health.
Keywords: Biochemical processes, Chronic diseases, Metabolism, Nutritional
status.

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Comparative evaluation of elemental composition of mollusc and

crustacean species’ shells: a case study of Pakistan’s coastline
Nida Ali1,*, Shah Rafi Ud Din2
1Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
2Department of Environmental Science, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science &
Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Pakistan has the coastline of 990 km, rapid industrialization and economic growth
has resulted in increased water pollution in the coastal areas. Present study
characterized essential and toxic elements in the shells of molluscs and
crustaceans found along the coastline of Pakistan. The washed up shell were
collected from 09 locations and were analyzed through scanning electron
microscopy energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. The mass percentages of elements were compared by one-way
ANOVA, among species. Results determined that certain species are more
sensitive to certain elements than others, although sharing same environment. For
example, mussels showed higher levels of aluminum, than rest of species. Study
suggested that these shells can also be used as bio-indicator for toxic elements,
such as Pb and Cd. Silicon and aluminum showed similar trend in mass percentage
i.e., Mussel>Crab>Scallop>Clam>Shrimp. Variation in levels of elements in
natural shell composition may influence the attachment of toxic metals. While,
this study also reflected shells that could be used as a nutrient source. Water pH
was found to be an influencing factor on the solubility of elements. The
morphological analysis of shells helped in understanding the transport of organic
and inorganic materials between the body and shell.
Keywords ANOVA, Crustacean, Mollusc, Pakistan, Shells
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Edible Crustacean Species
Collected From Selected Littoral States of Arabian Sea
Asad Khan Tanoli*, Tuba, Kamal, Nida Ali
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Arabian Sea is the most important region in terms of the international trade routes.
Pakistan is situated in the North-West division of Arabian Sea. Pakistan Maritime
zone is considered as one of the highest productive areas of the world because of
geological and ecological characteristics. The littoral state of Pakistan is facing
much environmental issues during the last decade due to increasing
industrialization and urbanization which have gradually declined the export of Sea
food products. Crustacean species like shrimps and lobsters are good source of
nutrients and are also considered as the bio-indicators of toxic metals due to their
high affinity to accumulate trace metals than fishes. The trace metals are
partitioning in sediments, beach water and sea foods. The effects of the metal as
pollutants, their differential absorption by the shrimps and lobsters which directly
affect the human health due to their heavy consumption as a food. The study was
undertaken to assess concentration of heavy metals in most abundantly found
eight species of shrimp and three lobster’s species along the selected coastal areas
of Arabian Sea. Beach sediments were also gathered from the same coastal areas
from where shrimps and lobsters were harvested. For the quantitative analysis of

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microelements and toxic metals in biosamples and sediments samples Atomic

Absorption Spectroscopy techniques were used. Finally, results were compared
with the internationally recommended permissible limits. After interpreted of all
analysis were evaluated that concentration of essential (micro elements) like
copper, zinc iron, nickel and non -essential such as lead in edible tissues (muscles)
and exoskeleton of shrimp and lobster’s species were in acceptable limits as
mentioned by WHO and FAO except manganese and cobalt. Bioaccumulation
studies of trace metals were examined in shrimp and lobster’s species as to
evaluate the quality status of shrimps and lobsters for human diet. The results were
declared that shrimp and lobster’s species were de-concentrator of iron,
manganese, cobalt, nickel and lead while they supposed to be micro –
concentrator for copper and macro – concentrator for zinc and cadmium metals.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied by using software Minitab 14 to find
out the concentration variation of micronutrients and toxic contaminants with
respect to different body parts during 2019 - 2021 at p < 0.05.
Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Heavy metals, Crustaceans species, Sea food,
human diet
Examining the Effects of ABACUS-Based Mathematics Training on
the Cognition of Primary School Children: A Review of Student
Perspectives and Expert Observations
Maroof Bin Rauf, Hafiza Adiyah Kanwal
Dept. of Education, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
ABACUS is a tool for performing various mathematical calculations. The aim of
the study was to examine how using the ABACUS method to perform
mathematical calculations can support the cognitive attitudes and abilities of
primary school children. Students aged 7 to 9 years participated in this controlled
practical experience. The students were divided into two groups: a female group
(n = 31) and a male group (n = 24). Pre- and post-tests were used to check students'
pre- and post-learning by asking them various questions related to ABACUS.
Along with this, on the basis of open-ended questions from ABACUS experts,
thematic analysis of questions on the basic/necessary skills of students and
teachers to learn ABACUS, increasing their ability to learn the subject of writing
and calculation through ABACUS, etc. do that conclusions were drawn from
them. According to the obtained results, before the intervention, there were no
significant differences between the two groups. However, after the ABACUS
intervention, significant differences were observed between the two groups in the
mental directories of competition, attention, memory, cognitive attitudes and
creativity. So it has been shown that an eight-week ABACUS -based calculation
program improves a person's attention, immediate memory, perceptual behaviors
and creativity. The benefits of using the ABACUS to enhance cognitive behaviors
have also been described.
Keywords: ABACUS, Mathematical calculations, Cognitive attitudes, Cognitive
behaviors, Primary School Children

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Extraction, Characterization and Kinetic Study of Purified

Lipoxygenase (LOX) Enzyme from Capra aegagrus hircus (Goat)
Tissues (Heart, Liver and Brain)
Muneebat-ur-Rehman, Aisha Siddiqua, Anum Abbas
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D. I. Khan
*Contact: [email protected]
Lipoxygenase (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) constitutes the heterogenous family of lipid
per-oxidizing enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty
acids (PUFA) particularly linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid into
lipid hydroperoxides known as hydroxy octadecadienoic acid. LOX enzyme is
widely distributed in a large variety of organisms such as mammals, plants, fungi,
algae and bacteria and performs numerous biological functions such as cellular
signaling, inflammation, pest resistance, senescence development, wound
healing, and mycotoxin production. In animals, lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolizes
arachidonic acid into eicosanoids, a lipid-signaling molecules. The current study
evaluated the extraction and partial purification of lipoxygenase (LOX) from
Capra aegagrus hircus (Goat) tissues as well as biochemical characterization of
LOX extracted from goat tissues. The extraction of LOX enzyme from goat
tissues (heart, liver and brain) was carried out through homogenization using
phosphate buffer at pH-9, followed by precipitation with 30% and 70%
ammonium sulphate. Purification of LOX in heart, liver and brain was (7.34,
7.537 and 10.558) folds in (57.98, 67.14, and 78.16)% yield with specific activity
of (1.101, 2.967, and 3.098) U/mg, respectively. The optimum pH value for LOX
extracted from both liver and brain was determined as pH 5.2, while pH 5.6 was
the optimum value for LOX activity for heart. The LOX obtained from heart and
brain tissues showed maximum activity at 40°C. In contrast, the purified LOX
from liver tissues exhibited the highest activity at 70°C. The initial findings
obtained from biochemical characterization of LOX in different tissues of Capra
aegagrus hircus (goat) will contribute to the advance research on said enzyme and
its mechanism of action in goats.
Keywords: Lipoxygenase, Capra aegagrus hircus,Ammonium Sulphate, kinetic
parameters, Linoleic acid
Section: Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences
Valorization of pomegranate peel as a source of natural antioxidants
to improve oxidative stability of edible oil
Zahra Batool1,2*, Saira Tahir2, Marryam Batool3
1Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Pakistan
2National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Waste from agriculture and food industries is an attractive source of natural
antioxidants due to ecofriendlycheap and healthy components. Pomegranate peel
considered as by product which is, rich in antioxidant compounds that that can
stabilize vegetable oil food products consumed worldwide. Thus, the study has
been planned to investigate. To improve shelf stability of sunflower oil,
pomegranate peel extract as a natural antioxidant in comparison to synthetic
antioxidant BHT was investigatedto improve the stability of sunflower oil. Results

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have shown that Total Phenolic Content of pomegranate peel extract was about
278.52± 19.83 % and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 89.38±3.80%.
Therefore,On the basis of these results pomegranate peel extract at the
concentration of 800ppm, 1000ppm and 1200ppm was incorporated in
commercially available sunflower and compared with synthetic antioxidant BHT
during storage for 60 days. Oxidation process was monitored by the stability
parameters of oil samples (FFA’s, peroxide value, p- anisidine value, iodine value,
saponification value and specific gravity). A concentration of Peel extract at 1200
ppm was more effective than BHT and other treatments concentrations.
Pomegranate peel extract has ability to prevent oil rancidity, improve stability of
oil during storage as well as valorization of waste has positive impact on
environmental sustainability.
Keyword: Food waste, Natural antioxidant, Edible oil quality, Environmental
sustainability
Geochemistry of subsurface water of Swabi district and Associated
Health Risk with Heavy Metals Contamination
Laeiq Ahmad1, H. Waheed1, N. Gul2*, Lawangin Sheikh1, A. Khan3, H. Iqbal1
1Departmentof Geology, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan
2Departmentof Environmental Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan
3Department of Geology, FATA University, Darra Adam Khail, FR Kohat, KP
*
Contact: [email protected]
Contamination of the Heavy metals (HMs) in the drinking water is a serious
threats to the consumers and has gained the global attention. In the current study,
twenty-six (26) groundwater samples were collected randomly from fourteen
union councils (UCs) in the groundwater samples of tehsil Swabi and analyzed
for different parameters. Concentrations of the Heavy metals (HMs) were found
in the following increasing orders of Pb> Zn > Cr >Cu >Ni > Cd > Co and Cu >
Ni>Co> Zn > Cr >Cd in domestic and tube well waters, respectively. In the
domestic well samples, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were found above the World health
organization (WHO), indicating their contamination due to their low depths.
Based on the Water quality index (WQI), samples collected from were found of
poor quality while, Tube well waters were found of excellent quality. Health risk
data showed significantly high risk for children upon domestic well water
consumption due high (HQ > 1) for Cr and Pb. No significance relationship was
observed between the various parameters which indicates the input of these
contaminants from multiple sources.
Keywords: tube wells, Swabi district, heavy metals, cancer risk, HRA
Potential of mango waste as a sustainable resource for the
development of biodegradable cellulose-starch composite films
Asadullah Shah, Dileep Kumar Lohano
Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
The extraction of valuable substances from food production and processing
wastes is increasingly feasible with advancements in technology. Mango seeds,
often overlooked and wasted after processing, represent a non-traditional source
of starch. This study was aimed to explore the potential of mango kernel starch
for the production of biodegradable cellulose-starch composite films. The effects

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of different plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol, and a combination of both) on the

solubility, sorption, mechanical properties, and water barrier characteristics of the
composite films were investigated. Despite having qualities comparable to
starches from traditional sources, such as wheat, rice, maize, and potatoes, mango
kernel starch remains underutilized. Utilizing mango waste, particularly mango
seeds, could alleviate the problem of waste disposal and create value-added
commercial products. Cellulose, as a reinforcing filler in biopolymers based on
starch, has garnered significant interest. The low cost, availability, renewability,
and biodegradability of cellulose-based composites make them attractive for the
development of structural materials from renewable resources. This research aims
to maximize the extraction of high-purity mango kernel starch, evaluate the
physicochemical and functional properties of starch films blended with cellulose
fibers, and examine the synergistic effect of polyols (sorbitol and glycerol) on the
elasticity of cellulose-starch blends. The study demonstrates the viability of
mango kernel starch as a material for film formation and highlights the influence
of different plasticizers on the mechanical and barrier properties of the films.
Films plasticized with glycerol exhibited lower tensile strength but higher
solubility, water vapor permeability, and elongation at break compared to those
plasticized with sorbitol and a combination of both. The findings indicated that
mango kernel starch holds potential for the development of attractive,
biodegradable, and edible films.
Keywords: Mango kernel starch, cellulose-starch composite films, plasticizers,
value-added products, waste utilization, biodegradable films.
Development and Quality Evaluation of Healthy Snack by
Incorporating Carrot Pomace and Cowpea Flour
Mubeen*, Mudassir Rasheed
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Introduction: Changing scenario in the dietary habits of today’s world with more
convenient food choices has led to a remarkable decline in the health status of the
masses. So it is now the dire need of the hour to look for some healthy options to
incorporate into these convenient foods. Objective:Current study was designed to
utilize carrot pomace and cup flour for the development of healthy snacks.
Methodology: Composite flour was developed by incorporating carrot pomace
and cow pea in different ratios and then evaluated for their nutritional, functional
and organoleptic properties. Results:Results revealed significant differences (p <
0.05) in moisture, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein and ash content. The protein
content of the samples varied significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of
cowpea flour from T0 to T4. Composite flour with addition of 20 % carrot pomace
and cowpea flour exhibited significantly higher water absorption capacity and low
oil absorption capacity as compared to control while non-significant results were
observed for bulk density and foaming stability. The highest swelling ability was
found in control and it decreased with the increased level of carrot pomace and
cowpea flour. Furthermore, biscuits were prepared from the flour having different
ratios of carrot pomace and cowpea flour. Sensory scores for all the parameters
illustrated that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among all the
biscuits except for color and texture. Conclusion: The outcomes of the study

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depicted that carrot pomace and cowpea flour can be a good option for the
development of healthy biscuits with enhanced protein and fiber content for
convenient snacks. Besides, it can also aid in ameliorating protein malnutrition by
enhancing the protein content of wheat flour.
Keywords: Snack, Carrot pomace, Cowpea flour
First report of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus infecting hibiscus plant
in Pakistan
Salliha Khalid, Muhammad Tahir
*
Contact: [email protected]
Cotton leaf curl disease, caused by begomoviruses, poses a serious threat to cotton
production in Pakistan. The disease is caused by 5-6 species and numerous strains
of begomoviruses. Alternate host plants are the reservoir host of economically
important viruses, the source of inoculum, and the site of recombination. Leaf
samples of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plant show vein thickening symptoms,and
healthy leaf samples, with no symptoms, were collected from gardens of the
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistanin
2023. PCR amplification with specific primers amplified a begomovirus and a
betasatellite from symptomatic plants but not from healthy plant samples. After
cloning, the genome sequence of virus was determined and shown to sharethe
highest (98%) nucleotide sequence identity with Cotton leaf curl Multan virus
(CLCuMV). The betasatellite showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity to
an isolate of cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB), a betasatellite
associated with cotton leaf curl disease across Pakistan and northwestern India.
These findings add to the diversity of known begomoviruses in South Asia and
again highlight the role of hibiscus as a reservoir of the cotton leaf curl
begomovirus betasatellite complex. This is the first report of cotton leaf curl
Multan virus infecting Hibiscus in Pakistan.
Keywords: Cotton, Hibiscus, Cotton leaf curl virus, reservoir host
Prevalence of Food Poisioning
Sidra Bano
Department of Biology (Zoology), PMAS Arid Agriculture University; University of
Haripur, KPK Pakistan.
*
Contact: [email protected]
Food poisoning is encountered throughout the world. Among the bacteria that
cause food-borne poisoning, some are particularly important in terms of frequency
and/or of seriousness of the disease. Bacteria produce toxins that cause food-borne
poisoning, resulting in symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to
paralysis and death. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention
estimates that 76 million people become ill from food related diseases each year
resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths. Recognizing specific food
poisoning syndromes allows emergency health care providers not only to initiate
appropriate treatment rapidly but also to notify health departments early and
thereby prevent further poisoning cases. Although the rates of footborne illness
may not decreases significantly during the next decades, we can expect more rapid
identification and tracing of outbreaks as well as an improved understanding of
the pathogenes of the footborne disease.

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Volatile constituents from bark of Symplocos racemosa

Azeem Intisar1*, Aqsa Burhan1, Ayesha Sattar1, Azeem Intisar2
1School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;
2School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Pakistan.
*
Contact: [email protected], 00923344160636
Symplocos racemosa belongs to Symplocaceae that is known for its medicinal
importance. It exhibits good healing properties against various diseases such as
asthma, cholera, ulcer, snake bite, eye diseases, fever, hiccough, malaria etc.
Various studies have proved its bioactive potential such as antimicrobial,
antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory propertie. In this study,
volatile compounds from bark of this plant were extracted, separated, identified
first time by hydrodistillation and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. An oil
yield of 0.12% was obtained. A total of 11 components were separated and
identified that constituted 99.04% of the total. Results showed the volatile oil was
rich in various active compounds such as cumaldehyde, 3-caren-10-al,
zingiberene, n-hexadecanoic acid, chavebitol, 10-Octadecanoic acid, methylester
and linoleic acid etc. The most abundant components class of compounds was
fatty acids. The presence of various potent antibacterial compounds indicates that
the essential oil of this plant may have good antibacterial properties and can be
explored for studies in food preservation.
Keywords: Symplocos racemosa, zingiberene, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic
acid
A Generic Split-Gfp-Based Reporter System for Agrobacterium-
Mediated Protein Translocation in Plants
Majid Khan1,2, Ivo Gariboldi1, Remko Offringa1
1Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University,
Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, Netherlands
2Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture,

Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is well characterized for its ability to transfer DNA
to plant and fungal cells, but the fact that it also translocates proteins to its host
cells was only revealed more recently. Agrobacterium-mediated protein
translocation (AMPT) was first detected by restoration of a resistance marker or
GFP reporter following translocation of a Cre recombinase-VirF/VirE2 protein
fusion. Later the split-GFP system was used to detect translocation of GFP11-Vir
fusions to recipient reporter lines overexpressing GFP1-10. Unfortunately, these
translocation reporter systems are not easily applicable to transformation resistant
and regeneration recalcitrant plants such as sweet pepper and tulip, for which the
generation of reporter lines are difficult. Here, we designed a generic split-GFP-
based reporter system for AMPT to be used directly in wild-type plants. In this
system, the GFP1-10 part is transiently expressed from a T-DNA that is co-
transferred with a fusion protein comprising the GFP11 part and the C-terminal
translocation signal of VirF from the same Agrobacterium to any desired wild-
type recipient cell. This modified generic protein translocation reporter system
was successfully tested in a variety of tissues of different plant species, such as
Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Capsicum
annum and Tulipa gesneriana. The system reported efficient AMPT to these plant

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species, and also appeared to be useful for optimization of AMT of tulip, and for
the visual selection of transgenic tulip shoots.
Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Protein translocation, Generic, Split-
GFP system
Development and Suitability of Tomato Based Value Added
Products
Umar Farooq*, Aliza Batool, Afshan Shafi, Muhammad Shahbaz, Shabbir
Ahmad, Nida Firdous, Muhammad Usman, Sibte Abbas, Umrah Zafar
Department of Food Science and Technology, MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) member of Solanaceae family is a nutrient-
rich source of antioxidant lycopene. It is a short-lived crop, yet it is one of the
most nutritious vegetables in an individual's diet. Non-nutritive antioxidants
including lycopene and polyphenols, as well as vitamins A, C, and E, are abundant
in tomatoes. This research aimed to the development of tomato based value added
products for long term use. Tomatoes were used to study their bioactive and
biochemical makeup as well as their proximate composition and mineral profile.
Tomato paste and tomato powder, two value-added products, were produced from
the ripe tomato fruit. The moisture, crude fat, crude protein, fiber, ash content and
carbohydrates in tomato powder were found to be of 5.81±0.312%, 2.13±1.13%,
11.47±0.88%, 7.49±0.93%, 2.52±0.34%, and 70.58±1.63%, respectively. The
moisture, crude fat, crude protein, fiber, ash content and carbohydrate in tomato
paste were79.12±0.21%, 1.1±0.06%, 5.93±0.03%, 5.45±0.13%, 1.76±0.06%, and
6.54±0.43%, respectively. The K, Na, Mg, Zn, Ca and Fe was measured in tomato
powder as with a mean value of 1833.30±2.78mg/100g, 37.95±2.48mg/100g,
124.24±2.83mg/100g, 2.77±1.29mg/100g, 275.23±2.15mg/100g and
3.56±0.51mg/100g respectively while in tomato paste were 72.13±0.28mg/100g,
127.72±0.27mg/100g, 81.86±0.23mg/100g, 0.64±0.06mg/100g,
2.30±0.02mg/100g and 18.11±0.05mg/100g respectively. The Total Phenolic
Contents in tomato powder and paste were estimated to be 76.23±2.09mg
GAE/100g and 2.11±0.02mg GAE/100g, respectively. During storage, acidic
flavor, increased while the color, taste and overall textural profile decreased with
the increase in storage time. Concluding that at 14th day of storage, sample
provided the best results in terms sensory qualities, 7th day of storage was at
second number. Day 1st and 21st day were the least.
Keywords: Tomato, Dried Tomato Powder, Totalphenoliccontent, Antioxidants.
Application of Nanotechnology in Food Industry
Aliza Batool, Umar Farooq*, Afshan Shafi, Nida Firdous, Muhammad Shahbaz,
Shabbir Ahmad, Muhammad Usman, Sibte Abbas, Umrah Zafar
Department of Food Science and Technology, MNSUA, Multan, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
The study of atomic and molecular level matter manipulation is known as
nanotechnology. Food nanotechnology can be traced to Pasteurisation, a
technique pasteur developed to eliminate spoilage germs and which resulted in a
revolution in food processing and food quality improvement. Furthermore, this
method has the potential to reduce the cost of food additive components while

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enhancing the shelf life of food goods. The goal is to increase product shelf life
and freshness while also increasing food quality. Nanotechnology can completely
transform the food business. The food industry is utilising nanotechnology to
create nanoscale ingredients that influence food colour, texture, and flavour.
Using nanotechnologies to develop smart packaging to maximize product shelf
life has been an aim of many companies. Another potential application of
nanotechnology is the development of food analysis procedures for detecting
minute levels of chemical contamination, virus, or bacteria in food systems. A
regulatory structure capable of regulating any dangers related tonanofoods and
the usage of nanotechnologies in the food business is urgently needed. The food
and food-related industries are predicted to increase their use of nanotechnology,
which will have an impact on the food system at all phases, from food production
to processing, security, packaging, transportation, quality, storage, safety and
safety. The safety of food and food-related items utilising nanoparticles will
determine public acceptance. A unified international regulatory framework for
food nanotechnology is required.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, shelf life, nanoparticles, food quality, food colour
Comparative phytochemical analysis and characterization of local
sugarcane products
Moattar Fatima, M. Qasim Hayat, Muhammad Tahir
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a widely cultivated crop known for its
diverse applications in the food industry. Major products of sugarcane are table
sugar, brown sugar, jaggery, and molasses. As these products are derived from
sugarcane, it is important to determine whether they retain similar levels of
essential nutrients or if the processing methods significantly alter their nutrient
profiles. In this study, comparative phytochemical analysis and characterization
of these products was performed. Analytical techniques such as Fourier-transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed in sugarcane products. The FTIR
analysis revealed distinctive spectral patterns among the sugarcane products,
indicating variations in their chemical composition. GC-MS analysis provided
insights into the volatile components present in the products, offering further
discrimination between the samples. XRD analysis was conducted to evaluate the
crystalline nature and crystal structure of the products. These techniques
highlighted distinct variations in their chemical profiles and structural
characteristics. The comparative analysis of sugarcane products revealed that
these products contain lesser nutrient levels compared to fresh sugarcane juice.
To address this issue and enhance the nutritional value of these products, several
potential solutions can be considered to improve the manufacturing process like
minimizing heating and processing time, using minimal chemical additives, and
trying to retain the fibrous components.
Keywords: Sugarcane, Table sugar, XRD, FTIR, GC-MS
Fungi vs Microplasitcs: An in Silico Study on Ascomycetes'
Enzymatic Potential
Khadija Amjad, Muhammad Faraz Bhatti

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Department of Plant Biotechnology, ASAB, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan

Microplastics are irregularly shaped synthetic particles having a size of 1 to 5μm
with an annual production of more than 348 million tons. Considerable pollution
of the environment has been done due to an increase in plastic production in the
past decades. These pose a significant threat to the environment. In this study,
various ascomycetes were explored for lipase that is capable of microplastic
degradation. After a comprehensive analysis of ascomycete’s genomes, sequences
for lipase genes were identified and subjected to further bioinformatics analysis.
The 3D structures of the identified enzymes were predicted, and molecular
docking simulations were carried out for analyzing the interaction between lipase
and six different microplastics including polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene
terephthalate (PET). The results of molecular docking revealed the key residues
that are involved in the protein-ligand interaction and also provided and insight
into the binding affinities. The finding of this study showcases the potential of
fungal lipases for microplastic degradation, especially with reference to most
abundant ones like PC and PET. Further experimental investigation is required
for the validation of these results for real world applications.
Keywords: microplastics, fungal enzymes, polyethylene terephthalate, lipase,
pollution, docking
Zn-Nanobiofertilizers: Green Synthesis and Their Phytostimulatory
Potential
Razeen Gul, Ambreen Ahmed*
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
The use of agrochemicals in excessive amount negatively affect the soil nutrients,
biotic community and soil fertility which directly affect the plant health, so it is
necessary to develop the eco-friendly methods. Nanotechnology is the latest
technique which led to numerous innovations in the agriculture sector to improves
the nutrient availability leading to better yield and quality of crops. The nano-
biofertilizers are the combination of nanoparticles and PGPR, having
phytostimulatory impact on plants growth. These PGPRs improve plant health by
various mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, nutrient
availability and production of plant hormones. Similarly, the nanoparticles of
metals and their ions play important role in plant growth. the current study deals
with green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles by using Azadirachta indica. The PGPR
include in current study are Bacillus bingmayogenesis (KH3),Bacillus tropicus
(LS5)], Achromobacter denitrificans (HS4) and Pseudomonas sp., (AH2)]. The
Green synthesiszed zinc nanoparticles with above mentioned PGPR were applied
on Zea mays in randomized complete block design. A controlled treatment was
also given to Zea mays without any nanoparticles and PGPR. The treated plants
showed significant increment in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, fresh
weight, protein content and chlorophyll content of Zea mays L. as compared to
control which indicated that nano-biofertilizers treatment is more efficient,
effective and environment friendly strategy and can be utilized for sustainable
agriculture as cost effective strategy.
Keywords: Green synthesis, Zn-Nanobiofertilizers, phytostimulation, PGPR

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Rhizobacterial Bioformulations: A Green Strategy for Sustainable

Agriculture
Muhammad Mohsin Raza, Ambreen Ahmed*
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
The global food demands due to increasing population has increased the use of
chemical fertilizers, however, this usage has proven extremely hazardous for
human health as well for environmental conditions. To minimize the deleterious
effects of chemical fertilizers, PGPR are used as biofertilizers, due to their eco-
friendly nature. But there has always been an issue of their viability and required
shelf life for successful application and for greater yields. In a developing country
like Pakistan, we need to apply these biofertilizers in economic and effective way
due to extreme variations in temporal conditions and non-availability of advance
techniques at user end. In the current research work, actually tried to fill in the
gap by selecting suitable carrier materials that are wheat bran and rice husk in
combination with the consortia of rhizobacteria which is an advance strategy for
improved shelf life and viability of biofertilizers. For this purpose,
bioformulations were prepared by using an ample product of flour and rice milling
industry i.e., wheat bran and rice husk as organic carrier materials for the consortia
of spore forming and gram-positive rhizobacteria [Bacillus tropicus(LS5)] with
non-spore forming and gram-negative rhizobacteria [Achromobacter denitrificans
(HS4), Enterobacter sp., (AB7), Pseudomonas sp., (AH2)]. The phytostimulatory
effects of metabolic diversity of inoculated PGPRs and their viability after 30 days
of storage were illustrated by the increments in shoot length, number of leaves,
fresh weight, total chlorophyll content and protein content and root architecture
modifications of treated plants. The current research suggested Bacillus
tropicus(LS5) and Achromobacter denitrificans (HS4) as best consortia and wheat
bran is more effective carrier material as compared to rice husk, which
encompasses the commercialization of bioproduct in developed and developing
countries by keeping the cost effectiveness, consumer health friendly and
environmental compatibility in balance.
Keywords: bioformulations, biofertilizers, phytostimulation, PGPR
Phytostimulatory Impact of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive PGPR on
Zea mays L. and their Genetic Studies
Sara Rehmat, Ambreen Ahmed*
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
World population in increasing day by day and global crop production is
becoming more and more necessary to meet the demands of this expanding
population, and by 2050, it is predictable to reach almost 9 billion people.
Worldwide agriculture is transitioning to a more sustainable and environmentally
friendly strategy, spurred by rising demand and knowledge of the detrimental
effects existing agricultural practices have on health of human being and the
environment. Since Pakistan is an agricultural country and it contributes above
18% to Pakistan’s GDP. But this increasing population and food demand also
resulted in increased industrial practices. Heavy metals released from the these
industries are contaminating our environment including soil and water. So there
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is a dire need to eradicate this problem to protect our environment as well as our
agriculture. Plant growth promoting bacteria are the rhizobacteria, affecting the
growth of plants. Some of the PGPR are able to resist the heavy metals, although
majority of them are sensitive to the heavy metals. The current study deals with
the evaluation of chromium resistant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for
growth promotional potential by applying post germination treatment technique
using soil and foliar application to Zea mays L. plant. The treated and non-treated
plants were then analyzed for the various growth aspects and biochemical
parameters to observe the impact of chromium resistant plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria on plant growth. The bacterial strains were also characterized
genetically by extracting the DNA of the Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive samples.
The extracted DNA was then analyzed by running the sample using gel
electrophoresis system and gel documentation system. Result showed that among
six bacterial strains, Th6, Tp8, A9G and DS4 were chromium resistant and
Chromate reductase gene was present on the plasmids of these chromium resistant
bacteria while chromium sensitive strains 3a and Th1 lacked it. Among chromium
resistant strains, DS4 showed significant enhancement in the Zea mays L. growth.
Keywords: Phytoremediatuon, PGPR, Zea mays L, chromium, chromate
reductase
Antibacterial Potential of Green AgNPs Synthesized Using
Cinnamomum verum
Maheen Javed, Ambreen Ahmed*, Fareeha Iqbal
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
In the current era, nanotechnology plays a significant role in drug delivery
systems, enabling targeted and controlled release of medications. Green synthesis
refers to the production of the nanoparticles that minimizes the hazardous
chemicals and energy. In the current study, the ethanolic extract and fractions of
Cinnamomum verum bark were prepared and analyzed for their phytochemical
composition, antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) assay, and antimicrobial activity. The crude ethanolic extract and its four
fractions were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The qualitative
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and
alkaloids in the crude ethanolic extract. Among the fractions, the dichloromethane
(F3) fraction exhibited the highest content of total phenolics, alkaloids, and
antioxidant activity. Gentamicin, a synthetic antibiotic, was used as a positive
control for antibacterial activity, while dimethyl sulfoxide used as a negative
control. The crude ethanolic extract, its fractions and Ag-NPs synthesized from
these extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial potential against nine bacterial
strains (TP8, A9G, ES3, DS4, E1, 3a, HS4, KH3 & LS5). The AgNPs synthesized
from the extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity compared to the crude
ethanolic extract and its fractions that these silver nanoparticles can be further
processed and effective application at antibacterial agents that could be helpful in
providing organic solutions for treating diseases.
Keywords: Green synthesis, AgNPs, DPPH, antibacterial potential,
Cinnamomum

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Exploring the Hypocholesterolemic Impact of Soy Milk Based

Pudding
Muhammad Mudassir Rasheed
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Introduction: The imbalance and poor dietary intake habits lead to consequences
like hypercholesterolemia also known as dyslipidemia, a very common disorder
with broad spectrum of other metabolic ailments like obesity, diabetes, certain
cancers, cardiovascular diseases, along with polycystic ovary syndrome. Soybean
(Glycine max) contains high quality proteins (40-50%), carbohydrates (25-30%),
fat (20-30%), dietary fiber (15%) as well as micronutrients like vitamins and
minerals. It also contains numerous phytochemicals such as isoflavones, saponins,
phytosterols, phytic acid and bioactive peptides. Likewise, Presence of
phytoestrogens enhance its antioxidant activity and lower serum cholesterol level
by scavenges free radicals. Objective: The present study was designed to examine
the nutritional significance and explore the impact of soymilk product on
cholesterol level. Methodology: Soy milk was prepared by soaking and grinding
of soybeans followed by analysis of pH, acidity, specific gravity, total soluble
solids, milk solid not fat, proximate composition and mineral contents.
Furthermore, Soymilk based pudding with different concentration was formulated
and evaluated for sensory evaluation. Moreover, two best formulations along with
control (buffalo milk-based pudding) were selected for efficacy trial and served
to 18 individuals (six in each group) for 45 days. Blood samples from selected
volunteers were taken for serum lipid profile and other associated parameters at
the initial, mid and end of the study period. Results: The pudding prepared from
600 mL soymilk showed significant reduction in serum cholesterol (4.12%), low
density lipoprotein (6.2%), triglycerides (7.1%), whereas high density
lipoproteins (10%), RBCs (2.5%), WBCs (2%), and platelet count (1.5%) were
increased. Conclusion: Soy milk should be incorporated in the regular diet of
hypercholesteremic individuals to harvest the advantages associated with it.
Keywords: Health, Hypercholesterolemia, Functional food, Soybean, Soymilk
pudding
Evaluation of Chelating agents as effective phytoremediatory tools
for minimizing Cr-toxicity in plants grown under Cr-stress
conditions
Lyeba Shoaib, Ambreen Ahmed*
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Phytoremediation is cost effective, environmentally sustainable method for the
cleanup of contaminated sites having contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides
and petroleum hydrocarbons and avoids the use of harsh chemicals. Chromium is
a heavy metal which when present in high concentrations in the soil, can be
hazardous to plants. However, certain plant species have evolved mechanisms that
allow them to tolerate and store chromium without suffering any negative effects.
The plants which are used for the phytoremediation are known as
hyperaccumulators. Chelators are substances with an ability to bind to and take

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away metal ions from surroundings. They are frequently employed in a variety of
processes, including purifying water, preserving food, and providing medical
care. In the current research work,Zea mays was used as hyperaccumulator under
chromium stress was given to the plant. Two chelating agents that are CA and
EDTA were applied to Zea mays under the chromium stress for phytoremediation.
Due to the application of chelators to corn plant in the presence of heavy metal
stress (Cr 250, Cr 500, Cr 750, Cr 1000), the plant was able to grow more
efficiently as compared to the conditions in which chelators were not present. The
growth and biochemical parameters were analyzed. There was significant increase
in the growth parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh weight, no. of leaves)
and biochemical parameters (chlorophyll content, protein content) in the plants
treated with chelators (CA & EDTA) under chromium stress. Chelating
compounds can be used as soil extractants and have application in agricultural
fields that are rich in micronutrients.
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria: A Green Strategy for Plant Growth
Improvement
Aqsa Tariq, Ambreen Ahmed*
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Phosphate is an important macronutrient required for various plant physiological
processes. Low mobility and high chelation rate make phosphate a limiting
macronutrient in soils, therefore, farmers use synthetic fertilizers to bring off plant
phosphate demand. Excessive use of synthetic phosphate fertilizers adversely
effects our ecosystem. Use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) offer a green
strategy to make insoluble phosphate in soil available to plants, thus, improving
plant growth organically. Some PSB also have ability to promote plant growth
through mechanisms such as production of phytohormones. Auxins are widely
produced phytohormones by rhizobacteria that act as key factor in regulating
plant-microbe symbiotic interactions. Hence, phosphate solubilizing PGPR,
besides solubilizing phosphate, can also improve plant growth. In the current
study, rhizobacteria with greater phosphate solubilizing efficiency were selected
and their growth promotional profiling was studied. Phosphate solubilizing
efficacy of these PSB was analyzed under variable physical parameters. High-
Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis (HPLC) analysis revealed the
release of various organic acids by these rhizobacteria which are responsible for
the solubilization of insoluble phosphate. Growth stimulatory impact of these
phospho-rhizobacteria were evaluated using Zea mays L. Our data showed that
the bacterial isolates have shown variable potential to solubilize phosphate under
varying physiological conditions. The data suggested that these bacterial strains
can be used as phosphate biofertilizers for growth improvement of plants in place
of chemical phosphate fertilizers which will be a cost-effective strategy towards
green agriculture.
Keywords: Phosphate Solubilization, HPLC, PSB, Rhizobacteria, Auxins

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Formulation and evaluation of polymeric nanosuspensions of

meloxicam with its enhanced analgesic effect in mice
Rabia Noor1*, Syed Muhammad Farid Hasan1, Shazia Haider1, Faheema
Siddiqui2, Ijaz Ahmed1
1Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Karachi; 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], 0323-2308070
Meloxicam belongs to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II
drugs possessing poor water solubility. It has analgesic and anti-inflammatory
properties. Poor solubility restricts drug release and hinders in producing desired
effect in analgesia. The present study designed to increase the solubility of drug
to produce more analgesic effect than pure meloxicam. A total of four polymeric
nanosuspensions were made using chitosan and soluplus®by bottom-up method.
Among all formulations, one polymeric nanosuspension found more promising in
various physicochemical tests. The potent formulation subjected to in-vivo
analgesic activity (Hot plate test followed by formalin test) in albino mice (22 to
26kg) with different doses along with pure meloxicam. The results of optimized
nanosuspension showed better response at low dose with less IC50 value as
compared to pure meloxicam with respect to control. Similarly, in formalin test
(consisting of early and late phases)the optimized formulation produced more
response in both phases especially in late phase of formalin test than pure
meloxicam. Therefore, it can be concluded that chitosan along with soluplus®can
be used to increase the solubility of meloxicamin order to produce more analgesic
effect than pure compound.
Keywords: Poor solubility, nanosuspension, bottom-up, analgesic, meloxicam.
In vitro and in Vivo characterization of therapeutically effective
serine protease inhibitor isolated from Momordica charantia L.
Shagufta Kamal1*, Naheed Akhter2, Sadia Zafar2, Saima Rehman3, Ismat Bibi4,
Kanwal Rehman5
1Dept.
of Biochemistry, GCU, Faisalabad;2Dept. of Botany, Division of S&T, University of
Education, Lahore;3Dept. of Chemistry, GCU, Faisalabad; 4Dept. of Chemistry, IUB,
Bahawalpur; 5Dept. of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
In the present study, peptides were isolated from locally available and identified
strain of Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) to determine its serine protease
inhibition potential. Three-step purification resulted in 11.8% purification fold.
Newly isolated hexapeptide showed potent inhibition potential of serine protease.
The alkaline protease inhibitory activity was found to be in the range of Ki = 0.13
± 0.05 µM to 1.89±0.25 µM, IC50 = 0.048±0.85 to 0.68±0.15µM than interferons
(0.08±0.005 µM) as peptides having carboxylate as a strong electron-withdrawing
group was recorded as a most potent inhibitor of alkaline protease inhibitor while
(%) inhibition against trypsin was ranging between 62.65±2.45 to 94.24±2.61.
The kinetic study predicted that isolated peptides followed the un-competitive and
mixed type of inhibition against serine protease. In silico molecular docking of
the most potent peptide (COP) was performed at the active site of the alkaline
protease co-crystal structure (PDB ID:1NEN). The results of molecular docking

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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

approved the experimental findings. A primary indication of hepatic damage

induced by CCl4 was obtained by the evaluation of hepatic enzymatic markers of
injury such as ALP, AST and ALT. The levels of ALP, AST and ALT, 48 h after
the administration of CCl4, were significantly elevated relative to the control
group. These enzymes enter the circulatory system due to altered permeability of
membranes and their increased levels reflected severe damage to the structural
integrity of the liver. The administration of peptides significantly attenuated
CCl4-induced elevation of AST and ALT, indicating its hepatoprotective activity.
Keywords: Electron withdrawing group, trypsin, molecular docking, un-
competitive and mixed inhibition
Effect of dietary supplementation of microbial dextran and inulin
exopolysaccharides on metabolomics and microbiome of BALB/c
mice models
Iqra Jawad1, Husam Bin Tawseen1, Muhammad Irfan1, Waqar Ahmad1,2,
Mujtabah Hassan1, Fazal Sattar1, Fazli Rabbi Awan1, Shazia Khaliq1, Nasrin
Akhtar1, Kalsoom Akhtar1, Munir Ahmad Anwar1*
1Industrial Biotechnology Division, NIBGE-C, PIEAS, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan;
2Department of Microbiology, AUST, Havelian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], +92 41 9201316
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs), having great structural diversity, have
gained tremendous interest for their prebiotic effects. In the present study, mice
models were used to investigate if microbial dextran and inulin-type EPSs could
also play role in the modulation of microbiomics and metabolomics by improving
certain biochemical parameters, such as blood cholesterol and glucose levels and
weight gain. Feeding the mice for 21 days on EPS-supplemented feed resulted in
only 7.6 ± 0.8% weight gain in the inulin-fed mice group, while the dextran-fed
group also showed a low weight gain trend as compared to the control group. The
blood glucose levels of the dextran- and inulin-fed groups did not change
significantly compared to the control, which increased by 22 ± 5%. Moreover, the
dextran and inulin exerted pronounced hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing
the serum cholesterol levels by 23% and 13%, respectively. The control group
was found to be mainly populated with Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus
gallinarum, Mammalii coccuslentus and Klebsiella aerogenes. The colonization
of E. faecalis was inhibited by 59–65% while the intestinal release of Escherichia
fergusonii was increased by 85–95% in the EPS-supplemented groups,
respectively, along with the complete inhibition of growth of other
enteropathogens. Additionally, higher populations of lactic acid bacteria were
detected in the intestine of EPS-fed mice as compared to controls.
Keywords: gastrointestinal microbiota; enteric pathogens; prebiotic
exopolysaccharides; hyperglycemia; hypercholesterolemia

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Production and characterization of a high molecular weight levan

and fructo oligosaccharides from a rhizospheric isolate of Bacillus
aryabhattai
Anam Nasir1, Fazal Sattar1, Iram Ashfaq1, Stephen R. Lindemann2, Ming-Hsu
Chen2,3, Wim Vanden Ende4, Ebru ToksoyӦner5, Onur Kirtel5, Shazia Khaliq1,
M. Afzal Ghauri1, Munir A. Anwar1∗
1IndustrialBiotechnology Division, NIBGE-C, PIEAS, Faisalabad; 2Dept. of Food
Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA;
3School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,

Block N1.2, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore; 5Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU

Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; 6IBSB-Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research
Group, Dept. of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
*Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Bacillus aryabhattai GYC2-3 strain, capable of synthesizing exopolysaccharide
(EPS), was isolated from the rhizosphere of Taraxacum spp. plant. The EPS was
identified as levan by 13C NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis. The
levan produced had a high weight average molecular weight of 5.317 × 107 Da
and degree of branching 5.19%. Thinlayer chromatography and high-performance
anion-exchange chromatography revealed that it is capable of producing broad
range of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and higher levels of FOS synthesis were
observed with increasing sucrose concentrations. The optimum temperature,
initial pH and sucrose concentration for levanbiosynthesis were studied to be 30
°C, 8.0 and 250 g/L, respectively. Levan production was increased by ~38%(26
g/L) when provided aeration as compare to static cultures. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first report on biosynthesis of levan and FOS by a B.
aryabhattai strain.
Keywords: Bacillus aryabhattai, Levan, Fructooligosaccharides,
Exopolysaccharide, Prebiotics
Development, optimization, and efficacy assessment of next-
generation biofertilizers, Roadmap to sustainable agriculture
Abdul Mateen*, M. Ahmad, M. Shoaib Nawaz, M. Usama Marghoob, Nida
Fatima, Asma Imran
Soil and Environment Biotechnology Division, NIBGE, Faisalabad.
*
Contact: [email protected]
Biofertilizer is one of the stratagems for sustainable agriculture and
environmental conservation that facilitates nutrient uptake to the plant by
mobilizing the soil’s inaccessible minerals whether used in conjunction with
chemical fertilizers or independently. The fundamental determinant of
biofertilizer efficacy lies in the viability of beneficial bacteria, also called as Plant
Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), that hinges upon the storage conditions
and the carrier material. To assess these two critical factors, present study
examined the impact of four previously characterized next-generation inoculums,
five different carrier materials (peat moss, filter mud, animal compost, plant
compost, and biochar), and a range of temperatures - specifically tailored to the
temperature zones, prevalent in Pakistan - on the viability and PGP trait of PGPR
after 1, 3 and 6 months of storage. Concisely, The purification of PGPR from
carriers was confirmed through morphological and molecular characterization by

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 International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

microscopy and DNA fingerprinting respectively. The calculated CFU count and
efficiency tests (N2 fixation, Ca mobilization, IAA production, and Zn and P
solubilization) of purified isolates from all five carriers exhibited that peat moss
provided the highest shelf life (1.17x1010 CFU) followed by filter mud (9.26x109
CFU) and animal compost (7.95x109 CFU) at 30°C up to six months. Among
other carriers, biochar showed the least viable cell counts 2.36x109 CFU at 30°C.
Moreover, the cell count of all the carrier materials was >109 at 30°C throughout
six months, which justifies the efficiency of carriers for all four consortia.
Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy of carrier materials before and after
inoculation of next-generation biofertilizers inoculum also confirmed the
presence of inoculated bacteria. Pathological and toxicity analysis of all the carrier
materials revealed that all six bioformulations are safe to use without any health
implications. Furthermore, the temperature variations on all carriers comprehend
that a range from 30° to 0°C is the optimum temperature for storage of
bioformulation while minimum survival was observed at 50°C followed by 40°C.
The results elaborated that inoculation of PGPR into various carriers survived at
various temperatures without losing their PGP characteristics or endangering
ecosystem’s health. This study provides insight into the storage and efficacy of
new bioformulations being developed in the lab.
Keywords; Biofertilizers, Sustainable agriculture, PGPR, Bioformulation, and
Next-generation
Utilization of saccharified Arthrocnemum macrostachyum biomass
as a low-cost naturaladsorbent for the removal of methylene blue
dye from aqueous solution
Tooba Khan1,2*, Muhammad Sohail1
1Dept. of Microbiology, University of Karachi; 2Dept. of Applied Sciences, Faculty of
Engineering Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University, Karachi
Objectives: Arthrocnemum macrostachyumis a halophytic plant that can survive
in considerably high salt concentrations; up to 200mM. Endophytic bacteria
associated with them are not only capable of enhancing their survival ability in
hyper-saline soils but also known to produce various extracellular enzymes. In
this study, the multi-enzyme preparation obtained from the isolated endophytes
from this plant was first used for the saccharification of its own biomass and
thissaccharified biomass was then used as a natural adsorbent to remove
methylene blue dye from its aqueous solution. The utilization of natural substrates
for dye removal have now become the research focus as they are abundantly
available, easily up-graded and high adsorptiom capacities then synthetic
adsorbents. Methods: The endophytic bacteria were screened for the production
of four extracellular enzymes i.e. xylanase, cellulase, pectinase and amylase by
qualitative analysis using 1% specific substrate medium and quantitative analysis
using standard DNS method. 50 IU ml-1of the crude multi-enzyme preparation
was then added in a flask containing the powdered biomass of A.
macrostachyumin 50mM sodium citrate buffer of 3.5 pH and 0.2% sodium azide.
Followed by the saccharification, 20 ml of 20 mgL-1 of MB solution was added
with 0.1% w/vsaccharified biomass and effect of pH and time on the dye
adsorption was analyzed. Moreover, the kinetic parameters were obtained by

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Pseudo-First and Pseudo-Second order models which indicates the efficiency of

adsorbent. The release of reducing sugar was found to be 0.66g.g-1 and 0.42 g.g-
1of the substrate indicating the effective saccharification of biomass by the crude
multi-enzyme extract. Maximum dye adsorption was attained at pH 10 (95%) and
after 60 minutes (97.8%). Moreover, a comparative analysis of dye removal with
the unsaccharified biomass (76%) as an adsorbent also showed the increased
efficiency of saccharified biomass in removing dye. The kinetic parameters
revealed that the adsorption process followed Pseudo-second order model with
high R2 values (>90%) indicating the chemical nature of the adsorption process.
The saccharified biomass of A. macrostachyum can be efficiently used in the
removal of methylene blue dye as a natural and cheaper source of adsorbent and
its further potential can be explored at industrial level. This saccharification can
be effectively done by using the crude multi-enzyme extract of the endophytic
bacteria isolated from the A. macrostachyum.
Keywords: adsorbent, multi-enzyme, methylene blue, Arthrocnemum
macrostachyum
Structural insights into the mechanism of resistance to bicalutamide
by the clinical mutations in androgen receptor in chemo-treatment
resistant prostate cancer
Abdul Majeed, Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar*
Integrative Omics & Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Dept. of Bioinformatics and
Biotechnology, GCUF, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Despite advanced diagnosis and detection technologies, prostate cancer (PCa) is
the most prevalent neoplasms in males. Dysregulation of the androgen receptor
(AR) is centrally involved in the tumorigenesis of PCa cells. Acquisition of drug
resistance due to modifications in AR leads to therapeutic failure and relapse in
PCa. An overhaul of comprehensive catalogues of cancer-causing mutations and
their juxta positioning on 3D protein can help in guiding the exploration of small
drug molecules. Among several well-studied PCa-specific mutations, T877A,
T877S and H874Y are the most common substitutions in the ligand-binding
domain (LBD) of the AR. In this study, we combined structure as well as
dynamics-based in silico approaches to infer the mechanistic effect of amino acid
substitutions on the structural stability of LBD. Molecular dynamics simulations
allowed us to unveil a possible drug resistance mechanism that acts through
structural alteration and changes in the molecular motions of LBD. Our findings
suggest that the resistance to bicalutamide is partially due to increased flexibility
in the H12 helix, which disturbs the compactness, thereby reducing the affinity
for bicalutamide. In conclusion, the current study helps in understanding the
structural changes caused by mutations and could assist in the drug development
process. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Keywords: FEL; MD simulation; PCA; Prostate cancer; drug resistance;
mutations.
A Study on Prevalence of Different Congenital Limb Defects
Patients of Haripur District who Visited Rehabilitation Centre

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Bibi Khola Batool1*, Ayesha Sana1, Aqsa Shaheen1, Khadija Qureshi2, Bushra
Bibi2,Asima Azam3, Kamran Ullah3, Saleha Ashfaq3, Asma ul Husna3
1Dept. of Zoology, GPGCHW, KPK; 2Dept. of Zoology, University of Haripur, KPK;
3SBBU, Peshawar
*
Contact: [email protected]
Pakistan faces a high incidence of congenital and acquired limb deformities.
These defects are often neglected by the patient and family, if not fatal. This
research focuses on checking prevalence of limb defects patients who visited
rehabilitation centre from District Haripur based on the kind of defect they had.
The secondary data of year 2020-2022 was collected from Pak Irish Rehabilitation
Centre with the help of structured Performa. The data was analyzed using
descriptive statistics and result was shown by tables and diagrams. Out of 400
subjects, 55.5% were male and 44.5% were female. Majority were of congenital
defects i.e. 261 cases, remaining 139 cases were of acquired. This tells that
congenital limb defects are very frequent among people of Haripur. Congenital
Limb Defects(CLD) were of 8 types; 61 cases of club foot, 6 of polydactyly, 65
of arthrogryposis, 6 of reduction defects, 13 of split hand and foot, 58 of
congenital shortening of lower limb, 10 of syndactyly and 43 of
camptodactyly.32% were familial and 69% were sporadic. Result indicates that
the subjects with milder defects like polydactyly (6 cases) were very few to visit
the rehabilitation centre. The anomalies witnessed were mainly congenital that
could be minimized by strengthening the healthcare system. Additionally this data
helps in awareness of masses regarding better treatment options e.g. prosthesis for
patients having reduction defects or amputations for patients with polydactyly.
This study also helps in planning the needs of materials and budget for the better
treatment options for people with CLD.
Keywords: CLD, Club foot, polydactyly, syndactyly, camptodactyly,
arthrogryposis, prosthesis, amputations
Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitusin District Haripur, KPK, Pakistan
Tooba Hakeem1, Khaula Bibia , Khizra Azama, Alia Khana, Sidra Ayaza, Syed
Zahid Mehboob1, A. Azam2, Kamran ullah3, SalehaAshfaq3, Asma Ul Husna3
1
Dept. of Zoology, GPGC, Pania, District Haripur, KPK; 2Dept. of Zoology, SBBWU,
Peshawer, KPK;3 Dept. of Biology, University of Haripur, KPK
*Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance are the most common life-threatening
disorders with high morbidity and mortality rate. Diabetes rates vary greatly
around the world. Pakistan has the highest diabetes rate at 30.8%, followed by
Kuwait at 24.9%, and Nauru, New Caledonia, and the Northern Mariana Islands,
all at 23.4%. In general population, people are not much aware about these
conditions and hazards of these clinical manifestations, this phenomenon tends to
increase the frequency of type II diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance. The
present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Diabetes mellitus in
District Haripur, KPK, and Pakistan. The study was based on secondary data of
500 patients which was collected randomly from Yahya Hospital in Haripur,
Pakistan. The data was classified for prevalence into month-wise, gender-wise,
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age-wise and random sugar level. The overall prevalence of Diabetes in our study
population was 5%, in which females had higher prevalence of DM (69%) as
compared to males (31%). The age-wise prevalence of DM was also seen more in
females than their male counterparts which was non-significant (<0.05). The
present study revealed that the prevalence of DM increases with age. In the
targeted population of below than 20 years, the prevalence of diabetes increased
with age from 20-65 yearsalong with sugar level with respect to month was highly
significant (<0.05). It has been concluded through this study that due to increasing
rate of diabetes mellitus, special attention is required to given the role of diabetic
awareness programs, community-based screening campaigns, and different
educational health programs in reducing health problems caused by diabetes,
which in the long run will help to reduce the burden and prevalence of this disease.
The PgCadh gene in Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is
involved in Resistance Suppression against Cry1Ac in Pakistan
Jam Nazeer Ahmad1,2*, Dilawar Majeed1, Samina Tanwir1,2
¹Integrated Genomic, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Dept. of
Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; ²Plant Stress Physiology and
Molecular Biology Lab, Dept. of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Gene silencing through RNA interference in different insect pests has been
targeted from previous few years. It has been exploited to inhibit growth of insect,
induce mortality, avoids resistance evolution and increases the chances of insect
susceptibility to Cry1Ac and pesticides. Here, two field collected populations of
Pectinophora gossypiella (Multan and Faisalabad) and one susceptible and other
resistant laboratory population was used for investigation. All populations were
examined for PgCad1 gene expression that is involved in Bt resistance against P.
gossypiella. The double stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific forPgCad1 gene in
Pectinophora gossypiella was developed and employed through micro-injection
using different concentration (1-3 ul/sample) to knockdown it in resistant
population. The results showed that expression of PgCadh1 was up regulated in
Multan, and laboratory reared resistant population as compared to Faisalabad and
laboratory reared susceptible population. Down regulation of PgCad1 gene was
observed in 3rd instar larvae upon application of PgCad1-dsRNA RT-PCR and
real time PCR. Increased mortality was observed in 3rd instar larvae treated with
dsRNA as compared to control insects treated with water and dsGFP. Present
study showed that dsRNA can cause severe effect on the P. gossypiella and
persuade RNA interference. The findings also confirmed that RNAi application
is appropriate tool to cause mortality and to reduce the evolution of Cry1Ac
resistance in P. gossypiella.
Keywords: dsRNA, Pectinophora gossypiella, PgCad1, RNAi, Gene silencing,
Cry1Ac
DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic Analysis and disease transmission
study in Medicago sativa (16Sr-II-D) infected by Phytoplasma
bacteria
Samina Tanwir1,2*, Jam N Ahmad1,2, Muhammad Z Sharif1, Piotr Trebicki3

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¹Dr. Jam Laboratory, Dept. of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad; ²Plant

Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Dept. of Botany, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad; 3Agriculture Victoria Research, Victoria, Australia
Medicago sativa known as lucerne or alfalfa is a good fodder crop in Pakistan. Its
continuous cultivation and sustainable production is important for the better
growth and productivity of cattle. Phytoplasma is an emerging disease worldwide
affecting various crops including lucerne. The study was conducted to identify
phytoplasma and the potential insect vectors responsible for its transmission. The
sampling was done from Multan, RY Khan and Faisalabad, Punjab during 2017-
2020. The detection of phytoplasma in infected samples through staining and
electron microscope indicated the presence of phytoplasma bodies in sieve tube
cells. It was further confirmed by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested-
PCR) by the amplification of 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb DNA fragment of 16SrDNA using
the primer pairs P1/P7 and RI6F2n/R2 respectively. Restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) analysis also showed a similar pattern of bands formation
associating with 16S ribosomal-DNA of 16SrII-D subgroup linked with sesame
phyllody (16SrIID) group. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis exhibited
>99% homology of Pakistani isolates (MT614018.1 and MT614019.1) with
submitted phytoplasma strain “Ca. P. australasia” of 16SrII-D subgroup. The
potential insect vectors, Orosius orientalis, Orosius argentatus, and Laudelphax
striatellus captured from infected plants were detected positive. The transmission
study confirmed their vector status for alfalfa phyllody diseases transmission. To
our information, this is first detection of phytoplasma infestation and the insect
vectors associated with Medicago sativa in Pakistan. The 16Sr-II D group of
phytoplasma is spreading widely in many crops so, control is essential to stop it
from entering into other economically important crops.
Keywords: Alfalfa phytoplasma-Medicago sativa-Insect vectors- 16SrII-D
phytoplasma- DNA sequencing- Nested PCR- Phylogenetic analysis
Fluoride Content in Tea Infusions Sold In Karachi
Tehseen Ahmed*, Zahid Khan, Mohsin Ali
Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
The importance of fluoride intake for maintaining dental health is widely
recognized. One simple, reliable, and cost-effective method for analyzing the
fluoride content as ion (F-) in solutions is through potentiometric analysis using a
fluoride ion-selective electrode. This electrode allows for the detection of even
very low concentrations of fluoride ions (10–6 mol.dm-3). The purpose of this
study was to estimate the fluoride contents in various commercially available tea
infusions with a specific focus on risk of dental caries and fluorosis. To conduct
the analysis, 100 mL samples of 44 different tea brands were kept at boiling
temperature and fluoride concentrations were measured at 5, 10 and 15 minutes
using ion selective electrode. In the case of tea bags, the fluoride content was
analyzed after 5 minutes of steeping in boiling water without additional heating.
The results showed that after 5 minutes of boiling, the average fluoride
concentrations in black, green, and herbal tea infusions ranged from (1.51 – 7. 97)
mg/L, (1.22 – 5.94) mg/L and (0.08 – 0.16)mg/L respectively.
Keywords: Fluoride, fluoride ion-selective electrode, fluorosis, tea infusions.

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Estimation of Essential & Non-Essential Traces of Heavy Metals in

Edible Salt Found In Karachi, Pakistan
Tehseen Ahmed*, M. Asad Khan Tanoli, Zahid Khan
Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
The objective of this study was to assess the levels of essential and non-essential
heavy metal traces present in edible salt from Pakistan. Salt is naturally found in
rocks, lakes, and seas, and it is a widely consumed food item worldwide. It is
important to note that even low concentrations of heavy metals in edible salt can
have severe health consequences. The study focused on evaluating the
concentrations of essential and non-essential heavy metals in various types of salt
available in Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 30 samples were purchased from the
local markets in Karachi, Pakistan and categorized accordingly. The analysis was
performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the levels
of four metals: Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Fe (iron), and Cu (copper). The
maximum concentrations observed in the salt samples were as follows: Pb (1.125
ppm), Cd (not detected), Cu (0.500 ppm), and Fe (12.560 ppm). In terms of
compliance with standard limits, the results indicated that the levels of Pb, Cd,
and Cu in the salt samples adhered to the standards set by Codex (international
food standards) and the Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority
(PSQCA). However, the concentration of iron (Fe) exceeded the standard limits.
Among the 30 samples of pink, refined, and unrefined salt, it was observed that 5
pink salt samples exceeded the maximum limit of 10 ppm set by Iranian standards,
while the remaining 25 salt samples fell within the acceptable limits. It is crucial
to monitor and regulate the levels of heavy metals in edible salt to ensure food
safety and safeguard public health, as excessive concentrations can have
detrimental effects.
Keywords: AAS, Pink salt, refined & unrefined salt, heavy metals, food safety
Synthesis and Antifungal Potential of Schiff Bases of Phenothiazine
Tahmina Syed1, Shazia Haider1*, Saima Tauseef2
1Dept.of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Karachi, Karachi; 2Dept. of Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts,
Science & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
*
Contact: [email protected]
Fungal infections represent a threat to human health. Such infections cause
conditions that range from athlete's foot to severe disseminated disease. Many
fungal diseases like candidiasis or cryptococcosis are continuously spread out as
severe health issues throughout the world. Annually, invasive fungal infections
cause 1.7 million deaths in the world, which is a major public health issue.
Phenothiazines are known to act as potent antifungal agents. Schiff bases are
chemical moieties containing an azomethine group (C=N) which also show
remarkable antifungal potentials. In search of a synergistic effect, eight novel
Schiff bases were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were tested for their
antifungal activity. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used to carry out this
activity. Four Schiff bases exhibited antifungal potentials against the different
fungal strains. Amongst them, STS showed a remarkable activity against most of
the strains. The compound SOH also seemed to posses antifungal strength against

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some species. Furthermore, SAM also exhibited some antifungal effect against
four of the species (10mm against Candida albicans, Rhizomucor pusillus and
Aspergillus fumigates; 13mm against Aspergillus flavus). SDN showed activity
(10mm) against Aspergillus niger. It is note-worthy to mention that on this strain,
even the standard antifungal drug, fluconazole, was seen devoid of any antifungal
potential. Since Schiff bases metal complexes are proved to posses excellent
antifungal potentials, further activity of these four compounds can be enhanced
by their nanosynthesis.
Keywords: Schiff Bases, Antifungal, Phenothiazines
Impact of Therapeutic Tea (Indian Rennet Tea) in Lowering Blood
Glucose in Patients of Diabetes
Uswa Yousaf
Government College University, Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Diabetes mellitus being a leading cause of mortality, disability and reduced life
expectancy, is a major concern in healthcare worldwide affecting every country,
age group and sex. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the
global burden of diabetes has increased significantly in recent decades and is
expected to continue rising in the coming years. In 2017, it was estimated that 451
million adults were living with diabetes worldwide. If effective prevention
methods are not adopted, this number is projected to reach 693 million by 2045.
The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reports that the global prevalence of
diabetes among adults aged 20-79 was 9.8% in 2021. According to the IDF data,
as of 2021, Pakistan has a diabetes prevalence rate of 30.8%, which is the highest
among the top 15 countries with the highest rates of diabetes. To conduct this
research study 20 diabetic patients from age group 35-40 with normal BMI and
elevated blood glucose levels from district of Faisalabad were enrolled via
convenient sampling. T0 was the control group whereas T1 was the experimental
group. The experimental group T1 was supplemented with Indian rennet tea with
a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight in 150 ml water/day, empty stomach for three
months. The results obtained were analyzed through SPSS version 26.
Biochemical analysis of HbA1C level was calculated through paired t-test, pre
and post consumption of therapeutic tea and it was found that those diabetic
patients who used consumed Indian rennet tea had minimized blood glucose levels
as compared to those who did not take therapeutic tea. i.e. blood glucose of control
group > blood glucose of experimental group. In a nutshell, considering the
HbA1C levels, it was found that Indian rennet tea had a significant association
with blood glucose levels. The diabetic patients who consumed Indian rennet tea
saw a significant decrease in blood glucose levels with overall improvement in
health.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1C, Indian Rennet, SPSS, Blood Glucose

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International Conference on Food & Applied Sciences (ICFAS-23)

Antifungal activity of Green synthesized Schiff Base-Polymeric

nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation technique; A new Advancement
Madiha Hamid*1, Shazia Haider2, Hira Khan1, Muniba Inam2
1Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi;
2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Karachi, Karachi,
*
Contact: [email protected], Pakistan; [email protected], 03452990557
Schiff bases carrying two folded nitrogen known as the azomethine group have
been reported against several pharmacological activities such as antifungal,
antibacterial, and anticancer activities [1]. Furthermore, research work has been
revolutionized toward nanotechnology as a nano drug delivery system, increasing
the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs, protecting the drug from the external
environment, as well as controlling and sustaining the release of drugs from the
mesh network of natural polymers [2]. Three synthetic Schiff bases and their
polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation technique.
Natural polymers were used to encapsulate the drug. The successful synthesis of
Schiff Base was confirmed by Mass spectroscopy, FTIR, UV, and 1H-NMR and
nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM, FTIR, and drug release study. These
Schiff bases and their nanoparticles were further investigated by the disc diffusion
method and significant compounds were further evaluated by minimum inhibitory
concentration against the marketed drug fluconazole. The selected strains were
Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Saccharomyces cerevisae,
Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. Amongthese strains, only two strains
were not resistant: Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. Other nanoparticles
showed moderate to significant activities against the remaining strains except
Aspergillus flavus. However, against Candida tropicalis the HPMC polymer
named, HHN3 (16.1±0.11) showed more significant activity as compared to the
standard drug Fluconazole (12.33±1.15). it could be said that increased resistance
to azoles, particularly fluconazole, as a result of irrational antifungal medication.
One of Asia's emerging virulent species is C. tropicalis. It is the most common
yeast causing systemic and superficial infections. According to the study, C.
tropicalis is responsible for bloodstream and urinary tract infections in hospital
patients and patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU), particularly in patients
who use catheters frequently, taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, and cancer
patients. Moreover, according to the drug release study, HHN3 showed sustained
release 78% up to 8th hours. HPMC is a natural, biodegradable, non-toxic
polymer.
Keywords: Polymeric nanoparticles, HPMC, Schiff Bases, Antifungal resistance
Monitoring the Impact of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Food
Resources in Pakistan
Farrukh Afzal
Dept. of Geography, Government Graduate College for Women Gulberg, Lahore
Dietary standards and food security are susceptible to global climate change. The
hazards from climatic change have evolved ever since the 17th century after the
Industrial Revolution, and this holds true for Pakistan's agricultural sector as well.
Global warming, raising sea levels, climatic and precipitation changes, droughts,
famine, heat waves, intensified storms, an increase in air pollution, and a drop in
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the amount and quality of nourishment are all effects of climate change. Learning
about food's chemical and physical characteristics and potential changes that can
occur during food production, processing, and storage is all part of studying food
science. Food science enables us to maximize resource efficiency and reduce
wastage in the food sector. Global climate change has led to large-scale famines,
droughts, floods, and increasing sea levels. In recent times. Urbanization,
deforestation, energy use, combustion, industrial activities, and additional factors
all contribute to this climatic change. Despite this, it has nonetheless had an
impact on the food industry, efficiency, and quality of food supplies, which has
resulted in hunger and food shortages. A case study of Pakistan shows the exact
effects of climate change. Research in food sciences can help stop the shortfall of
food by understanding how we can overcome the disastrous effects of climate
change.
Keywords: climatic change, food security, urbanization, agricultural sector, food
quality
Development of a value-added carrot-chili sauce utilizing red CH-27
hybrid and Sindh Ghotki variety for enhanced flavor and health-
promoting properties
Tahira Bano1, Aasia Akbar Panhwar2, Saghir Ahmed Sheikh1
1Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University,
Karachi;2Institute of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
Chili peppers have significant economic value and are in high demand in
international markets such as Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Despite
being grown seasonally, they are consumed throughout the year. This study aimed
to develop a value-added sauce by combining red CH-27 hybrid and Sindh Ghotki
chili varieties with carrots. The objective was to create sauce rich in natural fiber
and with excellent sensory qualities. Fresh red chilies were processed with water,
red carrot, sugar, salt, glacial acetic acid, and corn starch at specific temperatures,
followed by heating, packing, and pasteurization. The chemical composition,
color, and sensory properties of the sauce were analyzed and compared to control
sample without carrot, considering factors such as color, texture, and sensory
attributes. All sauce samples showed a higher natural fiber content compared to
the control. Carrot-chili sauce using the CH-27 red chili variety exhibited
significantly higher levels of total phenolic components, beta carotene, lycopene,
and antioxidant activities while samples containing Sindh Ghotki red chili
retained higher levels of total solids, ash content, and ascorbic acid. Thus, the
study demonstrates the development of a vibrant and flavorful carrot-chili sauce
using selected chili varieties. The sauce provides a delightful addition to various
dishes and can be used as a tasty dip. Combining chili peppers and carrots not
only enhances the flavor but also adds health-promoting properties to the food.
Keywords: Chili, sauce, chemical composition, food applications and natural
fiber.

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Evaluation of proximate composition and mineral contents of cluster

bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) using different treatment methods
Tahira Bano1, Saghir Ahmed Sheikh1, Aasia Akbar Panhwar2
1Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi;
2Institute of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

Cluster bean (Cyamopsistetragonoloba), also known as guar, is an important crop

cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions, serving various purposes such as seed
production, vegetable consumption, and forage utilization. This study was aimed
to assess the proximate composition and mineral contents of cluster bean using
different treatment methods. Moisture content varied among the samples, with the
highest in boiled (83.51%) and the lowest in thermally dehydrated (9.33%).
Thermally dehydrated samples had higher protein, ash, and crude fiber, while
shade dried samples showed higher carbohydrates and total soluble solids. Curry
samples had the highest fat content. Mineral content varied depending on the
treatment method, with thermally dehydrated samples containing more copper,
iron, calcium, and sodium, and shade dried samples containing more zinc,
manganese, magnesium, and potassium. Fresh samples had significant amounts
of all minerals. These findings provide insights into the nutritional properties of
cluster bean under different treatment methods.
Keywords: Cluster bean, Cyamopsistetragonoloba, proximate composition,
mineral contents, treatment methods, mineral content, nutritional properties
A study on the farmer’s knowledge and intensity of pesticide use in
vegetables grown in district Thatta
Saghir Ahmed Sheikh1, Aasia Akbar Panhwar2, Tahira Bano1
1Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi;
2Institute of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

The use of pesticides has played a significant role in pest control and improving
crop yields. However, concerns have been raised about the indiscriminate use of
pesticides in agricultural crops, particularly vegetables. The study was aimed to
examine the knowledge and practices of farmers regarding pests and pesticide use
in the Thatta district. Sixty small-scale male farmers willingly participated in the
study. The literacy rate of the farmers varied, with 6 being illiterate, 25 having
primary education, 13 having middle education, 9 having secondary education,
and 7 being university graduates, including 2 agriculturists. The age distribution
of the farmers revealed that 6 were between 20 to 30 years old, 11 were between
30 to 40 years old, and the majority were between 40 to 60 years old. The data
indicated that farmers did not adhere to proper safety measures when applying
pesticides. The study also found that the cost of pesticides was highest for
vegetables, especially cauliflower, brinjal, okra, and tomatoes. Enhancing
farmers' awareness of the environmental hazards associated with pesticides and
promoting alternative pest management strategies, such as the use of bio-
pesticides and integrated pest management (IPM), are essential for mitigating the
adverse effects on the environment and human health.
Keywords: Pest intensity, pest management, risk, pesticide and vegetables.

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Comparative Proximate Analyses of Value-Added Products Derived

from Two Varieties of Bananas (Musa spp.)
Saghir Ahmed Sheikh1, Aasia Akbar Panhwar2Tahira Bano1and Sehrish Khan2
1Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi;
2Institute of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

Banana (Musa spp.) holds a prominent position as the fourth most important food
crop globally, offering potential for global marketing and improved income for
farmers. However, in Pakistan, particularly in Sindh province where over 80% of
bananas are grown, there is limited research on banana value addition. This study
aims to convert unripe bananas of two different varieties into valuable products,
specifically banana figs, and compare their nutritional and sensory properties. The
commercialization of these products not only reduces post-harvest losses but also
enables the transfer of these technologies to benefit impoverished farmers, leading
to poverty alleviation and overall economic benefits for the nation. The research
focused on two Cavendish Banana varieties, namely Giant and Dwarf. Physical
parameters, such as weight, length, width, and girth, were recorded, with the
standard weight for Giant variety noted as 145.8g and 44.7g for Dwarf variety.
Chemical analysis revealed that the Dwarf variety had higher total soluble solids
(21.153 °Brix), total sugar (13.21%), reducing sugar (6.9%), and moisture
percentage (77.613%). Conversely, the Giant variety exhibited higher pH (3.831),
vitamin C content (45.02%), titratable acidity (0.267%), non-reducing sugar
(6.52%), and ash content (0.522). Sensory evaluations of the banana figs stored at
room temperature demonstrated significant differences in attributes, except for
consistency, between the two varieties. The banana figs from the Giant variety
received higher scores for taste, flavor, texture, palatability, and color, particularly
in the range of 8 to 10. This study highlights the significance of various
parameters, varieties, treatments, and their interactions, underscoring the potential
for value addition in bananas and the importance of sensory preferences.
Keywords: Unripe banana, value addition, sensory evaluation and
physicochemical properties.
Proximate and mineral composition of wild melon (Citrullus
Ecirrhosus) of village verhar, district Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan
Saghir Ahmed Sheikh1, Tahira Bano1, A. Akbar Panhwar2, Parkash Meghwar3
1Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi;
2Institute of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
3Dept. of Food S&T, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Vegetables are an essential part of human diets worldwide, providing valuable

nutrients that promote disease prevention, improve health, and contribute to body
structure. Nontraditional vegetables are particularly beneficial as they are rich in
micro and macronutrients, helping to meet nutritional requirements and address
micronutrient deficiencies at a low cost. In tropical countries, rural communities
rely on a wide range of wild vegetables, including roots, tubers, leaves, and fruits,
due to their taste, cultural significance, and ability to supplement food supply
amidst population growth. This study aims to investigate the nutritional status and
potential utilization of a specific nontraditional vegetable, the wild cucumber,
which grows abundantly in the Tharparkar desert of Sindh. The study findings

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reveal variations in the moisture content of wild cucumber across different

preparation methods, ranging from 85.93% in fresh samples to 62.80%, 62.08%,
10.85% and 11.64% in fried, cooked, thermally dehydrated and sundried samples,
respectively. The highest ash content was observed in thermally dehydrated
samples (9.15%), followed by samples dried under sunlight (8.13%). Cooked,
fried, and fresh samples had ash contents of 4.05%, 3.97%, and 2.69%,
respectively. The levels of crude fiber, fat, proteins, and carbohydrates were
highest in samples dried under sunlight and lowest in fresh samples. Energy
values were estimated to be 45.76 kcal per 100g in fresh samples, while thermally
dehydrated samples had the highest energy value of 243.25 kcal per 100g. The
mineral composition of wild cucumber, expressed in milligrams per 100g, was
analyzed and compared. Copper, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium,
sodium, and potassium contents were lower in raw samples compared to fried and
curry samples. Curry samples exhibited slightly higher mineral element levels
compared to fresh samples, while the highest mineral element values were found
in dried samples (thermally dehydrated and shade dried). Notably, the copper
content showed no significant difference between curry, thermally dehydrated,
and shade dried samples.
Keywords: Non-traditional vegetables, wild melon, proximate, minerals.
Investigating the therapeutic properties and environmental
sustainability of date seed herbal tea as promising caffeine-free
alternative with nutritional and medicinal value
Ahmed Hassan, Tahira Bano, Namra Aftab, Elaf Sheikh, Hafiz Abdul Sabeer
Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a significant fruit-bearing tree in arid
and semi-arid regions worldwide. The increasing exportation of pitted dates
results in a surplus of date seeds, posing challenges for manufacturing companies.
However, these date seed by-products possess nutritional and medicinal value,
containing dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrates, phenols, and various minerals.
These components offer biological functions such as antioxidant, antibacterial,
and antiviral activities. Date seed powder is rich in antioxidants, fiber, and
minerals, including potassium, magnesium, and calcium, and may also exhibit
anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Date seeds, typically discarded as
waste, offer opportunities for resource utilization and waste reduction. Despite
this potential, date seeds have not been fully explored as functional food
ingredients. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic properties
of herbal tea made from date seeds while also investigating as a sustainable
alternative to traditional caffeinated tea and coffee. Herbal tea preparations
involved infusing date seed powder with boiling water, followed by filtration and
drying of the extracts. Sensory evaluation will assess taste, aroma, and overall
acceptability, alongside dietary analysis to determine composition and potential
health benefits. Furthermore, the study evaluates the environmental sustainability
of date seed herbal tea production, including ecological footprint and water
consumption. These findings provide valuable insights into the viability of date
seed herbal tea powder as a sustainable, caffeine-free alternative, benefiting
consumer health.
Keywords: Date palm, date seed, therapeutic properties, environmental
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sustainability, caffeine
Seed Cycling: A Promising Approach for Preventing PCOS
Maryam Gulzar1, Numan Mahmood2, Sanan Arhum3, Adil Khan1
1NIFSAT, University of Agriculture; 2GIACB, Lahore. 3SMC, Sahiwal
PCOS is a complicated endocrine illness that affects reproductive-age women and
causes irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, acne, and infertility. Alternative
therapies, such as herbal medication, are required for this illness since it can lower
hyperandrogenism and improve insulin sensitivity. The goal of this review was to
assess the effectiveness of non-chemical components and seeds in the treatment
of PCOS. A study of 25 studies on herbal remedies and seeds for polycystic
ovarian syndrome (PCOS) was conducted using computerised databases and
animal and pre-clinical trials.15 studies were chosen after removing clinical and
animal trials with unrelated outcomes. Seed cycling has been shown to improve
sex steroid profiles, LH, steroidogenic enzymes, cardiovascular parameters, lipid
profiles, and glucose/estrous cycles in a review of 25 articles on herbal therapy
and seeds for PCOS. The variety and efficacy of phytotherapy, non-chemical
treatments, and seed cycles in the treatment of PCOS are explored, which will aid
future study. Seed cycling is a viable treatment for PCOS since it assists women
with hormonal difficulties and encourages a healthy lifestyle. To manage PCOS,
track your cycle and divide it into two halves: flax and pumpkin seeds, and
sunflower and sesame seeds
Keywords: PCOS,infertility, Hirsutism,phytotherapy,seed cycling.
Environmental pollution: Facts, causes, effects and its emerging
solution by plantation; A critical review
M. Kabir1*, Um e Habiba2, M. Z. Iqbal3, M. Shafiq3, Z. Farooqi3, Wali Khan4
1Dept. of Biological Sciences, Thal University Bhakkar, University of Sargodha, Bhakkar;
2Dept. of Physics, RIU, Faisalabad; 3Dept. of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi;
4Dept. of Zoology, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Khyber

*Contact: [email protected]
Environmental degradation is an alarming issue or problem in the world of today.
The negative effects of a polluted environment are becoming very severe due to
the degradation of environmental conditions & loss of biodiversity. The presence
or absence of any specific plant species in an area points out a specific level of
environmental pollution which means the quality of life is dependent on
environment. As clean and green environment creates good conditions for the
existence, growth & development of all living organisms. Many organisms are
being affected directly or indirectly due to different types of environmental
pollution resulting from different sources. It is due to rapidly increase in the
human population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, vehicular emission and
deforestation. Environmental contamination, especially by the industrial
revolution in an urban area, is a major issue in front of the globe today and
especially in Pakistan. So, there is the rising alertness of the fact that a clean and
green environment is vital for good health and growth of all living organisms. It
should be our topmost preference to keep our environment clean and green
because cleanness is a part of our faith. Primary sources of environmental
pollution are growing significantly (p<0.05) by anthropogenic (man-made)

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activities which are constantly adding different types of pollutants into all
components of environment. Different types of factories discharged their toxic
wastes into the environment which are contaminating the soil which acts as a basic
medium for plant growth. So, this environmental degradation by different
anthropogenic activities including industries is causing a great hazard to plants,
animals as well as humans. All over the world there looks a big problem of
environmental pollution due to which the world is in anxiety. However, the main
cause of pollution is human himself. The person thus known as a human being
doesn’t show any humanity for the environment, as humans use and exploit all
sorts of resources for his own profit no matter they may derive from nature or by
using different species of the planet. A someone may go up to any level for his
own edges the highest most ungenerous species on the planet and creates issues
for himself and even for other living organisms. So, each problem has a solution,
because problem is all the time man-made (anthropogenic), so man needs to
discover the solution because nothing is unchangeable and pure in this universe
except Allah. In recent advances, there is an urgent need to expand clean & green
spaces around & within the polluted areas for the existence of healthy
environmental situations. As some plant species are acting as pollution sink and
can act as natural lungs of environment. It was concluded that if haphazard human
population growth and constructions of new structures go on at present rate in
Pakistan without understanding the significance of trees in the environment then
there will be more destructive changes for all living organisms in future. These
changes are harmfully affecting to all living organisms. So, a humble request to
all humanity is that adopt the “green revolution which is the best solution to arrest
the environmental pollution” for a sustainable environment to keep it clean and
green.
Keywords: Anthropogenic activities, environmental degradation, green
revolution, industrial revolution, plantation.
Food security in changing climate
Maryam Jamil, Afshan Shafi, Umar Farooq, Aliza Batool, Ramsha Akram,
Dept. of Food S&T, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
Contact: [email protected]
Global crop production is in danger as a result of climate change, population
expansion, and altering dietary habits, according to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change and other international organizations. The agricultural
sciences are expected by society to develop novel answers to these issues and
guarantee food security for the foreseeable future. The following factors pose
threats to world food security: (a) population growth from 7 billion in 2011 to 9.2
billion in 2050; (b) climate change; (c) soil degradation due to erosive processes,
salinization, loss of organic matter and nutrients, and elemental imbalance; (d)
reduced water availability; (e) competition for land due to urbanization, biofuel
production, brick-making, and other non-agricultural uses; and (f) preferences for
animal-based diets. Low-income food producers and consumers will be more
exposed to the effects of climate change due to a lack of resources to invest in
organizations and technology that can adapt to changing climate conditions. It is
possible to create certain synergies between food security, adaptation, and
mitigation. Promising therapies like higher agricultural output or waste reduction,

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however, call for cautious application.

Keywords: Climate Change, Food Security, Food Safety.
Potential of Apple Pomace, waste of food processing industry
Maryam Jamil1*, A. Jamil2, Afshan Shafi1, U. Farooq1, Aliza Batool1, R. Akram1
1Dept. of Food S&T, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan; 2Sheikh Zayed Medical
College/Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, Rahim Yar Khan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Agri-food waste with bioactive chemicals that may have positive health effects is
currently attracting more and more attention. An abundant source of fibre and
polyphenols is apple pomace, a by-product of the apple juice industry. Pomace
would also play a significant part in illness prevention due to its antioxidant
properties.10.8% moisture, 0.5% ash, and 51.1% dietary fibre were all present in
apple pomace that was obtained from the fruit juice industry. At levels of 5%,
10%, and 15%, finely crushed apple pomace was added to wheat flour and its
rheological properties were investigated. With an increase in pomace from 0% to
15%, water absorption improved dramatically from 60.1% to 70.6%.10.8%
moisture, 0.5% ash, and 51.1% dietary fibre were all present in apple pomace that
was obtained from the fruit juice business. At levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%, finely
crushed apple pomace was added to wheat flour and its rheological properties
were investigated. With an increase in pomace from 0% to 15%, water absorption
improved dramatically from 60.1% to 70.6%. Using ultrasound-assisted
extraction (UAE) on fresh and freeze-dried samples, functional molecules from
apple pomace, the most prevalent by-product of the apple processing industry,
were recovered. It had strong antioxidant activity, good levels of total phenol
content, and intriguing antioxidant chemicals (quercetin derivatives, chlorogenic
acid, and phloridzin). Then, 4% and 8% beef patties were fortified with freeze-
dried apple pomace, which contained 40.19% nutritional fibre. The fortified items
scored higher than the control (0%) in terms of colour and sensory analyses. The
most intriguing aspects of fortified burgers are their increased phenol and fibre
levels as well as their bland taste. The results show that the UAE method was
effective for extracting phenol chemicals and that adding apple pomace to beef
burgers is a good way to improve their health benefits and palatability, even for
people who don't like meat. Blends of wheat flour with 0–30% apple pomace were
used to make cakes. Cakes made with 25% apple pomace had a 14.2% dietary
fibre content. Cakes made from 0% and 25% apple pomace blends had 2.07 and
3.15 mg/g of total phenols, whereas wheat flour and apple pomace had 1.19 and
7.16 mg/g of total phenols, respectively. This shows that apple pomace can be a
rich source of dietary fibre and polyphenols.
Keywords: Agri-food waste, functional molecule, Apple pomace, Food Security.
Food preservation and food packaging, recent developments, and
future challenges
Muhammad Waseem*, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
Dept. of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], +92 347 2099380
Food preservation and packaging are important aspects of ensuring the quality,
safety and availability of food products throughout their shelf life. Recent

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developments in these areas are aimed at improving preservation methods,

extending shelf life, and minimizing food waste. This summary discusses the
latest advances in food preservation and packaging technologies and the
challenges ahead. Innovative preservation methods have emerged in recent years,
including high-pressure methods, pulsed electric fields, and ultrasonic techniques.
These methods offer non-thermal alternatives for food preservation that can
preserve nutrients, flavor, and texture while effectively killing pathogens and
spoilage microorganisms. In addition, advances in food packaging have focused
on improving the barrier properties of packaging materials to prevent oxygen,
moisture, and light from affecting food quality. Modified atmosphere packaging
(MAP) and active packaging systems containing antimicrobial agents, oxygen
scavengers and ethylene absorbers have gained significant momentum. These
technologies have helped extend the shelf life of perishable products, reduce food
spoilage and improve food safety. However, despite these advances, a number of
challenges remain. The development of sustainable packaging materials that are
environmentally friendly, economically viable, and provide optimal food
protection is a continuing concern. Other challenges for future implementation
include the compatibility of new preservation technologies with different foods,
as well as regulatory and consumer acceptance issues.
Keywords: Food preservation, Food packaging, Recent developments, Shelf life
extension
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Local Medicinal Plants
against Burkholderia cepacia in Neonatal Pneumonia of District Swat
Muhammad Nazir Uddin1, Huma Farid1, Babar Khan1*, Taha Fatima1, Wajid
Khan1, Zafar Ali1, Nasib Zaman1, Adnan Khan2, Taj-Ud-Din1
1CBM, University of Swat; 2Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat.
*
Contact: [email protected]
Neonatal pneumonia caused by Burkholderiacepacia(B. cepacia)poses a
significant health burden globally includingDistrict Swat, Pakistan. Neonatal
sepsis is the main factor in newborn mortality and morbidity causing more than
50% mortality in underdeveloped nations. This study aimed to evaluate the
antimicrobial potential of local medicinal plants against multidrug resistant strains
of B. cepacia in neonatal pneumonia cases. A total of 160 blood samples were
taken neonates suspected pneumonia from the neonatal unit of Saidu Teaching
Hospital (STH) in Swat, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The isolates were biochemically
identified as B. cepacia using the analytical profile index (API). Further The
investigation was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic profile of the isolates. The
biochemically characterized isolates were subsequently tested for antibiotic
sensitivity using 10 commercial antibiotics according to CLSI standards. The
results revealed high frequency of B. cepaciain male children than females. The
isolates of B. cepacia were susceptible to Piperacillin/ Tazolactum &
Levofloxacin. Doxycycline, Meropenem, & Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,
exhibited intermediate activity. A total of ten medicinal plant samples were
collected from the region and subjected to extraction using different polar solvents
(ethanol, cold distilled Water and hot water). The resulting extracts were then
tested for their antimicrobial activity against B. cepacia isolates obtained from
neonatal pneumonia cases in the district. The hot boiled water extracts of

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Euphorbia cotinifolia showed maximum antibacterial activity with 26mm Zone

of Inhibition (ZI) followed by Matricaria chamomilla with 25mm ZI.
Additionally, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Myrtus communis Withania somnifera,
Polygonum bistorta and Ocimum tenuiflorum also showed intermediate activity.
While, Fagonia indica, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia vulgaris was recorded
ineffective against the isolates. The two most effective medicinal plants with
different solvents extracts which showed strong antibacterial potential against the
MDR isolates of B. cepacia were then subject to antioxidant assay The radical
scavenging assay of the extract revealed that among the tested samples, Matricaria
chamomilla in hot water extracts (84.68%) distilled water (75.87 %) and ethanol
(65.68%) at 1500ug/mL, followed by Euphorbia cotinifolia in ethanol extract with
(46.38%) distilled water (39.41 %) and hot water extracts (38.87%) at the same
concentration. Furthermore, the chemical characterization of the active extracts
by Florescent Transmission Infra-Red Spectroscopy(FTIR) indicated the presence
of various bioactive compounds, including (C=O), (C=C), R-O-R, (O-H), and N-
O (stretching/bending). All extracts had the characteristics of C-H stretching,
(C=C), and R-O-R, indicating the existence of certain ether, alkane, and alkene
compounds. In all extracts, cyclo-hexyl bonding was discovered. These findings
highlight the potential of local medicinal plants as a valuable source of
antimicrobial agents against B. cepacia in neonatal pneumonia. Further studies
are warranted to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant-derived
compounds and their application in the development of novel treatment strategies
for neonatal pneumonia caused by B. cepacia in the district of Swat.
Keywords: Burkholderia cepacia, antibiotic profiling, medicinal plant, FTIR,
scavenging assay, Analytical profile index (API).
Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Nanoemulsion Blended with Clove Oil
on Post harvest Preservation of Strawberry Fruit at Various
Temperatures
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal1, Hafiz Muhammad Shahzad1, Ali Haider1, Amin Mousavi
Khaneghah2,3 , Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti3
1Dept.
of Applied Chemistry, GCU Faisalabad;2 Dept. of Fruit and Vegetable Product
Technology, Institute of Agricultural & Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute,
Warsaw, Poland;3Dept. of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry
University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
A solution of edible-coating nanoemulsion was prepared using chitosan (CS) and
clove essential oil (CEO) with acceptable physical properties like size (99 ± 2.3
nm), ζ-potential (40.8 ± 3.2 mV), pH (7.3 ± 0.48), and whiteness index (86.32 ±
0.34). The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of chitosan-based clove essential
oil nanoemulsion at different concentrations against E. coli and A. niger was
satisfactory. The results have documented a reduction in weight loss of fruits (7.32
± 2.4%), firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) levels in
strawberries by reducing oxidative stress and increasing the antioxidant enzymes
during 21st at 10°C, and 13th 28 days of storage period at 25°C storage
temperatures. The nanoemulsion edible coating has prevented the oxidative
damage-induced senescence of strawberries by maintaining the levels of
antioxidant enzymes. The results have indicated that the microbial load was lower
in edible-coated strawberries. Hence, the nanoemulsion (CS-CEO) edible-coating
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appears to have a high potential to extend the shelf life of fresh strawberries during
the storage at 10 ± 2 °C and 25 ± 2 °C temperatures. The sensory evaluations have
also indicated satisfactory performances in edible coating samples. The findings
of this research hold great promise for the development of eco-friendly and
sustainable strategies to enhance the postharvest preservation of strawberries.
Further investigations will focus on optimizing the formulation and studying the
long-term effects of the chitosan-based nanoemulsion on strawberry fruit quality.
If accepted, we would be delighted to present our findings at ICFAS-2023. We
believe that sharing our research outcomes at this esteemed conference will
contribute to the exchange of knowledge and facilitate discussions among experts
and researchers in the field of food and applied sciences.
Incorporation of unripe mango powder (Mangifera Indica) in the
preparation of flavored iced tea
Adeela Anwar
Hamdard University Madinat al-Hikmah Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karachi
The study aimed to prepare iced tea rich in bioactive compounds with the
incorporation of unripe mango powder. The scientific name of mango is
“Mangifera indica” and it belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. By incorporating
raw mango, enhances antioxidant properties of tea and provide several other
bioactive benefits include different medicinal properties such as polyphenol,
phytochemicals, tannins activities. It can act as an immunity booster; it might
show cardio protective properties also it can prevent from free radicals. Even
though tea prepared by brewing tea leaves in cold water has emerged as a new
option to hot water, the health-preserving properties of tea have been widely
demonstrated. Green mango is rich in vitamin A, C, and E as well, which improves
gum issues, reduces the risk of blood disorders, and helps fight many diseases by
increasing white blood cells in our body. The pH of iced tea samples was acidic
and the titratable acidity was slightly low. Raw mango powder is incorporated in
black iced tea as antioxidant properties, lowering "bad" cholesterol, and
improving gut health are just a few of the many health benefits of black tea.
Mangos are a great source of magnesium and potassium, which can help lower
blood pressure and maintain a regular pulse. This ready to drink beverage is easy
to consume, lower in sugar, can help to stay hydrated, and is often lower in
calories than soft drinks.
Keywords: Unripe mango, bioactive, iced tea, antioxidant, properties
Formulation of nutrient rich coconut bars by incorporating water
chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
Iqra Kaleem
Hamdard University Madinat al-Hikmah Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karach
A neutrient rich product is demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or
provide protection against diseases. Apart from this they play an important role in
disease management and therapy. This project is based on the formation of
calcium rich bars with the composite flour of water chestnut and all purpose flour.
Keeping in mind the increasing problem of osteoporosis these days because of
less intake of calcium-based products, this composite flour provides a good source
of calcium that combat osteoporosis. Water chestnuts are storehouses of minerals,

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vitamins, starch, fiber, and phenolic compounds. Their starch and fiber content
makes them a good addition to the diet. Since they have a high nutritive value, it
is linked to several health benefits and can serve as a dietary calcium supplement.
Most important benefit of using waterchestnut flour is it is a good alternative for
people who are sensitive to gluten content because there is no gluten in it.
Therefore, it is not going to cause allergic reaction to them so products made from
waterchestnut flour can be used by gluten intolerant people as well.
Keywords: Eleocharis dulcis, bars, calcium, nutrient rich.
Nutraceutical Drink made from Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) to
enhance antimicrobial and antifungal properties for curing acute
disease
Maham Fahim
Hamdard University, Madinatul Hikmah, Hakim Muhammad Said Road, Karachi
The main motive of this study is to utilize Thymus vulgaris with the combination
of lemon in nutraceutical drink by enhancing antimicrobial properties of drink to
cure acute and respiratory diseases including cough, flu and sore throat which is
found mostly in children’s and adults. Thyme is an aromatic herb belongs to the
mint family (Lamiaceae or Labiatae). It provides pungent flavor, so juice is
extracted by the process of boiling to reduce its pungency. Thyme is known to
work well as a decongestant. Thyme possesses strong antimicrobial properties and
consist of natural occurring compound known as thymol that destroy harmful
organisms such as infectious bacteria. It also expels fungus from stomach and
intestine and it has ability to increase appetite because of its important component
thymol, which has ability to kill bacteria, virus, and parasites. It is commonly used
for antioxidant effect, antimicrobial activity, antiadhesion activities,
hepatoprotective effect, toxicity, widely for therapeutic purposes. Due to its
antibacterial and expectorant qualities of this herb in a drink, thin the mucus that
the infection is trying to exclude, whilst gently healing and soothing the
respiratory tract. For these characteristics’ thyme is induced as a drink to obtain
relieve by reducing irritation and inflammation in respiratory tract and body. In
relative to other herbs drink it contains superior flavor with tranquilize effects that
helps to fight or protect against diseases. It is best alternative to synthetic drugs.
Keywords: Thyme, antimicrobial property, decongestant, thymol.
Sustainable Utilization of Food waste
Shahzor Gul Khaskheli*, Aijaz Hussain Soomro
Institute of Food S&T Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agri. University, Tandojam
Contact: [email protected]
Pakistan is a low-income developing country and agriculture is the most
important sector of the country, meeting food and fiber requirements of the fast-
growing population. The increasing global demand for food production to meet
the needs of an exponentially growing population is demanding sustainable and
effective strategies for food waste management, especially in terms of treatment
and waste disposal. Fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) are produced in large
quantities in markets and constitute a source of pests in municipal landfills.
According to a report, 40 percent of food in Pakistan is wasted. This includes food
loss during the supply chain (production, post-harvest handling, agro-processing,
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distribution, and consumption) that occurs every year. According to the outgoing
country director of World Food Program (WFP) 43% of the country’s population
remains food insecure, with 18% facing a severe shortage. The Global Hunger
Index 2016 ranks Pakistan as a country with “serious” hunger level. Food waste
is a challenge for sustainable development since it can increasegreenhouse gas
emissions and other environmental issues. Food processing and manufacturing
are known to raise food waste. This research aims to investigate the potential
utilization of food waste as an environmentally friendly.
Keywords: Food Waste, Utilization, Agriculture
Preparation & Characterization of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid
Nanoparticles of Peanut Skin Extract and Carrot Root Extract and
Evaluation of their Anti-cancer and Anti-microbial Potentials
Mehwish Jameel, Shazia Haider, Ijaz Ahmed
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Univerity oif Karachi, Karachi
More than half of the world’s population believes in several plant extracts as a
new, safer and cost-effective treatment options due to their promising potentials
against various illnesses such as cancers and infectious diseases. However, poor
bioavailability of most of the plant extracts limits their use as medicinal agents
and these challenges can overcome by modern technology such as nanoparticle
synthesis of plant extracts. Amongst many nanocarrier systems, Polymer-Lipid
Hybrid Nanoparticles have gained attention as they prevent the drawbacks
associated with other nano-carrier system especially polymeric and lipid
nanoparticles. In the present study, four formulations FPC1, FCA1, FPA3& FCC3
of Polymer Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLHNPs) of Peanut Skin Extract and
Carrot Root Extract were fabricated using Chitosan & Sodium Alginate as
polymers, Lecithin as lipid and Tween-80 as surfactant and then optimized
dependingupon their physicochemical properties particularly particle size to
provide the scientific evidence for their efficacy as anticancer and antimicrobial
agents. Two optimized Formulations FPC1& FCC3 which had chitosan as a
polymer were found to produce more prominent antimicrobial activities against
all test microorganisms (Gram Positive bacteria S. aureus & B. subtilis, Gram
Negative bacteria E. coli & P. aeruginosa and fungi Candida albicans &
Aspergillus niger) at same concentrations as that of their free drugs and standards
Gentamicin and Fluconazole. FPC1 emerged as most potent inhibitor against
Candida albicans even greater than standard Fluconazole. However, Polymer-
Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles with Sodium Alginate polymer were found devoid of
significant effect. For anticancer potentials, % inhibition on PC3 cell lines by
fabricated nanoparticles formulations FPA3& FCC3 showed improved results in
comparison to their free drugs (Peanut Skin Extract & Carrot Root Extract) while
on HeLa Cell lines, only FPA3 showed better results when compared to its free
drug Peanut Skin Extract. However, PLHNPs didn’t show remarkable results
when compared to standard Doxorubicin. The present study showed the
increasing potential of the plant extracts (Peanut skin and carrot root extract) as
anticancer and antimicrobial agents through Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles
fabrication and highlighted the vital role of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles
in nanotechnology field as a simple, reliable and eco-friendly process for
nanoparticles synthesis. Therefore, further investigation in future is recommended
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for the Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles fabrication of plant extracts with

controlled drug delivery, using different polymers and lipids which can provide
scientific evidences for potential candidates against several cancers and diseases
such as endocarditis, meningitis, Candidiasis and Aspergillosis, respiratory,
gastrointestinal and urinary tract, skin and wound infections.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Plant extracts, Peanut Skin extract, Carrot Root
Extract, Anticancer, Antimicrobial
Exploration of potential inhibition of newly synthesized derivatives
of Methyl Pyridine-4-carboxylate towards COX-1 and COX-2 in the
treatment of inflammation and related diseases.
Muniba Inam1*, Shazia Haider1, Mehreen Lateef2, F. Siddiqui3, Madiha Hamid1,4
1Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi; 2Dept. of

Biochemistry, Bahria University, Karachi; 3Dept. of Pharmacology, DOW College of

Pharmacy, DOW University of Health Sciences, Karachi; 4Dept. of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karach
*
Contact: [email protected], +92-336-2481822; [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid (AA) is catalyzed by
cyclooxygenase (COX), which exists as COX-1 and COX-2. Elevated levels of
multiple prostaglandins have been reported in synovial fluids from patients with
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Prostaglandins also play an important role
in the pathogenesis of several types of cancers such as breast, liver, and lung with
overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and overproduction of prostaglandins [1].
The recent prominent discovery involvements of COX-1 and COX-2 are mainly
in cancer and inflammation. NSAIDS are the most commonly prescribed
medicines in the treatment of pain and inflammation. The long term use of these
NSAIDS is associated with various side effects such as gastrointestinal ulcers and
cardiotoxicity [2]. In order to reduce the side effects the need of new and effective
drug candidates are always desirable. In the present study,five new derivatives of
methyl pyridine-4-carboxylate has been synthesized using docking score by MOE
and confirmed by different spectroscopic technique to evaluate the potential
inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. The inhibitory potential was explored through
in-vitro enzyme inhibition assay. All the synthesized derivatives inhibited both
isoforms of COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50values ranging from 20-100µM.
Key words:COX-1 and COX-2, Prostaglandins, Inflammation, Cancer, Pyridine
Numerical Analysis of Non-Linear Propagation of Ion-Acoustic
Waves in Plasma Physics Modeled By Fractional Gardner Equation
Mehnaza
Department of Mathematics, Women University Mardan, Pakistan
This work is aimed to apply radial basis function collocation method to
generalized time fractional Gardner equation which modelnon-linear propagation
of ion-acoustic waves in Plasma Physics. This method is meshless and easy-to-
implement in complex geometries and higher dimensions, due to which itis highly
demanding. The Caputo fractional derivative is used to approximate the first order
time derivative while the Crank-Nicolson scheme is used for the approximation

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of space derivatives. The numerical results are presented to demonstrate that the
method is effective and accurate. Numerical results are plotted for different
fractional order as well for classical case to show the advantage of using fractional
derivative.
Keywords: time fractional Gardner equation,radial basis functions, Caputo
fractional derivative, Crank-Nicolsonscheme, ion-acoustic waves
Synthesis and Conjugation of Zinc Phthalocyanine with
Antimicrobial Peptide for the Efficient Photodynamic Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy
Gul Rukh1, Azeem Ullah2*, Muhammad Ateeq1*
1Dept. of Chemistry, Adul Wali Khan University, Mardan; 2Dept. of Pharmaceutic,
College of Medicine, Jiaxing University Zhejiang, China
Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) is a relatively new method
that utilizes non-toxic substancesphotosensitizers, visible or ultraviolet light and
cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), in order to give a phototoxic response,
normally via oxidative damage. A wide range of photosensitizers, both natural
and synthetic, is available with differing physicochemical make-up and light-
absorption properties. PACT uses various photosensitizers, and, out of these, zinc
phthalocyanine (ZnPc)-based photosensitizer are of particular interest for their
unique physico-chemical properties. PACT has considerably advanced with new
light sources, biocompatible photosensitizers, bioconjugate methods, and efficient
ROS production. The PACT technology has evolved to compete with or replace
antibiotics, reducing the burden of antibiotic resistance. This technique has been
found to be effective against a wide spectrum of microorganisms, including
bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Of greater interest is their ability to destroy resistant
strains of microorganisms and in effect help in combating the emergence of
antimicrobial resistance. In the current study, we synthesized zinc phthalocyanine
(ZnPC) conjugated with antimicrobial peptide (AMP) protected via Wang
resinfor photoinactivation assay to enhance the bacterial killing efficacy of the
peptide upon illumination under red light. Various strain of bacteria such as Gram-
positive Staphylococcus and Gram-negative E. Coli isolated were treated in vitro
with already synthesized compound under different conditions. The (AMP)
showed selectivity toward the Gram-positive Staphylococcus strain of bacteria.
We observed that the conjugate also displayed a photoinactivation effect against
the Gram-positive strains of S. aureus. On other hand AMP is not selective toward
Gram-negative E. Coli before and after conjugation. Then we used potassium
iodide (KI) to enhance the photodynamic effect of conjugate, so that the KI react
with free radical to generate some cytotoxic iodide radical which can kill Gram-
negative E. Coli more efficiently. In light of this study, further research into the
validity of PACT, coupled with the photosensitizers should be conducted in order
to potentially develop alternative antimicrobial treatment.
Development and analysis of cookies fortified from chicken egg
shells and cod liver oil as calcium and vitamin D source
Aneela Qureshi1, Farzana Siddiqui1, Syeda Mehwish Zahra1, Mussarat Bhatti1,2,
Aliza Noor1,2

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1Institute
of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha; 2Dept. of
Environmental Design, H & N Sciences, AIOU, Islamabad; 1,2CMH, Rawalpindi
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Calcium and vitamin D deficiency has become very common in children, adults
and females. Egg shell powder is an excellent source of calcium and cod liver oil
is great source of vitamin D. For this purpose, we developed cookies with egg
shell powder and cod liver oil as a value added food product suitable for human
consumption. The results showed that the calcium content of cookies was
increased from 972±0.0016D to 1732±0.016A mg among different treatments.
Vitamin D content of cookies significantly improved from 588±0.011C to
1684±0.053A IU among different treatments. The sensory evaluation of cookies
revealed that addition of egg shell power 11.6 % and cod liver oil 18 ml was
acceptable for the human consumption. Results showed that egg shell powder and
cod liver oil may be added combinely in baked products for calcium and vitamin
D deficient population.
Keywords: Cod liver oil, Deficiency, Egg shell powder, Supplementation
What makes human diet carcinogenic or anti-carcinogenic?
Muhammad Khan*1, Amara Maryam1, M. Irfan2, Hafiz Abdullah Shakir1
1Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore; 2Dept. of
Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
Contact: Email: [email protected], 03337401830
Cancer is a multifactorial disease comprised of a combination of genetic,
epigenetic, metabolic and cell signaling aberrations which severely disrupt the
normal homeostasis of cell and trigger the cells on the road to tumorigenesis.
Among various factors, diet is strongly associated with the risk of human cancers.
The ultimate effect of diet in cancer induction and/or cancer prevention is
determined by what we eat and the way we eat. A healthy dietary pattern could
prevent about 30-35% cases of cancer incidence. On the other hand, unhealthy
dietary pattern is strongly associated with cancer induction of multiple origin in
human and experimental animals. It should be noted that human diet comprised
of fruits, vegetable, meat and cereals contains a unique blend of bioactive
molecules which play a key role in cancer prevention. However, dietary
carcinogens such as acrylamide, n-nitroso compounds, heterocyclic aromatic
amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aflatoxin and other carcinogens are
produced during processing, preservation, and cooking/grilling of foodstuffs at
high temperature. Understanding the phenomenon of carcinogens formation in
different foodstuffs will definitely be helpful in cancer prevention. Moreover,
awareness about consumption of fruits and vegetables containing potential novel
natural anticancer and chemopreventive bioactive molecules willreduce the
chances of cancer in community.
Keywords: Dietary carcinogen, dietary anticancer compounds, Natural bioactive
molecules

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Schiff-Bases and its polymeric nanoparticles as antibacterial agents:

synthesis, characterization and therapeutic potential
Shazia Haider1*, Madiha Hamid2, Saima Tauseef3, Ijaz Ahmed1
1Dept.of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi;2Dept. of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi;3 Dept. of
Microbiology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karach
Contact: [email protected], [email protected],
Antimicrobial resistance has become a gigantic problem worldwide. The
increasing resistance against the marketed drug is the mismanagement use of
antibiotics drugs. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
antibiotic resistance report from the year of 2012 to 2017 in the U.S., more than
35, 000 deaths and 2.8 million infections annually have been reported. AMR has
become a global challenge. Synthetic Schiff bases and theirpolymeric
nanoparticles (PNPs) were characterized by different techniques and were
investigated against three bacterial strains, by the disc diffusion method. The
compounds which exhibited significant activity were further investigated by
minimum inhibitory concentration against the marketed drug Gentamicin. From
the results it could be concluded that natural polymers encapsulated the Schiff
bases have increased the bioavailability of the drug which has shown moderate to
significant inhibitions against these strains. These are responsible for the upper
respiratory tract infections caused by S. pneumonia, and urinary tract infections
by Proteus spp. Additionally, typhi has become a life-threatening disease due to
extreme multidrug resistance which is easily transferred by contaminated food
and water.
Keywords:Schiff Bases, polymeric nanoparticles, antibacterial, AMR.
Green synthesis of Schiff Base-Polymeric nanoparticles by
nanoprecipitation technique as potential candidate for antifungal
activity
Madiha Hamid1*, Shazia Haider2, Hira Khan1, Muniba Inam2
1Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi;
2 Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi

Contact: [email protected], [email protected].

The heterocyclic compounds carrying oxygen and nitrogenas donor atoms have
many therapeutic activities. Among the heterocyclic compounds, Schiff bases
carrying two folded nitrogen known as the azomethine group have been reported
against several pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, and
anticancer activities. Furthermore, research work has been revolutionized toward
nanotechnology as a nano drug delivery system, increasing the bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs, protecting the drug from the external environment, as well as
controlling and sustaining the release of drugs from the mesh network of natural
polymers. Schiff bases and their polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized by the
nanoprecipitation techniques and characterized by different techniques. These
Schiff bases and their nanoparticles were further investigated by the disc diffusion
method and significant compounds were further evaluated by minimum inhibitory
concentration against the marketed drug fluconazole. Against Candida tropicalis
the HPMC polymer named, HHN3 (16.1±0.11) showed more significant activity
as compared to the standard drug Fluconazole (12.33±1.15). it could be said that

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increased resistance to azoles, particularly fluconazole, as a result of irrational

antifungal medication. One of Asia's emerging virulent species is C. tropicalis. It
is the most common yeast causing systemic and superficial infections. According
to the study, C. tropicalis is responsible for bloodstream and urinary tract
infections in hospital patients as well as patients admitted to intensive care units
(ICU), particularly in patients who are using catheters frequently, taking broad-
spectrum antibiotics, and cancer patients.
Keywords: Polymeric nanoparticles, HPMC, Schiff Bases, Antifungal
Opuntia dillenii cladode: Nutritionally Rich Edible Plant for
Treatment of Inflammation and Pain
Faheema Siddiqui1, Ahsana Dar Farooq2, Shaheen Faizi3
1Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dow, University of Health
Sciences, Karachi;2Dept. of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi;3H.E.J.
Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological
Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi
Opuntia dillenii(Nagphana) is one of the edible plants, its cladodes and fruit are
rich sources of vitamins, minerals, amino acid and betalins. It is traditionally used
against various inflammatory diseases worldwide including Pakistan. Therefore,
the present study aimed to provide scientific evidence to its traditional uses. O.
dillenii cladode derived methanol extract, its fractions, and pure compounds:
opuntiol and opuntioside. were evaluated for toxicological assessment including
sub-acute toxicity assay followed by determination of their hematological,
biochemical parameters and histological examination of liver and kidney.
Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using rat neutrophils viability (5 x 106 cells/ mL)
and HEK-293 human cells using MTT assay. In genotoxicity assay rat bone
marrow micronucleus and cytochalasin-B block micronucleus (CBMN) test were
performed via DNA isolation. For anti-inflammatory effect: ear edema and
carrageenan-induced peritonitis was performed followed by determination of
inflammatory markers such as Prostaglandins (PGE2), leukotrienes (LTB4) and
cytokines[tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukins IL-1 and -6]. In analgesic
assays the acetic acid, formalin and hot plate-induced pain responses in mice were
also observed. O. dillenii test agents did not elicit any visible behavioral changes
or mortality,also displayed non-significant difference (p< 0.05) in hematological,
biochemical and histological studies. Moreover, test agents were found to be non-
cytotoxic. Consistently, in genotoxic assay test agents were also depicted non-
significant in micronucleus induction. Test agents also showed anti-inflammatory
effect, among which opuntiosidewas most effective in reducing PGE2 levels and
opuntiol most effectively suppressed the TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels. In
analgesic assays the acetic acid, formalin and hot plate-induced pain responses in
mice were also reduced by O. dillenii derived test agents with opuntioside being
most effective. Results obtained in this study suggest that edible O. dillenii
derived test agents are relatively safe and exhibited anti-inflammatory and
analgesic activity via multiple mechanism of action and provide justification to
its traditional use against inflammation and may serve as better candidate in drug
discovery program.

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Evaluation of fish (Labeo rohita) fillets coated with gelatin and

cauliflower leaf extract based edible coating
Nida Firdous*, Muhammad Awais, Shabbir Ahmad, Aliza Batool, Muhammad
Sibt-e-Abbas, Muhammad Usman, Nighat Raza
Faculty of Food and Home Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
*
Contact: [email protected]
This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an edible coating made from
gelatin extracted from the skin and bones of Labeorohita fish and cauliflower leaf
extract on Labeorohita fillets. The study focuses on two main objectives: first, to
investigate the potential of the gelatin-based edible coating in extending the shelf
life of fish fillets during refrigerated storage, and second, to explore the utilization
of fish waste for value-added product development. The need for this project
arises from the desire to reduce post-harvest losses of fish, enhance their shelf life,
and find sustainable ways to utilize fish waste. The methodology for gelatin
extraction involves a multi-step process. Firstly, the skin and bones of Labeorohita
fish are collected and thoroughly cleaned to remove any impurities. The gelatin is
then extracted using a combination of heating, alkali and acidic treatment, and
filtration techniques. The resulting gelatin is further purified and concentrated.
Finally, the gelatin is combined with an extract obtained from cauliflower leaves
to form the edible coating solution. The expected outcome of this research is two-
fold. Firstly, the gelatin-based edible coating is anticipated to provide a protective
barrier for the Labeorohita fillets, thereby extending their shelf life during
refrigerated storage. Secondly, the utilization of fish waste in the form of gelatin
extraction and the incorporation of cauliflower leaf extract in the edible coating
will contribute to sustainable practices and the development of value-added
products from fish by-products. These outcomes have the potential to benefit both
the seafood industry and the environment by reducing waste and increasing the
economic value of fish resources.
Hybrid Cloud Computing, Security Issues, Solutions and Future
Directions
Maria Imdad1, Arfa Asif2, Rehan Tahir3, Qousain Khaliq3, Muhammad Ahmed4
1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Malaysia, and SZABIST Islamabad;
2SZABIST Islamabad; 3PirMehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, UIIT, Rawalpindi;
4University of Gujrat, Dept. of Information and Technology

Contact: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
A hybrid cloud solution, which elastically scales up or down the cloud capabilities
based on demand by integrating local infrastructure and one or more public
clouds, is a cost-effective way for a service provider to address the issue of not
having enough resources to satisfy the peak demand of its users. While the
combination throws light on new security issues that must be addressed before
acceptance. Due to the novelty and limited utilization by organizations, hybrid
cloud’s security flaws are a key impediment to their adoption. There are detailed
studies on cloud computing for public and private clouds, however there is a
severe lack of literature on security issues for hybrid clouds. So far, no
comprehensive research has been found that explicitly addresses hybrid cloud
security issues. This research work aims to address hybrid cloud security issues,

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the inheritance of the issue from public or private clouds,the classification as, user,
network, data oriented issues and some literature based state-of-the-art solutions.
The research signifies that only 15.40% of the security issues are specific to hybrid
clouds acquiringexplicit solutions while other 53.84% issues are inherited from
public and 30.76%issues are inherited from private clouds. The solutions from
public and private clouds can be directly implemented in hybrid clouds but others
still have substantial room for improvement ranging from data de-duplication,
data classification, data migration from public to private cloud and continuous
synchronization of updated data still require security improvements, indicating
the future directions and can play a vital role in adoption of hybrid clouds
inbusiness, education and banking sectors if fixed properly.
Keywords: Hybrid Clouds; Public Cloud; Private Cloud; Cloud Computing
Security; Authorization
GC-MS Analysis and Therapeutic Properties of Marine Algae in the
Treatment of Nephrotoxicity
Nida Sohail1, Maria Azam1, Hafiza Farhat2, Shamim A. Qureshi1
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
2Institute of Biological Sciences, Gomal University, D.I Khan, D.I Khan, Pakistan
One of the most significant health challenges that researchers and the
pharmaceutical industry are working on is to prevent drug-induced renal disease,
which is the result of direct nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity occurs when kidney-
detoxification and excretion do not work properly as there is a damage of kidney
function by any endogenous or exogenous toxicants. Marine algae are found to be
excellent in their nutritional and potential therapeutic properties. To investigate
the protective activity of green macro alga, polysaccharides fractions of
Ulvafasciata,(U. fasciata)in reno-protection were examined. Cisplatin, (cis-
diammine-dichloroplatinum (II), CDDP) is normally used for the treatment of
solid tumors that cause acute kidney damage after assemblage in the renal tubules.
Biomarkers, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity were investigated for the
assessment of nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, Gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) technique also performed for phytochemical constituents
from green macro alga which revealed the presence of compounds. The current
results showed that polysaccharides fractions of U. fasciatatreatment restored the
elevated levels of biomarkers, antioxidant parameters and also showed protection
against lipid peroxidation (MDA) induced by cisplatin treatment. n-hexane extract
of U. fasciata was subjected to GC-MS analysis which revealed the presence of
compounds like; Pentadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester,
Heptadecane and have been reported to showed antimicrobial, anticancer,anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Our findings evidence the
pharmacological potential of the U. fasciata has the potential to be used as a
therapeutic agent and also as an additional ingredient in the development of anti-
cancer drugs.
Keywords: Cisplatin, GC-MS,Nephrotoxicity, Polysaccharides, U.fasciata
Evaluation of Antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi and
characterization of compounds from mycelial extract of Talaromyces
assiutensis and T. trachyspermus
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Hafiza Farhat1, Nida Sohail2

1Institute of Biological Sciences, Gomal University, D.I Khan; 2Dept. of Biochemistry,
University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
BackgroundInfection is the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer.
Loss of efficacy in antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an urgent
threat against the continuing success of cancer therapy. The advent of multidrug
resistance among pathogenic bacteria is imperiling the worth of antibiotics, which
have previously transformed medical sciences. The crisis of antimicrobial
resistance has been ascribed to the misuse of these agents and due to unavailability
of newer drugs attributable to exigent regulatory requirements and reduced
financial inducements Methods:In this study, different plant sample were
collected from different areas of agriculture lands in order to isolate endophytic
fungi. The isolated fungi were test for antibacterial activity against common
laboratory bacteria and also checked their antifungal activity against root rot
fungi. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry analysis of mycelial extract
of Talaromycesassiutensis and T. trachyspermus were also performed in order to
characterize compound from them as they showed strong antimicrobial activity
and antifungal activity. Results:Endophytic fungi isolated from healthy plants
have showed strong antibacterial activity against common laboratory bacteria
(Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E.coli, Bacillus subtilis
and Staphylococcus aureus) by forming the zone of inhibition. These endophytic
fungi also showed strong potential against phytopathogens viz; Macrophomina
phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. GC-MS
spectroscopy of mycelial extract of Talaromyces assiutensis and T. trachyspermus
revealed the presence of several compounds and some of them are new from this
source as confirmed by computer matching against National Institute of Standards
and Technology, USA (NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center (mainlib) and
finally compared with Science finder. Conclusion: Antibiotic stewardship is,
therefore, much needed to ensure not only the appropriate use of antimicrobials
but also the choice of antimicrobials and their duration of use. The problem of
antimicrobial overuse extends beyond antibiotic resistance and includes fungal
and viral resistance.
Phytochemical Analysis, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant
Activity of Hordeum Vulgare (HV) Seed Extracts
Saman Farooqui*, Safila Naveed, Fatima Qamar, Aisha Sana
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women,
Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Barley is one of the prime cereal crop, scientifically known as Hordeum vulgare
that has been utilized to meet the need of food worldwide Over passing time, the
interest has been greatly increased in developing the usage of barley as food,
because of its various health advantages. The current study evaluates bioassay
guided fractionation of different extracts of HVseeds by the use of different
Invitroanti-oxidant models i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical
(DPPH) and 2-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). It also
analyzes the non-polar constituents from HV seeds by GC-MS technique and
quantification of extracts in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Non-

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polar constituents analyzed by GC-MS identified 16 compounds in the hexane

extract of HV plant, which includes carboxylic acid, fatty acids, carboxylic acid
amide derivative of fatty acid, triterpinoids, fat soluble vitamin, phytosterol,
stigmastanes, beta diketones, and cycloartenol respectively. The IC50 is
determined by the acetone and methanol extract of HV plant and quantification of
extracts in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content are also determined. The
high anti-oxidant activity of its seed extracts has made this plant
pharmacologically important. It is concluded that there is a vast scope to further
explore the active principals of barley and more of its pharmacological properties
can be identified. Highlights: Non-polar constituents analyzed by GC-MS
identified 16 compounds in the hexane extract of HV plant The IC50 is
determined by the acetone and methanol extract of HV plant and quantification of
extracts in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content are also determined.
There is a vast scope to further explore the active principals of barley and more
of its pharmacological properties can be identified.
The Impact of Ultrasound-based processing on the Nutritional
Quality of Citrus Juices
Hafsa Younas*, Ali Hassan
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Demands for fruit and vegetable juices, with better nutritious values, minimal
processing, and excellent quality, have been rising quickly from recent years.
Citrus juices have special aroma and tendency to fight against infection and
chronic diseases. Citrus juices have many antioxidants such as phenolic
compounds, flavonoid content, phenols and ascorbic acid. Sonication is a non-
thermal food processing method which has ability to preserve food’s freshness
and nutritional values while using less energy and producing food with higher
sensory acceptability’s than traditional heat treatments. Ultrasound (US)
processing contributes to increase the nutritional quality and shelf life of citrus
juices by enzymes inactivation such as polygalacturonase and polyphenol
oxidase. US techniques alter the intra and inter-molecular interaction and enhance
the antioxidant properties and texture. The extraction of numerous biologically
active chemicals, including phenolic compounds (PC) from citrus fruits, has
frequently utilized US-assisted extraction. The value of phenolic compounds
increased with increased the temperature and time of ultrasound. When compared
to the conventional approach, the total phenolic content (TPC), flavone content,
and yields of extraction obtained from the optimized US treatment demonstrated
its effectiveness. US treated citrus juices have higher reducing power than other
treated juices. US treated juices have higher level of antioxidant, flavonoids,
phenols and activity of DPPH radical scavenging.
Keywords: Ultrasound processing, Citrus juices, Phenolic compounds,
Antioxidants, Nutritional profile.
GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of
Antioxidant and Toxicity Property of Aerial Parts of Haplophyllum
gilesii

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Saleha Ashfaq1*, Manzoor Hussain2, Aziz Ullah1, Asma Ul Husna1, Wajeeha

Saeed1, Umar Zeb1, Nazish Bibi3, Muhammad Junaid3
1Dept. of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KP; 2Dept. of Botany,Hazara
University Mansehra, Mansehra; 3Dept. of Microbiology, CAE Hazara
UniversityMansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Haplophyllum gilesii is an endemic plant species reported from Northern
Pakistan, belonging to family Rutaceae. It chiefly contains volatile oils, alkaloids,
fixed oils, phenolic compounds and furanocoumarins, well known for ethno-
medicinal applications. In the present study the essential oil of the aerial parts of
Haplophyllumgilesii was carried by hydrodistillation. 32 phytochemical
compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Further, aerial parts of H. gilesii
in methanol extract and its soluble fractions i-en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and
chloroform were screened for in vitro antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
assay using potassium ferrocyanide ferric chloride methods. Ascorbic acid was
used as standard. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and extraction yield of the
respective solvents were also estimated to access the correlation with the
antioxidant potential of the extracts. The total phenolic content of the aerial parts
of H. gilesiiwas determined by gallic acid equivalent whereas, total flavonoid
content was determined by rutin equivalent using the colorimetric method
respectively. Methanol extract showed a maximum antioxidant activity with an
IC50 value of 51.27±0.39µg/mL while ethylacetate fraction exhibited minimum
antioxidant potential with an IC50value of 216 ± 0.41 µg/mL. Similarly, among
all the extracts evaluated the highest concentration of total phenolic, total
flavonoid content, and extraction yield was detected in methanol extract.
Moreover, our results of toxicology demonstrated that the aqueous extract did not
show any toxic effects on all the tested groups. No mortality and significant
weight loss were observe data dose of 2000mg/kg and 5000mg/kg in the plant
extract treated groups compared to the control group in acute and sub-acute
toxicity assay. To best of our knowledge this is the first systematic study on
phytochemical screening of Haplophyllum gilesii. Results of our study revealed
that phytochemical compounds identified might have maximum antioxidant
potential and this research could open new horizons for discovery of the novel
drugs for various cancer cell lines.
Keywords:Haplophyllumgilesii, GC-MS, Essential Oil, Phenolics, Flavonoids,
Antioxidant, DPPH, Toxicity.
Ferulic Acid Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles and Its Catalytic
Applications
Atiya Kaleem¹, Aisha Sana², Rafia Usman Khan2, Safila Naveed2
¹Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Pakistan; 2Chemistry, NED University of
Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Gold nanoparticles are unique due to their biocompatibility, physical
characteristics, and optical properties . Nanoparticles must interact with biological

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systems in a controlled manner for their use in biomedicine to be successful. Thus,

a method to green chemistry that is both cost-effective and environmentally
friendly is to stabilize nanoparticles using organic material. The Turkevich
method was used to produce gold nanoparticles, with sodium citrate and sodium
borohydride serving as reducing agents and ferulic acid serve as a capping and
stabilizing agent (FA-TSC-AuNps and FA-NaBH4-AuNps). Atomic force
microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-Vis
spectrophotometer were used to characterize these produced nanoparticles. The
average particle sizes of the two systems, FA-TSC-AuNps and FA-NaBH4-
AuNps, were determined to be 4.7±1 nm and 10±1 nm, respectively, according to
the AFM measurements. It was also assessed how pH and temperature affected
the stability of nanoparticles. These produced gold nanoparticles were evaluated
as heterogeneous catalysts for use in biological and environmental applications.
The anti-scavenging/antioxidant potential of FA-TSC-AuNps and FA-NaBH4-
AuNps was determined by using DPPH and ABTS cation decolorizing potential,.
The findings were found to be DPPH = 86.8%, 61.5% and ABTS = 70.14%,
92.8%, respectively. The anti-urease potential of FA-TSC-AuNps and FA-
NaBH4-AuNps, however, is also estimated to be 56.9% and 76.9%, respectively.
Additionally, the catalytic activity for environmental applications was assessed,
with the pollutant p-nitro phenol converting to p-amino phenol (an analgesic and
antipyretic molecule) in the presence of produced gold nanoparticles in less than
a second. Chemosensing activity of produced gold nanoparticles for metals
(mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), aluminum
(Al), and iron) and drugs (Ciprofloxacin, Cetrizine, Perindopril, and Sitagliptin)
also evaluated. It has been determined that synthetic nanoparticles have
significant biological impacts that could potentially be employed to change drug
delivery methods and improve the efficacy of medications.
Proof of Pseudonym: Blockchain-Based Privacy Preserving Protocol
for Intelligent Transport System
Sumaira Johar
Women University Mardan, Pakistan
The future of secure and safe transport is the intelligent transport system. Basic
safety information that vehicles in the ITS share may lead to the revealing of the
vehicles' true identities. Therefore, enemies may abuse these safety warnings.
Pseudonyms are aliases that trusted authority give to vehicles to hide their true
identities. Different pseudonym creation and dissemination strategies have been
proposed to avoid link ability. As these protocol are carried out by Central
Authorities, they add overhead to the system. Therefore, the best approach for ITS
is to reuse the current pseudonyms by shuffling. A computerized ledger and
impenetrable log of transactions, the Blockchain. It does away with the
requirement for a centralized authority and offers transaction anonymity, leading
in more secure and privacy-protected solutions. To address problems with
distribution optimization, blockchain is employed with its distributed consensus
to carry out the pseudonym shuffling procedure without the need for a central
authority. The outcomes of the shuffle are recorded as transactions in blocks.
Randomness using a pseudonym is achieved using blockchain, and it gives the
structure robustness. Theother systems would continue to function even if one

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failed. In the event of certification revocation, the technique additionally offers a

completely traceable record. Traditional consensus techniques are used in the
current blockchain-based pseudonym shuffling process to enable the
cryptographic activity. Overhead interms of execution time and memory
utilization results from this. In order to increase the efficiency of consensus in
comparison to Proof of Work, Proof of Kernel Work, and Proof of Work, this
research provides Proof of Pseudonym consensus protocol for the shuffling
method. The execution time of Proof of Pseudonym isshorter than other
algorithms. This research focuses on maintaining the Blockchain over roadside
Units where we assumed previously that Blockchain can create overhead over the
roadside Unit. This Blockchain is tested for Proof of Pseudonym. The security
and privacy analysis revealed that our scheme achieves identity privacy,
unlinkability, and nonrepudiation properties. Threat analysis evaluates the
proposed protocol interms of both internal and external attacks.
Keywords: Blockchain, Proof of Work, Proof of Kernel Work, Proof of Elapsed
Time, Proof of Pseudonym.
Bio-fortification: Iron Deficiency Improvement in Staple
Foodthrough foliar spray for Food Security
Hafsa Fatima1, Afshan Shafi1, Umar Farooq1, Hamid Majeed2, Umrah Zafar1
1Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan;
2Department of Food Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Contact: [email protected]
Micronutrient deficiencies are a massive cause of malnutrition globally,
particularly in low-income countries, affecting nearly 1.8 billion people. Iron is
an essential microelement that is required for plant and human growth and
metabolism, but it is widely deficient and affects nearly one-third of the world's
population. Several bio-fortification strategies have been established with limited
success in providing essential nutrients, particularly in developing and
underdeveloped countries, using conventional breeding, biotechnological, and
agronomic approaches. Iron (Fe) deficiency in humans, particularly in pregnant
women and children, is caused by insufficient dietary Fe intake and is a global
nutritional problem. Foliar fertilization is a low-cost agronomic method for
increasing Fe bioavailability in the human diet. We investigated the effects of
various Fe formulations on growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts
of rice, soybean, and lettuce crops. Rice and soybean received multiple sprays at
various growth stages, including tillering, anthesis, and grain filling in rice and
flowering and pod filling in soybean, while lettuce received a single foliar spray.
The seed Fe accumulation increased proportionally as the number of foliar sprays
increased in rice and soybean; however, this relationship did not exist in grain
yield. Among the Fe treatments, HA+Fe was found to be the most effective in
terms of overall plant growth, yield, and Fe accumulation in the edible parts of all
three crops. We discovered a significant positive correlation between the
shoot/Stover Fe content and the grain Fe content, but HA+Fe demonstrated the
opposite trend, i.e., minimal Fe retention in shoots/stoves and maximal increases
in seed Fe contents in both crops, implying better Fe mobilization efficiency from
shoots to developing seeds. We strongly advise using HA with Fe as a foliar Fe

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fertilizer to improve growth, yield, and quality. Crops must be improved

nutritionally or bio-fortified to combat micronutrient deficiency.
Keywords: Micronutrient deficiencies, Iron, human growth, bio-fortification,
sprays, mobilization, dietary Fe, nutrients
Methodologies for attaining sustainable food production and
consumption systems
Hafsa Fatima
Dept. of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
Contact: [email protected]
The world's population has been steadily increasing over the last few decades,
raising concerns about the current food system's ability to feed the 10 billion
people expected in the next 30 years. Despite the fact that this challenge is
considered feasible, some changes in the food production and consumption
system are required to achieve sustainability, reduce food loss and waste, or
contribute to a global shift toward healthier and more sustainable diets.
Degradation of land ecosystems and agricultural practices, greenhouse gases
associated with ruminant livestock, overexploitation of marine ecosystems, and
residue generation and accumulation are all issues related to these three
challenges. In light of these issues, some solutions have been proposed, including
the use of agroecology, the use of new alternative protein sources, the
implementation of catch shares in fisheries management systems, and the
valorizing of food waste. Furthermore, changing current unhealthy dietary
patterns to healthier ones necessitates additional measures such as healthy diet
education or the development of new food products. This can help to diagnoses
the challenges and problems confronting the current food system in order to feed
a growing global population while also ensuring environmental sustainability.
Keywords: Population, Food system, Food production, Consumption system,
Diets, Dietary patterns, Overexploitation.
Identification of novel inhibitors of non-structural protein for
treatment HCV: an in-silico approach
Naheed Akhter1, Shagufta Kamal1, Aqsa Nisar1, Fozia Anjum2, Sadia Sana2
1Dept. of Biochemistry, GCU, Faisalabad; 2RMIT, University Melbourne, Australia
*
Contact: [email protected]
Non-structural proteins (NS3/NS4A)are the ideal targets for peptide-based drug
discovery as these proteins have a significant role in the interaction of hepatitis C
virus (HCV). However, development of drugs for HCV is a challengedue to the
high rate of mutation. In the present study, computer-aided drug discovery
(CADD) softwarewas used to design novel peptides for the inhibition of serine
protease NS3/NS4 with high affinity and low toxicity. A methodology was
divided into two stages: a) Designing of 50 peptides b) estimation of leading and
active site affinity. Molecular docking was performed using a molecular operating
environment to decide the best ligands that can bind with the target active site
with the highest affinity to form a complex. The binding-strength calculation was
done directly in terms of a molecular mechanics potential. Then measured
inhibition constant (Ki) values were correlated with the predicted energy. Novel
enzyme peptide complexes with the lowest complexation energies showingnear

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to the computed energy for the reference compounds, was then selected for the
next stage design and manipulation. The present study has involved the high-
throughput screening, protein structure prediction methods, protein–ligand
docking, to make a better drug against HCV.
Keywords: NS3/NS4A serine protease; computer-aided drug discovery software;
protein–ligand docking
The Prevalence of Ectoparsites and Endoparasites of Pigeons in
Dera Ismail Khan
Mahnoor Naeem, Inam Ullah
Government Girls Degree College No 2
Pigeons are present almost in every part of the world. It is evaluate that 170–340
million pigeons live in cities worldwide. This study aimed to know the distribution
of parasites on the body of pigeons and Identification of ectoparasites and
endoparasites of pigeons in Dera Ismail Khan. Present study was performed by
using the simple floatation technique, the fecal specimen was prepared. Small
amount of fecal specimen was taken, a saturated solution of NaCl was mixed with
it, and it was sieved into a clean glass test tube. Glass test tube was filled to the
brim with NaCl saturated solution, and a clean cover slip was carefully placed on
top for about fifteen to twenty minutes, therefore, cover slip was placed on the
neat and clean slide for examination purpose. During this study, fecal samples
were collected to assess the parasitic prevalence of pigeons for internal parasites
and their entire body was inspected on regularly basis to record external parasites
in Dera Ismail Khan. All of the samples were taken from the houses of two
different areas of Dera Ismail Khan. For internal parasites 150 samples were
collected from two areas. During present study two species of endoparasites
Cestodes (platy helminthes) and Ascaridia (nematodes) were identified. Out of
150 samples, 21 Cestodes with prevalence ratio 28% and 43 Ascaridia with
prevalence ratio 57.33 were identified. And in 75 female samples 21 cestodes
(platy helminthes) with prevalence ratio 28% and 44 Ascaridia (nematodes) with
prevalence ratio 58.7 were identified out of these 44 (Ascaridia) 5 were eggs of
Ascaridia having prevalence ratio 6.66. Over all prevalence ratio of endoparasites
in male was 78.33 and in females the prevalence ratio was 79.7. The entire body
of pigeons was inspected on regularly basis for external (ectoparasites) parasites.
During my research work, out of 150 domestic pigeons there were no positive
cases from the parasites having prevalence ratio 0% in Dera Ismail Khan. Based
on the present study, it was concluded that females were more infected then male
pigeons from endoparasites because of unawareness about proper vaccination of
pigeons, and there were no pigeons infected from ectoparasites because of the
people were using Peganum harmala (Harmel seed) and water of Hookah for
bathing pigeons.
Keywords: Pigeons, Ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Ascaridia, Cestodes,
Vaccination, Peganum harmala (Harmel seed) smoke and Water of Hookah
(Multi-stemmed instrument).
A dynamic learning decision-making method for achieving industry
5.0 objectives as case study in the bioengineering and biomedical
engineering industry of Pakistan

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Tariq Javid1, Saghir Ahmed Sheikh2

1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences and
Technology, Hamdard University; 2Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of
Engineering Sciences and Technology, Hamdard University
The evolution of industrial levels, from 1.0 to 5.0, has been driven by
advancements in steam-powered systems, electric motor systems, computer
technology, cyber-physical systems, and collaborative robots. The research
presents a method to achieve Industry 5.0 objectives in the bioengineering and
biomedical engineering industry of Pakistan. The proposed approach combines
artificial intelligence techniques and movable electro-mechanical systems to
create collaborative robots. These robots, acting as intelligent agents, assist human
experts in complex tasks and contribute to a production learning environment.
The aim was to investigate a hybrid approach that integrates Industry 4.0 and
Industry 5.0 concepts, developing a dynamic learning decision-making process
model. The model ranks actions in a human-like manner, resulting in a digital
cognitive clone that mirrors human decision-making behavior. By employing this
method, collaborative robots perform tasks more efficiently, approaching the
capabilities of human experts. In the food industry context, the proposed method
supports growers in specific tasks while considering product preservation
constraints. This research contributes to the advancement of Industry 5.0
objectives by showcasing the integration of human expertise and artificial
intelligence in achieving human-centric goals.
Keywords: Bioengineering, collaborative robots, digital twin, industry 5.0,
human-centric solutions
Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) On Quality and
Quantity of Milk and Meat in Kundhi Buffalloes
S. A. Sheikh1*, M. A. Memon2, A.B. Kachiwal2, A. A. Panhwar2
1Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University Karachi; 2Sindh Agriculture
University Tandjam, Pakistan
Sixteen Kundhi buffaloes (primaparous) between 3 to 4 years of age, weighing
455 + 33.81 kg were purchased from market and brought to Livestock Experiment
Station, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh
Agriculture University, Tandojam. They were kept on same plane of nutrition and
management as a single group, until breeding. Buffaloes were housed in
individual tie stalls with free access to water. The herd was vaccinated against
FMD and HS as per schedule of vaccination and dewormed regularly during the
experimental period. Sixteen buffaloes were randomly divided into four groups.
Four buffaloes in each group were allocated different rations i.e. a) Scientifically
balanced, b) a + rbST, c) Scientifically Balanced + 10% increase in ration (with
total 3% increase in crude protein) and d) c + rbST. Data was collected on the
proforma starting from 60 days post partum (dpp) and continued for two
successive lactations. There was break of treatment between two lactations during
dry period until next calving leading to consecutive breeding period i.e; 60 days
post partum. Milk yield response to rbST in 1st lactation averaged 0.6 (P<0.05)
and 0.8 kg/d (P<0.01) in group-A than group-B and group-C than group-D
respectively through experimental period. Within each 14 day treatment period,
milk production increased steadily through the middle of each cycle and
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diminished towards basal production thereafter. This peak and valley pattern of
Galactopoietic response was repeatedly observed through out the study and milk
production in treated buffaloes never returned to concurrent control levels.
Growth hormone concentration in milk was at below sensitivity level of the assay
for most buffaloes (1ng/ml). Hameotological parameters were generally not
affected by rbST treatment. During different level of concentrates glucose, lipid,
protein, cholesterol, and uric acid remained unaffected whereas calcium
concentrations in group-C and group-D were increased significantly (P<0.05) and
(P<0.01) respectively. Lipid and cholesterol did not change by rbST treatment.
Whereas, calcium returned to non-significant level in all groups. Protein
decreased significantly (P<0.05) in group-B than group-A, whereas there was no
significant difference in group-C and group-D. T3 and T4 were unaffected by
rbST treatment in buffaloes. The buffalo should be used as a cheap meat animal
because it has high quality meat. Although the 9-11th rib cut appears as an easy
and cheap way to predict carcass and whole body composition in buffaloes,
further research is needed, since the information provided by this method is of
high importance for beef producers and researchers.
Keywords: Buffaloes, Somatotropin, rbST, Nutrition and Management.
Formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in grilled meat and its
reduction using local spices
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal1, Ali Haider1, Ammar1 Javid1, Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti2
1Dept. of Applied Chemistry, GCU, Faisalabad
2Dept. of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
The current study was focused on evaluating the effect of some selected spices
(turmeric, clove, black Pepper, and yogurt) on the formation of heterocyclic
amines (HCAs, IQ, IQx, MeIQ, and MeIQx,) in grilled fish. Fish samples were
marinated with a concentration of turmeric, clove, and black Pepper at different
concentrations and cocked at different temperature conditions (i.e., at medium (70
˚C) and well-done (80 ˚C) doneness. The concentration of HCAs in grilled fish
samples was analyzed using LC/MS technique. The results showed that the meat
sample marinated with turmeric at a level of 1.5g/50 grams and at medium
doneness reduced the maximum 52 ng/100 g level of IQ (11.43 ± 0.53 to 2.05 ±
0.18 ng/g), and a level of 44.4 ng/100 g was reduced of IQ when fish was
marinated with 6 g/50 g using clove marination of meat samples at medium
doneness. The highest levels of MeIQX were reduced to 83 ng/50 g of fish meat
marinated with a treatment of 15 g/50 g of yogurt marination at medium doneness.
The marination of meat with black Pepper of 4.5 g/100 g concentration has
reduced the IQ level of 78.5 g/100g of meat at medium doneness. The results
showed that local spices marination on fish meat significantly reduced the levels
of toxic and harmful HCAs.
Keywords: food safety; spices; yogurt; HCA; fish; reduction
Study of Preparation and Applications of Nanoparticles in the
Synthesize Nitrogen-Based Molecules: Probing their Chemo-sensing
Study
Shafia Iftekhar, Abdul Hameed, Ayesha Gull
University of Sahiwal, Government College University, Lahore

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The study and application of metal nanoparticles in synthetic chemistry has been
diversely explored. Metal nanoparticles have special features that make them
suitable for use in various fields. Their functions as catalysts with increased
activity, selectivity, and durability and find use in organic synthesis, fuel cells,
and environmental cleanup. These substances have been effectively used to
synthesize nitrogen-based chemicals, including pyrazoles, pyridines, and imines,
with potential uses in materials research, agro-chemistry, and medicine.
Additionally having optical, magnetic, and electrical capabilities, metal
nanoparticles and nanocomposites are suitable for chemo-sensing applications.
Analytes including glucose, DNA, heavy metals, proteins, and enzymes can all be
detected and measured using them. The nitrogen based compounds have studied
as chemo-sensors to detect various metals cation oranions, macromolecules etc.
The synthetic production of nitrogen-based compounds using metal nanoparticles
and nanocomposites as a Nano-catalysts, as well as chemo-sensing research, show
considerable promise for improvements in environmental science, biochemistry,
and materials science.
Keywords: Metal Nanoparticles/Nanocomposites, Nano-catalysts, Synthesize
Nitrogen-Based Molecules, chemo-sensing, material science
Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?
Fasiha Fatima
The Physio College of Rehabilitation Science Multan
Essential nutrients like folate, calcium, iron, B vitamins, and fiber can all be found
in foods often eaten for breakfast. Many of the day's essential nutrients can be
found in your morning meal. Those that eat breakfast have more likely to consume
enough of the nutrients they need throughout the day. Even though your organs
can typically find adequate power to get you through until your next meal, you
should still make sure you're getting enough of the vitamins, minerals, and other
nutrients you need to stay healthy and energetic. Glucose is the fuel for the body.
Carbohydrates are metabolized and absorbed into glucose. Fat is the primary
means by which the body stores energy. However, the body also stores glucose as
glycogen, primarily in the liver but also to a lesser extent in the muscles. The liver
breaks down carbohydrate and releases it into the bloodstream as glucose to
maintain steady blood sugar levels when fasting (without eating), such as
overnight. Your brain needs glucose nearly exclusively for energy; therefore, this
is crucial. Skipping breakfast might leave you feeling lethargic and unable to
concentrate. The lack of glucose (the fuel your brain uses to function) is to blame.
According to research, skipping breakfast can have a negative impact on your
cognitive abilities. Some activities may seem more challenging than they actually
are. Regular breakfast eaters, whether they're kids or teenagers, outperform their
counterparts who don't eat breakfast in terms of school success.
Seed Priming Techniques: A novel approach for crop productivity
with special reference to Maize using microbial metabolites
Muhammad Shahid*1, Mahwish Salman2, Fozia Anjum3
1Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; 2Dept. of Biochemistry,
GCU, Faisalabad; 3Dept. of Chemistry, GCU, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]

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Magnetic and microbial priming promotes faster and more consistent seed
germination. Pre-sowing treatments regarded as worthwhile techniques against
salinity stress. The main objective was to evaluate the stress adaptive response of
maize seeds under improved pre-sowing strategies. Magnetic and microbial
priming improves the physio-biochemical traits of maize seeds and alleviate the
detrimental effects of salt stress by triggering the plant’s defense mechanism.
Seeds bio-priming was performed with Burkholderiaphytofirmans, Bacillus
subtilis and magneto-priming. NaCl induces plant poisoning by storing high levels
of Na+ and Cl- in plants. B. subtilis optimizes plant development and reduces
biochemical damage under salinity. Current research includes the study of
physical and biochemical parameters. Leaves were assayed for reactive oxygen
species (ROS) scavenging enzymes. Biochemical profile like proline, POD, CAT,
SOD and MDA plant biomarkers were analyzed to check the impact of salt stress.
Our findings suggest that biophysical treatments stimulate the plant’s defense
mechanism by triggering hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation, leading to a faster
and better response to abiotic stress. Magnetic bio-stimulation improves the
physiological traits (chlorophyll content, leaf area, height of plant, fresh and dry
weight of roots and shoots). The metabolite profile were also documented by
hyphenated technique LCMS. Priming treatments like these are economical, fast
and environment friendly for the sustainable agriculture development to alleviate
various abiotic stresses and crop improvement.
Keywords: Zea mays, bacterial priming, magnetic priming, MDA, proline, salt
stress
Investigation of Acrylamide in Fast Food Products and its Health
Risk Assessment
Shahzad Zafar Iqbal, Ghulam Mustafa Kamal, Arfa Liaquat
Dept. of Applied Chemistry, GCU, Faisalabad; Dept. of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed
University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Kahn
Heat treatment can lead to the formation of some undesirable and toxic compound
in foods which is known as acrylamide. The presence of acrylamide in a variety
of foods poses a major challenge to the food industry as it has negative and toxic
effects on humans. Basically, it is non-volatile, colorless, and water-soluble
crystalline solid. It is a neurotoxin and potentially dangerous mixture in foods
formed upon frying, baking, microwaving, steamed, broiling, grilling, toasting
and roasting but not formed in boiled and pouched products. When foods such as
sandwiches, potato chips, French fries, chicken, chicken nuggets etc are heated to
high temperatures acrylamide is formed as a moderate by-product of the maillard
reaction, mainly through reducing sugar like glucose and amino acids. Excessive
use of this poisonous monomer has adverse effects on human health which leading
to various diseases including cancer in many organ sites (kidney, urinary bladder,
large bowl, esophagus, breast, larynx and oral cavity), coronary heart disease
(CHD), hypertension and diabetes. Different types of food contains higher amount
of acrylamide when heated at certain temperature so, our focus is that to test the
foods at different temperatures and observe the temperature at which the
formation of acrylamide is higher that make the food toxic. In this regard, HPLC-
UPLC-LC/MS method will be employed to find the effect of frying on acrylamide
concentration in fast foods. In this regard, HPLC-UPLC-LC/MS method will be

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employed to find the effect of frying on acrylamide concentration in fast foods.

The findings of this research hold great promise for the development of eco-
friendly and sustainable strategies to enhance the food quality. Further
investigations will focus on to reduce the formation of acrylamide in different
variety of foods.
Product Development and Sensory Evaluation of Value Added Food
Products Made By Incorporating Dried Wasted Onion Green Leaves
Aasia Akbar Panhwar1, Saghir Ahmed Sheikh2, Aijaz Hussain Somroo1, Bushra
Urooj Panhwar3, Shahzor Gul Khaskhali2, Parkash Meghwar4
1Institute of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam; 2Dept. of Food S&T,

FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi;3Plant Physiology/Chemistry Section, Central Cotton

Research Institute, Sakrand; 4Dept. of Food S&T University of Karachi
Onion is one of the most common and popular vegetablesgrownall over the world
but still, neglected by people in their consumption pattern its part leaf (scallions).
In thisregard, an attempt was made to utilize (onion greens leaves) to develop low-
costfiber rich products for people suffering from micronutrient deficiency and to
assess the sensory quality of developed products. The fresh collected onion
greenleaves were washed and shed dried for 5-7 days to dry them in good quality.
Two recipes (pancake and chilla)were supplemented with 2g and 5g shed dried
green leaves powder (SDGOL) per serving and sensory evaluation was done with
the help of 9 point hedonic rating scale in reference to appearance, taste, texture
and flavour by 9 panels of trained judges. Biochemical analysis of SDGOL
revealed moisture 3.4 percent, protein 21.6 percent, crude fiber 10.23gm and iron
62mg (values as per 100gm). The prepared recipes were found to be acceptable at
2 g incorporation of SDGOL. It was concluded that increase in the incorporation
of SDGOL in recipes was decreasing acceptability. SDGOL, due to its high iron
content can be used as supplement to make low-cost iron rich recipes.
Keywords: Onion green leaf (Scallions)powder (SDGOL), supplement and
developed products.
Effect of various amounts of Jaggery on drying methods on the
development and physico-chemical properties of Tamarind leathers
Aasia Akbar Panhwar1, Saghir Ahmed Sheikh2, Bushra Urooj Panhwar3, Aijaz
Hussain Somroo1, Tahira Bano2, Shahzor Gul Khaskhali1, Parkash Meghwar4
1Institute
of Food S&T, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam;2 Dept. of FEST,
Hamdard University, Karachi;3Plant Physiology/Chemistry Section, CCRI, Sakrand,
Sindh; 4Dept. of Food S & T University of Karachi
*
Contact: [email protected]
This study aimed to investigate the impact of different amounts of Jaggery on the
drying rate and quality of tamarind leather. Tamarind, known for its seasonal
availability and functional properties, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antimutagenic, and antidiabetic properties. Two drying methods, sun drying and
dehydration using a dehydrator, were employed to assess the development and
quality of tamarind leathers. The tamarind fruit was sorted, washed, soaked, and
its pulp was extracted. Three quantities of Jaggery (10%, 15%, and 20%) were
added to the tamarind pulp, with a control group containing no Jaggery. The pulp
was spread onto trays and dried using the dehydrator (at 60 ± 4 ºC) and sun drying

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(at 53 ± 4 ºC) methods to obtain thin sheets of tamarind leathers. The products
were then evaluated for drying behavior and physicochemical properties. Results
showed that tamarind leather without Jaggery exhibited the highest drying rate,
while the drying rate was lowest for tamarind leather containing 15% Jaggery.
Significant differences were observed among the tamarind leathers in terms of
rehydration ratio, drying ratio, texture, pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble
solids. Among the various levels of Jaggery, the tamarind leather containing 15%
Jaggery demonstrated the best quality performance. These findings suggest that
the addition of Jaggery influences the drying rate and physicochemical properties
of tamarind leather. The use of 15% Jaggery content resulted in tamarind leather
with favorable quality attributes. This research provides insights into optimizing
the drying process and enhancing the quality of tamarind leather for potential
applications in the food industry.
Keywords: Jaggery, tamarind pulp, drying methods, quality, and leathers
Economical and sustainable utilization of different agroindustrial
wastes for production of bacterial maltase
Muhammad Asif Nawaz1*, Sidra Pervez2, Shah Ali Ul Qader2
1Department of Biotechnology, SBB University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KPK
2The KIBGE, University of Karachi, Karachi
*
Contact: [email protected]
The biodegradable agro-industrial wastes are mostly considered as potential
sustainable source for the production of various value-added products from
microbial species. Due to easy availability and economical profitability, agro-
industrial wastes are preferred for large-scale production of enzymes and also to
improve microbial cell growth. The hydrolytic enzymes can selectively hydrolyze
the internal linkages of complex carbohydrates to release glucose moieties which
can be further utilized in different industrial bioprocess. In the current study,
sweet potato peel (Ipomoea batatas) was observed as the most favorable substrate
for the maximum synthesis of α-1, 4-glucosidase among various agro-industrial
wastes. Bacillus licheniformis KIBGE-IB4 produced maximum quantity of α-1,
4-glucosidase when growth medium was supplemented with 1% substrate. It was
evident from the results that bacterial isolate secreted high titer of α-1,4-
glucosidase in the presence of peptone, yeast extract and meat extract with
optimum concentration of 0.4%, 0.1% and 0.4% respectively. Bacillus
licheniformis KIBGE-IB4 revealed maximum enzyme productivity at 40°C and
pH-7.0 after 48 hours of fermentation period. An improved and cost effective
growth medium design resulted 570.63±28.53 U mg-1 of α-1,4-glucosidase from
B. licheniformis KIBGE-IB4. This enzyme can be used to fulfill the accelerating
demand of food and pharmaceutical industries. Further purification and
immobilization of this enzyme can also enhance its utility for various
bioprocesses.
Keywords: Saccharification, Sweet potato peel, Agro-industrial waste, α-1,4-
glucosidase, Production, Optimization
Kamarkas; A Nutritional Herb as a Promising Analgesic Remedy
Kiran Rafiq

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Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh

Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Kamarkas gond, a reddish-black resin extracted from the Palash tree, is a natural
herb with numerous health benefits for women and men. In Indo-Pak it is
considered an ancient nutritional, energy boosting food in the form of native
desert “Gond” or Pinjiri” as it helps reduce waist pain during pregnancy, post-
delivery, and menopause. Kamarkas helps to tone pelvic muscles. It also helps in
combating hormonal changes during menopause, such as hot flashes,
sleeplessness, and sweating. It also boosts memory, cognition, and cognitive
skills, making it suitable for treating Alzhiemer's disease. It also combats skin
aging by protecting cells from free radicals. It also promots regular glucose
consumption and increasing insulin sensitivity in diabetes. Kamarkas is a versatile
and beneficial herb that can be used in various ways to enhance various aspects
of life. Its nutritional value is significant, and its potential health benefits make it
a valuable addition to life. In present study the herb was analyzed through GCMS,
a combined analytical technique, that help to identify biologically active
compounds having analgesic activity. Although the herb has been used as
nutritional and analgesic supplements, however in present study, the herb was
formulated as an analgesic balm that exhibited promising results.
Keywords: Kamarkas, Gond, resin, post-delivery, pregnancy.
Amrit Dhara Oil: A Promising Analgesic
Kiran Rafiq1, Sara Laiq1, Javeria Iftikhar1, Shagufta Neasar2
1Deptt of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh

Medical University, Karachi; 2College of Pharmacy, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan.

Amrit Dhara is a traditional ayurvedic remedy that has been used in households
to treat a variety of illnesses like vomiting, stomach ailments, bloating, diarrhea
and etc. The cure has a lot of advantages. Due to the numerous benefits and uses
of Amrit Dhara, the drug has a wide range of applications. The remedy has edible
camphor, menthol crystal and ajwain extract and clove extract. The composition's
ingredients have been shown to offer amazing therapeutic properties. The goal of
the current study is to formulate the Amrit Dhara analgesic remedy. The
constituent present in the composition are found to have excellent
multidimensional effects. The object of the present study to identify the active
constituents of remedy with their efficacy and for the purpose the herb was
analyzed through GCMS, a combined analytical technique, that help to identify
biologically active compounds having analgesic activity. Although the medicine
has promising analgesic activity and in present study, the herb was formulated as
an analgesic oil that that exhibited promising results.
Keywords: Amrit dhara, ayurvedic, analgesic, GCMS, stomach ailments.

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Power dynamics in environmental Decision making for large-scale

infrastructure projects
Syed Weqas Ali
Abdul Wali Khan University (AWKUM), Mardan
Environmental assessment (EA) has been internationally recognised in the last
three decades as an important tool for managing environmental damage from
development projects and has been integrated into environmental planning and
decision-making systems around the world. However, questions are increasingly
raised as to whether EA is achieving its intended purpose. A major concern is the
technocratic nature of EA that overlooks the socio-political influence of different
actors within the process. This research explores power dynamics that enable or
constrain stakeholders’ influence on the environmental assessment of
infrastructure projects. Institutions shape large-scale infrastructure projects
through highly complex combinations of factors that include the features of
political regimes, regulatory frameworks, and the role and flow of resources. By
using the theory of power, this research explores how these factors influence
large-scale infrastructure projects. A theoretical framework is developed by
extending the theory of power into political, technicaland social power. Political
power examines how institutional relationships, power and finance are influential
in large-scale infrastructure projects. Technical power considers methods being
used to analyse environmental problems and present solutions. Social power
considers how environmental problems are perceived by the local communities
affected by large-scale infrastructure projects. Taking New Zealand’s largest
irrigation project, the Ruataniwha Water Storage Scheme (RWSS) as a case study,
this research highlights how power dynamics enable and constrain stakeholders’
influence on the impact assessment and decision-making. Through in-depth
analysis of relevant project documents and an online survey, the research
examines the influence of political actors, technical experts and individuals. The
applicant’s Assessment of Environmental Effects[the form of environmental
impact assessment adopted in New Zealand in the Resource Management Act
1991 (RMA)], submissions made by interested groups and individuals, the
hearing transcripts and the Board of Inquiry’s report and decisions were examined
to determine how environmental assessment information provided by different
stakeholders was incorporated and valued in the decision-making process. First,
the researchdiscovers an increasing influence of theMinister for the Environment
after ‘streamlining and stratifying’ the consent process in 2009. Therefore, large-
scale infrastructures are becoming politicisedin order to advance the
government’s agenda. The research finds that the RMA is gradually creeping
away from the principle of sustainable management towards a form of centralised
planning that the Act was introduced to replace. Second, the research finds
significant deficiencies in water contaminant modelling, addressing risk and
uncertainty, and practicability of proposed mitigation measures. However, these
deficiencies have been undervalued under a greater technocratic influence in
predicting environmental impacts of the infrastructure project. Third, theresearch
highlights that the opportunities for the general public to participate in the
decision-making for large-scale infrastructure projects areconstrained due to the
technical nature of the information. Overall, the researchconcludes that the

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complexity of the political, technocratic and social dynamics of power hinders the
effectiveness of environmental assessment in achieving its intended goal of
safeguarding the environment through informed decision-making for permitting
infrastructure projects.
Characterization of phytochemicals, assessment of antioxidant
activity, and evaluation of antihypertensive effects of Ocimum
basilicum L.
Fatima Qamar1*, Aisha Sana1, Safila Naveed1, Shaheen Faizi2
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi
2H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected];+923331279362
Basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.) is a highly valued herb known for its culinary
uses. It has also attracted considerable interest in the field of therapeutic research
due to its various potential medicinal properties. A recent study aimed to explore
the chemical composition of basil leaf extracts and investigate their antioxidant
and antihypertensive effects. Through the use of gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) and electron ionization spray-mass spectroscopy (ESI-
MS/HRMS), researchers identified a wide range of compounds in the extracts,
including fatty acids, monoterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids.
Notable compounds included in-alool, terpineol, tau-cadinol, methyl palmitate,
palmitic acid, linolenic acid, and methyl linolenate. The study also measured the
phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts, finding the highest levels in the
ethyl acetate extract. All extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity in
various assays, such as DPPH and ABTS cation decolorization tests. The
dichloromethane extract displayed the most potent DPPH scavenging activity. In
ex vivo experiments, all extracts effectively inhibited AAPS-induced oxidation in
human erythrocytes, with the dichloromethane extract showing the strongest
inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the methanol extract of basil demonstrated a
significant decrease in systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats induced by L-
Name. This antihypertensive effect was attributed to the high phenolic content of
the extract, as there was a positive linear correlation observed between total
phenolic content and antihypertensive activity. Flavonoids were also found to
contribute to the plant's antioxidant properties. In summary, basil leaves contain
a rich assortment of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits.
These findings suggest that basil could be a valuable source for the development
of antihypertensive drugs, owing to its antioxidant and blood pressure-lowering
effects.
Monitoring and Method Development for Quality Assurance of
Wheat Grains and Basmati Polished Rice for banned
Organochlorine Pesticides’ Residues
Abdus Saleem1, Rabia Nazir2*, A. Hamid3*, A. Azfar3, A. Waseem3, R. Amjad3
1Government Shalimar College Baghbanpura, Lahore; 2Applied Chemistry Research
Centre, PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore; 3Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College
for Women, Lahore
*
Contact: [email protected]: 03004153830
Rice and wheat are one of the most popular cereals crops all over the world.
Pesticide contamination is a major concern that has led to current food safety

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issues and cross border rejection and acceptance of the food commodities. The
current research work was done to conduct quality assurance of rice and wheat
grains for the presence of banned organo-chlorine pesticides(OCP); β-HCH (β-
1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, chlorothalonil, heptachlor epoxide, 4,4΄-
DDE (2,2-Bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene), 2,4΄-DDD (2-(2-
chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane) and α-,β-endosulfan.
Grain samples (17 rice, 15 wheat) and 11 soil samples, collected from different
areas of Punjab, were analyzed for OCPs residues. Simple extraction methods
were used to simultaneously determine the presence of these seven OCPs in grain
samples using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The
results showed the presence of OCPs residues in varying amounts in rice and
wheat grains samples inspite of the fact that most of them were banned about 40
years ago. The method validation data, as obtained from analyses of fortified rice
and wheat samples, resulted in the mean recoveries between 70.4 to 111.5%, limit
of detection as 0.001 mg kg-1, limit of quantification as 0.01-0.05 mg kg-1,
repeatability limit of 0.755 and reproducibility limit equals 0.779.
Synthesis and surface morphology of banana biochar-based Nano-
fertilizer and its effect on first stages of growth parameters of
Cucumber, Broccoli, and Red Okra
Sohaib Ahmad Qayyum1*, O. Farooq Tarar2, Amina Asghar3, Humera Kanwal4
1Dept. of Chemistry, Division of S & T, University of Education, Lahore;2Applied

Chemistry Research Center, PCSIR Laboratories, Lahore;3PCISR, Islamabad; 4NIGAB,

NARC, Islamabad
*
Contact: [email protected], Mobile: 03214114653
Smart agro-practices over the years have revolutionized the agriculture sector and
promoted the concept of sustainable agriculture. One such practice is the use of
agro-waste biochar in agricultural, environmental, and climatic operations. The
viability of using a biochar-based nanocomposite as a support fertilizer for the
gradual release of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in various media is
examined in this study. The banana peel biochar (BPBC) and its nanocomposite
(BNF) were prepared using a simple yet comprehensive chemical process.
Synthesized materials were evaluated using FT-IR and SEM/EDX. Physical
attributes as well as fertilizer basic characteristics were determined and prepared
nanocomposite demonstrated noticeably better water absorbance ratio (68%),
equilibrium water content (78.97%), and swelling ratio (3.64 g g-1) than biochar,
which is advantageous for preserving soil water levels. The salt index values
(0.087mmhos/cc) of the created nanocomposite performed better when compared
to the conventional fertilizers due to their safer application. Long-term availability
of all doped minerals to the plants, during experimental cycle, was revealed by
slow-release nutrient studies in water and soil, which is ideal for promoting
germination and growth. The findings of this research revealed that prepared BNF
showed improved germination parameters i.e., time for 50% germination (3.4, 3.3,
4.4 days), germination index (3.1, 3.5, 2.4), final germination percentage (91.7,
100, 83.3%), mean germination time (4.0, 3.9, 4.9 days), for cucumber, broccoli
and okra, respectively. In addition to that the prepared BNF facilitated enhanced
shoot and root length in all the three vegetables as compared to conventional
fertilizers. The dose optimization studies depicted that best results of germination

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as well as plant growth parameters are facilitated by BNF (37.5kg/ha) owing to

enhancement in soil quality by supplying additional organic matter in addition to
provision of nutrients on slow release.
Development and Quality Enhancement of Cottage type Cheese
Made from Nili Ravi Buffalo Postpartum Milk (Colostrum)
Maryam Batool1*, Saima Inayat2, Nabila Gulzar2, M. Ajmal2, Zahra Batool1
1Dept. of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Sahiwal Campus
2Dept. of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
*
Contact: [email protected]
This study was carried out to preparecottage cheese from first five days (1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th and 5th) Nili Ravi Buffalo Postpartum Milk (Colostrum) and its quality
attributes were compared with Cheese (control) made with normal Nili Ravi
Buffalo Milk.Before making cheese Postpartum Milk of first five days and control
was analyzed for their Physico-chemical attributes. Nili Ravi buffalo Colostrum
cottage cheese showed a significantly (P < 0.05%) higher Fat %, Protein %,
Casein%, T.S % and Chlorides % in the first days colostrum and trend is
decreasing with the passage of age of milk from 1st day to 5th day
(i.e.38.90±0.379to 22.85±1.572, 21.83±0.406 to12.54±0.277, 20.09±0.485 to
11.58±0.207, 59.36±0.569to 46.19±1.646,1.97± 0.037to 0.61±0.003). The
Physical quality (pH, Titratable acidity) results are non-significant but trend is
decreasing in control as compared to colostrum cottage cheese. Percentages of all
the Chemical contents decreases with the increase in the age (days) of the
postpartum milk. Similarly, marked differences were observed in actual yield
percentage. These results supported that 2nd Day cottage cheese was scored better
with proper cottage cheese attributes as compared to Cottage cheese made from
Nili Ravi Buffalo Milk.
Keywords: Colostrum, Cheese making, Cottage Cheese, Quality enhancement
Insects as a solution for Food Security and Hunger
Muhammad Asif1*, Umer Sharif2, M. Hassan2, Hafiz Taimoor1, Nida Firdous1
1Faculty of Food and Home Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
2Instituteof Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Food is a basic need of every human. With increase of human population and
decrease in agricultural land, Researchers are focusing on finding alternative ways
of enhancing food production. Insects have significant role in production of food
as pollinators as well as in production of honey. Through the production of honey
and other food and feed materials including pollen, wax for food processing,
propolis in food technology, and royal jelly as a nutritional supplement and food
ingredient, they directly improve the health of humans. Over 2 billion people
consume insects as part of their traditional diets worldwide. Given their high
nutritional value, minimal greenhouse gas emissions, little need for land or water,
and great efficiency at converting feed into food, insects can help with food
security and contribute to solving the protein shortage problem. Alternative
sources of protein-rich food are of vital importance since the price of animal
proteins is rising, there is a shortage of food and feed, the population is growing,
and there is an increasing demand for protein-rich foods. Edible insects are a

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particularly rich source of proteins and other nutrients, according to scientific

studies. Therefore, eating insects may reduce food and feed insecurity and so take
the role of the traditional animal source. Overall, it focuses on the significance of
taking entomophagy into account as a feasible and sustainable solution to
problems with global food security and the environment. Despite all of the
obvious advantages, acceptance of entomophagy is a problem. The broad
acceptance of insect consumption might be limited by cultural hurdles and not
favorable perceptions. To guarantee customer confidence, safety laws and
procedures for insect growing and processing need to be established and
regulated. Success will depend on solid collaboration between the government,
the food and feed industry, the media, chefs and academics.
Keywords: Entomophagy, Food Shortage, Alternative food source, Rich protein
source, Insect based-diet
Frequency of Renal Stone Formation and Its Association with
Dietary Pattern in Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospitals,
Peshawar
Zaib Un Nisa Shinwari*, Mohammad Yousaf
Department of Chemistry, Islamia College, Peshawar
*Contact: [email protected]

Renal Stone formation is believed to be associated with dietary habits and is one
of the common kidney disorders. Rationale of the Study: To find an association
between dietary pattern and renal stone formation in patients visiting Tertiary
Care Hospitals, Peshawar. The study was conducted in the Urology Wards of
Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar. The study was approved by ethical
committee of the concerned institution. The study population consisted of 120
renal stone patients, 63 (52.5%) male and 57 (47.5%) female with a male to female
ratio of 1.11:1 and a mean age of 34.72 ± 18.23. Data was collected from the study
population on a well-designed questionnaire uponinformed consent and reports of
urine routine examination were also collected from the patients. The obtained
kidney stones were characterized for chemical composition by Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. While statistical analysis of the data was
performedusing SPSS version 16.0. A statistically significant correlation was
found between renal stone formation and consumption of fish (p=0.001), dairy
products (p=0.008), potatoes (p=0.029), tea (p=0.025) and water intake
(p=0.036). The chemical analysis of some selectedrenal stones showed the
presence of stones composed of pure calcium oxalate, pure uric acid, calcium
oxalate plus uric acid and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) plus uric
acidby comparing the obtained FTIR bands with standards. It was concluded that
the consumption of fish, dairy products, potatoes, tea and water intake were
statistically and significantly correlated with renal stone formation and calcium
oxalate was found to be the most prevalent renal stone type in the study
population. Therefore, adapting a healthy dietary pattern can prevent the
formation of renal stones.
Effect of Citrus Peel Powder in Marinade for Safety, Quality and
Tenderness of Chicken
M. Rizwan Tariq*, K. Shehzadi, S. Waseem Ali, Zunaira Basharat, Zujaja Umer

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Department of Food Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore

*
Contact: [email protected], 00923007254349
The present research was conducted to understand the impact of different
percentages of citrus peel extract in marinade of chicken on quality, safety and
shelf life of chicken. Chicken was stored at refrigeration storage after treatment
of citrus extract (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) and storage study of 30 days was done to
understand the impact on shelf life and quality. Physicochemical analysis,
microbial analysis, cooking yield, lipid oxidation and sensory evaluation was
done. The results of study revealed that among all treatments and storage days,
lowest pH was recorded at T0 at 30th storage day with value share of 5.78±0.10.
Means showed the highest moisture (%)value of 76.27±0.05 at T0 at zero day’s
storage. T0 showed the lowest protein (%)value of 20.33±0.31, at zero’s day’s
storage. Means showed the lowest TPC (mg GAE/g)value of 1.21±0.02 at T0 at
zero day’s storage. In contrast, T3 showed the highest TPC (mg GAE/g)value of
4.32±0.23, at zero’s day’s storage. Means showed the lowest TFC (mg
QE/g)value of 1.69±0.01 at T0 at zero day’s storage. In contrast, T3 showed the
highest TFC (mg QE/g)value of 8.16±0.05, at zero’s day’s storage. Means showed
the highest TBARS (mg-MA/kg)value of 0.51±0.01 at T0 compared to other
treatments at zero day’s storage. Means showed the lowest TVC (log CFU/g)value
of 4.37±0.01 at T3 at zero day’s storage. In contrast, T0 showed the highest TVC
(log CFU/g)value of 4.62±0.02, at zero’s day’s storage. After 30 storage days,
lowest cooking loss (%)was recorded at T3 with value share of 24.6±0.42. Means
showed the lowest hedonic scale score of overall acceptability7.33±0.577 at T1 at
zero day’s storage. After 30 storage days, highest hedonic scale score of overall
acceptabilitywas recorded at T3 with value share of 7.33±0.577. It can be
concluded that, with the addition of citrus peel extract microbial load decreased,
total phenolic contents increased and overall acceptability of the product also
improved.
Mitigating the Effect of Heat Stress by using Green Silver
Nanoparticles on Wheat Yields. A Case Study of Climate Change in
Pakistan
Fozia Abasi1*, N. I. Raja1, Zia Ur Rehman Mashwani1, A. Ulfat2, M. Shahbaz1
1Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
2Department of Botany, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) being a staple food is severely affected by heat
stress as it effects plant growth, development and ultimately reduce yield. Silver
nanoparticles synthesized from silver nitrate (AgNO3) reduced with Mentha
longifolia extract. Silver nanoparticles were applied exogenously to wheat plants
against heat stress. Silver nanoparticles improved germination percentage (18%
& 21%), germination index (0.48% & 0.43%) and seedling vigor index (55.7% &
47.9%). Noteworthyresults of silver nanoparticleswererecorded on morphology
of wheat in high temperature condition with maximum increase of shoot length
12.5% & 14.5%, root length 1.38% & 1.63%, fresh weight of plant 0.43% &
0.475%, dry weight of plant 0.3% & 0.1%, leaf length 6% & 5.5%, leaf area
33.8% & 23% and leaf number 2.5% & 2%. In physiological parameters
maximum increase of 17% & 19% in relative water content while 10.5% & 7.5%

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in membrane stability index, chlorophyll a content 5.44% & 4.69%, chlorophyll

b content 8.28% & 6.91%, total chlorophyll contents 12.71% & 13.3% and
carotenoid contents 0.27% & 0.26% was observed. Under heat stress condition,
silver nanoparticles also enhance the production of biochemical such as increase
in proline contents (0.64% & 0.36%), total flavonoid contents (0.81% & 0.66%),
phenolic contents (0.3% and 0.25%), SOD (0.25% & 0.26%) and POD (0.17% &
0.15%). This technique is helpful for enhancement of crop germination,
development and growth of crop like wheat growing in stressful environment such
as in high temperature regions.
Keywords: Wheat, Heat stress; Nanotechnology; Silver nanoparticles; Climate
change
Host-mediated microbiome engineering for enhancing abiotic stress:
Hopes or Hypes
Tariq Shah1, Zeeshan Khan2
1Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department for Agriculture, NC, USA
2Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
Artificial selection of microbial communities is of great significance in improving
animal and plant health. However, there is still a lack of consistency in the
reported results. We hypothesized that as long as the microbial community
structure stabilizes during selection, artificial selection may provide desirable
results. In a 10-generation artificial selection experiment involving 1,800 plants,
we selected a microbiome that correlates with high or low leaf greenness, a proxy
for plant health. The dynamic monitoring of rhizosphere microbiota showed that
there were strong oscillations in community structure and no heritability of
selected traits at the initial transition stage of five generations. In the last five
generations, the microbial community structure showed signs of stability, and the
leaf greenness also showed heritability. The selection pressure was ineffective at
first, but later succeeded in making the green index change in the desired
direction, especially in the direction of high green values. We found a significant
agreement between plant traits and the selected microbial community structure,
highlighting two phylogenetically distinct microbial subcommunities associated
with leaf greenness, whose abundance is clearly influenced by directed artificial
selection. Therefore, understanding the stability of microbial community structure
can help improve the reliability of artificial microbiota selection.
Keywords: Evolution, Heritability, Microbiome breeding, Selection, Stability
Proteomic insight into soybean response to flooding stress
Mudassar Nawaz Khan1*, Iftikhar Ahmed2
1Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra; 2Bio
Resources Conservation Institute, NARC, Islamabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Soybean is a legume crop enriched with proteins and oil. It is frequently exposed
to anthropogenic and natural flooding that limits its growth and yield. Current
study applied gel-free proteomic techniques to unravel soybean response
mechanism to flooding stress. Two-days-old soybeans were flooded for 4 days
continuously and root samples were collected at days 2 to 6 for proteomic and
enzymatic analyses. Age-matched untreated soybeans were collected as control.

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After protein extraction, purification and tryptic digestion, the peptides were
analyzed on nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 539 and
472 proteins with matched peptides 2 or more were identified in control and
flooded seedlings, respectively. Among these 364 proteins were commonly
identified in both control and flooded soybeans. Fourty-two protein’s abundances
were changed 4-fold after 2-days of flooding stress as compared to starting point.
The cluster analysis showed that highly increased proteins included cupin family
proteins, enolase, pectin methylesterase inhibitor, glyoxalase II, alcohol
dehydrogenase and aldolase. The enzyme assay of enolase and pectin
methylesterase inhibitor confirmed protein abundance changes. These findings
suggest that soybean adopts the less energy consuming strategies and brings
biochemical and structural changes in the cell wall to effectively respond to
flooding stress and for the survival.
Keywords: Soybean, flooding, proteomic, cell wall, enolase
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Sciences
Ahmed Farooq1, Soma Khan2, Qudsia Basri2, Sumaiya Younus1
1Jinnah University for Women; 2Karachi University
Artificial intelligence is the science of big data analytics and information system.
During the last decade it has attained significant attention in all the growing fields
including therapeutics and theranostics. The current study is the retrospective
research that encompass the development and advancement in the diagnostic
sciences by using artificial intelligence in diagnosing various ailments. The use of
deep learning, machine learning and big data algorithms for diagnostic procedure
has shown promising results. Accurate and timely diagnosis ensures better
prognosis of diseases. The vast amount if diagnostic data, lab reports and imaging
scans can be accurately analyzed by using AI algorithms thus providing early
diagnosis of serious medical ailments. These techniques can also be helpful in
identifying the otherwise complicated pathogenic mechanism and differentiate
contrasting disease from one another so that diagnostic rule out becomes easier
and faster. Medical imaging analysis stands out as a primary application of AI in
diagnostic sciences. By leveraging AI algorithms, radiologists can efficiently
analyze radiological images, including X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, leading to
improved accuracy in detecting anomalies and making diagnoses. This
technology has the potential to expedite the diagnostic process, facilitating earlier
disease detection and enhancing patient outcomes. Furthermore, AI shows
promise in the field of pathology. Pathologists can benefit from AI algorithms that
analyze digital pathology images, assisting in identifying cancerous cells,
determining tumor margins, and predicting prognosis. This technology not only
enhances accuracy but also streamlines workflow in pathology laboratories,
potentially reducing turnaround times and increasing overall efficiency. Beyond
image analysis, AI can play a crucial role in clinical decision-making. By
integrating patient-specific data, such as medical history, genetic information, and
treatment outcomes, AI algorithms can generate personalized diagnostic and
treatment recommendations. This supports healthcare providers in making
evidence-based decisions, resulting in improved patient care. Nevertheless, the
integration of AI in diagnostic sciences presents challenges that must be

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addressed. Ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and ethical use of AI algorithms is

paramount. Collaborating effectively between AI systems and healthcare
professionals is crucial to optimize the diagnostic process and ensure patient
safety. In conclusion, AI holds immense potential for transforming the field of
diagnostic sciences. From enhancing medical imaging analysis to aiding
pathology and clinical decision support, AI technologies can significantly
improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and patient outcomes. Addressing
challenges and harnessing the capabilities of AI will be crucial in leveraging its
full potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery.
Cultivation, characterization and hydrolysis of polysaccharide rich
microalgae: An indigenous source for third generation bioethanol
production
Sidra Pervez1*, Sadia Qayyum2, Muhammad Asif Nawaz3
1Dept. of Biochemistry, SBBWU, Peshawar; 2Dept. of Biotechnology, SBBU, Lower Dir,
Sheringal; 3Dept. of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra
*
Contact: [email protected]
Biofuels as liquid and gaseous fuels are derived from renewable sources. Algae
are one of the most common source ofbiofuel. The aim of present study was to
identify, characterize, and to select polysaccharide-rich microalgae from
indigenous resources and to produce bioethanol in a photobioreactor. All algal
samples were identified through microscopic examination. For bioethanol
synthesis, the sample with highest concentration of carbohydrates, glucose, and
reducing sugar were selected. Experiments were conducted to investigate the
influence of various circumstances that were regulated for algal development in
current study. Three methods (biological, physical and chemical) were used for
pretreatment of algal biomass and biological method was chosen because of
higher sugar production. For biological conversion, amylolytic enzymes from
microbial sources were used to hydrolyze microalgae to produce large quantities
of sugars. In this investigation, out of four algal samples collected, one algal
specie was identified based on highest concentration of polysaccharides, glucose,
and reducing sugar for further studyof bioethanol production. A comparative
analysis of flask and reactor experiment was carried out todetermine the amount
of ethanol produced. It was concluded that amount of ethanol produced by algal
biomass obtained from a bioreactor was higher as compared to flask.
Keywords: Microalgae, Polysaccharides, carbohydrates, Bioethanol, amylolytic
enzymes
Notch Mediated EndMT
Sohail Ahmad, Maria Faraz, Muhammad Badar*
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan
Notch signaling is one of the most conserved pathways and is responsible for
cellular processes like differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Notch regulates
epithelial to mesenchymal transition in different types of cells including
HUVECs. Endothelial cells are present in the interior lining of blood vessels. The
function of endothelial cells is to regulate the blood flow and vascular integrity of
blood vessels. Endothelial-to-mesenchymaltransition is a special type of
epithelial-to-mesenchymaltransition in which the endothelial cells lose their

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endothelialcharacteristics and gain mesenchymal properties. This change in

phenotype and markers expression is accompanied by an increase in motility,
invasiveness and resistance to apoptosis. Several studies have reported that Notch
can induce EndMT in HUVECs. Notch ligands like jagged-1 and Dll4 are
expressed in the endothelium and they activate the Notch receptors on the
neighboring cells. Upon activation, the NICD domain is cleaved from the inner
side of Notch receptors and translocated into the nucleus to express their
downstream genes. Activation of Notch in HUVECs can induce the expression of
snail and slug proteins which play an important role in the induction of EndMT.
The expression of these proteins leads to the downregulation of endothelial
markers and upregulation of mesenchymal markers. To perform the proposed
research HUVECs were isolated from the umbilical cord and were cultured in 60
mm Petri dishes under standard growth conditions in a CO2 incubator. The
cellmorphology was confirmed through bright field microscopy. To activate the
Notch signaling the growth of the cells was inhibitedthrough serum starvation and
contact inhibition. The change in marker expression after activation ofNotch
signaling was confirmed through fluorescent microscopy. A significant decrease
was observed in endothelial cell surface markers after Notch activation. It has
been concluded that upon Notch signaling activation, HUVECsstart to transform
from endothelial to mesenchymal form. Endothelium to mesenchymal transition
induced by notch is one of the main key player in driving cancer metastasis.
Previous research performed upto now was using immortal cancer cell lines.
However, the present research project has the main aim to mimic the in-vivo
situation using primary endothelial cells.
Development and characterization of fiber-rich Aloe Vera-based jam
Tahira Bano, Yumna Abid, Areeba Ahmed, Jawahira Erum
Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi
Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) is highly valued for its numerous beneficial
properties, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immune
modulating, and anti-tumor activities, as well as its antiviral, anti-bacterial, and
antifungal properties. While Aloe Vera is commonly used in cosmetics and
medicines, its potential as an ingredient in food products remains largely
unexplored. This study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition,
antioxidant activity, and total phenolic compounds of beetroot and mango, and
their suitability for the preparation of jam. Furthermore, the objective was to
develop and characterize a fiber-rich Aloe Vera-based beetroot-mango jam,
optimize the processing parameters, and study its storage stability. Sensory
evaluation revealed that the Aloe Vera jam made from beetroot-mango had
superior taste, odor, and color compared to other samples. Additionally, the jam
received higher scores for appearance and overall acceptability. Proximate
analysis, including the determination of total soluble solids, moisture content,
crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash content, was conducted. The results
demonstrated that the optimal formulation of the jam, with the highest proximate
analysis scores, was obtained using 20% beetroot and 25% mango pulp.
Keywords: Aloe Vera, fiber-rich jam, beetroot, mango, chemical composition,
antioxidant activity, proximate analysis, dietary applications.

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Incorporating oat flour for formulating functional bakery products

to meet the dietary needs of celiac disease patients
Tahira Bano, Jawahira Erum, Areeba Ahmed, Yumna Abid
Food S&T Program, Dept. of Applied Sciences, FEST, Hamdard University, Karachi
The increasing demand for functional foods has prompted a growing supply of
such products in the market. However, the utilization of oat flour in mass
consumer goods, particularly snack products like crackers, remains relatively
underdeveloped. Crackers are popular snack items that typically contain a
significant amount of fat, up to 30% (w/w). Oats, known for their gluten-free
characteristics, present a potential solution for celiac disease patients' dietary
needs. However, the absence of gluten proteins in oats poses a technological
challenge in producing high-quality gluten-free products, as the dough lacks
structure-forming properties. Previous studies have explored the incorporation of
oat flour into gluten-free bread formulations. Unlike bread, crackers require only
minimal development of the gluten network to achieve cohesiveness without
excessive elasticity. This study aimed to formulate gluten-free crackers using
refined and wholegrain oat flour, ensuring acceptable taste and appearance. The
chemical, antioxidant, and sensory properties of these oat-based crackers were
compared to those made from wheat flours. All samples exhibited a cohesive
texture, and the presence of flavonoids in both types of oat crackers added to their
functional characteristics. The sensory evaluation indicated that oat flours can be
used in gluten-free cracker formulations without negatively impacting the sensory
attributes. Introducing buckwheat crackers to the market would expand the range
of functional bakery products available, particularly for individuals with celiac
disease.
Keywords: oat flour, functional bakery products, dietary needs, celiac disease
patients.
Molecular Characterization of a Consanguineous Pakistani Family
Identified a Novel ZBTB10 gene Mutation to be involved in
Intellectual Impairment
Muhammad Nawaz Khan, Muhammad Zeeshan Ali, Muhammad Muzammal,
Ejaz Ullah Khan, Muzammil Ahmad Khan
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan
Contact: Muzammil Ahmad Khan [email protected], 0345-5269635.
Intellectual disability, a neuro-developmental disease, affects a person's cognitive
abilitiesand ultimately lead to learning disability. The disorder is manifested by
impairment in adaptive skills, and low IQ level. Globally, it affects 1-3% of
general population. It might be caused by genetic defects or environmental
factors. Herein the present report, a family from District Swat, Khyber
Pakhtoonkhwah, was recruited for genetic mapping of disease gene. The family
belonged to a Pashtoon tribe. The patients were suffering from moderate to severe
mental retardation with hyperactive behavior. Whole exome analysis in this
family determined a homozygous missensevariant NM_001105539:c. A1760G
(p.Asp587Ser) in the 2ndexon of ZBTB10 gene. Zinc finger and BTB domain
containing 10 (ZBTB10) is a gene having 5 transcripts all these transcripts are
gene coding, whereas the smallest transcript is comprised of 579 amino acids and

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the largest one consists of 871 amino acids. This gene is present on chromosome
8 and it maps to 80,485,619-80,526,265 according to GRCH38 coordinates.
Human ZBTB10 gene consists of an atypical zinc-finger, a BTB domain, and 2
classical C2H2 zinc-fingers. ZBTB10 is also important for DC activation, and its
reduction in cDC1 entirely stops their immunological responses.
Keywords: Intellectual disability, genetic defects, mental retardation, hyper
active behavior, ZBTB10.
The Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Aisha Siddiqua, Pervaiz Ali
Gomal Centerof Biochemistry and Biotechnology Gomal University D.I.Khan.
Diabetes is a chronic condition with which millions of individuals are affected
throughout the world. The level of blood glucose must be precisely controlled for
its treatment. An emerging field in the treatment of diabetes, nanotechnology is
proven to be an exciting and efficient technique. Approaches based on
nanotechnology can offer specialized and accurate control over insulin delivery,
glucose monitoring, and tissue regeneration. Particularly nanoparticles
demonstrate considerable potential in terms of enhancing disease management
and therapy. Nanoparticles are being investigated as means of administration for
better oral insulin formulations because of their potential to improve drug delivery
to locations with obstacles or unfavorable circumstances for macromolecules. A
closed-loop system, also known as a system that continuously monitors blood
sugar levels and releases insulin in a self-controlled manner. In comparison to the
conventional open loop system, such a system has a number of advantages. In
secure glucose monitoring systems, the application of nanotechnology in the
creation of glucose sensors is a key area of interest. Nanoscale components are
frequently added to glucose sensors to boost their temporal response and
sensitivity. This process can also result in sensors that provide continuous in vivo
glucose monitoring. The introduction of nanotechnology has created
opportunities for the development of diabetic regenerative medicine. The
regeneration of islet cells, retinal tissue, nerve tissue, and wound tissue cells can
all be directed in the right way using nano-stents. Conductive nanoparticles
support the proliferation of different tissues. The creation of artificial pancreas
and Phytochemicals are the developing approaches to treating diabetes in the
future.
Keywords: Diabetes, Nanotechnology, Insulin delivery, Glucose monitoring,
Regenerative medicine.
Rise of Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverages: Consumer Preferences,
Market Trends and Flavor Innovation
Husnain Rasheed*, Imran Pasha, Farah Ahmad, Amina Jamil, Muhammad
Subtain, Sadia Ansar
National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*
Contact:[email protected]
The rise of non-alcoholic malt beverages has been a notable trend in the beverage
industry, driven by shifting consumer preferences and increasing health
consciousness. To explore the factors contributing to the growing popularity of
these beverages, focusing on consumer preferences, market trends and flavor

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innovation. Through an analysis of market data and consumer surveys, the study
examines the motivations and preferences of consumers when it comes to non-
alcoholic and low-alcohol malt beverages. It investigates the impact of changing
lifestyles, health and wellness concerns, and the desire for alcohol and carbonated
drinks alternatives on consumer choices. Furthermore, the study explores into the
market dynamics, evaluating the size of the non-alcoholic and low-alcohol malt
beverage market, identifying key players, and assessing their strategies to cater to
this evolving market segment. Flavor innovation is a crucial aspect of non-
alcoholic and low-alcohol malt beverages, and this study examine the realm of
flavor development in these beverages. It investigates the techniques, ingredients,
and processes utilized to create complex and appealing flavor profiles that mimic
traditional malt beverages. The study also assesses consumer responses to
different flavor variations and examines the role of flavor in driving market
success. Additionally, the study considers the regulatory landscape and legal
considerations surrounding the production and marketing of non-alcoholic and
low-alcohol malt beverages. It investigates the challenges faced by manufacturers
in complying with regulations and analyzes how these factors impact product
development and market entry. Lastly, the study explores sustainability practices
adopted by manufacturers in the production of non-alcoholic and low-alcohol
malt beverages. It assesses efforts in sourcing organic ingredients, implementing
eco-friendly packaging solutions, and reducing environmental impact. The study
also investigates consumer perceptions and the influence of sustainability on
purchasing decisions. By comprehensively examining consumer preferences,
market trends, and flavor innovation, this study provides valuable insights into the
rise of non-alcoholic and low-alcohol malt beverages. It offers a holistic
understanding of this dynamic industry, enabling beverage manufacturers,
marketers, and researchers to make informed decisions and capitalize on the
evolving needs and preferences of consumers.
Keywords: Non-Alcoholic Beverage, Malt, Flavor Profile, Market Analysis
Towards a Sustainable Future: Innovations in Food Sustainability
and Waste Reduction for a Greener Planet
Husnain Rasheed*, Imran Pasha, Farah Ahmad, Amina Jamil, Muhammad
Subtain, Sadia Ansar, Cecilia Konima Conteh, Summaia Fordos
National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Food sustainability and waste reduction has gained significant attention in recent
years due to growing concerns about environmental impact and resource scarcity.
This study aims to explore innovative approaches and technologies that contribute
to a sustainable future by promoting food sustainability and reducing waste in
order to create a greener planet. The study delves into sustainable food production
methods, such as vertical farming, aquaponics, and regenerative agriculture. It
examines their potential to minimize resource consumption, mitigate
environmental impact, and enhance food security. By evaluating the efficiency
and scalability of these approaches, the study identifies their role in achieving
sustainable food systems. In addition, the study focuses on the concept of the
circular economy in the food industry. It investigates strategies for reducing food
waste and maximizing resource utilization through initiatives like food waste

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valorization, composting, and bioenergy generation. By analyzing successful case

studies and innovative practices, the study highlights the potential of a circular
economy to minimize waste and create valuable by-products or renewable energy
sources. Furthermore, the study explores sustainable packaging solutions in the
food industry. It examines the latest developments in eco-friendly packaging
materials, such as biodegradable and compostable materials, as well as innovative
packaging designs that prioritize recyclability and reduce environmental impact.
The study assesses the benefits and challenges associated with implementing
sustainable packaging practices. By addressing these aspects, this study
contributes to the understanding of food sustainability and waste reduction as vital
components of building a greener planet. It provides insights into innovative
approaches and technologies that can drive change in the food industry towards
more sustainable practices. This research can inform policymakers, industry
stakeholders, and consumers about the importance of food sustainability and
inspire actions to achieve a sustainable future and reduce our environmental
footprint.
Keywords: Sustainability, Agriculture Practices, Food Waste Management,
Carbon-Footprint
A First Principles Study of Structural, Electronic and Optical
Properties of Janus Monolayer InSSe under External Electric Field
and Strain
Muhammad Kashif*, Nabeel Anjum, Aamir Shahzad
Physics Department, GCUF, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Using first principles calculations, we investigate the effects of an electric field
and strain on the electronic and optical properties of the Janus monolayer InSSe.
Our calculations reveal that the InSSe monolayer has an indirect band gap of 1.61
eV. The band gap of the InSSe monolayer is sensitive to both the electric field and
strain, indicating a noticeable enhancement in the electronic structure and optical
properties. We observe a sharp increase in the absorption spectra within the visible
light region of the Janus monolayer InSSe, accompanied by a shift in the position
of the absorption peaks due to changes in strain. This work suggests that the
monolayer InSSe exhibits tunable electronic and optical properties, making it a
promising candidate for optoelectronic device applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bi2O3 Nanoparticles Impregnated
with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Nanocomposites
Aadia Noreen, Murad Ali Khan, Muhammad Adeel Aleem, M. Iqbal Khan
Dept. of Chemistry, KUST, Khyber pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Due to its mechanical, thermal, electrical, and multifunctional features, silicon-
based polymer composites with high atomic number fillers are preferred for the
development of novel materials for radiation shielding. The aim of this study was
to synthesize Bi2O3 Nanoparticles Impregnated Polymer Nanocomposite. For that
firstly we synthesized bismuth oxide Bi2O3 nanoparticles using the Sol-gel
method. The XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of Bi2O3
nanoparticles. The average crystallite size was around 25nm with a monoclinic

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Bi2O3 crystalline structure. Surface morphology was studied using SEM analysis
and observed an average grain size of 195nm was. Then the as-synthesized Bi2O3
nanoparticles were incorporated with polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS). After the
corporation, the mixture was kept at 24 hrs to cure the film. After that, a cured
film was peel-off from the petri dish, and check the radiation shielding by using
gamma radiation. We get the linear attenuation coefficient of the composite with
20% filler amount as 0.206 cm-1.
Keywords: impregnated, radiation shielding, curing, linear attenuation
coefficient, polydimethylsiloxane.
Soyabean and Its Efficacy on Different Health Diseases
Asad Mahmood Gohar*, Malik M. JahanzaibAwan, Maryam Asif, Asma
Saleem, Sana Maryam, Maryam Asif
Dept. Food Sciences, GCU Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Sahiwal
*Contact: [email protected]
The soybean, is a species of legume native to the East Asia, widely grown for its
edible bean, Which has numerous uses and now it is considered globally as the
cheapest and the richest Sources of proteins. Traditional unfermented uses of
soybeans include the soy milk, from which Tofu and tofu skin are made.
Fermented soy food products include soy sauce, fermented bean Paste, tempeh,
with textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy.
Substitutes. Soy vegetable oil, is used in food and industrial applications. It plays
an important Role in maintaining balanced dietary nutrients for human health.
Soybean seeds have 63% Proteins, 19% oil, 30% carbohydrates, 5% crude fiber,
and 5% ash. Soybean is considered as one Of the richest, the least expensive and
the alternative sources of proteins that involves some of The major types of amino
acids like methionine, cysteine along with other two known as glycinin. And beta-
conglycinin. Furthermore, it is listed as a high-quality protein with a (PDCAAS)
protein Digestibility-corrected amino acid score of 1.00, similar to that of meat
and dairy. Soyabean oil Comprises of the saturated fatty acids 15.65%, the
monosaturated fatty acids 22.78% and the Polyunsaturated fatty acids 57.74%
(linolenic acid 7% and linoleic acid 54%). Due to the Presence of high amount of
(PUFAs) polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically omega-3 and Omega-6, are
found effective and beneficial in reducing health risks. Soy is found to be unique.
In that as it contains a high concentration of isoflavones, a sort of plant estrogen
(phytoestrogen) that is analogous in function to human estrogen but with much
lesser effects, Thus much of the biological activity of soyabean is linked with
isoflavones. The bioactive. Compounds of soybean have promising properties to
reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, Mental diseases, as well as a great
substitute treatment for menopause-related symptoms. On The other side among
these, a higher intake of isoflavones is associated with reduce risks ofBreast,
bladder and colorectal cancer as well as the incidence of breast cancer recurrence.
Keywords:Soybean, Proteins,Isoflavones,Omega-3 and Omega,Cardiovascular
diseases
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of a Potential of
Piperidine Substituted Heterocyclic Compounds
Sadaf Naz*, Shazia Haider, Muniba Inam, Ammara Khalid

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Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences,

University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected](SN), [email protected](SH): +92-3343549236
During last few decades there have been extensive research work on Piperidine
and Piperidine substituted compounds have been carried out to evaluate their
potential as pharmacological and biologically active agents. A number of
Piperidine substituted derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by
different spectral techniques (EIMS, NMR, UV, FTIR). Analgesic potential of
these compounds have been carried out using Eddy’s Hot Plate method and Acetic
Acid induced Writhing test. Most of the compounds showed encouraging results,
when compared to standard drug Pethidine Hydrochloride . This class can be
selected for further studies at molecular level to completely screened its potential.
Keywords:, Eddy’s method, writhing test, Analgesic, Piperidine, Pethidine
Hydrochloride
Removal of Hydrocarbon Pollutants from Refinery wastewater
through Adsorption using Mo based MOFs
Waqas Ahmad; Muhammad Zakir
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
Removal of organic pollutants from refinery wastewater studied by adsorption
using MOFs, prepared from various metals and organic ligands. MOFs based on
ammonium molybdate, sodium tungstate, and various ligands oxalic acid, benzoic
acid, and imidazole were prepared in the laboratory by solvothermal method. The
MOFs were characterized by analytical techniques XRD, EDX, FTIR, and SEM.
Out of different MOFs AM-I showed maximum removal of % COD from model
wastewater. The optimum parameters were pH 5, temperature 20 oC, time 20 min,
and absorbent dose 0.05 g. The process can be potentially used for industrial
application.
Keywords: Hydrocarbon pollutants, refinery wastewater, Adsorptive removal,
metal organic Framework, chemical oxygen demand.
Prevalence of dengue Fever in District Haripur Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Syeda Aliya Batool1, Aisha Bibi1, Wazir Muhammad1, Asima Azam2, Kamran
ullah3, Saleha Ashfaq3, Asma ul husna3
1Dept. of Zoology, Govt. Post Graduate College, Haripur, KPK; 2SBBWU, Peshawer,
KPK; 3 Dept. of Biology, University of Haripur, KPK
Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Dengue Fever is a deadly known viral disease, transmitted by a mosquito vector
Aedes aegypti, also known as “The yellow fever Mosquito”. The study was
conducted to find out the prevalence of Dengue Fever in District Haripur. The
secondary data about Dengue cases were collected from District Head Quarter
(DHQ) Hospital , Haripur, from August 2018 to November 2019. The data was
clustered with respect to age, sex, area, and months in years 2018 and 2019. The
secondary data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (IBM Statistics Tool). A
total number of 380 positive cases were reported during this time period. The

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highest rate of Dengue Fever was found in the age group 21-35 years (34.21%)
and the lowest in the age group of 66 years and above (1.84%). Maximum cases
were noted in October (48.68%), while minimum cases were reported in August
(6.84%). The highest incidence came out in the rural areas (67.37%) and the
lowest in the urban areas (32.63%). Dengue Fever was found as more prevalent
in males (66.32%) than in females (33.68%) in Haripur. As a major public health
issue, causing morbidity and mortality especially in the youth, an urgent control
and eradication of this fast-prevailing disease is required. In conclusion, the study
determined that the Dengue Fever is endemic in the region of District Haripur and
significantly higher in adult male group, specifically in the month of October
mostly in lower population density areas.
Targeting Breast Cancer Receptor Proteins with Phytochemicals
from Nigella sativa: A Computational Study
Rawaba Arif1,2, Ghulam Mustafa2*, Sadia Falak1
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Jhang, Jhang; 2Dept. of Biochemistry, GCU,
Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Breast cancer is a widespread and potentially life-threatening disease that affects
women all over the world. Natural products exhibit anticancer activities against
breast cancer through various mechanisms such as inhibiting angiogenesis, cell
migration, and proliferation, inducing apoptosis, regulating signaling pathways
involved in cancer progression, and controlling epithelial-mesenchymal
transition. In the current study, we aimed to explore the potential of Nigella sativa
phytochemicals as promising candidates for breast cancer treatment against
selected receptor proteins using molecular docking and simulation techniques. To
identify potential candidates, we selected five receptor proteins crucial in
regulating signaling pathways associated with breast cancer progression, namely
EGFR, MAPK3, ESR1, MAPK1, and PTGS2. The binding potential of selected
phytochemicals to these receptors was evaluated. Phytochemicals demonstrating
the highest binding affinity were further assessed for druggability, specifically
adherence to the Lipinski’s rule of five (Ro5). Phytochemicals meeting the Ro5
were subjected to ADMET profiling using the swissADME web server, providing
information about their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and
toxicity as potential drugs. Among all the selected phytochemicals, folic acid
exhibited the highest binding affinity to all receptors and yielded the best
simulation results. Moreover, folic acid fulfilled the criteria of the Ro5 and
exhibited favorable ADMET profiling. The current study identified folic acid as
the most promising drug candidate for all types of breast cancer treatment.
Keywords:triple-negative breast cancer;molecular docking;molecular dynamics
simulation; Lipinski’s rule of five; ADMET
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Antimicrobial Activities of the
Selected Seeds from Pakistan
Warda Nazneen Showkat1, Naeem Khan1*, Nargis Jamila2, Umar Nishan1
1Dept. of Chemistry, KUST, Kohat, KP,2 Dept. of Chemistry SBBWU, Peshawar
*Contact:[email protected], [email protected]
The seed kernels from cucurbit are renowned in the sub continental region for
their medicinal properties. It is thought that intake of this amalgamation results in
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brain development and rebuilding. Multiwalled bags are used to pack these seeds.
After removal of these bags from cold storage, the seeds in most of the bags
emerge as moldy, caked and rancid with resultant high economic loss. Such type
of moldy food products can be treated by using ionizing radiations. Food
irradiation may be considered as a second big breakthrough after pasteurization.
The irradiation lengthens the storage life of food and expands the safety by the
reduction of pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms. In the current
investigation, selected seeds were exposed to radiation dosages of 1, 5, 10, and 20
KGy in a cobalt-60 irradiator and were extracted using n-hexane, methanol,
chloroform, and ethyl acetate as consecutive solvents. The antimicrobial effects
against bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia
coli, and Shigella dysentery), fungal strains (Rhizoctonia solani and
Colletotrichum), were assessed in the irradiated and non-irradiated control
samples. The greatest zone of inhibition is shown by chloroform extract against
Staphylococcus aureus. MIC ranges for antibacterial and antifungal activities lie
between 320 to 1280ug/ml and 0.5 to 16ug/ml. The results indicate that g-
irradiation for disinfestation and microbial decontamination purposes has positive
effect on antimicrobial activities of seeds extracts and so can be safely used as a
preservative technique. Irradiation can increase bioactivities and lengthen the
shelf life of food, according to the current research.
Keywords: Seeds, Antimicrobial, MIC,γ-Irradiation,
High Performance Porous Magnetic Gum Acacia Composite for
Removal of Carcinogenic Dyes from Water
Asif Ullah Khan, Humaira Khan, Salman Zafar*
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Discharge of industrial effluents containing dyes is one of the main causes of
water pollution, hence there is need of proper treatment and handling of these
contaminated effluents before their release. Therefore, an eco-friendly and
biodegradable magnetite nanoparticles-linked gum acacia composite was
synthesized via an in-situ polymerization approach to evaluate their potential use
as an adsorbent for the uptake of organic contaminants from wastewater. The
composite was structurally characterized by advanced instrumental techniques
such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, VSM, and TGA. The results displayed the
magnetic, high crystalline, and porous Fe3O4@GA composite fabrication. The
saturation magnetization value was found to be 23.1 emu/g. The composite was
found to be an efficient adsorbent for Congo red (96.1% adsorption) and Crystal
violet (95.4% adsorption) dyes, under optimized conditions of concentration, pH,
amount of adsorbent, contact time, and temperature. A pseudo-second-order
kinetic model has been suggested for the composite with an R2 value equal to 0.99
and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model exhibited R2 = 0.9995. The
thermodynamic studies demonstrated the adsorption experiments' feasibility,
exothermic nature, and spontaneity. The composite showed higher desorption
(95%) and reproducibility, retaining the same % removal efficiency of dyes
repeatedly up to three cycles, indicating a dynamic composite for its potential
application in water treatment.

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Globalization and its Impacts on E-commerce

Saba Nasir , Sadaf Shakoor2, Aabra Abid3, Rana M. Saleem4, Komal N. Khan5
1

1UAF Sub Campus Burewala; 2UAF Sub Campus Burewala; 3UAF Sub Campus
Burewala; 4UAF Sub Campus Burewala; 5Lecturer, UAF Sub Campus Burewala
*
Contact: [email protected]
The purpose of this research project is to examine the impact of globalization on
e-commerce. Globalization has significantly transformed the way businesses
operate and has opened up new opportunities for e-commerce. The study aims to
identify the key drivers of globalization that have contributed to the growth of e-
commerce and the challenges that businesses face in this globalized environment.
The research employs a mixed-methods approach, including a review of relevant
literature, surveys of businesses engaged in e-commerce and interviews with
experts in the field. The findings indicate that globalization has had a profound
impact on e-commerce, leading to increased competition, greater access to
markets, and enhanced efficiency. However, the research also highlights
challenges such as regulatory issues, cultural differences, and technological
barriers that can impede the growth of e-commerce in a globalized world. Overall,
the study provides valuable insights into the ways in which businesses can adapt
and thrive in a globalized e-commerce environment.
Keywords: E-commerce, development, globalization, internet economy, retail
sales, technology
Relationship between Microfinance and Sustainable Women
Entrepreneurial Performance: The Mediating Role of Social Capital
Komal Nida Khan, Saba Nasir, Tania Tahir, Sidra Habib
UAF Sub Campus Burewala/Vehari, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
This study aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on poverty reduction
through women entrepreneurship in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. It was also
examined if social capital plays any role in microfinance and women
entrepreneurship growth that leads towards poverty reduction. The data was
collected through a survey of 80 women entrepreneurs, who secured microfinance
loans for their new/established enterprises. By applying correlation and regression
analysis techniques, this study finds that access to finance is important for female
entrepreneurs and it helps them in realizing their potential as entrepreneurs. A
range of entrepreneurial characteristics was found to be critical to the success of
women led enterprises in general and to poverty reduction among their families,
in particular. Our results reveal that microfinance plays a positive role in women's
entrepreneurial performance. Although this study used a limited sample of
Pakistani female entrepreneurs, yet the results can be relevant to women
entrepreneurs in other developing countries with contextual cautions. Future
researchers may incorporate more relevant variables and increase the sample size
to enhance the understanding of our investigated phenomena.
Keywords: Microfinance, family health, poverty reduction, women
entrepreneurial performance

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Enhanced Growth of Waste Water Derived Bacterial Culture on

Polyaniline Modified Graphite Anode
Salma Bilal1*, Ulrike Krewer2, Fabian Kubanek 3, Lars Krüger3
1National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar; 2KIT,
Institute for Applied Materials, Electrochemical Technologies, 76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany; 3TU Braunschweig Institute of Energy and Process System Engineering, 38106
Braunschweig, Germany
*
Contact: [email protected]
Currently the low out put is one of the major issues associated with the Microbial
Fuel Cells (MFC) technology. Amongst various factors, the choice of anode is the
fundamental aspect to define the efficiency of MFC. An anode with better
conduction, stability, and high specific area can serve well for the purpose as more
bacteria can adhere to its surface and grow in the form of a biofilm, generating
electric current. Graphite has widely been used in MFC as anode. Modification of
its surface with a suitable material can further enhance its performance. In a quest
for that betterment, we have utilized a polyaniline material, doped with sulfuric
acid and dodecylbenzensulphonic acid, for modification of graphite surface and
utilized this electrode as anode in the MFC reactor. An increase of 56 % in the
bioelectrochemical current density and a denser film formation was observed for
the polyaniline modified electrode during an operation time of 22 days. The
thickness of the biofilm in its completely dry state was 27 and 9.5 micrometers,
respectively, for the coated and bare graphite electrodes. The coated electrode
surface was less prone to damage in the MFC environment, as depicted by Tafel
curves. The enhanced performance of polyaniline coated electrode is explained
on the basis of better electrochemical characteristics of PANI coated graphite in
comparison with the bare one.
Keywords: Microbial fuel cells, polyaniline, graphite anode, current density
Antidiabetic Activity of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Bark Extract in
Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats
Mashal Shahzadi1, Muhammad Asad Mangat1, TahiraYounis*1,2
1Dept. of Zoology, GCU, Faisalabad; 2Dept. Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women
University Multan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides is a small tree of dry hills, commonly known as Afghan
ash having leaflets 5-11, ovate lanceolate, toothed with a winged rachis. In this
study, both in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides
bark extract was investigated for the first time by considering it as a potential
source of drug candidate. Powder of Fraxinusx anthoxyloidesstem bark was
extracted with methanol to obtain the crude extract (FXBM) and the resultant was
fractionated with solvents in escalating polarity; n-hexane (FXBH), chloroform
(FXBC), ethyl acetate (FXBE) and the residual aqueous fraction (FXBA). The
evaporation of respective solvents was done by rotary evaporator, the
extract/fractions were dried and stored in refrigerator at 4°C. In vitro investigation
of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides bark extract/fractions on inhibition of α-amylase and
α-glucosidase activity was assessed through IC50. Among all the extract/fractions,
FXBH (IC50 =33.38 μg/ml) showed the powerful inhibition of α-amylase that was
comparable to the Acarbose (35.8 μg/ml) as well as FXBH (IC50 =245.6 μg/ml)

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also showed the powerful inhibition of α- glucosidase comparable to Acarbose

(12.53 μg). HPLC-DAD analysis of FXBH showed the presence of Gallic acid,
Catechin, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid and Querctin. In vivo antidiabetic potential of
n-hexane fraction of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides bark extract was evaluated through
a trial of 15 days on albino rats (Sprague Dawley). Rats were acclimatized and
150 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate was injected intraperitoneally to induce
diabetes after an overnight fasting. After induction of diabetes, different dosage
levels of FXBH, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and Glibenclamide, 5 mg/kg was given
orally to rats according to their body weight through feeding tubes. Increase in
body weight and decrease in blood glucose level was observed in rats treated with
plant extract while blood glucose level was checked with the help of touch
glucometer. At the end of trial, rats were sacrificed and blood was collected in
tubes and pancreas was stored in formalin. Different biochemical parameters like
serum Triglyceride, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dl), Lipase
(mg/dl), Amylase (mg/dl), Alanineaminotransferase (ALT) (mg/dl), Aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) (mg/dl), Creatinine (mg/dl),Urea (mg/dl) and C-reactive
protein (CRP) (mg/dl) levels were decreased along HBAIC (mg/dl)while serum
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mg/dl) level was increased in
ratstreated with Fraxinus xanthoxyloides bark extract. Histopathological analysis
of pancreas of rats demonstrated the restoration of beta cells. Hence it was
concluded that FXBH possesses a potent antidiabetic potential.
Keywords: Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Alpha amylase, Alpha glucosidase, Alloxan
Monohydrate,Histopathology
Cooperative Distributed Uplink Cache over B5G Small Cell
Networks
Waheedur Rehman1, Tabinda Salam2
1Dept. of CS, University of Peshawar; 2Dept. of CS, SBBWU, Peshawar.
With the rise of content-centric networks and small cell networks (SCN), the
volume of data transmission has witnessed a significant surge in both uplink and
downlink directions. To tackle the ensuing challenges of network congestion and
bottlenecks in backhaul links within B5G networks, data caching has emerged as
a popular solution. However, caching for uplink transmission in a distributed B5G
scenario poses several challenges, including duplicate matching of contents and
users' lack of awareness about cached contents. Additionally, there is a need to
maximize available space by caching the most popular contents in a distributed
manner. This research paper presents two schemes for uplink transmission in
distributed B5G SCNs. The first scheme focuses on content matching to eliminate
duplicates among distributed caches, while the second scheme redistributes
unduplicated cached contents among distributed caches based on their available
space. These approaches aim to enhance energy and spectral efficiency by
reducing unnecessary uploads and optimizing distributed content caching.
The analysis shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing schemes
by improving the cache hit ratio, cache hit probability, overall distributed cache
efficiency, and diversity by 29.17%, 74.89%, 24.17%, and, 80%, respectively.
Furthermore, the throughput, energy efficiency (EE), and spectrum efficiency
(SE) of the access network by 17.78%, 78%, and 18%, respectively. Besides that,
the EE and SE of both the sidehaul and backhaul links of the SBSs improved.

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Keyword. Caching, Cooperative Communication, Energy Efficiency, Spectral

Efficiency, Data Offloading, B5G or 6G networks
Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Isolated from Hospital Wastewater in District Kohat
Muhammad Hasnat Jahangir, Muhammad Qasim*
Dept. of Microbiology, KUST, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Hospital wastewater contains various chemicals and antibiotic residues, leading
to the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in receiving waters. This poses
ecological risks to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Antibiotic resistance, driven
by genetic mutation and enzymatic denaturation, is a global concern exacerbated
by irrational antibiotic use in hospitals. High concentrations of antibiotics in
hospital wastewater facilitate the horizontal transfer of resistance genes.
Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic bacterium, can acquire antibiotic resistance
genes from hospital wastewater, potentially disseminating into the environment.
This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated
fromhospital wastewater and analyze their drug resistance profiles. Samples of
hospital wastewater were collected from multiple locations in District Kohat,
Pakistan, and transported to the Microbiology Research Laboratory, KUST,
Kohat for analysis. HPLC analysis was conducted using silica gel and acetonitrile
to detect antibiotic residues. S. aureus identification involved colony morphology,
Gram staining, and biochemical tests such as catalase and coagulase tests.
Antibiotic sensitivity was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-
Hinton Agar plates, measuring the zone of inhibition. In hospital wastewater
samples, 11% and 8% of the isolates were identified as methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), respectively. Among the 11 MSSA isolates, 98%
exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). The MSSA isolates displayed high
resistance rates to vancomycin (100%), penicillin (95%), clindamycin (90%),
erythromycin (85%), ofloxacin (80%), oxacillin (40%), cefoxitin (20%), and
chloramphenicol (5%). Notably, the prevalence of MSSA isolates exhibiting
reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and
ofloxacin was higher in hospital wastewater samples. The predominant
antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) identified was mecA, which was detected in
all of the isolates (100%). This study demonstrates that hospital wastewater is a
reservoir for multidrug-resistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
(MSSA) strains, with high resistance rates observed against multiple antibiotics.
The presence of the mecA gene in all isolates highlights its significant role as a
predominant antimicrobial resistance gene. These findings underscore the urgent
need for effective wastewater management strategies and the implementation of
rational antibiotic usage practices to mitigate the dissemination of antibiotic
resistance from hospital wastewater into the environment.
Keywords: Hospital wastewater, Antibiotic residues, Antibiotic resistance,
Ecological risks, Wastewater management.

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots for Metal Ions

Detection
Beenish Nawab*, Murad Ali Khan, Muhammad Iqbal
Dept. of Chemistry, KUST, Kohat, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Carbon quantum dots are new class of nanomaterial under 10nm in size. Carbon
quantum dots are cost effective, harmless to the ecosystem, super water solubility,
great photostability, and low cytotoxicity, biocompatible, and show enhanced
optical properties, making them prevalent nanomaterial for metals sensing. In
chemical and biological detecting exploration, design and synthesizing of
different sensors is a question of first significance. Usually, production of specific
sensors always requires time and cost. Presently, the advancement going with
utilization of waste materials for the production of innovative valuable material
have been significantly progressed. For the same purpose in this study we have
synthesized and characterized carbon dots from biomass waste and utilized as
metal ions detection. CQDs were synthesized by utilizing one step hydrothermal
treatment from biomass waste and characterized by FTIR, XRD and UV-Vis
spectroscopy. The identification of metal ions was carried by synthesizing series
of metal ions solution and added in CQDs solution, results were noticed.
Synthesis of CQDs was confirmed by characterization techniques and
spectroscopy results for metal ions detection in sample. The cost-effective CQDs
obtained by reusage of biomass waste, has great biocompatibility and showed
potential capacity for sensing of metal ions in sample.
Keywords: carbon quantum dots, metal ions, sensing.
Effect of Different Hydrocolloids on the Quality of Whey Drink
Nadia Hameed1, Sadaf Shakoor2*, Madeeha Khadim1, M. Abubakker Azmat3
1National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture

Faisalabad;2Dept. of FST,3Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of

Agriculture Faisalabad Sub Campus Burewala
*Contact: [email protected]
Whey is liquid that is leftovers following curding of milk casein, symbolizes as
regards 85-95% of the volume of milk. It was measured as a waste product owing
to its very high biological oxygen demand(BOD). Whey orange drink is prepared
by mixing sweet liquid whey (85%), sugar (7%), fruit pulp (7%), preservatives,
and different hydrocolloids with the same concentration (0.2%). The ready drink
had orange colour and a very satisfying taste and overall acceptability. The
objectives of the current study were to formulate a whey orange drink and to
examine the consequences of different hydrocolloids on the stability and quality
of the drink. The whey orange drink was analyzed for chemical analysis like pH,
acidity, protein, lactose, ash, total solids, SNF, microbial analysis, and sensory
evaluation at 0, 14, and 28 days of storage period. The physicochemical analysis
showed that acidity and total viable count increased with the storage period while
pH, fat, lactose, lactose, total solids, and viscosity decreased during storage time.
The whey orange drink had no significant change in the pH (due to storage) acidity
and viscosity (due to treatment and storage). At 0-day maximum pH, viscosity,
and minimum acidity were recorded for T6(treatment containing carrageenan +
carboxymethyl cellulose). Sensory evaluation of the whey orange drink indicated

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that treatments had a significant effect on all sensory parameters. During storage
sweetness, sourness, orange flavor, off flavors, graininess, and overall
acceptability were affected significantly by the whey orange drink. At 0 days’a
maximum score for overall acceptability (7.66) was recorded for T6(treatment
containing carrageenan plus carboxymethyl cellulose) and a minimum score (5.0)
was awarded for T0(Treatment containing no hydrocolloids). After 14, and 28
days of storage, judges observed a slight decline in overall acceptability in all
whey orange drink samples. Hence it was found that whey orange drink treatment
T6(CMC+Carragenan) obtained maximum scores regarding the sensory
evaluation and remained the best.
Keywords: whey drink composition, hydrocolloids effect, best stabilizer for a
drink, nutritional importance of whey, multiple uses of whey protein.
Microsatellite Polymorphism of Drd2 Gene in Schizophrenia
Hajira Karim
Salim Habib University
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with a multifactorial
etiology, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The DRD2 geneplays
a crucial role in various neuropsychiatric disorders and drug addiction. The
dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) has been extensively studied due to its
association with schizophrenia. Microsatellite polymorphisms within the DRD2
gene have been proposed as potential genetic markers for susceptibility to
schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of microsatellite
polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene in schizophrenia susceptibility using
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and computational analysis.
Genomic DNA samples were collected from individuals diagnosed with
schizophrenia and healthy controls. Primers were designed to specifically amplify
regions containing microsatellite repeats within the DRD2 gene. PCR
amplification was performed, and the resulting DNA fragments were analyzed
using gel electrophoresis to detect length variations indicative of microsatellite
polymorphisms. The PCR-based genotyping approach successfully identified
microsatellite polymorphisms in the DRD2 gene. We observed variations in the
sizes of amplified DNA fragments, indicating the presence of different alleles for
the identified microsatellite markers. Furthermorewe conducted a comprehensive
computational analysis of the DRD2 gene, utilizing various bioinformatics tools
and databasessuch as, STRING’s, KEGG, Reactome and BioGrid databases that
may provide insights into the biological processes underlying schizophrenia. In
conclusion, our study successfully identified microsatellite polymorphisms within
the DRD2 gene associated with schizophrenia using PCR amplification. These
findings contribute to the growing body of evidence linking genetic variations in
the DRD2 gene to schizophrenia susceptibility. The computational analysis of the
DRD2 gene provides a comprehensive overview of its structure, function,
regulation, and genetic variations. Further investigation of these microsatellite
markers in larger cohorts are warranted to elucidate their precise role in the
pathogenesis of schizophrenia and to explore their potential utility as diagnostic
markers in clinical settings.
Keywords: schizophrenia, DRD2, microsatellite polymorphism, PCR,
computational anaylsis.

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye By Uv/Cu+2/Pds

Process
Adnan Ali, Murtaza Syed
National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry University of Peshawar
This study is focused on the use of UV/PDS/Cu+2 (cupper II ion) system to
successfully decolorize Methyl Orange (MO) dye in aqueous media. The effects
of various parameters like initial PDS concentration, catalyst dose and pH of the
media in terms of MO degradation was studied. Furthermore, in order to
determine the efficiency UV/PDS/Cu+2 system the degradation of MO was also
performed in different system (Deionized water, Tape water and Synthetic
wastewater). Moreover, the degradation of MO followed the pseudo-first-order
kinetic. Without catalyst (Cu+2) the UV and UV- PDS systems contributed1.94 %
and 99.6299 % in the removal of MO with the kapp of 0.0005 and 0.1273min−1
respectively. It was observed that by the incorporation of Cu+2 ions in UV-PDS
system the degradation of MO decreased from 99.6299 to 97.0056 % with the kapp
of 0.1158 min−1decreasing the toxicity. Additionally, the oxidative species
involvement for the MO treatment, which were produced during the photolysis
process in the presence of the PDS, was revealed by radical quenching tests
employing various scavengers. The results revealed SO4-and OH- radicals as the
dominants species involved in the MO removal. Overall it is concluded that
UV/PDS/Cu+2 method has the ability to be adopted for effective dyes degradation
in wastewater. These findings demonstrated the great effectiveness of
UV/PDS/Cu+2 procedures in the efficient removal of MO dye under optimal
operating conditions.
Lipolysis and Antioxidant Properties of Cow and Buffalo Cheddar
Cheese in Accelerated Ripening
Maryam Batool*1, Muhammad Nadeem2, Muhammad Imran2, Imran Taj Khan2,
Jalees Ahmad Bhatti2, Muhammad Ayaz2
1Dept.of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad Sahiwal Campus; 2 Dept. of Dairy
Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Background: Buffalo milk is the second largest source of milk on the globe, it is
highly suitable for the preparation of mozzarella cheese, however, it is not suitable
for the preparation of cheddar cheese due to high buffering capacity, low acid
development, excessive syneresis, lower lipolysis that lead to lower sensory score.
Accelerated ripening can enhance lipolysis and improve sensory characteristics
of cheddar cheese. Lipolysis and antioxidant capacity of buffalo cheddar cheese
in conventional ripening is not previously studied. Optimization of ripening
conditions can lead to better utilization of buffalo milk in cheese industry.
Methods: Effect of accelerated ripening on lipolysis and antioxidant properties of
cow and buffalo cheddar cheese were investigated. Cheddar cheese prepared from
standardized (3.5% fat) cow and buffalo milk was subjected to conventional and
accelerated ripening (4 °C and 12 °C) for a period of 120 days. Fatty acid profile,
organic acids, free fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidant activity and sensory
characteristics were studied at 0, 40, 80 and 120 days of ripening. Results: Fatty
acid profile of cow and buffalo cheddar in conventional (120 days old) and
accelerated ripening were different from each other (p < 0.05). Free fatty acids in

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120 days old buffalo and control cheddar, in accelerated ripening were 0.55% and
0.62%. After accelerated ripening, cholesterol in buffalo and control cheddars
were 16 and 72 mg/100 g. After accelerated ripening, concentrations of formic,
pyruvic, lactic, acetic and citric acids in buffalo cheddar cheese were, 922, 136,
19,200, 468 and 2845 ppm. At the end of accelerated ripening (120 days),
concentrations of formic, pyruvic, lactic, acetic and citric acids in cow cheddar
cheese were 578, 95, 9600, 347 and 1015 ppm. Total antioxidant capacity of
control cow and buffalo cheddar in accelerated ripening was 77.26 and 88.30%.
Colour, flavour and texture score of rapid ripened 80 and 120 days old buffalo
cheddar was not different from cow cheddar. Conclusions: Results of this
investigations showed that flavour profile buffalo cheddar subjected to accelerate
ripening was similar to cow cheddar cheese. Accelerated ripening can be used for
better utilization of buffalo milk in cheddar cheese industry.
Keywords: Buffalo milk, Cheddar cheese, Lipolysis, Fatty acid profile
Invivo Comparative Diuretic study of Cichorium intybus, Terminalia
chebula and Punica granatum
Hira Maaz1, Farzana Sadaf2, Laila Anwer Ali2, Syed Waleed Ahmed Bokhari1,
Muhammad Mohtasheemul Hasan2, Safia Abidi2
1Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi
2Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Pakistan

Worldwide trend towards the utilization of natural plant remedies has created an
enormous need for information about the properties and uses of the medicinal
plant. Many indigenous medicines have been claimed to have diuretic effect in
traditional medicine system. Medicine induced diuresis is beneficial in many life-
threatening disease conditions such ascongestive heart failure, nephrotic
syndrome, cirrhosis, renal failure, hypertension, and pregnancy toxaemia but due
to some serious side effects their use is limited. Moreover,naturally occurring
diuretics include caffeine in coffee, tea and cola, which inhibit Na+ reabsorption
and alcohol in beer, wine inhibit secretion of ADH, proved to be very effective in
promoting sodium excretion. In the present study ethanolic extracts of Cichorium
intybus, Terminalia chebulaand Punica granatum were investigated for diuretic
activity in Wister rats. The extracts were administered once orally at a dose of
400mg/kg. Furosemide (10mg/kg) was used as standard reference drug and
distilled water was used as control. The onset of diuretic action of all three extracts
observed with the Furosemide, produces onset of action after 1 hour of oral
administration which reached its peak in 2-3 hours. All extracts showed a
significant increase in urine volume. All three extracts exhibited significant
diuretic activity when compare to saline treated group. However, the diuretic
activity of Punica granatum (8.1±0.66***)extract was higher than that
ofTerminalia chebula (7.66±2.67**)and Cichorium intybus (6.32±2.67*). It is
concluded that Punica granatum exhibited pronounced diuretic effect.
Keywords: Diuretic activity, Herbal medicines, Cichorium intybus, Terminalia
chebulaand Punica granatum.

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Concentrations and the Risk associated with Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn),
Iron (Fe), and Cadmium (Cd) in Humanurine of Healthy and
Unhealthy Subjects
Alfred Ndorwu Barnett1,2*, John Juana2, Joseph Charles Barnett2, Michael
Braima2, Amara Barnett2, Cecilia Konima Conteh2
1Instituteof Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering (SCEE), NUST, Islamabad
2Deptt Basic & Environmental Sciences, Eastern Technical University, Sierra Leone

Contact: [email protected]
Heavy metal contamination in humans is a serious environmental challenge that
impacts the lives of people globally. High concentrations of heavy metals in food,
water, and the environment have posed serious health concerns for people.
Therefore, this work intended to determine the concentration of zinc, iron, lead,
and cadmium in urine samples of healthy (smokers and nonsmokers) and
unhealthy (kidney disease and diabetes) adult patients from NUST and Holy
Family Hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan (age 25–50). A total of 40 samples were
collected: 20 from healthy (smokers and nonsmokers) and 20 from unhealthy
(kidney and type 2 diabetes) subjects. The samples were concentrated,
lyophilized, and digested using the hot plate method with concentrated nitric and
perchloric acids. The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (AAS) in flame mode. The results revealed mean
concentrations of Pb (0.08 mg/L) in healthy subjects (smokers: 0.12 mg/L, and
nonsmokers: 0.02 mg/L) were higher than in unhealthy patients (0.07 mg/L);
kidney disease: 0.07 mg/L; and diabetes: 0.05mg/L. The concentrations of Fe
(7.14 mg/L) and Zn (0.69 mg/L) in unhealthy patients were higher than those in
healthy individuals (Fe: 0.31 mg/L; Zn: 0.38 mg/L). The mean concentrations of
Fe (0.35 mg/L), Cd (0.02 mg/L), and Zn (0.39 mg/L) in smokers were higher than
in nonsmokers (Fe: 0.27 mg/L; Zn: 0.36 mg/L; Cd: 0.01 mg/L). The urinary
concentrations of Pb (0.07 mg/L), Zn (1.08 mg/L), Cd (0.02 mg/L), and Fe (14.2
mg/L) in subjects with kidney disease were higher than those in diabetes patients
(Pb: 0.05, Zn: 0.29, Cd: 0.01 mg/L, and Fe: 0.62 mg/L). All the concentrations
were significantly higher than the ATSDR and WHO permissible limits for heavy
metals in urine. The results of the study concluded that higher concentrations of
heavy metals in the samples could be one of the contributing factors responsible
for kidney and diabetes diseases in unhealthy patients, although the statistical
results showed a nonsignificant relationship between urinary Zn, Fe, and Cd
concentrations in nonsmokers and diabetes, nonsmokers and smokers, and
smokers and diabetes categories with p-values (> 0.05) in all categories of subjects
for lead (Pb).
Keywords: Health, Unhealthy, Urine, Heavy Metals, Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer.
Plastic Invasion: Uncovering the Presence of Microplastics and Nano
Plastics in Human Urine
Alfred Ndorwu Barnett1,2*, M. Braima2, A. Barnett2, J. Juana2, J. C. Barnett2
1Instituteof Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering (SCEE), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan.
2 Deptt Basic & Environmental Sciences, Eastern Technical University, Sierra Leone

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*
Contact: [email protected]
Micro- and nano plastic particles and fibers are ubiquitous in the environment and
have been detected in various human organs and systems, including the kidney,
blood, lower respiratory tract, and stool. This study aimed to identify and quantify
synthetic microplastics in human urine usingoptical microscopy, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and scanning
electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. The analysis of nine urine
samples revealed the presence of 43% synthetic plastic fragments and 57%
microfibers, with mean concentrations of 1.59±1.80 and 2.04±3.38 particles per
100 ml, respectively (P=0.045, F=4.5). The sizes of the fragments ranged from
0.01 nm to 0.34nm, while the lengths of the fibers ranged from 10 to 871 µm, with
various shapes and colors identified. FTIR analysis showed 100% polypropylene,
while micro-Raman analysis detected 33.3% polypropylene and 33.3%
polyamide. The detection of microplastics in urine is a growing concern that
requires further research to understand their potential health effects, sources, and
pathways in the environment. The findings of this study provide valuable
information for developing strategies to reduce exposure and mitigate the risks
posed by microplastics to human health and the environment.
Keywords: microplastic and nano plastic; nano fiber, urine, micro-Raman
spectroscopy; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Perception and Impact of Micropollutants in Urine- Based Liquid
Fertilizer on crop Production.
Alfred Ndorwu Barnett*, Joseph Charles Barnett, John Juana
1Instituteof Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering (SCEE), NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
2Deptt of Basic & Environmental Sciences, Eastern Technical University, Sierra Leone
*
Contact: [email protected]
Large-scale sustainable agriculture presents a formidable challenge globally,
resulting in severe food insecurity for approximately 52% and 48% of people
living in rural and urban areas, respectively. An estimated 690 million individuals
suffer from hunger annually due to the high cost of chemical fertilizers and other
factors. The aimed of this study is to explores the impact of urine and chemical
fertilizers on plant yield and the effects of heavy metals, and other micropollutants
on human health. To reduce costs, source-separated urine offers a promising
alternative for crop production, despite containing more nitrogen and phosphorus
than traditional fertilizers. However, human urine also contains pharmaceuticals
and micropollutants with adverse effects on human health and the environment.
Human urine provides essential micronutrients for plant growth. Nevertheless, the
presence of heavy metals and other micropollutants in urine raises safety
concerns. While urine diversion toilets can safely collect urine, their use as a
liquid fertilizer requires careful consideration due to the presence of disease-
causing organisms, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites that contribute to water and
soil contamination. Consumers and farmers alike worry about the safety of crops
fertilized with urine, given the perception of disease-causing pathogens. Various
methods to remove antibiotics from urine, such as membrane bioreactors
combined with complex chemicals and physicochemical processes, were also
examined. These methods, including activated powdered carbon, nano-filtration,

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ozone, and ozone/UV, target specific antibiotics and their metabolites to ensure
the safety of urine-derived fertilizers.
Keywords: Urine, Pharmaceuticals, Fertilizer, Nutrients, Microplastics, Heavy
metal.
Synthesis of Chitosan Composite of Metal-Organic Framework for
the Adsorption of Dyes; Kinetic and Thermodynamic Approach
Tooba Saeed*
Department of chemistry Bacha Khan University Charsadda
*Contact:[email protected], [email protected], 03119571669
The iron metal-organic framework composite with chitosan (CS/MOF-235) was
synthesized using a solvothermal method and its synthesis was confirmed by
surface area, PZC, XRD, FESEM, XPS, TGA, TEM, EDX mapping and EDX
analysis. The chitosan composite of the iron metal-organic framework (CS/MOF-
235), MOF-235 and chitosan were used for the removal of methylene blue (MB)
and methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption
capacities were found to be 2857–2326 mg/g for CS/MOF-235, 357 – 236 mg/g
for MOF- 235 and 209–171 mg/g for chitosan (CS) which reveal that the
adsorption capacity of CS/MOF-235 is almost 8 and 14 times greater than MOF-
235 and chitosan respectively. The adsorption selectivity of the (CS/MOF-235)
towards the dye was in the order MO > MB. Moreover, hydrogen bonding, pi-pi
bonding, pore-filling, electrostatic interactions and chemisorption were proposed
as possible mechanisms for the removal of dyes onto CS/MOF-235. The
intraparticle diffusion and Richenberg models confirmed that the adsorption
process was jointly controlled by the pore and film diffusion. The negative values
of the isosteric heat of adsorption (ΔH) fall with surface coverage indicating that
a lesser amount of heat is required for the greater uptake of dyes.
Bio-synthesized Copper Oxide Nano-composites with applications as
Nano-Pesticides against Fruit flies (Bactrocera zonata)
Yusra Munir1, Murad Ali Khan1*, Iqbal Khan1*, Sher Bahadar Khan2
1Department of Chemistry, KUST, Kohat, Pakistan
2Chemistry Department, KAU, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*
Contact: [email protected]
Demand of agricultural products is increasing day by day due to growing
population. Every year about 20% of the agricultural products are wasted due to
the attack of pests, therefore we are not getting the maximum productions of our
crops, and here is great need to improve agricultural yield. Synthetic pesticides
are used to control pests but these pesticides are highly toxic and can harm more
than just the targeted “pests”. They are persistent in nature and exist in
environment for a long time and presenting a continuous threat to human health,
flora and fauna1, 2. They pollute ecosystem and cause several health issues to
humans. Looking to the hazardous effects of chemical pesticides, there is a
continuous search for the exploration of alternate cultural and biological control
methods. One of the good alternates is the use of Phyto pesticides. Phyto-
chemicals are natural insecticides derived from floral resources. Conventional
techniques for pest management are now inadequate and new innovative
management techniques have to be developed. Now a day’s agriculture is facing

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major challenges of environmental contamination, pest resistance,

bioaccumulation and health hazards. Nanotechnology is rising as a highly
attractive tool to achieve the target of lowering the quantity of pesticide used by
offering new methods for the formulation and delivery of pesticide active
ingredients. In this study, facile, eco-friendly and green synthesis of CuO NPs was
successfully achieved by using aqueous extract of Eucalyptus leaves. CuO-
Chitosan nano-composites were prepared by embedding of CuO nano-particles in
Chitosan polymer. Cu layered CuO-Chitosan nano-composites were also prepared
to enhance insecticidal effects. The synthesized nano-particles and nano-
composites were characterized by using techniques like UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD,
SEM and EDX. The effects of extract, CuO NPs and nano-composites were tested
at different time intervals on the target insect pest i.e fruit flies (Bactrocera
zonata). Percent mortality of extract (0,10,20,30,50), CuO NPs (20,30,40,50,70),
CuO-Chitosan nano-
Eucalyptus leaves Extract CuONPs composites (30,40,50,70,80)
Chitosan solution and CuO-Chitosan nano-
composites with Cu layer
(40,50,60,80,90) at different
concentrations (2ppm, 4ppm,
6ppm, 8ppm and 10ppm) were
found effective. Data obtained
indicated that the increasing
concentration and exposure
period caused increase in
CuO- mortality (%). The LC50
Chitosan N.C values for CuO NPs, CuO-
Chitosan nano-composites
and CuO-Chitosan nano-composites with Cu layer were found good. The results
of this study showed that CuO NPs and nano-composites have good insecticidal
properties and can be used as a valuable tool in pest management programs. They
are safer than chemical pesticides and there is need of further studies to minimize
the use of chemical pesticides and replace them by nano-pesticides.
Sustainable options to minimize postharvest losses in Pakistan
Yasir Abbas*, Rana Ammar Aslam
Department of Structures & Environmental Engineering, UAF, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Postharvest loss is the loss from the stage of harvesting to the stage of
consumption resulting from quantitative loss, qualitative loss, and the food waste
all in all. Pakistan is a developing country having greater postharvest losses due
CuO-Chitosan
spoilage, insects,N.C biodeteriorationby
with Cu layer microorganism, incorrect storageand
improper handling. Postharvest losses in wheat, rice, vegetables and fruits is
10,15, and 35 percent respectively.
CuSO 4 SolutionAccording to Asian Development Bank report,
Pakistan faces postharvest loss is worth $1.3 billion per year. It is four times larger
than the federal and Punjab budget combined, which is around $250 million per
annum. nano-pesticides
Increasing in production of grains and food is one possible solution to
reduce the postharvest losses. Postharvest losses is minimize by the adoption of
techniques such as physicalpreventing insects and rodents from entering, keeping

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the environment clean and free of microorganism growth, proper handling, and
packing. Cold storages are also built to control the rate of transpiration,respiration
and to preserve the vegetables and fruits useable form for consumer. Smart
farming methods such as extension trainings, internet of time and the use of
several advanced storage structures have been determined as measure for decrease
the postharvest loss in the crops.
Keywords: postharvest losses, food crops, sssmart farming methods
Designing Nutraceutical Foods for Sports Performance and
Recovery: Current Strategies, Emerging Trends, and Future
Directions
Fareena Jamil, Nida Firdous*, Shabbir Ahmad, Muhammad Sibt-e-Abbas,
Muhammad Usman1, Aliza Batool
Faculty of Food & Home Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture Multan
*Contact: [email protected]
Functional foods, often referred to as nutraceutical foods, are food products that
have been enhanced with bioactive ingredients or bioactive chemicals that have
been chosen for their potential health advantages above and beyond basic
nutrition. When included in a balanced diet, these items are intended to offer
physiological advantages and foster general wellbeing. The design and
development of nutraceutical foods that are specifically formulated to improve
athletic performance and speed up recovery after exercise. The most recent
approaches and developments in the nutraceutical food industry, with an emphasis
on their potential advantages for athletes and other active people. In order to
promote energy metabolism, muscle function, and recovery processes, it looks at
the activity of particular bioactive substances, functional components, and
nutrient formulations. In the formulation of nutraceutical foods, including the
addition of protein mixtures, amino acids, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and
other targeted nutrients. It examines the data supporting their effects on physical
activity efficiency, muscle protein synthesis, immunological response, and
inflammation control. It also investigates any synergistic effects that can result
from mixing different bioactive substances in nutraceutical food products.
Personalized nutrition strategies, the use of novel ingredients and delivery
systems, the incorporation of plant-based and sustainable sources, and the
integration of gut health and microbiome considerations are all emerging themes
in the design of nutraceutical foods for sports performance and recovery. These
trends attempt to improve bioavailability and efficacy of bioactive compounds,
provide alternate options for different dietary preferences, and optimise nutrient
absorption and utilization through gut health optimization. They also aim to cater
nutraceutical foods to individual needs. Nutraceutical foods have the potential to
significantly improve athletic performance, support recovery, and advance
general well-being for athletes and active people by capitalizing on these new
trends. The significance of scientific evidence, extensive testing, and legal issues
in the development and promotion of nutraceutical foods for athletic performance.
In order to verify the effectiveness, safety, and usefulness of these products, it
emphasizes the necessity of well-planned clinical trials and athlete-specific
investigations.
Keywords: Nutraceutical foods, Athletes, Protein, Physical activity

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Differential Gene Expression Analysis of Chloride Ion Channels in

Bladder Cancer Patients of Pakistan
Muhammad Sheryar1, Asma Amjad1, Rouhullah2, Muhammad Jawad Khan1*
1Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Pakistan
2Institute of Kidney Disease, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
Oncogene and tumour suppressor gene mutations cause heterogeneous cancer.
About 10 million people die due to cancer annually. Bladder cancer is one of the
most common cancers worldwide, predominantly in men. It is reported that ion
channels are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tumour cell
motility, invasion, and metastasis; hence, cancers are channelopathies. This study
examined the expression of chloride ion channels ANO1, ANO2,ANO6,CLC3, and
CLC4 in bladder cancerby using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We
collected 20 pairs of tumours and normal tissue samples from bladder cancer
patients for the expression analysis. We observed significantly (P< 0.05)
increased ANO1(3.12 folds), ANO2(10.97 folds), ANO6(35.90 folds), and
CLC3(78.37 folds) mRNA expression and a decrease in CLC4(0.74 folds)
expression in the tumours. Mutations inANO1, ANO2, ANO6 and CLC3 genes
cause chloride ion channel changes that promote cancer. Understanding chloride
channel molecular mechanisms require more research.
Keywords: Bladder Cancer, Chloride Ion Channels, ANO1, ANO2, ANO3.
Genetic Diversity of Rhizobium in Nodules and Rhizosphere of Vigna
mungo L.
Syed Mudarab Ali1, Ayesha Tahir2
1Abasyn University Islamabad Campus; 2COMSATS University Islamabad
Worldwide legumes are being cultivated and grown agriculturally not only for
human consumption but animals as well. In tropical areas of Asia legume are
being used as staple food. One of the important legumes is Mash (black gram)
which can easily be grown in the marginal land in Pakistan. The crop is prone to
different challenges including nutritional imbalance, soil pH and pathogens which
deteriorate crop quality and limit its yield. Despite of its nitrogen fixing ability,
fungal/and bacterial pathogen are affecting the nutritional and pharmaceutical
properties of the Mash. In this study we focused on PGPRs and more specifically
rhizobacteria to analyze and comprehend their ability to cope with
phytopathogens as well as providing legumes support by making nutrients
available to them. For this purpose different assays were performed. characterized
strains on the basis of morphology such as growth, size margins, opacity,
elevation etc. Initially PGPRs were isolated from root nodules as well as
rhizosphere of black gram on LB agar plates. Then gram negative PGPRs were
confirmed through gram staining out of total 41 isolated strains. In our study strain
AM-III, AM-IV and NCS Red-S showed significant antagonistic activity against
fungus whereas, the results of phosphorus solubilization depicted that out of 41
strains 24 strains tested positive for phosphorus solubilization. Out of 41 strains
AM-IV, M97 Red-L, M97 Unique 1 and 2 demonstrated most significant results
of all for phosphorous solubilizing. In case of AM-V, M97-White, NCS-2 Purple,
AND NARC-Yellow 1 excellent zinc solubilization activity was observed
whereas, no zinc solubilization activity was to be seen in NM-2, NM-3, M3-2,

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MASH-III etc. From all this data we can screen out the most affective
PGPRs/rhizobacteria and use them as bio fertilizers in future which could help the
world to overcome food shortage.
Keywords: PGPR, Legumes, Agriculture, Pathogens, biofertilizers
Isolation, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular
Identification of Exopolysaccharides Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria
of Different Dairy and Non Dairy Products
M. Kamran1, Shakira Ghazanfar2, Laila Jafri1, Samreen Saleem3, Rehana Rani1*
1Departmentof Life Sciences, Abasyn University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
2NationalInstitute for Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology, NARC, Islamabad.
3Department of Nutrition & Lifestyle Medicine, Health Services Academy, Islamabad
*
Corresponding authors:[email protected]
Lactobacilli are the most important colonizers of different dairy and non dairy
products and are an important source of probiotics. Among LAB,
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing species has gained considerable interestdue
to its importance in the food industry and several health attributes. The present
analysis was carried out to isolate and characterize exopolysaccharide producing
species from different dairy and non dairy products. The initial characterization
of the isolate was done morphologically and biochemically. Molecular detection
of the isolate was done by PCR based amplification of 16s rRNA gene.
Temperature, pH, incubation-time and media conditions were optimized for the
enzyme assay. A total of 30 LAB isolates were cultured for exopolysaccharide
production on MRS agar having ruthenium red dye. The pure isolates were also
screened for proteolytic, amylase, lipolytic, and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Of the total isolates, only two Catalase and Oxidase negative isolates were
selected and were identified as lacticcoccuslatis (by GenBank accession
number:NR113258.1.),which was based on 99% nucleotide homology and
phylogenetic analysis. Isolates produced amylase, protease and lipase and also
displayed a higher sistancerange against selected antibiotics. These isolates also
showed antimicrobial activity against pathogens Listeria monocytogenesas well
as against Staphylococcus aureus. The isolates also produce EPS when grown on
ruthenium red MRS agar. The temperature30°C-37°C and pH 4 were found
optimum for enzyme assay. This study unravelled the capability and safety of EPS
producing lacticcoccuslatisfor industrial use, and other potential applications.
Molecular Identification of Lactococcus Lactis isolated from
Fermented Food and Its Role as Bio Preservative Agent
Amir Zakria1, Tehreem Zorob1, Muhammad Kamran, Shakira Ghazanfar2, Laila
Jafri1, Samreen Saleem3, Rehana Rani1*
1Departmentof Life Sciences, Abasyn University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
2National
Institute for Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology, NARC, Islamabad
3Department of Nutrition & Lifestyle Medicine, Health Services Academy, Islamabad
*
Corresponding authors: [email protected]
Lactobacilli are the most important colonizers of different dairy and non dairy
products and are an important source of probiotics. Among LAB,
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing species has gained considerable interestdue
to its importance in the food industry and several health attributes. The present

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analysis was carried out to isolate and characterize exopolysaccharide producing

species from different dairy and non dairy products. The initial characterization
of the isolate was done morphologically and biochemically. Molecular detection
of the isolate was done by PCR based amplification of 16s rRNA gene.
Temperature, pH, incubation-time and media conditions were optimized for the
enzyme assay. A total of 30 LAB isolates were cultured for exopolysaccharide
production on MRS agar having ruthenium red dye. The pure isolates were also
screened for proteolytic, amylase, lipolytic, and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Of the total isolates, only two Catalase and Oxidase negative isolates were
selected and were identified as lacticcoccuslatis (by GenBank accession
number:NR113258.1.),which was based on 99% nucleotide homology and
phylogenetic analysis. Isolates produced amylase, protease and lipase and also
displayed a higher sistancerange against selected antibiotics. These isolates also
showed antimicrobial activity against pathogens Listeria monocytogenesas well
as against Staphylococcus aureus. The isolates also produce EPS when grown on
ruthenium red MRS agar. The temperature 30°C-37°C and pH 4 were found
optimum for enzyme assay. This study unravelled the capability and safety of EPS
producing lactic coccuslatis for industrial use, and other potential applications.
Optimization of Growth Conditions of Commercially Available
Yeast Strains
Maleeha Silat
Salim Habib University
Background: Background: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as
baker's yeast, is used in baking and brewing industry. Understanding and
optimizing the growth conditions for yeast is essential to enhance its productivity
and efficiency in various industrial processes. In this study, we aimed to
investigate the effects of different growth parameters on the growth and metabolic
activities of S. cerevisiae. Methods and materials: Different concentration of
different types of sugars, (maltose, glucose, sucrose and fructose) were used,
starting from 1 g to 5g. The yeast was grown at three different temperatures, hot,
warm, and cold temperatures. The same combination was evaluated with different
pH conditions CO2was captured in lime water and quantified using spectroscopy.
Ethanol was purified and quantified using potassium dichromate assay using the
standard curve. Results and discussion: Sample I showed maximum production
of CO2 and ethanol at 2g of glucose at warm temperatures
1. Sample II showed maximum production of CO2 and ethanol at 2g of
maltose at warm temperatures
2. Slightly acidic pH is favourable
Integrated Management of Canola Aphid Using Silicon Dioxide and
Chrysoperlacarnea under Field Conditions
Zohaib Shoukat, Mariam Fatima, Muhammad Sufian, Muhammad Saqib
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
*
Corresponding author:[email protected]
Aphid is considered as damaging pest of canola that multiply rapidly on plant and
cause significant crop losses. Pesticides are usually used for the management of
aphid but these pesticides have adverse effect on environment and human health.

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In light of potential risk associated with synthetic pesticides utilizing the Silicon
dioxide (SiO2) and Chrysoperla carnea as an alternate of synthetic pesticides.
The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of SiO2 in integration with
natural enemy C. carneaagainst canola aphid under field conditions. Different
concentrations 400, 800 and 1200 ppm of SiO2 were applied using soil drenching
and foliar application methods. SiO2 was applied three times 1st after 20 days of
crop emergence, 2nd after15 days of first application and 3rdat appearanceof aphids
on crop. The aphid population was recorded on weekly basis after treatments
application. The results showed that application of SiO2 significantly reduced the
aphid population at highest concentration of 1200 ppm as compare with 800 and
400 ppm. The average numbers of aphids recorded were 30.50 per plant at highest
concentration followed by 54.00 and 44.00, 65.25 individuals per plant at 400,
800 ppm and control concentration, respectively of drenching application after 7th
week of treatments application. Similarly, the foliar application at 1200 ppm
41.00 individuals were observed followed by 51.00, 47.25 and 61.25 at 400, 800
ppm and control after 7th week. Moreover, the results showed that the integration
of C. carnea with SiO2 significantly reduced the aphid population in the field with
the average numbers of individual 20.25 per plant at highest concentration of 1200
ppm followed by 33.25, 46.00 and 64.00 at 400. 800 ppm and control,
respectively. Overall, the results showed that the foliar applications of SiO2 were
more effective than drenching application while the integration of SiO2 with C.
carnea were provide greater control of canola aphid as compare with alone
treatments. It was concluded that SiO2 in integration with C. Carnea could
beconsidered as eco-friendly, practicable crop protection technique to deal with
the resistance development against aphids’ population and a sustainable pests
solution.
Keywords:Aphid, Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Chrysoperla carnea, Drenching,
Foliar
Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Helicobacter
Pylori Isolated From Gastroenteritis Patients
Somaid Iqbal1, Waheed Ullah1, Syed Faheem Shah2
1
Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat
2 Khyber Medical University, Institute of Medical Science, DHQ Hospital, Kohat

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, and spiral-shaped

bacterium. H. pylori infection is most common bacterial infection in the world
whose main reservoir is the human stomach. Long-term H. pylori infection results
in chronic gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa that represent
significant risk factors for gastric cancer. In this study, a total of 60 Gastric biopsy
samples were collected in BHI and were inoculated on Columbia blood agar
supplemented with DENT. Microscopy and biochemical test were performed to
identify H. pylori. The susceptibility profile of H. pylori isolates were evaluated
using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The DNA of selected isolates were
isolated using phenol/chloroform method. After amplification of 16s rRNA, PCR
was done for the detection of resistance genes including Metronidazole resistance
(rdxA gene), Clarithromycin resistance (23s rRNA) and Amoxicillin resistance
(pbp1A gene). In a total of 80 samples, H. pylori was isolated from 58 samples
showing percentage of 72.5%. Among the positive patients, there were 62%

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(n=36) of female and 38% (n=22) male positive patient. H. pylori was more
common in age between 30-50 years n=32 (55.17%). Most of H. pylori isolates
shown resistance to Metronidazole 90% (n=36), intermediate resistance to
Clarithromycin 57.5% (n=23) and Amoxicillin 47.5% (n= 19) and susceptible to
Levofloxacin 65% (n=26). A total of 20 isolates were selected for the detection of
resistance genes. In this total, 13 were positive for Metronidazole resistance gene,
10 were positive for Amoxicillin and 7 were positive for Clarithromycin
resistance gene
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, intestinal metaplasia, gastric cancer, Gastric
biopsy, chronic gastritis
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Fungi and New Chemistry
Insecticides against Army worm under Laboratory Conditions
Burhan Ahmad, Muhammad Saqib, Mariam Fatima, Muhammad Sufian
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Corresponding author:[email protected]
Spodoptera litura is one of the serious insect pests. This pest attack on various
crops including cotton, tobacco, corn, maize. It has been noticed that S. litura
attack on cotton and destroy the leaves. Chemical insecticides have traditionally
used for itscontrol but the development of resistance and hazardous effects of the
insecticides prompt the development of new chemistry insecticides and the
biocontrol agents. The study was performed to determine the efficacy of
entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae alone and in combination with
new chemistry insecticides against the larvae of S. litura under laboratory
conditions (25±2C, 65-70% RH). Results showed that Leufenuron give 80%,
77.77% and 64.44% mortality after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results of Emamectin
benzoate give 71.11%, 57.70% and 48.89% while Chlorantrniliprole give
93.30%, 86.66% and 68.89% mortality after 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively.
Results of the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae was effective with 77.78%, 71.10%
and 57.77% mortality when treated with 1×108, 1×107 and 1×106 conidial
suspension respectively. The combine treatments of M. anisopliae and
Leufenuron (1×10⁸ + 10ppm)caused that maximum means percentage mortality
of 93.33% of S. litura. The combination of M. anisopliae and Emamectin
benzoate (1×108+10ppm) showed the maximum mean percentage mortality of
77.77%. The combine treatments of M. anisopliae and Chlorantrniliprole(1×10⁸
+ 10ppm) showed that maximum means percentage mortality of 97.33% of S.
litura. The results indicated the alone and combine effects of entomopathogenic
fungi and new chemistry insecticides are the viable option for the control of S.
litura under laboratory conditions. Further this research is necessary to validate
these findings and assess their effectiveness under field conditions. The results
also contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly
strategies for the management of S. litura as well as also contribute the cotton
industry by providing good quality of cotton.
Keywords: Spodoptera litura¸Metarhizium anisopliae, Leufenuron, Emamectin
benzoate, Chlorantrniliprole

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Effects of Dietary Threonine and Protein on Growth Performance

and Carcass Traits of white Pekin ducks
Uzma Maqbool, Jianyoung, Wen ZhiGuo, Tang Jing
Water Fowl Research Institute of Animal Sciences, CAAS, Beijing, China
A 2×12 factorial experiment, using 2 protein (16.99%, 20.1%) and 12 total dietary
threonine levels (0.46%, 0.52% , 0.58%, 0.64% , 0.70%, and 0.76% of total Thr
in low-protein diet and 0.54%, 0.60%, 0.66%, 0.72%, 0.78%, and 0.84% of total
Thr in High-protein) was conducted to study the effects of dietary threonine and
protein on growth performance and carcass traits of white Pekin ducks from 1 to
21 days of age. Six hundred and twenty-four 1-day-old white Pekin male
ducklings were randomly allocated to 36 pens with 8 birds per pen according to
similar pen weight. There were 12 dietary treatments, consisting of 6 replicate
pens. Weight gain, feed intake and feed/gain of ducks from each pen were
measured every week. At 21 days of age, two ducks were selected randomly from
each pen and slaughtered to evaluate the carcass quality. The results showed that
in both the high and low protein diets the threonine supplementation increased the
feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Peak weight gain responses
appeared in ducks fed the 0.67% and 0.79% threonine in both low and high protein
diets. Thr supplementation significantly affected feed/gain in the 2-3week period
(P≤0.05) and daily feed intake in the 3week period (P). Significant responses from
Thr supplementation in both the low and high protein diet were observed for the
leg meat, breast meat and gizzard percentages. The optimal requirement of white
Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days of age was 0.00% for breast meat percentages. The
results of our experiment reported herein. Threonine supplementation have impact
on growth and carcass traits. An increase in dietary threonine had a significant
impact on feed intake, weight gain, and feed-to-gain ratio during the 1-3-week
period in both low and high-protein diets. Threonine supplementation did not have
a significant impact on abdominal fat, liver, heart, spleen, and tibia percentages
in both low and high-protein diets. However, there was a notable effect on gizzard
percentages.
Keywords: White Pekin ducks, Threonine, Protein effect, gizzard percentages
Volatile Flavour Profile and Bioactivities of Elettaria cardamomum,
Trachyspermum ammi, and Foeniculum vulgare
Naeem Khan1,2*, Nargis Jamila2,3*,Kyong Su Kim2
1Department of Chemistry, KUST, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
3Department of Chemistry, SBBWU, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
This study describes the volatile flavour compounds and biological activities of
several commonly consumed spices including Elettaria cardamomum,
Trachyspermum ammi, and Foeniculum vulgare. The volatile flavour profiles of
the subject spices were analyzed by simultaneous-distillation extraction (SDE)
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Antioxidant
and antimicrobial activities were also assessed. From the results of the volatile
flavour analysis, the spices were foundrich in monoterpenes. A total of 136
volatile oil compounds (VOCs) were detected in E. cardamomum with 𝛼-terpinyl

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acetate,1,8-cineole,limonene, linalool, and sabinene as major constituents. In T.

ammi, the major volatiles were thymol (50.04%), γ-terpinene (19.13%),ρ-cymene
(18.95%), β-pinene (2.11%),carvacrol (1.53%). The volatile profile of F. vulgare
represented a total of 82 VOCs with E-anethole (36.74%), estragole/methyl
chavicol (26.31%), and β-limonene (15.99%) as the major compounds. In
biological activities study, the subject spices exhibited significant antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities. Based on the overall results, the analyzed samples were
found to be the most promising bioactive spices. Hence, the intake of these spices
in daily diet is concluded to be useful to prevent and overcome the diseases and
complications involving oxidative stress and microbial diseases.
Keywords: Elettaria cardamomum, Trachyspermum ammi, simultaneous-
distillation extraction, antimicrobial
Silver Nanoparticlesfrom Salvia Species as Ecofriendly Catalysts for
Removal of Synthetic and Food Dyes
Sana Ihsan1, Hajera Gul1, Nargis Jamila1,*, Naeem Khan2
1Department of Chemistry, SBBWU, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Salvia (Lamiaceae family) a rich source of polyphenols is used as a brain tonic to
improve cognitive function. Its two specie; S. plebeia and S. moorcroftiana are
locally used to cure hepatitis, cough, tumours, hemorrhoids diarrhoea, common
cold, flu, asthma, and inflammatory illnesses. To the best of the authors’
knowledge, no previous research has been conducted on S. plebeia and S.
moorcroftiana silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis. Due to the medicinal
importance of Salvia species, this study was aimed to synthesize AgNPs from
Salvia aqueous and ethanol extracts. AgNPs were assessed for catalytic potential
in dyes (standard and extracted from food such as yums, candies, and snacks)
degradation. Salvia aqueous and ethanol extracts afforded stable AgNPs (21.7 nm,
S. plebeia AgNPs and 19.9 nm, S. moorcroftiana AgNPs) having spherical,
cylindrical, and deep hollow morphology in 1:9 and 1:15 ratio reacted in sunlight.
The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant catalytic potential (50-98%) in
dyes degradation. Based on the results of this research study, the synthesized
AgNPs could provide promising efficiency in treating wastewater contaminated
with dyes from various industries.
Keywords: silver nanoparticles, Salvia, snacks, candies, dyes
Synthesis and Catalytic Potential of Prunus armeniaca, Prunus
domestica and Prunus persica Gums (Green Reductants) Mediated
Silver Nanoparticles
Kainat Masood1, Nargis Jamila1, *, Naeem Khan2
1Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar
2Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan

Gums; composed of polysaccharides, carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, are

high molecular weight hydrophilic compounds with several biological
applications. This study describes synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and
catalytic activities of Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus domestica (plums), and
Prunus persica (peaches) gums in dyes degradation. AgNPs were prepared by

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mixing various quantity of extracts and silver salt solution reacted under different
conditions. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band, functional
group identification, and size of AgNPs were determined through UV-Vis
spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
techniques. AgNPs were prominently yielded using gum aqueous extracts and
silver salt solution in 1:15 ratio as indicated by the sharp SPR band at 420 nm.
The TEM study of AgNPs showed spherical shapeshaving sizes of 87 nm, 64 nm,
and 91 nm for P. armeniaca, P. domestica, and P. persica AgNPs, respectively.
From the results, the synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant redox catalytic
potential in dyes degradation. Hence, the subject AgNPs could have promising
potential in wastewater treatment.
Keywords: Prunus armeniaca, gums, AgNPs, TEM, dyes
Volatile Oil Compounds and Antimicrobial Activities of
Cinnamomum Verum
Naeem Khan1,2 *, Bilal Ahmad3, Nargis Jamila2,4, Kyong Su Kim2, Safia Ahmed3
1Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP
2Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
3Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
4Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP
*
Corresponding authors Email:[email protected]
Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) is the most well-known spice having a spicy
odor and flavor and is used as flavorant, fungicide, and antibacterial agent. The
current study reports the analysis of volatile oil compounds (VOCs) of C. verum
by simultaneous-distillation extraction (SDE) and gas chromatography- mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The study further investigates antimicrobial
activities of C. verum bark extracts. The results represented identification of 106
VOCs, which were assigned to sesquiterpene hydrocarbons(42), oxygenated
sesquiterpene(18), monoterpene hydrocarbons (10), and aldehydes (10). Among
the 106 VOCs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde (74.99%), α-copaene(2.66%), δ-
cadinene(2.55%),α-muurolene (1.88%), 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (1.86%),
eugenol (1.65%), (Z)-cinnamald-ehyde (1.45%), and γ-muurolene (1.08%).
Different solvent extracts of C. verum exhibited significant antibacterial and
antifungal activities. The presence of high content of a bioactive compound
(cinnamaldehyde) in C. verum confirms its various applications in food and folk
medicines along with infections treatment.
Keywords: Cinnamomum verum, volatiles, SDE, GC-MS, cinnamaldehyde
α-Mangostin Mediated Silver Nanoparticles as Antioxidantand
Anticancer agent, and Ecofriendly Catalyst for Dyes Degradation
Razia Aman1, Nargis Jamila1*, Naeem Khan2
1
Dept. Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
2Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
This study reports synthesis of α-mangostin mediated silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs)using various ratios of α-mangostinand silver salt solution under the
condition of stirring and heating, sunlight, heating, and incubation. Also,

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antioxidant, anticancer, and catalytic (in dyes degradation)potential of

synthesized AgNPs was investigated. AgNPs synthesisand sizewas confirmed by
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band in UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM)
techniques. From the results, it was found that 1:10 volume ratio of α-mangostin
and salt solution under stirring and heating yielded prominent AgNPs, which
exhibited sharp SPR band at 420-425 nm having a size of62 nm as determined by
UV-Visible, SEM and AFM instrumental techniques. The synthesized AgNPs and
α-mangostin and exhibited promising IC50 values of 14.1 and 13.5 µg/mL,
respectively against DU-145 cell lines. Furthermore, the subject AgNPs showed
promising catalytic activity in the reduction of dyes and food colours including
Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO) standard dyes, and
zarda yellow (ZY), deep green (DG), and bright red (BR) food dyes. Finding of
this study suggests the suitability of the subject AgNPs as promising target in
anticancer drug development, and as catalyst in dyes degradation.
Keywords: α-mangostin, AgNPs, antioxidant, anticancer, dyes
Potato Starch: Important Ingredient Now a Days for Food Industry
Rimsha Perveen*, Imran pasha, F. Ahmad, S. Ansar, Amina Jamil, M. Subtain
National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Potatoes are the fourth-most important vegetable crop in the world after wheat,
rice and corn. Potato is a crop that grown all over the world and starch produced
from potatoes showed better qualities than grain starches. Starch has evolved into
a dietary component that provides the great majority of the world’s population
with energy used for metabolism as a result of the widespread intake of
carbohydrate-based meals. For the production of meals with a starch base,
starches are frequently utilized in the food business e.g. thickens soups, sauces ,
gluten free baking and pie fillings. Types and concentration of starch utilized have
an impact on the rheological, retrogradation and gelation characteristics of foods
that contain starch. In addition to being utilized in food, potato starch and its
derivatives are also consumed as nutritional supplements and when consumed in
sufficient quantities, may have certain health benefits. Physical, chemicaland
enzymatic changes can be used to overcome the limits of natural potato starch. It
forms thick, clear viscoelastic gels and has larger granule sizes with high purity,
longer amylose and amylopectin chains or phosphate ester groups on
Amylopectin due to these qualities, potato starch can be used in a variety of food
products as well as pharmaceutical applications. A versatile ingredient, potato
starch is used by both professional and home cooks to enhance the texture of
numerous cuisines. Potato starch also called resistant starch when reaches the
large intestine, it is fermented by colon bacteria. During this process short-chain
fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced. SCFAs improve gut health, inflammation
regulationand mucus production. In Fact, potato starch can be easily adapted to
the needs of the end product and can provide the food with greater techno-
functional features than conventional cereal starches.
Keywords: Potato, nutritional supplements, short chain fatty acids, resistant
starch, gut health.

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Efficient Degradation of Industrial Dyes (Methyle Violet &

Auramine-O) Using Ni/Zno Supported Photocatalyst
Ajmal Shah, Adnan
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Herein, we report the photo degradation of Methyl Violet 2B (MV2B) dye using
Ni/ZnO catalyst. For this purpose, Ni/ZnO catalyst was prepared by modified wet
incipient impregnation method. The catalyst was characterized via different
techniques such as EDX, SEM, XRD and SAA. The catalyst was found to have
spherical and rod-shaped morphology with an average particle size of 229-980
nm. Chemical composition was found matching with the precursors in EDX
analysis. XRD showed the crystallinity and phase distribution between Ni and
ZnO in the catalyst. The photo catalyst was then used for the degradation of
MV2B. UV radiation was used as a light source. Various parameters such as
catalyst dose, irradiation time, pH and dye concentration were optimized before
the experiments. It was found that the dye was degraded up to 92.83% in 120
minutes with the catalyst dose of 300mg. The present study is proposed to be
useful in the treatment of wastewater contaminated by various dyes that are
leaching out from various industries.
Keywords: Ni/ZnO photo-catalyst; MV2B dye; Photo-degradation; SEM, XRD,
SAA.
Characterization of Biofunctional Components and Assessment of
Biological Activities of Bunium persicum seed
M. Tjammal Rehman*, A. Saeed, M. Shahid, F. Hussain, B. Akhtar1, A. Rasool1
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Bunium persicum belongs to the Apiaceae family. This plant throughout the
world is called by different names such as “Black caraway”, ‘‘Black zire’’“Shah
zira”. The current study was designed to assess the biological activities of Bunium
persicum seed extracts. To evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and hemolytic
activity distilled water, ethanol, 70 % hydro ethanol, ethyl acetate, 40% HCl, and
n-Hexane extracts of Bunium persicum seed were used. The extract’s antioxidant
activity was checked by DP PH radical scavenging activity. Total phenolic
content wasanalyzed by Folin–Ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content were
analyzed by Aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Antibacterial study was
carried out by agar well diffusion method and biofilm inhibition by microtiter
plate method. The cytotoxicity study was assessed by hemolytic assay. In DPPH
assay the order of free radical scavenging activity of extracts was hydro ethanol
> ethanol> distilled water > HCl > ethyl acetate >n-Hexane. The hydro ethanol
extract exhibited highesttotal phenolic content (401.39 ± 1.07g gallic acid
equivalent/ g dry weight) and total flavonoid content (207.35 ± 1.79 catechin
equivalent /g dry weight) as compared to other extracts. The antibacterial activity
against gram-negative bacteria E. coli and gram-positive bacteria S. aureus was
checked. Against E. coli distilled water extract showed (16.11 ± 0.11),
hydroethanol, ethanol, and HCl showed (10.16 ± 0.15) mm zone of inhibition.
Against S. aureus ethanol and hydro ethanol extract(20.10 ± 0.10), distilled water
(13.22± 0.21), and HCl extract showed (10.16± 0.15) mm zone of inhibition
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whereas n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited no antibacterial activity.

All extracts of Bunium persicum seed showed biofilm inhibition activity against
E. coli and S. aureus. In hemolytic assay HCl and n-Hexane extracts showed slight
cytotoxic activity whereas other extracts were non-toxic. Results were analyzed
statistically using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparison
was checked by applying t-Test. Results indicated that hydro ethanol extract of
Bunium persicum seed exhibited highest DPPH scavenging activity and have
highest TPC and TFC. It also showed antibacterial and biofilm inhibition activity
and non-toxic in nature hence can be used for therapeutic purposes.
Keywords: Bunium persicum, antibacterial, biofilm, antioxidant, cytotoxicity
Effect of different Cooking Techniques on the Production of
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Chicken Meat
Muhammad Waseem, Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
Department of Applied Chemsitry, Government College University Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected], +92 347 2099380
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic
compounds formed naturally during cooking of proteinaceous food such as meat.
In the present study, the effect of three cooking techniques namely roasting,
grilling, and frying on the formation of HAAs with varying levels was evaluated.
This research study aimed to investigate the effect of three common cooking
techniques, namely roasting, grilling, and frying, on the production of three
specific HAAs: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,8-
dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (IQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-
trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQ), in chicken meat. The results
revealed that the roasting exhibited the production of IQ, IQx, and MeIQ
measured at 25.6ng/g, 18.9ng/g, and 12.3ng/g respectively. Grillingled to HAA
formation, with IQ,IQxand MeIQdetected at 18.9ng/g, 12.7ng/g, and 9.8ng/g.
Frying demonstrated theproduction of HAAs, IQ, IQx, and MeIQ, with values at
14.5ng/g,9.8ng/g, and 7.5ng/g respectively. These findings indicate taht the
cooking technique used has a substantial impact on the formation of HAAs in
chicken meat. Roasting, with longer cooking time and lower temperatures, is the
best method for minimizing HAA production. Grilling, involving high
temperatures and direct exposure to flames, results in moderate HAA levels.
Frying, with its high temperatures and prolonged cooking durations, leads to the
highest levels of HAAs in chicken meat.
Keywords: Carcinogens, Heterocyclic aromatic amines, Cooking techniques,
Chicken meat
The Impact of Wnt Signalling Activation on Ear Canal Dermis:
Unravelling the Pathogenesis of Keratosis Obturans
Saba Zafar1,2*, Juan Fons2, Abigail S. Tucker1
1Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King´s
College London, Guy’s Hospital, SE1 9RT; 2The Women University Multan, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Keratosis obturans is an external auditory canal disease and characterized by the
amassing of dense plugs of desquamated keratin within the auditory meatus which
results in acute HI and severe pain. We identified a possible mice model for

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keratosis Obturans which was designed as a mouse model for cancer studies. We
aimed to reveal the underlying pathology and development mechanism of
keratosis Obturans which in turn would be helpful to understand the pathology of
keratosis Obturans in humans. Hyperplasia of the epithelium and alteration in
migration of epithelial cells had been reported in Keratosis Obturans pathology.
Epidermal differentiation and stratification were achieved by a cross-talk between
fibroblast from the dermis and epithelial cells from the epidermis. We focused on
Canonical Wntsignalling pathway having an established function in proliferation.
To determine the effect of Wntsignalling activation in FSP1 positives fibroblast
on the external canal epithelium and its role in the onset of pathogenesis, we used
ear tissues from FSP1-cre negative β-Catflox/floxEx3 wild type and FSP1-cre positive
β-Catflox/floxEx3 mutant gain of function mice to analyze the epithelial phenotype.
Histological analysis showed an obstructed ear canal filled with keratin and a
hyper-proliferative epithelium as seen by PCNA immunostaining, both features
resemble Keratosis Obturans. Differences in epidermal stratification and
abnormal K14 and K10 marker location suggest that the epithelial differentiation
program is altered in these mutant mice. Canonical Wnt signaling activation in
ectopic osteocytes was also confirmed via beta-catenin immune-fluorescence
assay. This indicates a change of chondrocyte to osteocyte fate of the
perichondrium. Nuclear beta-catenin was observed to be localized in the dermal
fibroblast but not in epithelial cells, confirming specific cre activity. These results
showed that dermal Wnt signaling over activation leads to the hyper-proliferative
epidermis with Keratin Obturans features. Therefore, we suggest that Keratosis
obturans may be due to defects in dermal fibroblast rather than being an epidermis
problem.
Keywords: Keratosis Obturans, Wnt Signalling, FSP1-Cre, Beta Catenin,
Hearing Loss
Production of Lovastatin by Fermentation of newly isolated Fungal
Strain Aspergillus Terreus using Corymbia maculata Leaves as
Carbon Source
Mishal Subhan1, Rani Faryal2, Ian Macreadie3
1
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The women University Multan
2Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
3School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, RMIT, Bundoora,

Melbourne Australia
*
Contact: [email protected]
Lovastatin is produced by fungus Aspergillus terreus during a polyketide
pathway. This not only reduces the cholesterol levels but also acts as a precursor
molecule for the synthesis of simvastatin, the widely prescribed statins for the
prevention of strokes and heart disease. In this study, Corymbia maculata leaves
were tested as a novel substrate and carbon source for the growth of a newly
isolated of A. terreus and a lovastatin-resistant mutant strain of A. terreus to
produce lovastatin. Corymbia maculata also known as spotted gum is well utilised
by forest industries as a source of timber because of its smooth texture, high
strength, and durability. However, these leaves are a major waste product in forest
industry. The aim of present study was to discover the forestry waste for the
production of lovastatin and generation of lovastatin resistant mutant. The aim of

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present study was to discover the forestry waste for the production of lovastatin
and generation of lovastatin resistant mutants for its increased productivity and
enhanced levels. Growth of Aspergillus terreus on Corymbia maculata leaves, in
solid-state fermentation (SSF) resulted in the production of lovastatin.
Fermentation of media using fresh green leaves of Corymbia maculata produced
more lovastatin (4.9 mg g−1), than the sun-dried brown leaves (3.2 mg g−1).
Levels of lovastatin were further increased by the lovastatin-resistant strain of
Aspergillus terreus (Lvs-r), which produced twice the amount of the parental wild
type strain. The production of lovastatin was confirmed by HPLC and LC–
MS/MS studies for its increased productivity and enhanced levels.
Keywords: Corymbia maculate; Lovastatin; A. terreus; fungal; fermentation
Eco-friendly Synthesis of Silver, Copper, and Zinc Oxide
Nanoparticles using Peganum harmala: Assessing Antimicrobial and
Antidiabetic Properties
Iqra Jabeen1, Zermina Rashid2, Sidra Younis3, Farah Deeba1*
1Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, The Women University Multan
2Department of Pharmacy, The Women University Multan
3Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi

Contact: [email protected]
Peganum harmala is a member of the Zygophyllaceae family that grows wild
throughout the Middle East and North Africa. Syrian rue or Harmal is the common
name for P. harmala. P. harmala extracts are relevant for drug development
because they have been documented to have wide variety of pharmacological
properties in Iran and Egypt. P. harmala is being used in conventional medicine
for pain alleviation and as an antiseptic for a long time. P. harmala seeds contain
a high concentration of therapeutically useful alkaloids known as harmala alkoids.
The goal of this research is to assess the antibacterial and antidiabetic effectivity
of silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, and zinc oxide nanoparticles
prepared using a cost-effective green chemistry method with P. harmala plant
extract as a capping agent. UV vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD were used to determine
the structural characteristics. Antibacterial activity was performed against six
types of bacterial strains i.e. Beta-Haemolytic Streptococci (BHS), Serretia
marcescens, Pseudomonas, Shigella, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.
Positive control was amikacin and negative control was water. For in vivo
antidiabetic activity 25 rats were used in 5 groups. The animals were classified as
follows: diabetic; did receive a daily dose of Insulin subcutaneously, diabetic +
ZnONPs; did receive single daily oral dose of 10mg/kg in suspension, diabetic +
Ag-NPs; did receive daily oral dose of 10mg/kg body weight in suspension, and
diabetic + ZnNPs; did receive daily oral dose of 10mg/kg body weight in
suspension. A single dosage of Alloxan was used to induce experimental Diabetes
mellitus. Blood was taken from the tail vein. A significant reduction in blood
sugar levels was noted in rats treated with biologically synthesized nanoparticles.
In conclusion, P. harmala nanoparticles showed efficient antidiabetic activity in
the rat model of diabetes, suggesting that these could be employed for medical
applications in the future.
Keywords: Peganumhermala; Ag-NPs; ZnO NPs; Cu NPs; antidiabetic;
antimicrobial

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PR Proteins Engineering in Sugarcane to explore their role in

Disease Management
Aqsa Parvaiz1*, Ghulam Mustafa2, Faiz Ahmad Joyia2
1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Women University Multan, Multan
2Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry & Biotechnology, UAF, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Sugarcane a main agro-industrial crop, not only a prime potential source of bio-
energy but also satisfies 70% of world’s sugar needs. Our whole sugar need and
sugar industry is exclusively dependent on the fate of this crop. Crop yield have
been drastically decreasing due to constant attack by the fungal pathogens and
insect pests. In response to the attack, different defense mechanisms are activated
by the plants including expression of pathogenesis-related proteins i.e. glucanase,
chitinase, chitosanase, thaumatin, peroxidase, metallothionine and
endoproteinase. Some more proteins involved in defense system are: WRKY,
glycoproteins, NBS-LRR and catalases. Most of the PR proteins are involved in
plant defense response. WRKY are transcription factors in PR proteins,
glycoproteins and NBS-LRR recognize insects/pests and disrupts physiological
activity of the pathogens. While catalases detoxify reactive oxygen species. New
developments in molecular biology provide a rapid solution to overcome these
stresses. Numerous endogenous plant genes have been explored to play potential
role in biotic stress tolerance despite the complex genome of sugarcane. Recently,
the transgenic overexpression of the PR proteins in crop plants has been found
useful in improving resistance against plant diseases. Some of them have proved
to be real success while others are at development level.
Keywords: Plant defense system, Sugarcane, PR proteins, Molecular biology
Molecular Characterization of EPHA2 Gene Mutation for Cataract
in Pakistani families
Jawaria Farooq
Zoology Department, The Government Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur
Cataract is a grey area of the lens of eye that causes blurred vision. Cataract
occurs slowly and can influence one or both eyes. It is the cause of blindness and
reversible visual impairment. The illness is most dominant in developing
countries and populations with lower socioeconomic position. Symptoms are
trouble with bright lights, blurry eyesight, faded colors and difficulty seeing at
night. About 8 families having three or more affected members with cataract will
be identified and enrolled from different district of Punjab. A questionnaire based
on Cataract phenotype in different families of Punjab will be designed and filled
out by the participants of the study to get all the information. 5ml blood will be
drawn. The genomic DNA will be extracted by using phenol chloroform method.
After extraction, DNA will be quantified by using UV spectrophotometer.
Screening for novel missense mutation (c.2819C>T, p.T940I, rs137853200) of
gene EPHA2 will be performed by using tetra arms PCR. This study concluded
that all individuals of this research are mutant for (c.2819C>T (p.T940I))
mutation. Which mean this EPHA2 gene mutation is not a causative agent of the
disease in these families. This study clarifies that there were no association
between EPHA2 gene mutation and Cataract.

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Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of mixture of Resorcinol and

Benzophenone-3 from real samples using magnetic graphene oxide
caged in alginate polymer
Tasmia1, Jasmin Shah2, Muhammad Rasul Jan2
Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, KP
2Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan

The synthesized iron crosslinked alginate magnetic graphene oxide (Fe-alg-

MGO) was used as a solid phase nanomaterial for the extraction of resorcinol (RS)
and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) using high performance liquid chromatography with
UV detector. The nanomaterial was characterized through advanced
spectroscopic techniques, for example Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy
(FTIR) for the determination of different functional groups, Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase
determination and energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDX) for elemental
composition. The experimental conditions including pH, contact time without
shaking and with shaking, shaking speed, mass of adsorbent, concentration of
analytes and temperature were studied and optimized. At optimum conditions the
adsorption capacity is 4.63 mg/g for RS and 4.98 mg/g for BP-3. The adsorption
process follow pseudo-second order kinetics due to high value of R2 as compared
to the values obtained from pseudo-first order kinetics as well as the qe values
(4.71 mg/g for RS and 5.02 mg/g for BP-3) values obtained from pseudo-second
order kinetics are close to the experimental qe values. Similarly isotherm study
support Langmuir adsorption isotherm due to high R2 value as well as Langmuir
qe value for both the analytes were very close the experimental qe values.
Thermodynamic study suggested the exothermic and spontaneous process.
Analytical parameters were also calculated. Limit of detection (LOD) was 3.12
ngmL-1 and 6.41 ngmL-1 for RS and BP-3 respectively. The solvents used for
extraction were water, methanol, acetonitrile and mixture of methanol and
acetonitrile. Maximum extraction was obtained with mixture of methanol and
acetonitrile. The extraction recovery with RSD for RS is 91.28±2.85% and for
BP-3 is 95.56±1.96%. The proposed method was successfully applied to two real
water samples, river water and UV filter cream.
Keywords: Magnetic solid phase extraction, Fe-alg-MGO nanocomposite,
Resorcinol, benzophenone-3, adsorption and extraction.
Analysis of Inducible Clindamycin genes, Virginiamycin A acetyl
transferase Vat and class 1 integrase, in S. aureus isolated from raw
milk samples
Samiyah Tasleem
Department of Biotechnology, Hamdard University.
Contact: [email protected]
The increasing resistance for antibiotics and variety of infections caused by
Staphylococcus aureus has increased public health concern. There is a growing
need of effective antibiotics to treat both systemic and localized staphylococcal
infections. The acquiring of inducible clindamycin resistance and expression of
integrons gene are well documented in Gram-negative bacteria of clinical origin,
but are less documented in Gram- positive bacteria, especially of food origin. In

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this study, raw milk from Karachi was selected as a source to investigate this food-
born pathogen. The objective of this study was to characterize phenotypic and
molecular detection of inducible clindamycin resistance and investigate gation
expression of of class 1 integrase gene (int1) in Staphylococcus aureus isolates
from raw milk samplessold at Karachi. A total of 50 milk samples were collected
and 120 isolates were selected for phenotypic identification with the help of
different various morphological and biochemical tests. From 120 isolates, 50
isolates were selected for more specific analysis. D-test was performed for
phenotypic detection of inducible clindamycin resistance on Mueller Hinton Agar
plates. Out of 50 isolates, 8 isolates showed phenotypically inducible clindamycin
resistance. DNA of these isolates was extracted to study genes expression.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for the amplification of 16S rRNA, ermA,
ermC, and int1 genes. The ermA gene was not amplified in any of the isolates,
while ermC gene and int1 gene prevalence was 30 % and 20 %, respectively. This
was the first study on S. aureus of food origin to analyze the phenomena of
inducible clindamycin resistance and expression of class 1 integrase gene.
Keywords: S. aureus, 16S rRNA, ermA, ermC, int1, inducible Clindamycin
resistance, PCR, Dtest.
Buellia pakistanica (Caliciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), a new
lichen species from Margalla Hills, Pakistan
Asma Ashraf, Abdul Nasir Khalid
Fungal Biology and Systematics Research Lab., Institute of Botany, University of the
Punjab, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
The new lichen species Buellia pakistanica is described from Margalla Hills,
Pakistan. It is characterized by larger weakly pruinose areoles (0.5-2 mm wide),
frequent apothecia with diameter ranging from 0.5-1.4 mm, taller hypothecium
(200-350 μm) and the absence of specific substances. ITS based phylogenetic
analysis placed it sister to B. pruinocalcarea. The new species found in scrub
forest with temperate climate growing on limestone rocks of Margalla Hills.
Morphoanatomical description, chemical characterization of our taxon and a key
of species of genus known from Pakistan are provided.
Keywords: Buellia, nrITS, lichenized ascomycetes, Margalla Hills, Pakistan
Measurement of Induced Radioactivity by Carbon Ion in Iron
Target and Surrounding Coolants
Farnaz Shaheen
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Heavy ions accelerators are used to simulate the neutron-induced radioactivity by
carbon ion at 400Mev in iron (Fe) target and surrounding coolants (sodium-
potassium alloy (NaK), lead (Pb), water (H2O), liquid sodium (Na), and carbon
dioxide (CO2)). Radionuclides were produced inside the target material and each
coolant was evaluated with time by FLUKA Monte Carlo code. All induced
elements were evaluated with time through the graph. Neutron yield was
measured at 400Mev incident energy. It was observed that low-energyneutrons
were the main cause of activation. During the shutdown,56Mn was observed with
a high ratio inside the target, and 41Ar, 200Pb, 11C, and24Na contribute the main

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NaK, Lead, water, carbon dioxide, and liquid sodium respectively to total activity
inside coolants. From the start of irradiation to saturation and with elapsed cooling
time growth and decay curves for each major induced element were summarized.
A large amount of short-lived beta decay radionuclides appeared while the
accelerator was shut down, Induced radionuclides with low activity were ignored
due to low hazard. For irradiation protection and maintenance of workers, It is
judged that Lead (Pb) is the most radiation-contaminated liquid coolant used in
nuclear reactors. It needed suitable cooling time after the termination of the
operation.
Keywords: induced radioactivity, FLUKA, coolants, heavy ion accelerators,
neutron activation
Estimation of Air Activation in 600MeV Proton Accelerator Vaults
with Iron, Copper, Tungsten, and Lead targets
Aaliya Farooq
Physics Department, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat
The Fluka Monte Carlo code was utilized in a study to estimate the total activation
of air in an accelerator vault. Various targets such as tungsten, lead, copper, and
iron were irradiated with a 1mA proton beam at an energy of 600MeV for a
duration of up to 24 hours. The range of protons in the different targets was
determined using the SRIM code, and the targets' dimensions were adjusted
accordingly. Theresulting total activity in the air was measured for each target and
plotted against a cooling time difference of 2 hours. It was found that the lead
target had the highest activity, while iron exhibited the lowest. The neutron yield
was also measured for the mentioned targets, and it was observed that as the mass
number of the targets increased, so did the neutron yield. Furthermore, the study
assessed the activity of different isotopes at various cooling rates within the
targets. 41Ar was identified as the major isotope with the highest activity in the
activated air, while isotopes such as 15O, 16N, 13N, and 11C had higher activity
levels but shorter half-lives, making them less of a concern. However, isotopes
like 39Ar, 14C, 10Be, 7Be, and 3H, among others, possessed long half-lives and
could be hazardous for workers directly involved with accelerators.
Keywords: air activation, FLUKA simulations, radioactivity, neutron yield,
proton accelerator
Mutation Mapping and Its In-silico Functional Analysis in Families
Segregating Intellectual Disability
Maha Qureshi*, M. Zeeshan Ali, M. Muzammal, S. Abbas, M. Ahmad Khan
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Intellectual disability, previously known as mental retardation, is a significant
central nervous system disorder that impairs cognitive function and impacts
learning ability. An intelligence quotient (IQ) of less than 70, impairment in at
least two adaptive abilities, and illness starts before the age of 18 years are the
main characteristics of intellectual disability. Malnutrition, cultural deprivation,
and genetic reasons are the most common risk factors for intellectual impairment
in underdeveloped nations (due to parental consanguinity). According to common
estimates, intellectual impairment affects 1 to 3 percent of the world's population.
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Here in the current study, a Pakistani consanguineous family was recruited in the
present genetic study. This family belonged to D. I. Khan District respectively,
exhibiting non-syndromic, recessive disease segregation. In case of this family,
mutation analysis found, a missense mutation in the 27th exon of TENM1 gene
(TENM1: NM014253:exon27:c. A5378G:p.N1793S) which resulted in disease
etiology. TENM1 gene is involved in controlling the creation of appropriate
connections within the nervous system and playing a role in brain development,
also serves as a cellular signal transducer and plays a part in controlling the limbic
system's neuroplasticity. Protein modelling found that these pathogenic mutations
dramatically altered the tertiary structure of proteins. It is advised to do more
research, such as cell-based tests, to figure out the in vivo effect of mutation. The
current study has increased the mutational spectrum TENM1 gene. The study will
also help in genetic counselling of families at the risk of Intellectual Disability.
Keywords: Intellectual Disability, TENM1 gene, Protein modelling, X-linked
recessive disease segregation, missense mutation.
Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy of Octahedral Nickel Complexes
and Ligand Field Splitting by a set of Ligands
Naheed Bibi
Chemistry Department, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar
Contact: [email protected]
Polypyridyl ligands like bipyridine, terpyridine and phenanthroline form stable
complexes with various metal centers and affect the optical and electrochemical
properties depending on their structure and functionalization with various electron
donating and electron withdrawing groups.1The electron deficient rings like
pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine in combination with electron rich imidazole
rings are comparatively under investigated. These ligands absorb intensely in the
UV region, whereas their complexes display distinct electronic absorption spectra
consisting of absorption bands in the UV region arising from ligand centered π-
π* transitions (240-300 nm) and in the visible region by virtue of MLCT
transitions (400-700 nm) having a lower molar extinction coefficient.2We
investigated the electronic absorption spectroscopy of octahedral Ni(II)
complexes prepared in-situ with terpy, dimpy and a set of bidentate ligands i.e.,
Impm, Impz, Impa and Impy and predicted the 10Dq values and parameter B. The
lowest energy absorption band corresponds to the ligand field splitting parameter.
We succeeded in obtaining the single crystals of [Ni(terpy)2]2+, [Ni(dimpy)2]2+
and [Ni(Impm)3]2+ and [Ni(Impa)3]2+ while the identity of the complexes was
proved by their mass spectra.
Keywords: 10Dq; Nickel complexes; MLCT;Polypyridyl ligands; Ligand Field
Splitting
Histopathology of Breast Cancer, Grossing of Breast Specimen and
Images Classifications
Areej Khalid*, Nazish Kalsoom, Neelam Saeed, Saima Gul
Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Cancer is a serious medical problem that affects people all over the world. The
second most frequent malignancy in women is breast cancer. The risk of human

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death can be decreased by early identification of breast cancer. Breast cancer is

the establishment of a malignant lesion in the breast area. Other than cervical
cancer, breast cancer ranks among the leading causes of death among people.
There were 1.7 million women that were diagnosed with this disease. Breast
cancer affects 2 out of every 10,000 women worldwide annually, according to
estimates. A histological examination is a procedure used in pathology labs to
investigate how illnesses express themselves in the tissues. The aggressiveness of
the tumor must be determined through histopathological investigation, which
examines the image at the cellular level. Under a microscope, it examines the
cellular level of the tissues of the organism or the histopathological examination
of breast cancer to grade and evaluate it. Early breast cancer identification aids in
improved treatment decision-making and reduces risk to human life. However, a
biopsy indicates whether a tumor is benign or malignant.
Keywords: Histopathology, breast cancer, grossing.
Exploring the Role of Rumen Microbiota in Enhancing Beef Quality
Waseem Abbas1, M. Mahboob Ali Hamid1, Faisal Ramzan1, Urfa Bin Tahir2
1Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad,
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Beef cattle play a pivotal role in meeting the growing demand for meat among
consumers. To optimize production, producers prefer beef breeds that have rapid
growth, superior meat quality, and low rearing cost. Among the various factors
influencing beef quality, marbling stands out as a critical determinant, affecting
both the perceived value and market price of the meat. While factors such as
genetics, nutrition, and age are well-recognized contributors to marbling, the role
of rumen microbiota remains largely unexplored. Recent advancements in
sequencing technology and bioinformatics have paved the way for generating and
analyzing large amount rumen microbiome data to derive meaningful insights. In
this study, we leveraged publicly available rumen microbiome and mapping data
from a sample pool of 118 Angus cattle to investigate the influence of rumen
bacterial populations on marbling. All steers in the study were fed an identical
concentrate-based diet over a period of 78 days, and rumen samples were
collected at the time of harvest. Subsequently, the carcasses underwent grading
based on the USDA marbling system, resulting in three distinct grades: Select,
Choice, and Prime. The 16S microbiome data was processed with custom
pipelines. Alpha diversity and beta diversity differences were tested with Kruskal-
Wallis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance, respectively.
Differential analysis was conducted using the DESeq2 algorithm, while the Sparse
Correlations for Compositional Data (SparCC) method was employed for
constructing ecological networks. Our analysis revealed no significant differences
in alpha and beta diversity among the marbling grades. However, DESeq2
analysis identified 13 bacterial species displaying higher abundance in the Prime
marbling group, primarily belonging to the Prevotella,
Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and U29-B03 genera.
Conversely, 34 differential bacterial species exhibited lower abundance in the
Prime marbling animals, including species from the Treponema,
Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, p-1088-a5_gut_group, Prevotella,

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Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Succiniclasticum, Succinivibrio,

Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-009, Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group, Moryella,
and R. flavefaciens, as well as A. lipolyticus genera. Analysis of the SparCC
networks unveiled the co-occurrence patterns of the differential species with other
bacterial species. These findings suggest that certain bacterial species, either
through larger or smaller clusters, may contribute to enhanced marbling by
facilitating improved nutrient supply to the animals. This comprehensive
investigation offers preliminary evidence that specific bacterial species may play
a crucial role in enhancing marbling in beef cattle. Further studies using functional
genomic sequencing techniques are warranted to gain a deeper understanding of
the functional contributions of rumen microbiome in the marbling process.
Keywords: beef quality, rumen microbiota, marbling
Gluten Free Biscuits
Muhammad Tuseef Asghar , Anzala Muqaddas1, Sadaf Shakoor1, Abid Aslam
1*

Maan1, Yasmeen Bano1, M. Iqbal1, M. Usman2, M. Mohsin Ali3, Sadaf Fatima1

1UAF, Faisalabad; 2PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi; 3NARC
Contact: [email protected]
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)is the major crop in temperate lands being used for
human diet and domestic animal’s feed. But wheat foodstuffs are known to be
responsible for gluten intolerances (celiac disease) and allergies (respiratory and
food). About one percent of global inhabitants are affected by celiac disease.
Celiacs are constricted to use gluten-free diets. Consequently, their diet is often
nutrient deficient and unbalanced. Maize (Zea mays L.) and sweet potato
(Ipomoea batatas L.) are important crops in Pakistani region, used for human
consumption, and animal feed. In recent years, innovations have been made in
celiac diets, however there is a requirement to prepare enhanced quality products.
This study was planned to develop and evaluate the innovative gluten free biscuits
to support celiac. Six different biscuits compositions were prepared replacing the
wheat (100% to 0%) with different proportions of maize and sweet potato. The
samples were analyzed for proximate composition, spread ratio, diameter,
thickness, volume, density and color difference, rheological analysis, water
absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, texture analysis, antioxidant activity
(DPPH value), energy content and sensory analysis to determine the effect of
different treatments. It was observed that all gluten free biscuits were significantly
improved in quality than that of control sample. When gluten free biscuits were
compared with each other, T4 exhibited significantly better proximate
composition improved physical parameters and sensory properties. Therefore,
sample with 50% maize and sweet potato paste was found to be the best product
among all other prepared samples.
Keywords: Gluten free, Celiac, Maize flour, Sweet Potato, Paste, Wheat
Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Protects Mouse Macrophage Derived
Raw Cell Line 264.7 from Advanced Glycosylation End Products
with Promising Anti-Aging Potential
Laila Anwer Ali1, Syed Abid Ali2, Farzana Sadaf1, Faheema Siddique3, Syed
Waleed Ahmed Bokhari4, Ghulam Abbas5

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1Departmentof Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi

2HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Pakistan
3Department of Pharmacology, DOW University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
4Department of Pharmacognosy, Hamdard University, Karachi
5Department of Pharmacology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan

Aging is described as a gradual decline in the efficiency of biochemical and

physiological progressions till death. Several theories have been introduced to
define aging process. Among which theory related to accumulation of advanced
glycation end products in the organism causing senescence. Accumulation of
glycated macromolecules, chiefly proteins known to be a tissue damaging factor
linked to aging or age-related disorders. Formation of advanced glycation end
products (AGEs) and macromolecular damage also expedited by increase in
oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species. Our study design assess the
inhibitory activity of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract on formation of
advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and free radical scavenging activity
(ROS). On cellular viability RAW 264.7 cell line having RAGE (receptor of
advanced glycation end products) on its surface were assessed using MTT assay.
Results of Anti-glycation assay revealed that AGEs remarkably reduced the cell
viability. Cytoprotective effects were seen in dose dependent manner, in
Fenugreek seed extract (FgSE) at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml using
Aminoguanidine (AG) as positive control. Data strongly suggests that Fenugreek
seeds delays the process of aging in vitro. DPPH assay of FgSE reveal maximum
inhibitory activity at 1mg/kg.
Keywords: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), Anti-aging, Cell viability,
Fenugreek seed extract (FgSE), MTT assay.
Herbal Medication (Garlina) Attenuates Cholesterol Diet Induced
Hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats
Farzana Sadaf1, H. Maaz2, Syed Waleed Ahmed Bokhari2, L. Anwar1, M. Azam3
1Department of Pharmacology; 2Department of Pharmacognosy; 3Department of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Herbal medicines have gain popularity among people due to abundant and
affordable remedies with high efficacy and least side effects. Most of the herbal
drugs are used to cure cardiovascular ailments. This signifies the therapeutic
importance of medicinal plants and stresses the necessity of research on these
herbal medicines. The present study has been carried out on a product Garlina
obtained from Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan for the treatment of
cardiovascular diseases especially atherosclerotic plaque in experimental models.
Anti- hyperlipidemic activity of Garlina was determined on high cholesterol diet
(HCD) induced hyperlipidemic rat model. The findings revealed that the Garlina
(200mg/kg) shows the significant reduction in body weight (from 212.8 ± 4.5 to
200.0 ± 4.1) when compared to HCD group (from 201.6 ± 4.2 to 262.4 ± 4.1).
Garlina significantly (p< 0.01) reduced food intake (8.0 ± 0.1 g/day by 27.2%,
7.5± 0.04 g/day by 37.4% and 7.0± 0.1g/day by 44.6% respectively as compared
to high cholesterol-diet (14.0 ± 0.2 g/day by 40.3%) rats. There is dose dependent
decrease in organ and serum lipid biochemistry at the doses of 50, 100 and 200
mg/kg of Garlina as compared to high cholesterol diet rats for a period of 60 days.
It is therefore concluded that Garlina exhibited remarkable decrease in lipid

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profile in cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic rat models and exhibited

pronounced inhibition in atherosclerotic lesions.
Keywords: Garlina, High Cholesterol Diet, Lipid profile, Herbal Medicine, Anti-
hyperlipidemic activity
Functional foods of Pakistan and their role in Senescence
Syed Waleed Ahmed Bokhari1, Laila Anwer1, Syed Abid Ali2, Farzana Sadaf1,
Hira Maaz1, Ghulam Abbas3
1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi,
2HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Pakistan
3Department of Pharmacology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan

Functional foods can be used a tool for healthy & longer life span. The term
“functional food” is tossed to emphasize the role of nutritive substances in the
prevention and eradication of chronic disease development. The aim of present
study is to identify functional foods of Pakistan for their anti-aging potential. In
this regard, the ethanolic extracts of fifty functional foods, mostly advised by
nutritionists, were assessed for their ability to inhibit glycation and oxidative
stress. Our analysis showed that out of 50 functional foods, 44 of them have
significantly reduced the formation of advanced glycation end products. The
Pomegranate peel extract, Strawberry extract, coffee powder, and areca nut
showed more than 90% AGEs inhibition at the concentration of 1 mg/ml.
Furthermore, antioxidant potential of all these 50 functional foods was also
assessed for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. In this assay, the most
pronounced effect (90% free radical scavenging activity) was observed with
Cumin seeds extract, Purple Onion extract, Grapefruit juice and Oregano extract
at 1mg/ml. In conclusion, the present study highlights several easily available
dietary substances of Pakistan, whom consumption can help prevent age related
disabilities and may contribute in healthier and longer life span.
Keywords: Functional food, Glycation, Oxidative stress, Advanced glycated end
products (AGEs), Senescence.
In-vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of Biologically
synthesized Sulphur Nanoparticles against food-borne Pathogens
Aisha Siddiqua, Qurbat Zahra, Hadia Baloch
Goaml Center of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Goml University, D.I.Khan
Food spoilage is a significant issue since food-borne illnesses affect millions of
people worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to search for fresh and effective
antibacterial medications. Biosynthesis nanoparticles can be used as antibacterial
agents to prevent food-borne illnesses. This new study uses the plant Allium
fistulosum to create Sulphur nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly manner.
The characterization of Sulphur nanoparticles using a scanning electron
microscope, a UV spectrophotometer, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,
and nanoparticle tracking and analysis. Sulphur nanoparticles from Allium
fistulosum have 291 nm absorption spectra. The Sulphur nanoparticles were
almost 100 nm in size and had a spherical shape. Aspergillusflavus and Salmonella
typhi were among the food-borne pathogens against which the in vitro
antibacterial activity of SNPs was tested. The strongest antibacterial efficacy
against Salmonella typhi was demonstrated by SNPs (24 mm). It has been

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demonstrated that the effect of antibiotics like ampicillin and amphotericin B is

enhanced when coupled with nanoparticles.
Keywords: Sulphur nanoparticles,Allium fistulosum Gram Positive Bacteria
and Gram-Negative Bacteria.
Unveiling the Pervasive Presence and Potential Risks of Aspartame
Cecilia Konima Conteh1*, Imran Pasha1, Farah Ahmad1, Amina Jamil1,
Muhammad Subtain1, Husnain Rasheed1, Sadia Ansar1, Summaia Fordos1
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Aspartame, a widely used artificial sweetener, has gained significant popularity
in recent years due to its extremely low caloric content with sweet-tasting
chemical that, when used in tiny doses, contains no natural sugars or calories. It
can currently be found in thousands of food items all over the world, despite the
fact that its safety is still being debated. Aspartame is composed of two naturally
occurring amino acids: aspartic acid and phenylalanine. It resembles fine white
powder and is over 200 times sweeter than sucrose, also known as sugar. While it
is not completely free of calories, the amounts of aspartame required to sweeten
foods and beverages to the same degree as table sugar are quite modest and do not
add to the calorie count. Its consumption has surged among various groups,
including not only diabetics but also individuals engaged in dieting, as well as
young and adolescent children, often unaware of its potential effects. Irrespective
of their clinical conditions or age, consumers widely incorporate aspartame into
their routines. Particularly among youngsters and teenagers, sugar-free diet
products have gained considerable popularity. Concerning, commercial products
containing aspartame often lack explicit warnings or precise recommended intake
limits on their labels. Aspartame is commonly found in cold drinks, diet soda,
low-calorie sweet items, sugar-free products, and even pharmaceuticals, despite
several research studies clearly demonstrating the adverse effects associated with
unintentional aspartame consumption. The present review aims to provide an
interactive and comprehensive overview of facts and information on aspartame,
with the intention of raising awareness among researchers and the general public.
Micropropagationand phytochemical profile of wild grape Vitis
jacquemontii of the Himalayan region
Tour Jan
Department of Botany, University of Malakand
Wild ediblefruit bearing plants are integral part of the urban communities for
nutrition and medicines but its population faces natural and anthropogenic threats.
Vitisjacquemontii is a wild grape, locally known as geedarkwar. Some species of
Vitis have been explored biotechnologically and pharmaceutically, no or very
little scientific studies on V. jacquemontii are described. Objectives of the study
were achieved: effective protocols for callus induction and in vitro propagation
were developed and phytochemical profile of fruit and leaf extracts was evaluated.
Brown and white callus from node explants was induced on media supplemented
with Naphthalene Acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) with
frequency of 46-64% and 21-29% respectively. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media
augmented with Benzyl adenine (BA) most appropriate for multiple shoot

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induction (72.25%), highest number (8.34) and length (6.4 cm) of shoot at
concentrations of 1.5, 2.5 and 2.0 mg/L respectively. MS medium with BA (1.5
mg/L) most suited for shoot initiation (58.52%) and multiplication (6.93) from
callus. Similarly, maximum shoot rooting percentage (51.23%) and number of
root (5.62) was noted on medium augmented with NAA. The total phenolic
contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and total tannin contents (TTC)
of V. jacquemontii leaf methanol extract (VJLME) and fruit methanol extract
(VJFME) were (101.89, 67.03, 103.20) and 297.65, 92.21, 136.78 mg gallic acid
equivalent/g respectively.
Keywords: Wild grape, micropropagation, Vitaceae
Nutritional Aspects and Health benefits of mango fruit (Mangifera
indica L.)
M. Subtain*, Imran Pasha, Farah Ahmad, Hasnain Rasheed, Amina Jamil, Sadia
Ansar, SummaiaFordos, Cecilia Konima Conteh, Husnain Hasan, D. Muavia
National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Mango fruit has great economical value worldwide due to their nutritional
content. Its numerous important nutrients and other bioactive component are
responsible for its functional effects. Phytochemical compounds present in mango
fruits can be classified in different macro and micronutrients. Macronutrients
include carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (majorly Ω-3 and Ω-6 fatty acids).
Micronutrients include vitamin A and C, different minerals, coloring pigments
(chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins etc.), different phenolic compounds
(phenolic acids and flavonoids) and many other volatile and non-volatile
components. Mango fruits and its different nutritional and bioactive components
have been proved effective against different communicable diseases such as
obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cancer. Health benefits of
mango fruits have been studied by many researchers and based upon the findings,
health benefits of mangoes were proved by epidemiological studies and other
clinical trials. Studies conducted on health benefits of mango suggest that
utilization of mango fruit and its byproducts can be used as a part of healthy diet
not only as source of caloric requirements but also to reduce the incidence of
different health problems.
AFM based surface analysis of High Hydrostatic Pressure Sensitive
and Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains
Marriam Yamin
Salim Habib University
*
Contact:[email protected], 03352303467.
AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) is a technique used to study the surface
properties of materials at a high resolution. By using a sharp tip that is scanned
over the surface, AFM can provide detailed images of the surface structure, as
well as quantitative measurements of the topography and mechanical properties.
In the case of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) Sensitive and Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, AFM can be used to study the structural
changes that occur in the bacterial cell walls as a result of exposure to high
pressures. This can provide insight into the mechanisms of pressure resistance and
sensitivity in these strains and may have implications for understanding the

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behaviours of other bacteria under high pressure conditions.

Isolation Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Identification
of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Dzo (Bos Grunniens × Bos Primigenius)
Milk and Their Assesment of Probiotics
Sehar Ishtiaq1, Haider Khan2, Rabaila Riaz1, Rukhsana Batool1
1Abasyn University Islamabad; 2National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC)
Isolation and identification of possible probiotics was carried out from DZO (Bos
grunniens × Bos primigenius) milk. DZO is hybrid between domestic cow and
yak. There were 14 pure colonies isolates which were subjected for further
investigation. Isolation, phenotypic identification, Biochemical microscopic and
molecular test were performed to identify the isolates. All 14 isolates were
catalase and oxidase negative. Out of 14, 4 of them were cocci and other 10 were
gram positive bacilli. 3 isolates were chosen for some specific test including bile
tolerance test, acid tolerance test, hemolysis, antibiotic susceptibility and
antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria, 3 isolates were found
and describe for the evaluation of their probiotic characteristics. These 3 isolates
were shown to be tolerate bile salt an acidic pH. The isolates were amplified using
16s ribosomal RNA by utilizing specific primer for Lactic acid bacteria i.e.,
primer (27F and 1492R). An automated DNA sequencer were used to obtain PCR
product. To find the similar sequence with other genes in the Gene-Bank database
(NCBI) and BLAST search to find closely related sequence. MEGA 11.0 was
used to construct phylogenetic tree of an identified strain. All the isolates were
related to lactic acid bacteria and had 96 to 99% homology for the 16s ribosomal
RNA. Based on observed data, it was determined that all 3 isolates were fulfill the
requirement for probiotic ability. Specific gene sequence was used to identify the
strains, two of strains were Latilactobacillus sakei and one was Lactococcus lactis
were shown as a new probiotic in this research.
Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Probiotics, DZO, 16s ribosomal RNA,
Latilactobacillus sakei
Surface Decorated Liposomes for Tumor Targeting
Muhammad Yasir Ali1, Udo Bakowsky2
1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Dept. Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Targeting the cancer cells has always been one of the major goals of
chemotherapy to reduce the toxicity of cytotoxic substances. Among various drug
delivery systems DPPC–based Liposomes are the most widely used and
commercially successful carrier systems for this purpose. Their ability to
encapsulate a great variety of drugs, high bioavailability and biocompatibility
have made them suitable for surface modification with ligands with binding
affinity against different cellular sites. In this study, DPPC liposomes prepared by
film hydration evaporation technique in presence of Sorafenib (SFB) as
chemotherapeutic agent. The surface of these liposomes, with or without drug,
was decorated with aptamer (Apt) against HER3 using EDC/NHS chemical
modification. Liposomes were characterized with regard to their size and shape
by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. Particles were analyzed
for cell base assessment in breast cancer line, MDA-MB-231. Cell viability assay,

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pathway analysis and apoptosis assay showed cellular toxicity in the presence of
aptamer (p < 0.001). Metastatic inhibition showed reduced cell proliferation in the
presence of Apt and SFB. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used for the
visualization of the receptor-mediated time-dependent intracellular uptake along
with distribution of the modified nanoparticles throughout the cytoplasm. The
findings of the current study confirmed the usefulness of the surface decorated
SFB-loaded particles against HER3.
Keywords: Sorafenib, Aptamer, Modification, In Vitro, In Vivo
Polyphenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and volatile
compounds of Phoenix dactylifera L. var. Ajwa.
Muhammad Azam1, Aisha Sana1, Rubeena Saleeem2, Shaheen Faizi3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University,
2Department of Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi-Pakistan
3International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of

Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Contact: [email protected]
The excessive formation of Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) due to any abnormal
stimuli impart deleterious effects on the internal cellular environment. Natural
products being rich in various bioactive compounds used to provide broad range
of protection against these reactive oxygen species. Phoenix dactylifera var.
Ajwa, is amongst the bestdietary sources of natural compounds which is equally
beneficial, both nutritionally and economically. Because of its exceptional
antioxidant properties, it grabs the attention of nutritionist and natural product
scientist to further probe on the spectrum of efficacy against the cellular oxidative
damages. Thisresearch aimed to study the combine effect of Ajwa date fruit and
seed extracts on total polyphenol content and free radical scavenging activity
through various in-vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant assays with identification of
bioactive compounds through GCMS. Inthe present study the total phenolic and
flavonoid contents were found to be 993mg-5020mg and 163mg-907mg as
GAE/100g and RE/100g respectively. DPPH scavenging assay was represented
in terms of Ascorbic Acid and Trolox equivalent, i.e., 4.293-26.910mM
AAE/100g and 4.637-28.317mM TEAC/100g respectively. While ABTS
decolorizing assay was observed in the range of 9.61-29.18mM TEAC/100g.
Moreover, Beta-carotene assay revealed that combination extract prevented the
oxidation of beta-carotene in the range of 27.76-69.14%. Oxidative hemolysis
inhibition assay on HRBCs showed that methanolic extract was more potent
followed by ethyl acetate extract, i.e., 93-94% inhibition has been shown. GCMS
studies of extract mixture revealed several importantchemical constituents such
as Methyl hexadecanoate (42%), Hexadecanoic acid (32%), Ethyl Hexadecanoate
(32%), Methyl (E)-9-dodecenoate (30%), Methyl cis-11-octadecenoate (56%),
Methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (28%), Methyl (E)-9-Octadecenoate (67%), (Z,Z)-
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (34%), Cholestan-22(26)-epoxy-3,16-dione (9%),
Ethyl iso-allocholate (5%), Ergost-5-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β,24R) (7%), Stigmastan-
3,5-diene (19%), α-Tocopherol (27%), Lup-20(29)-en-3-one (3%), Stigmast-4-
en-3-one (17%) Stigmasta-5, 22-dien-3-ol, acetate-(3β) (11%), Stigmast-5-en-3-
ol, (3β,24S)- (35%) and Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, Oleate (2%). In addition, in the above
listed compounds found in Phoenix dactyliferasome of them showed bioactivity

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as per literature, which might be further explored to work out for their prominent
role in combating cardiovascular& other disorders. Further, such exploration may
also be useful for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries to develop
commercial products based on natural compounds for the maintenance of
cardiovascular health &various ailments.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Ajwa, GCMS, Polyphenols
Anti-diabetic studies of Taraxacum officinale
Saqib Ali, Zahid Mehmood, Rubia Zaman
Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli, AJK, Pakistan
Medicinal plants have played vital role in the life of humans, especially for their
betterment and to sustain life. Natural products isolated from plants, to be
considered as main sources for treating number of diseases. Taraxacum officinale
belong to the family Asteraceae and its subfamily is Cichorieae, its tribe is
Lactuceae. The entire parts of Taraxacum officinale locally known as "Hund"
were collected from village Pirkot Tehsil Hajira District Poonch. Antidiabetic
activity of T. officinale root, leaves, and flower fractions (n-hexane, ethanol, and
water) was evaluated in diabetic mice. Fifty mice were distributed in 10 separate
cages each having 5 mice and designated according to following arrangement. G-
I considered as negative control, G-II considered as positive control or diabetic
control. G-III considered as antidiabetic control and G –IV to G-X were
considered as treatment groups. It was observed that all parts of the Taraxacum
officinale showed activity against diabetes. These fractions decreased blood
glucose level after administration of the extracts (n-hexane, ethanol, and water)
of roots, leaves and flowers. But n-hexane fraction of flowers, water fraction of
leaves and water fraction of roots showed remarkable antidiabetic activity.
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Taraxacumofficinale, Antidiabetic, Natural
Products, Extracts.
Molecular epidemiology and its Role in Infectious Disease Control
Pervaiz Ali*, Aisha Siddiqua
Gomal center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Gomal University D.I.Khan
An area of public health called molecular epidemiology combines standard
epidemiological approaches with molecular biology tools to study and manage
infectious illnesses. Molecular epidemiology is able to differentiate rapidly
determine the infectious agent by examining the genetic makeup of pathogens. In
this approach, the means of transmission and the propagation of disease epidemics
can be readily identified. New molecular strategies have allowed the isolation of
pathogens that were previously unculturable. More precise methods for extracting
epidemiological information from sequence data, as well as the development of
technology like DNA sequencing and PCR (polymerase chain reaction), have
made it possible for us to create a more comprehensive picture of diseases than
has previously been possible. These findings can be used to establish targeted
interventions and improve public health strategies aimed at preventing and
controlling the spread of infectious illnesses. Effective control of pathogens
depends on understanding the origins and structure of genetic variation in
pathogen population. Molecular epidemiology has become ever more essential in
the context of emerging infections including COVID-19, since it provides a
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valuable tool for studying disease spread mechanisms and designing successful
prevention methods. The epidemiological information have substantially helped
the creation of effective vaccinations and medications. The possible advantages
of molecular epidemiology in preventing infectious illnesses have being dedicated
to future research and the application of this method to infectious disease
preventon.
Key words; Molecular epidemiology, Infectious diseases, Genetic makeup,
Pathogen, Molecular techniques.
The Quality Estimation of Exported Seafood from Pakistan: A
Health Concern with Reference to Food Safety
Saima Majeed1*, Naveed Ahmad2*, T. Asif3, Aisha Qureshi2, Ayesha Umer2
1Department of Maritime SciencesBahria University Karachi, Karachi 75260 Pakistan
2Aquatic Diagnostic and Research CentreBahria University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
3Industrial Biotechnology, the Karachi Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Hamdard University Karachi

*Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
The quality of seafood is one of the significant concerns to food processors,
buyers, and general well-being specialists. This study attempted to investigate the
pervasiveness of microbial quality and antibiotic chloramphenicol CAP residue
in export-oriented frozen and fresh seafood to verify and control contamination
for public health safety and international trade. A total of 32 frozen and fresh
seafood samples were randomly collected for microbiological analysis including
crabs, shrimps, and tin-packed tuna fish, collected from 10 differentseafood
processing plants situated at the Karachi fish harbor, Pakistan. The collected
samples were analyzed in the lab for total viable aerobic count (TVAC),
Escherichia coli (E. coli), Yeast and Mold counts, Salmonella typhirium, Vibrio
cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Lysteria monocytogene, and Staphlococcus
aureus. The examination contains the assurance of total viable aerobic count
(TVAC) by the standard plate count method estimated under 5×105 CFU/g, E.
Coli count was found below 5 MPN/g, Yeast and Mold counts were found under
1000 CFU/g, all analyzed seafood test results were observed under the average
permissible limit. Explicit fish pathogens such as Salmonella typhirium, Vibrio
cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Lysteria monocytogene, and Staphlococcus
aureus were likewise inspected yet discovered missing in all the samples under
examination in the Lab. In conclusion, all the frozen seafood samples collected
from different processing plants proceed according to the standard and are
protected from all microbiological perspectives, and met the satisfactory limit
quantified by the International Commission of Microbiological Specification for
Food. The frozen fisheries products from Pakistan were eligible for export
purposes and also safe for human consumption.
Keywords: Seafood quality, Microbial analysis, Food assessment, Food
standards.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticles Impregnated
with Polytetrafluoroethylene Nanocomposites
Saiqa Jabeen1, M Adeel Aleem2, M Iqbal Khan1, Murad Ali Khan1*

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1Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan

2Department of Nanoscience & Technology, NCP, Islamabad, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Polymer nanocomposites have a considerable industrial application because of
their low cost enhance durability, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. Focus
of this research work is on the preparation of SiO2 NPs through sol-gel method
and their incorporation as nanofiller as the 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%into the
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer for the fabrication of matrix, to obtained
a polymer nanocomposites with unique combined properties of filler and matrix
because these nanocomposites has immense importance in various field such as
defense, electronics, military. Initially SiO2NPs will be synthesized through sol-
gel method. SiO2NPs were characterized using XRD spectroscopy. The XRD
measurements of silica confirmed that the silica is predominantly an amorphous
solid. The diffraction peak at 2ϴ = 27 confirms the formation of amorphous silica.
These can be appropriately marked by various peaks corresponding to silica
(JCPDS CARD#01-081-0067). Current results confirmed the successful synthesis
of SiO2NPs. Then these NPs are incorporated in PTFE matrix and the structural
elucidation of PTFE/SiO2was analyzed through FTIR and XRD. The structural
changes upon the PTFE revealed the efficient interaction of SiO2 with the
polymers. XRD analysis revealed the enhancement in the crystallinity of PTFE.
Dielectric constant and dielectric lossproperties of the silica NPs filled PTFE
composites was carefully find out by varying the filler concentration from 5 to
25wt% in 5wt% interval meter is used for this measurements and was measured
at 100Hz to 1MHz frequency at room temperature
Keywords: polymer nanocomposites, Silica Nanoparticles, sol-gel, amorphous
silica, Polytetrafluoroethylene
Evaluation of radioactive isotopes in concrete by the bombardment
of heavy ions on copper target
Mariam Malik
Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat KP, Pakistan
This study evaluates the radioactive material produced in the concrete shield due
to secondary thermal neutrons as a result of the bombardment of heavy ions on
the copper target. Using the FLUKA simulation code, we have investigated the
induced activation inside concrete resulting from the bombardment of heavy ion
beams (H, He, C, O, Ne, Si) with an energy of 500 MeV for the duration of up to
24 hours. The range of these different ions in the copper target was determined
using the SRIM code, and the targets' dimensions were adjusted accordingly. The
resulting total activity induced in the concrete was measured and plotted against
a cooling time difference of 2 hours. It was found that the proton beam had the
highest activity, while the helium ion exhibited the lowest activation. Numerous
radioactive isotopes were detected, including (55Fe, 53Mn, 41Ca, 40K, 39Ar, 36Cl,
26
Al, 22Na, 14C, 10Be, and 3H), each with varying half-lives in years. These isotopes
have possessed long half-lives and could be hazardous for workers directly
involved with accelerators. Induced isotopes having shorter half-lives havebeen
neglected because of little concern. Furthermore, the study assessed the activity
of different isotopes at various cooling rates within concrete. Managing the
concrete's activation poses waste management challenges, prompting the need for

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radiation safety guidelines during routine operation, maintenance, and

decommissioning. The study's insights can offer crucial data for facility
maintenance, repair, and dismantling, providing predictions of radioactive
materials in the concrete based on cooling time after operation and termination.
Keywords: Induced radioactivity, concrete, FLUKA, Heavy ions, isotopes
Moleculer Charactarization of Fasciola Hepatica Based on Its-1 &
Its-2 Genes in Small Ruminants of District Hangu, Pakistan
Yasir Hussain, Shahid Niaz
Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Sciences and Technology, Kohat.
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Fasciolosis is a zoonotic helminth infection caused by Fasciola hepatica, the
"liver fluke." This parasite infests the liver and bile duct of goats, sheep, cattle,
and humans. It is a major neglected tropical disease. The aim of the current study
was to evaluate prevalence and molecular characterization of Fasicola hepatica
present in small ruminants of district Hangu by ITS1andITS2 genes. In the cross-
sectional study, a total of 570 small ruminants were examined for Liver fluke
presence in Hangu's local slaughterhouse. Among 570 small ruminants, 325
(male; 187 female; 138) were sheep, and 245 (male; 98 female; 147) were goats.
Out of 570 samples, 31 were infected by helminth parasites. Out of 31 infected
samples, 18 were sheep and 13 were goats. The prevalence in sheep was 3.15%
(male: 1.05%, female: 1.92%), and in goats it was 2.28% (male: 1.40%, female:
0.87%). The genomic DNA was isolated from preserved flukes. The estimation
of genetic variation within the species was conducted using conventional
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a set of arbitrary primers. The
amplification of the ribosomal ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions was performed for the
isolates. The sequencing of the amplicons was conducted at the ITS-1 and ITS-2
regions. Amplification of both regions was successfully achieved for all samples.
The analysis of the acquired ITS sequences in relation to those of established
Fasciola species found worldwide and obtained from GenBank demonstrated that
the current specimens exhibited complete genetic identity (100%) with F.
hepatica.
Keywords: Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolosis, sheep, goats, PCR.
Investigation ofthe Optoelectronic Properties of Synthesized
Monocarbonyl Aryledines
Muhammad Ibrahim, Shehar Bano, Akbar Ali
Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
The present research work is about the chemical preparation of carbon-carbon
bond forming reaction via Aldol condensation reaction. Accordingly, we have
synthesized three symmetrical bis-aryl-α,β-unsaturated ketone derivatives DBC,
BBC, and PBMP through the aldol condensation approach towards ketones that
have two enolizable sites. Spectrometric methods 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR have
been used to determine the structures of DBC, BCC, and PBMP. Moreover, the
crystal structure of PBMP has been determined by using a single-crystal X-ray
diffraction (SC-XRD) technique. PBMP crystal structure has also been analyzed
by Hirshfeld surface analysis (HSA) and the results were compared with those of
DBC and BCC crystal structures to evaluate their similarity.

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Keywords: Moncarbonyl Aryledines, symmetrical bis-aryl-α,β-unsaturated

ketones, Chaperonin, Chemotherapeutics, Colorectal cancer.
Micelle-Micelle Crosslinked Highly Stretchable Conductive
Hydrogels for Potential Applications of Strain and Electronic Skin
Sensors
Mansoor Khan, Luqman Ali Shah
Polymer Laboratory, NCEPC, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
Wearable sensors made of flexible and stretchable hydrogels have garnered
significant attention. However, their use has been limited by poor mechanical
performance, such as poor toughness, poor self-recovery, and large response-
recovery time. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a novel
crosslinking agent-based hydrogel with high stretchability, high toughness,
antifatigue properties, and good conductivity. These hydrogels were developed
by introducing L-glutamic acid (LGA) into hydrophobically crosslinked
polyacrylamide (PAmm) chains. In this system, LGA dynamically crosslinked the
micelle-micelle and micelles-polymer chains, and the incorporation of LGA
greatly regulates the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. The noncovalent
synergistic interactions that come with the insertion of LGA enable the hydrogels
to achieve high stretchability, high stress values, with fast self-recovery and
antifatigue behaviors without the help of foreign stimuli. Additionally, LGA-
based hydrogels can function as durable and highly sensitive strain sensors for
detecting various mechanical deformations, with a fast response-recovery time
and high gauge factor value. As a result, the hydrogels have the capability to be
designed as wearable strain sensors that are capable of detecting large human joint
motions such as neck twisting, neck bending, wrist, finger, and elbow. Similarly,
these hydrogels are capable of monitoring different subtle human motions like
speaking and differentiating between different words, swallowing, and drinking
through larynx vibrations. Besides these large and subtle human motions,
hydrogels have the ability to differentiate and reproduce different written words
with reliability. These LGA-regulated hydrogels have potential applications in
electric skins, medical monitoring, soft robotics, and flexible touch panels.
Pinazaphilone B from Penicillium Species: Potential antidiabetic and
Nonpromiscuous Drug Molecule
Qudsia Yousafi
Comsats Sahiwal Campus
A relatively prevalent metabolic disease is diabetes mellitus (DM). The defining
feature of this condition is the autoimmune system's destruction of T-cells.
Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) is crucially involved in degradation of
β-cells by pancreatic T-cells. This protein had been identified as a promising
therapeutic target for DM management. Long-term use of traditional antidiabetic
medications has been linked to numerous adverse effects. The development of
new and effective medications, with little adverse effects, is a very time
consuming and expensive procedure. A computer-aided drug design was used for
drug designing against TXNIP. The anti-diabetic fungal metabolites were selected
from the literature to be used as inhibitors of TXNIP. The druglikness of the
compounds was evaluated by Using DruLiTo and DataWarior software. CheS-

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Mapper 2.0 was used to perform a Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship

(QSAR) investigation on 22 drug-like fungal compounds. Three compounds—
Pinazaphilone A, Pinazaphilone B, and Chermesinone A had the lowest (0.01)
activity cliff. Asperphenamate had the greatest apol score (81.76) whereas
Albonoursin and Sterenin L had the highest bpol scores (40.66). For
Pinazaphilone A and Pinazaphilone B, the fractional molecular frame (FMF)
calculation yielded the lowest result (0.46). TPSA was 130.51 recoded for
Pinazaphilone A and Pinazaphilone B. The log P value for all selected compounds
was found 5 was seen. AutoDock Vina performed the molecular docking of fungal
compounds with TXNIP. Complexes have binding energies between 9.2 and 4.6
kcal/mol. A MD simulation was performed on four docked complexes—TXNIP-
Pinazaphilone A, TXNIP-Pinazaphilone B, TXNIP-Asperphenamate and TXNIP-
Sterenin L—to determine which would make the best lead molecule. One
complex only, TXNIP-Pinazaphilone B, maintained a stable conformation during
the whole of the MD simulation's 80 ns run. Pinazaphilone B, Penicillium sp.
secondary metabolite, was selected as lead molecule against TXNIP.
The Development of Effective Photodynamic Therapy in
Combination with Anticancer Drugs against Human
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Muhammad Zakir1, Ahmat Khurshid2, M. Iqbal Khan1, Murad Ali Khan1
1Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan
2Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, PIEAS, Islamabad, Pakistan
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively new, minimal invasive alternate
treatment methodology for malignant and non-malignant diseases. The principle
of PDT lies in activation of photosensitizer by suitable wavelength in the presence
of cellular molecular oxygen. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
ultimately leads to the tissue death via oxidation of cellular organelles. In this
study, set of experiments were design to study the efficacy of photosense (AlPS-
4) mediated PDT in combination with chemotherapeutic agents (Doxorubicin and
dacarbazine). The proposed study was carried out on rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), a
human cancer cell line In-vitro. RD culture was treated with photosense (25 nM,
250 nM) as a control treatment and demonstrated that the selected PS dose has no
toxic effects. Thereafter chemo-drugs alone with different non-toxic
concentration regime (25 nM, 100 nM and 500 nM) were administered to RD cell
culture at 3hours, 24 hours & 48 hours. Therapeutic response on RD culture was
measured with calorimetric assay, MMT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-
DiphenyltetrazoliumBromide). Individual chemo drugs toxicity was observed
within ± %10 even at higherconcentration 500 nM is around 9% for both chemo
drugs. RD culture showed higher killing ( 50%) compared to chemo drugs alone
when exposed to PS in the presence of suitable laser light (λ= 630 nm).
Furthermore PDT was combine with chemo-drugs (doxorubicin and dacarbazine)
with different concentrations (50 nM, 100 nM&500 nM,) and time (3 hours, 24
hours &48 hours) in different repeated order. It was observed that dox-PDT
initiated higher cell killing both at 24 hours and 48 hours as compared to the rest
of treatment arms. While in PDT-dacarbazine cell death was observed 54% at 24
hours. Furthermore in the presence of both doxorubicin and dacarbazine low
efficacy was measured with PDT. So this study suggests that PDT can have good

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therapeutic outcome with doxorubicin.

Keywords: Photodynamic therapy, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Doxorubicin,
Dacarbazine
Prevalence of Anchor Worm and Its Impact on the Gills
Histopathology and Hematology of Common Carp in Kohat
Karim ullah, Kalim Ullah*, Farman Ullah Dawar*
Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat
Anchor worm are copepod which belong to the phylum crustacean, having 43
accurate Anchor species are described in the world of copepods data base. The
genus Lerneae (Anchor worm) of the family Lernaeidae is one of the most
damaging ectoparasites of fish and is of major economic concern in all phases of
the aquaculture industry from production to marketing. The aim of this study is
determining the prevalence of anchor worm in infesting live common carp fish
and to investigate the effect of anchor worm on hematology and gills
histopathology of common carp in farms of district kohat. Fish samples were
collected from various fish farms of district Kohat in which 26 are infested out of
109 fishes and prevalence was recorded. Anchor worm was found more
significantin smaller fish in the month of April and May as well as in summer
season the anchor worm were found more in number in district Kohat. The rate of
infestation was high in zameer Gull Dam as compare to other study area. For
hematological and gills histopathology, fish were divided into two groups in
which one was non-infected and other was infected group. Fish from each non-
infected and infected group were examined for hematological and
Histopethalogical study. The hematological analysis showed significant decrease
in RBCs, Hemoglobin value,PCV value in infected fish spp as compared to non-
infected fish spp while WBCs and ESR value showed significant increase in
infected fish spp as compared to non-infected fish spp. The Histopethalogical
analysis of infected fish showed severe gills damage including epithelial
hyperplasia, displacement and erosion of lamellae, congestion, or hemorrhage in
the gill filament. More severely affected gill tissue showed gill sloughing and
epithelial lifting and secondary lamellar fusion. The study suggest that Anchor
worm should to be observed on routinebasis particularly in summer season. The
current study also indicated that exposure to anchor worm spp lead to various
damaging effect in C. Carpio as well as indicated the need for proper control
measurementsagainst anchor worm. The current research work findings might be
fruitful in planning and altering of the management and control techniques for
learnosis
Keywords: Anchor worm, prevalence, Hematology, Histopathalogy, C. Carpio
Injectable Oligomer-Cross-linked Gelatin Hydrogels for
Regenerative Applications
Hafiz Awais Nawaz1, Michael C. Hacker2
1Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
2Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Gelatin-based hydrogels mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) due to their inherent
effects of cell adherence, degradability, immuno- and biocompatibility. Chemical

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cross-linking of gelatin is one strategy to make these hydrogels mechanically

resilient in physiological environments. Our previously developed anhydride-
containing oligomers can be used to formulate versatile prefabricated matrices1–6.
Here, we strive to synthesize hydrophilic and reactive oligomers and utilized these
to fabricate injectable formulations based on amine-anhydride conjugation. This
study aims to synthesize hydrophilic anhydride-containing oligomers that can
cross-link gelatinous peptides in a cytocompatible environment and formulate
injectable hydrogels that support stem cell encapsulation. Oligomers were
synthesized by free radical polymerization of pentaerythritol diacrylate
monostearate (P), maleic anhydride (MA) and hydrophilic comonomers:
acryloylmorpholine (Mo), N-vinylpyrrolidone (Vp) and hydroxypropyl acrylate
(Hp) in defined ratios2. The oligomers were characterized by acid-base titrations,
proton NMR (1H-NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and dissolution
experiments. Injectable formulations of these oligomers with aqueous solution of
gelatin were characterized rheologically. Human adipose tissue derived stem cells
(hASCs) were encapsulated and cytocompatibility was assessed by Live/Dead®
staining and confocal microscopy. Three sets of hydrophilic oligomers
(oPHpMoMA, oPVpMoMA and oPHpVpMA) were synthesized1. Titrations
confirmed controlled anhydride incorporation with high chemical intactness (>
80%). 1H-NMR proved integration of all comonomers of the polymerization feed.
GPC analysis revealed molecular weights (Mn) in the range of 2-3 kDa. The novel
oligomers dissolved in water faster than established derivatives. Hydrogels
derived from these new oligomers and gelatin could be fabricated under pH
control using a multi-step programmable pipette. Hydrogel stiffness depended on
oligomer chemistry (oPHpMoMA < oPVpMoMA < oPHpVpMA). Viable hASCs
were incorporated in hydrogels upon cross-linking and proliferated effectively
over 7 days. Anhydride-containing hydrophilic oligomers were reproducibly
synthesized. Injectable and cytocompatible gelatin-based hydrogels were
formulated that support hASC proliferation. These gels hold promise for
regenerative and biomedical applications.
Keywords: Reactive oligomer, NMR, Gelatin cross-linked hydrogels, Rheology,
Stem cells
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem among Pakistani and
South Korean Patients: A Population Pharmacokinetic Study
Muhammad Usman
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
Meropenem has been extensively used in the treatment of varieties of infectious
diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetics of
meropenem among Pakistani and South Korean patients as well as to identify the
covariates responsible for the interindividual variability on pharmacokinetic
parameters. The data of 59 Pakistani patients and 59 South Korean patients was
pooled to obtain the working dataset of 118 patients with 596 samples. The
population pharmacokinetic model was developed by using NONMEM®
software and stepwise covariate modeling (SCM) was done to evaluate the effect
of different covariates. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to devise the
tailored dose of meropenem. A two-compartmentmodel was found appropriate to
describe the data. The values former openem clearance (CL) and inter-

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compartmental CL (Q) were 12.6 L/h and 6.82 L/h while that of volume of
distribution for central compartment (V1) and peripheral compartment (V2) were
16.7 L and 12.1 L respectively. Meropenem CL was not significantly different
among Pakistani and South Korean patients however, renal status of the patients
estimated by creatinine clearance (CRCL) was the significant covariate for
meropenem CL. Monte Carlo simulation of dosage regimens based on renal status
revealed that the doses of 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg, and 1000 mg administered
every 8 hour over 3 h infusion are suitable for the patients with CRCL of 10
mL/min, 25 mL/min, 50 mL/min, and 100 mL/min respectively. The
administration of a tailored dose of meropenem q8h over 3 h infusion with
consideration of renal status is would achieve the therapeutic outcome.
Keywords: Meropenem, population pharmacokinetic, Pakistan, South Korea,
Renal status.
Therapeutic potential of Dicliptera roxburghiana against CCl4
Induced Renal Toxicity in Mice
Bushra Ahmad1§, M. Rashid Khan2, A. Jamil3, Ayesha Siddique1, Umama Syed1
1Departmentof Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar
2Departmentof Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan
3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, D. I Khan

Plants are efficient source of natural antioxidant against free radicals causing
kidney damages. Dicliptera roxburghiana possesses phytochemicals having
potent antioxidant activity that may provide an effective alternate therapy against
free radicals causing nephrotoxicity. This study was designed to investigate the
effect of methanol extract of D. roxburghiana (DRME) in CCl4 induced renal
injuries in mice. 42 male Balb c mice were treated with alternatively managed
doses for 30 days. Group I was considered as control whereas group II was
injected i.p. with DMSO (1 ml/kg b.w.) and olive oil (1 ml/kg b.w.). Group III
was administered with only CCl4 (1 ml/kg b.w; 20% in olive oil). Group IV was
injected with CCl4 and silymarin (50 mg/kg b.w.). Group V and VI were treated
with CCl4 along with injected DRME (40; 60 mg/kg b.w.) Group VII was treated
alone with DRME (60 mg/kg b.w.). Serum proteins and urine profile were
investigated. Activities of tissue enzyme like catalase, peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase, Glutathione reductase, GSH and γ-GT
were evaluated. Histopathalogical observations, total protein contents, lipid
peroxidation, DNA damage and relative weight were also analyzed. DRME, dose
dependently, prevented the intoxications in renal tissue. CCl4 increases the organ
weight and decreases the body weight, both these drastic changes were reversed
to the normal with DRME treatment. Abnormal urine profile was noticed in CCl4
treated mice. Serum proteins and evels of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione were reduced in kidney
homogenates of CCl4 treated group. CCl4 also causes abnormalities in
biomolecular profile of kidney tissue , all these abnormalities were overcome with
the DRME treatments. These results are an evidence of the renalprotective role of
DRMEagainst CCl4 induced nephrotoxicity in mice which may be due to its
antioxidant compounds.
Keywords: CCl4, Dicliptera roxburghiana, antioxidant enzymes, Kidney, lipid
peroxidation.
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Synergistic effect of Syzgium aromaticum based titanium oxide

nanoparticle and antibiotics against multi-drug resistant Salmonella
typhi
Abubakar Siddiq, Abdul Rehman*
Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]; [email protected], +92-3329807411
Antibiotic resistance by microorganisms is a global issue, and the emergence of
antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains poses an alarming threat to the healthcare
system. Proper strategies are needed to manage multi-drug resistant (MDR)
bacterial infections. Nanotechnology is considered an advanced approach due to
the smaller size of nanoparticles, which can play a crucial role as drug carriers,
delivering antibiotics to the target site of resistant organisms and reducing the
phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. The current research study focused on the
biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using Syzygium aromaticum extract and
determining their capability to enhance the activity of commercially available
antibiotics (meropenem, amikacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid)
against MDR Salmonella typhi. A green synthesis approach was used for the
synthesis of TiO2 NPs using Syzygium aromaticum extract. Furthermore, standard
techniques were used for the characterization of synthesized TiO2NPs in the
Centralized Resource Laboratory, Peshawar. Additionally, the antimicrobial
activity of coated and non-coated antibiotic discs against MDR S. typhi was
evaluated using the standard agar well diffusion method. In the current research
study, UV-Visible spectroscopy revealed an absorption peak at 310 nm within the
prescribed range, confirming the synthesis of TiO2NPs. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the morphology of TiO2NPs, while energy
dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) quantified the presence of titanium, carbon,
and oxygen in the synthesis of TiO2NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) confirmed the capping and reduction of TiO2NPs through the presence of
phenolic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups. Moreover, it was observed that TiO2NPs
significantly enhanced the antibacterial activities of the test antibiotics against
MDR S. typhi (p = 0.01). This was confirmed by comparing the zones produced
by non-coated antibiotics with those produced by TiO2-NPs coated antibiotics. It
was concluded that TiO2NPs synthesized from S. aromaticum extract could be of
great importance in pharmaceutical and medical applications due to their
biocatalytic activity.
Keywords: S. aromaticum extract, TiO2 NPs, SEM, FTIR, MDR S. typhi,
Antibiotics, Bioassay
Nutritional Counseling Improves the Nutritional Status, Liver
Function and Serum Electrolytes of Patients with Liver
Transplantation
Saba Tanveer1, Ali Saad R. Alsubaie2, Rezzan Khan3, Hajra Ahmed4, Mahpara
Safdar4, Zainab Bibi3, Sadaf Yousaf5, Bismillah Sehar6, Iftikhar Alam7, Aiman
Hadayat8, Falak Zeb9,10,*
1Northwest General Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar KP, Pakistan
2Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal
University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shifa

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International Hospital, Islamabad; 4Department of Environmental Design, Health and

Nutritional Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), Islamabad
5Department of Gastroenterology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan
6Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
7Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda
8Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore, Islamabad Pakistan
9Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, UAE
10Nan Yang Academy of Sciences, Singapore

Nutrition counseling may assist liver transplant patients in controlling weight

gain, address micronutrient deficiencies and maintain metabolic status. The aim
of this study was to determine the effect of nutritional counseling on nutritional
status, liver profile and serum electrolytes of liver transplant patients. In this case-
control study, 100 patients were recruited from Shifa International Hospital,
Islamabad who was potential candidates for liver transplant. They were divided
in to two groups, case group who were given nutrition counseling (n=50) and
control group who were not provided nutrition counseling (n=50). Data was
collected about socio-economic status, medical history, anthropometric,
biochemical and dietary profile of patients. Independent t-test, chi-square test for
qualitative frequency distribution and paired t-test were used. At baseline, weight
and BMI of the case and control was comparable but there was a non-significant
difference. Nutrition counseling was effective in improving biochemical variables
(potassium at pre-operative, sodium and albumin during illness; p-value <0.05),
Liver function (ALT at pre-operative and post-operative, AKT at preoperative,
during illness and post-operative; p-value <0.05) and macronutrient profile (fat
intake during illness and protein intake during post-operative stage; p-value
<0.05) in case group as compared to control. Effective nutrition counseling
improves nutritional status, liver function and serum electrolytes in liver
transplant patients.
Keywords: Nutritional counseling; Serum electrolytes; Liver function; Body
mass index
Prediction of the loading/releasing Behavior of a pH-responsive
Drug which has multiple pKa, through a Profound Combination of
Theoretical Calculation, pKa, and DFT simulation: A novel
Approach.
Khalid Ahmed1,2, S. Najikhan Inamdar2, N. Rehman2, Adam A. Skelton2*
1L.
E. J. Nanotechnology Centre, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International
Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sci, University of Kwa Zulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
*
Contact: [email protected], 27 31-2608520, +27 31-26084
Understanding and predicting chemical phenomena is the main goal of
computational chemistry. A pH-responsive drughas been proposed to target drug
delivery to a specific part of the human body. A smart hybrid system in which
inorganic silica material was grafted by propylamine to produce a pH-responsive
system is analyzed by DFT calculation. Alendronate (D), has been used as a model
drug and loaded into the hybrid nanoparticles. The novel combination of
theoretical calculation, pKa, and DFT result showed that pH-responsive drug
loading was carried out in acidic pH and released in basic pH. The results showed

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evident pH dependency, showing its pH-responsive properties. Herein we present

a novel combination of theoretical calculation, classical pKa/pH theory with
quantum mechanical calculations to predict the extent of interaction between
acid/base dependent species at the full range of pH conditions. The model relies
on the possible combinations of protonation states of the surface (S), drug (D),
and functional group (F) in the neutral (0) and deprotonated (-1) and protonated
(+1) states. Where alendronate has 5 possible states because alendronate has four
different types of Pka, whose relative probabilities depend on their pKa at the
desired pH. Therefore without functional group, there will be 10 combinations
identified as follows S0D1-1, S0D1-2,S0D1-3, S0D-4, S0D-5, S-1D1-1, S-1D1-2,S-1D1-3, S-
1 -4
D and S-1D-5 where in the presence of functional group it will be twenty
combinations mentioned as follows S0F0D1-1, S0F0D1-2,S0F0D1-3, S0F0D-4, S0F0D-5,
S-1F0D1-1, S-1F0D1-2,S-1F0D1-3, S-1F0D-4, S-1F0D-5, S0F+D1-1, S0F+D1-2,S0F+D1-3,
S0F+D-4, S0F+D-5, S-1F+D1-1, S-1F+D1-2,S-1F+D1-3, S-1F+D-4, and S-1F+D-5. Periodic
DFT calculations were used to calculate a pKa-dependent interaction energy
(EintpH). EintpH was negative at the acidic environment (pH 2–5) where the drug is
loaded and positive at a slightly basic pH of 7–8 where it is released, in accordance
with the experimental data reported in the literature.
Keyword: Alendronate, DFT, MSN, delivery and novel combination
Protective Effect of Bee Propolis on Genotoxicity against Atrazine
Intoxication in Grass Carp
Umer Zahid, Farman Ullah Dawar, Tariq Sardar
Department of Zoology. Kohat University of Science and Technology
ATZ (ATZ) is a selective herbicide of the triazine group which is widely used for
weed control, commonly in maize,sugarcane and nuts. Propolis is a sticky,
resinous material that is used by bees to maintain structure of the hives. Bee
propolis, has several medicinal value like antibacterial, anticancer, bacteriostatic.
This study evaluated the protective effect of bee propolis on genotoxicity against
ATZ intoxication in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The 96 hours LC50
value was calculated to be 15mg/L at 30 °C. Forty fish were equally divided into
two main groups (n= 20 fish per group) for 25 days. The first group was control
group which was fed on control commercial diet. Second group was fed on
propolis prepared diet. After this initial period, both groups were further divided
into four subgroups two subgroups was control diet (C1 & C2) and two subgroups
was propolis prepared diet groups (P1 & P2). Among the four subgroups, C1 and
P1 were left untreated, while the other two subgroups, C2 and P2, were treated
with the calculated LC50 value of atrazine for four consecutive days. The
genotoxicity was assessed through two different tests (Micronucleus (MN) &
DNA fragmentation). The results of the MN test showed that the mean values of
genotoxicity indicators in the control diet subgroups were 5.60 (C1) and 46.77
(C2), whereas in the propolis diet subgroups, they were 3.90 (P1) and 29.72 (P2).
In the DNA fragmentation test, the genotoxicity indicators exhibited values of 57
(C1), 120.4 (C2), 42.60 (P1), and 80 (P2). Overall, the findings of this study
demonstrate the potential protective effect of bee propolis against genotoxicity
induced by atrazine intoxication in grass carp. The propolis diet showed a
significant reduction in genotoxicity indicators compared to the control diet,
suggesting its beneficial impact in minimizing the harmful effects of atrazine.

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Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and

to explore the potential application of bee propolis in mitigating genotoxicity in
aquatic organisms exposed to environmental contaminants.
Keywords: Bee propolis, genotoxicity, atrazine intoxication, grass carp, LC50
value
Nutritional Supplement Management Program among Thalassaemia
Patients: A Project of Pharmacist Managed Care Services
A. Syeda1,3, A. Qidwai2, S. Khan3, M. Mansoor3, A. Kidwai4, S. A. Khaliq1, W.
Khalil 5, M. Sayeed2, S. Sheikh3
1Departmentof Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi
2Department
of Haemoglobinopathies; 3Department of Pharmacy Services & Education,
AMTF- Helping Blood Disorders, Karachi;4CMB Solutions, USA; 5Department of
Molecular Medicine, AMTF- Helping Blood Disorders
Thalassaemia or Cooley’s Anaemia is one of the haemoglobinopathies that is
hereditary in its nature affects the hemoglobin formation in the children with the
disease hence result in severely low level of hemoglobin that costs the life if left
un-treated. The disease involves multiple organs by the passage of time;
hence,resulting in becoming a syndrome. The most common associated
comorbidities are stunt growth, cardiomyopathy, hepatospleenomegaly,
osteoporosis, pericarditis and psychological disorders. Along with these,
nutritional deficiencies in patients with thalassemia are very common which
causes altered puberty and immunity as well as reduced bone mineral acquisition.
Despite the encouragement of balanced and full of nourishment food intake
among these patients, it is observed that compliance with daily dietary
requirement through food sources is not possible among these patients since most
of them belong to an underprivileged class of society. Keeping an eye on the
problem, the pharmacist(s) practitioners in a managed care pharmacy services at
Karachi, as a primary care providers, planned to incorporate the nutritional
supplement (milk supplement) in their medication regimen, endorsed by the
consultant haemoglobinopathies. This hypothesis was tested by determining the
positive effect of nutritional milks / formula milk on the overall health including
BMI , quality of life, immunity of patients with β- thalassemia. The main
objective(s) of the study is: To develop a protocol for the dispensing nutritional
supplement at the premises making the practice evidence base. To analyze the
effect of nutritional supplement (milk) on BMI, the quality of life and immunity
of patients with β- thalassemia major. The study is conducted at AMTF-helping
blood disorders, Karachi through the pharmacists of its department of pharmacy
services to evaluate the effect of Nutritional milk in transfusion dependent
thalassemia patients. The study includes β-Thalassemia major patients between
the age of 8months – 10 years. 58 patients were selected for the study on the basis
of their nutritional status. A pre and post therapy nutritional assessment of all
recruited patients was assessed by measuring their weight, height , BMI, fatigue,
frequency of infections. Patients were also questioned regarding their quality of
life. All children were enrolled for 3 months initially to find out the outcome of
the Nutrition milk supplement on BMI(Height/weight) and on the general health
quality. The Obtained data was analyzed using SPSSto find the result parameters
The study has proved the efficacy of the nutritional supplement under planned

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care program. It also has established a regimen for the administration or

dispensing of nutritional supplement from the pharmacy which was undefined
previously. Hence, enforcing the role of managed care pharmacists as primary
care providers in a healthcare set up.
Assessment and Distribution of Atrazine Pesticide in Water,
Sediment, and Fish of the River Indus
Fardous Jamal
Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000
Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethy- lamino-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is the commonly
used pesticide in agriculture for pest control. It is the most used synthetic and toxic
triazine herbicide in the world and is applied against the emergent weeds in maize,
sorghum, sugarcane, and fruit crops. It was initially introduced in the 20th century
and is frequently combined with other herbicides or used alone in agricultural
applications. Atrazine pesticide was detected in replicate in water, sediments, and
fish from three sites of River Indus including Attock (S1)reference site, Khushal
Garh (S2) Medium site, and Chashma Barrage (S3) heavy polluted site receiving
agricultural runoff from nearby agricultural fields around the River Indus. The
samples from all the three sites of River Indus were analysed for Atrazine
pesticide by using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results
of the assessment of ATZ revealed the widespread occurrence of atrazine in the
River Indus ecosystem. Elevated concentrations of atrazine were detected in both
water and sediment samples, indicating a significant contamination of the river
Indus. Fish samples from different species were analysed for atrazine residues to
evaluate the potential bioaccumulation and biomagnification of the herbicide in
the aquatic food chain. The findings indicated the presence of atrazine residues in
fish tissues. The results indicated that the measured concentrations of atrazine in
the River Indus exceeded the recommended limits set by FAO and WHO,
suggesting a potential detrimental impact on aquatic organisms and ecosystems.
In conclusion, this study highlights the significant presence of atrazine in the
water, sediment, and fish of the River Indus, emphasizing the urgent need for
effective management strategies to mitigate the potential ecological and health
risks associated with this herbicide.
Keywords: Assessment, ATZ, HPLC, FAO, WHO,
Protective Role of β-Glucan against the Toxicity of Malathion in
Rohu (Labeo Rohita)
Aslam Khan
Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat
Pesticides, such as malathion, are commonly employed in agricultural production
and fish farms to control pests. Beta glucan, a complex polysaccharide found in
various natural sources, possesses bioactive properties including anti-cancer, anti-
inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. A total of 40 fish were divided
equally into four groups, with 10 fish per group. The sublethal dose of malathion
(1/5 of Lc50) was administered. The control group (C) received a normal diet, the
second group (B) was fed a beta glucan-supplemented diet, the third group (M)
was exposed to a sublethal dose of malathion, and the fourth group (M+B)
received a beta glucan-supplemented diet (0.5 g/kg) along with the sublethal dose

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of malathion. After a 30-day period, blood samples were collected from all four
groups and analyzed for hematological parameters. The results showed that
malathion exposure alone significantly decreased red blood cell (RBC) count,
hematocrit (Ht) level, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and erythrocyte indices.
However, when beta glucan was administered along with malathion, these
hematological parameters were significantly restored to normal levels. This study
demonstrates the potential of beta glucan as a protective agent against pesticide-
induced hematological toxicity in fish. The findings emphasize the importance of
beta glucan in managing the aquatic ecosystem and promoting fish health.
Keywords: Malathion, Beta Glucan, Hematology, Rohu, sublethal
The Mobile Genetic Elements Proliferation and Diversification in
Brassica Crops
Faisal Nouroz1,2 , Shumaila Noreen2,3
1Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
2Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester UK
3Department of Zoology, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan

Contact: [email protected]
Brassica vegetables and oilseed crops from family Brassicaceae, a large family
comprising of 350 genera of economically important species includes important
and nutritional vegetable crops grown worldwide and Pakistan. They are not only
used for oil production or vegetables for humans but are also used as forage or
fodder for animals, birds or even poultry. They are the third most important edible
oil source covering 15% of global oil needs. The important brassica species from
triangle of U includes 3 diploid species as B. rapa(AA genome, 2n = 18), B. nigra
(BB genome, 2n = 16)and B, oleracea (CC genome, 2n = 18), and 3 allotetraploid
species as B. juncea (AABB genome, 2n = 36), B. napus (AACC genome, 2n =
38)and B. carinata (BBCC genome, 2n = 34). The important brassica vegetables
used across globe are mustard, turnip, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, collards,
kale and kohlrabi. The genomic composition and diversity of Mobile Genetic
Elements (MGEs) in these crops is not fully known, which have contributed
totheir genome size duplication, evolution, diversification, and plasticity. The
current work focused on the identification of diversified MGEs in various plants
by exploiting the bioinformatics, molecular and cytogenetic techniques. Of
theLTR retrotransposons, the superfamilies like Copia, Gypsy, and retroviruses
(caulimoviruses and pararetroviruses) were abundantly proliferating in almost all
Brassica genomes. AmongNon-LTR retrotransposons, superfamilies SINES and
LINES predominated, while DNA transposons were abundantly represented by
CACTA, hAT, Harbinger, Mariner, Mutator and MITEs super families, while
Helitron, Politron and Maverik were rarely identified. PCR amplification of
reverse transcriptase (RT) of Retrotransposons and transposase (TNP) of DNA
transposons revealed their distribution among various genomes, with some
elements were found to be specie or genera specific, while others were mobilized
by horizontal transfer. The evolutionary relationship of these elements resolved
them into superfamily and family specific lineages. The results enabled the
characterization, annotation, evolutionary dynamics, and structural features of
MGEs and their derivatives in Brassica crops.
Keywords: Genome, Bioinformatics, Retrotransposons, Gypsy, Retroviruses,

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Evolution.
Detection Mechanism for Malware in Internet of Things Using a
Novel Deep Boosted Convolution Neural Network
Abrar Khan, Amad Mahmood, Muhammad Altaf Khan
Institute of Computing, Kohat University of Science & Technology, KP
The increasing prevalence of dynamic malware in IoT devices necessitates the
development of robust detection techniques. This research proposes a novel
approach utilizing a deep boosted CNN-RNN architecture, specifically LSTM, for
accurate and efficient dynamic malware detection in IoT environments. By
combining the strengths of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent
neural networks (RNN), the model captures both spatial and temporal features,
enabling effective analysis of malware behavior. To enhance the model's
performance, a Bayesian hyperparameter optimization technique is employed to
find the optimal weights, resulting in improved accuracy and reduced false
positives. The proposed approach achieves outstanding results, with an accuracy
of 0.9915, precision of 0.985, recall of 0.992, and an F1 score of 0.9885. These
metrics demonstrate the model's ability to accurately classify malware instances
while maintaining a low false positive rate. The significance of this research lies
in its optimized approach, which effectively addresses the challenges of dynamic
malware detection in IoT. The integration of Bayesian hyperparameter
optimization enables the model to adapt and achieve superior performance,
thereby enhancing the security and reliability of IoT devices. This research
contributes to the advancement of malware detection techniques, providing
valuable insights for the development of robust security measures in IoT
environments.
Keywords: IoT malware detection, Deep Boosted CNN, Malware detection
mechanismin IoT, IoT security, Novel Neural Network, malware detection
Magnetic and Multiferroic Hybrid 1D Nanostructures, Fabrication,
Structure and Properties
Syed Shahbaz Ali1, Xiufeng Han2
1
School of Physical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
2Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Nano-cylinders, which consist of nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs), have a

greater adaptability than typical nanoparticles and thin films. Length and diameter
are two key dimensional parameters of NWs and NTs which could be modified in
template assisted electrochemical deposition route to vary their basic physical
properties. These one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures could be realized in the
form of single, multi segment and core-shell geometry in addition to the usual
dimensional parameters, where component could be composed of several
materials. The core-shell geometry has a combination of different core and shell
constituents. Due to feasible control over dimensional parameters, significant
changes in basic characteristics are quite possible and interesting as well. In core
shell configuration, the thickness of shell wall and diameter of core materials can
be altered to exhibit unique and potential attributes that may be implemented in
device applications. Extensive research has been carried out during the last two
decades and a number of elemental (Co, Ni) alloyed (Co1-xPtx, Fe1-xMnx,

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Sm2Co17,Fe2MnGa), multi-segment (Co/Cu) and hybrid core-shell (Ni-

BiFeO3,Co90Pt10-Bi0.87La0.13FeO3, Ni80Fe20- BiFeO3) 1D systems has been
reported [1-7]. Electrodeposition for manufacturing of NWs and NTs is easy, fast,
cost-effectiveand versatile technique as compared to more complicated and
constrained synthesis processes like electron-beam and interference
lithographyetc.
Keywords: Electrodeposition; AAO templates; Nanowires; Nanotubes; Core-
shell

Figure (Left). A detailed schematic view of electro-deposition procedure to

fabricate Sm2Co17NWs using AAO template. (Right)Two step fabrication process
to fabrication Ni-BiFeO3 core-shell NWs and NTs.
Machine Learning Techniques in Radiological and Nuclear Medicine
Imaging
Muhammad Abdul Wasaye1, Muhammad Ahsan Sultan2, M. Abdur Rafaye3
1Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore
2Department of Nuclear Medicine, Doctors hospital and Medical Centre, Lahore
3Department of Hospital Administration, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital &

Research Centre, Lahore

Recent advances in machine learning algorithms, as well as their future prospects,
provide useful applications in medical imaging. Machine learning has the ability
to enhance several aspects of the radiology and nuclear medicine workflow, such
as order scheduling and triage, clinical decision support systems, finding detection
and interpretation, post-processing and dosage estimate, examination quality
control, and radiology reporting. Machine learning has the potential to make
medical imaging systems smarter. Intelligent imaging systems could reduce
unnecessary imaging, improve positioning, and help improve the characterization
of the findings. Despite this, there are still numerous obstacles to overcome before
any of these procedures can be automated using machine learning. In this talk, We
highlight areas where machine learning has previously been deployed and indicate
places where we could spend more resources.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Medical Imaging,
Dose

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Genetic Analysis of Pakistani Family with Hereditary Albinism

Zulaikha Ahmad Khan1*, Niamatullah Khan2, S. Khan2, Farman Ullah Dawar1
1Department of Zoology; 2Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, KUST,
Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of rare, inherited disorders associated
with reduced melanin biosynthesis. Clinical manifestations of the eight known
subtypes of OCA include hypopigmented skin, eyes, and hair and ocular
manifestations, such as decreased visual acuity and nystagmus. Albinos are also
more likely to experience skin damage and cancer due to their lack of protective
melanin. Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen, protecting the skin from UV
radiation that can damage DNA can promote skin cancer development. Therefore,
individuals with albinism should take extra precautions when exposed to sunlight,
such as wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen. Albinism is a relatively
rare condition, affecting approximately 1 in 17,000 people worldwide. Albinism
is a medical condition for which no cure is currently available. However, there are
treatments that can be used to manage the symptoms of the condition and enhance
the quality of life of affected individuals. For current research study afamily
segregating oculocutaneous albinism was selected. Blood samples were collected
from the parents, normal, and affected individuals. After extraction of DNA from
the blood samples, Whole Exome Sequencing was done. The Whole Exome
Sequencing (WES) analysis revealed the presence of a missense variant
c.1211C>T; p.Thr404Met in the family. The verification of variant inheritance
patterns was accomplished using Sanger sequencing, confirming its presence in
all members of the families. To determine the potential disease-causing effects of
the identified variant, In-Silico tools were employed. The results obtained from
the bioinformatics tools used concurred with the segregation analysis, supporting
the pathogenic nature of the variant. Additionally, the variant was observed to
segregate across the entire family, further bolstering the evidence for its
pathogenic role.
Keywords: Albinism, Missense variant, WES, Melanin, Sanger Sequencing
Water conservation strategies in speargrass (Heteropogon contortus
L.) for ecological success in hyperarid conditions
Safura Bibi1, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad1, Mansoor Hameed1, Yuncong
Li2, Farooq Ahmad1, Zunaira Naeem1
1Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
2Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, Tropical Research and Education
Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031-3314, USA
Corresponding authors email: [email protected]
This study was conducted to explore water conservation strategies in native arid
zone perennial grass species Heteropogon contortus L. Plant and soil samples
were collected from different arid areas of the Punjab to identify variability in the
growth, physiological and anatomical traits that enable them to persist in hyper
arid conditions. Fresh and dry biomass reduced while root length increased in
response to increasing soil moisture deficit for absorption of water from the
deeper soil layers. Sodium, nitrogen, phosphorus carotenoids, total soluble
proteins, proline, glycine betaine, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase content

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increased while calcium, magnesium and potassium decreased along increasing

soil moisture deficit (Dratio:8.40 to 43.17). Basic anatomical variations
contributing to the ecological success and adaptation in diverse conditions
included conserving water by development of additional water storage
parenchyma, efficient conduction of solutes through wide metaxylem vessel,
minimize water loss by intensive sclerification in some populations like Katha
Mountains, Cholistan and Saluwali to avoid water loss. Another characteristic
feature observed in stems, leaves and leaf sheath of some populations was
differentially developed aerenchyma and bulliform cells ranging from small to
large prominent and deeply inserted. In conclusion, Heteropogon contortus L.
populations showed high but habitat-specific variability among the traits
recorded, which provided this species a great potential to colonize arid and salt-
affected areas.
Keywords: Heteropogon contortus; Soil moisture deficit; Bulliform cells;
Aerenchyma; Biomass
Exploring the Potential of Triticale as a Functional Food for Human
Health
Areeba Irfan, Kanza Aziz Awan*, Zakia Akram, Sajid Manzoor, Waleed Sultan,
Ayesha Murtaza
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Functional foods, with their added health benefits beyond basic nutrition, have
gained significant attention in recent years. This abstract focuses on triticale, a
hybrid grain derived from wheat and rye, and its potential as a functional food for
human health. Triticale possesses a unique nutritional profile, rich in essential
nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibers that have been associated with
various health benefits. Triticale's high fiber content, including both soluble and
insoluble fibers, contributes to improved gastrointestinal health, regulation of
blood sugar levels, and weight management. The grain's low glycemic index aids
in maintaining stable blood glucose levels and may reduce the risk of type 2
diabetes. The presence of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds,
antioxidants, and phytochemicals, in triticale further enhances its functional
properties. These compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and
cardio protective effects, potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases like
cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Triticale's antioxidant capacity can also
contribute to cellular health by combating oxidative stress and reducing the risk
of age-related conditions. Moreover, it contains essential vitamins and minerals,
including folate, iron, and magnesium, which are crucial for energy metabolism,
red blood cell formation, and overall physiological functioning. By incorporating
triticale into the diet, individuals can enhance their nutrient intake and potentially
prevent micronutrient deficiencies. Overall, triticale demonstrates promising
potential as a functional food for human health. However, further research is
needed to elucidate its bioavailability, optimal processing methods, and potential
allergenicity. Incorporating triticale into the diet, either as whole grains or as
fortified products, can provide individuals with a valuable source of essential
nutrients, dietary fibers, and bioactive compounds, thus promoting overall well-

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being and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Keywords: Functional food, Triticale, Bioavailability, Cardio Protective,
diabetes
Effect of BDNF on Alzheimer Disease Patients through
Antidepressant Drug Therapy
Farzana Yasmin1, Samreen Feroz2, Mustafain Ali1
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED UET, Karachi, Pakistan
2Department of Biomedical & Biological Sciences, AKUH, Karachi.
Contact: [email protected]
The main aim of this study is to identify the importance of brain derived
neurotrophic factors effect on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with the help of anti-
depressant drugs. Antidepressant drugs inhibit the amyloid beta deposition
process by increasing the levels of BDNF in the blood. Brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) further ameliorates the intensity of mild to cognitive
AD by inhibiting the glutamic pathways that increase the production of amyloid
beta protein. The novelty of this research uproots from the fact that no protein
docking has ever been performed to display the relationship that exists between
BDNF and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The relationship between BDNF and AD
has been highlighted with the help of protein docking of Aβ peptide protein and a
range of antidepressant drugs that directly affect Brain-derived neurotrophic
factor in an Alzheimer’s patient. The Literature review was done accounting the
relationship between BDNF, Antidepressant drugs and Alzheimer’s disease. Drug
bank was used to extract antidepressant drugs, the protein structures of anti-
depressant drugs and amyloid beta, were taken from RCSB and further evaluated
with the help of Geno3D and CTD. PROCHECK was used to ensure the overall
model quality Pyrx, PyMol and lastly docking was done by Auto dock Vina. The
results show Ketamine antidepressant drug to be dominant over the other featured
drug which included Alzheimer drugs and other antidepressant drugs. As seen
through the docking results. The antidepressant drug with the help of BDNF tends
to decrease the deposition of Aβ peptide by showing a higher binding affinity.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Antidepressant drugs, Brain-derived
neurotrophic factor, Lithium
Recent Trends: Intelligent Packagingin the Food Industry
Nimra Tanveer, Mueen Abbas
National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Over the course of the past few years, intelligent packaging of foodhas been used
to promote items and offer passive protection from environmental contaminants
or factors that shorten the products' shelf lives. Innovative intelligent food
packaging has emerged in response to customer demand, rising concerns over
food waste and quality difficulties, and growing consumer concerns. The concept
of intelligent packaging, which is still in its early stages of development, aims to
improve food quality and safety by using the capabilities of communication of the
package to aid in decision-making. Intelligent packaging is a term used to describe
a package that can detect environmental changes and alert consumers to those
changes. Different types of sensors (gas sensors, bio-sensors, intelligent

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sensorsand fluorescence-based oxygen sensors) and indicators (temperature/time

indicator, breakage indicator, carbon dioxide indicator, oxygen indicator, leak
indicator, pathogen indicator,freshness indicator (pathogen or microbial spoilage)
and color indicator) are used. Consumers can start to reverse the negative
alterations that have happened in the food product by using the packaging's
sensors, which alert them that the product is compromised. These packaging
solutions include components that can sense the functions and qualities of the
packaged meals and provide information about them. They may also include an
internal or external indication for the determination of the quality and history of
active products. There are three main types or groups of these products. The first
group is made up of those which bind externally to the packaging material and are
called external indicators these includetemperature/time indicators and physical
shock. The
second group is
that which
involves
internal
indications and
isplaced inside
the package material either affixed to the lid or inserted in the headspace of the
package material. Carbon dioxide leak indicators, oxygen leak indicators and
pathogen and microbialindicators. The third category of indicators consisted of
devicesthat improve the efficiency of information flow and the effectiveness of
consumer-product communication. These products include unique bar codesthat
showthe date of communication and usage. The milk and meat industries currently
use intelligent packaging extensively. One of the most perishable foods, meat can
deteriorate and result in serious infections. To alert people about meat rotting in
the meat industry, a variety of signs and sensors have been developed. Intelligent
packaging can be used as an efficient tool for dairy product preservation and also
educates consumers about the full history of the product. As a result, Intelligent
packaging results in extendingthe shelf life, enhance safety, improve quality,
provide information, and warn us about possible problems.
Keywords: Intelligent packaging, Nanotechnology, Time-temperature indicators
Effect of Post-harvest application of Plant Extracts on the Storage
Life of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum)
Moazzam Anees*, Muhammad Usman, M. Rizwan Tariq, Mujahid Manzoor
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore
*Contact: [email protected]
Bell pepper is a perishable produce and is susceptible to chilling injuries. Shelf
life of bell pepper is prolonged by cold storage, humidity control, modified
atmosphere packaging and different films and coatings. Edible films and coatings
are thin layers of edible materials, applied on food products that play an important
role on their conservation, distribution and marketing. Some of their functions are
to protect the produce from mechanical damage, physical, chemical and
microbiological activities. A post-harvest study was conducted to assess the effect
of different chemicals on the shelf life of bell pepper. Treatments for the
experiment were: T0(Control), T1(5 % Arabic gum), T2(10 % Arabic gum), T3(10
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% Aloe Vera gel), T4(20 % Aloe Vera gel), T5 (5 % Arabic gum+ 10 % Aloe Vera
gel), T6(5 % Arabic gum + 20 % Aloe Vera gel), T7 (10 % Arabic gum + 10 %
Aloe Vera gel) and T8(10 % Arabic gum + 20 % Aloe Vera gel). Each treatment
was replicated three times. Data on various quality parameters of bell pepper was
recorded using standard procedures at day 1, day 5, day 9 and day 13. Data was
analyzed statistically. In conclusion, bell pepper coated with arabic gel and aloe
Vera gel showed minimum weight loss, maximum titratable acidity, pH, vitamin
C, total soluble solids and firmness as compared to uncoated (control). Storage
period also showed a significant effect on post-harvest shelf life of bell pepper.
Results showed that coating of bell pepper with Arabic gum and aloe Vera gel
proved to be a promising technique for improving the post-harvest storage life of
bell pepper.
Dietary Management of Lactose Intolerance using Plant-Based
Dairy Alternative
Noshaba Fiaz1, Sibt-e- Abbas1, Umar Farooq1, Sami Ullah2
1Department of Food Science and Technology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
2Department of Horticulture, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan
*Contact: [email protected]
The food that is most frequently consumed worldwide is milk, which is also a key
component in the creation of many dairy products. Despite the widespread
production and use of milk and goods made from milk, a sizable portion of the
global populace is lactose intolerant and allergic to milk solids. For several
reasons, including medical ailments like allergies to the proteins in cow's milk and
difficulties with cholesterol, as well as dietary preferences like veganism and
concerns about hormone issues, antibiotic residues, and toxins in milk, consumers
have cut back or ceased consuming dairy products. Plant-based beverages could
be used as a potential replacement for milk and milk-based products to help
discover a solution to this issue. There is room for greater exploitation of
prospective food sources because there are so few plant milk varieties available
on the market. Unstudied dietary sources, particularly pulses like chickpeas,
lentils, lupin, peas, and fababeans, offer an alluring source for a milk substitute.
Plant milk typically goes through fermentation, which boosts the activity of
bioactive components, improves the product's quality, and also boosts the
bioavailability of minerals in the category of fermented beverages. Because of
their rich nutritional profile and superior milk quality with unique bioactive
components as compared to traditional dairy products, pulses (the poor man's
meat) are the main focus for producing alternative dairy substitutes. The
production of pulses is spread around the world, with Pakistan and Asia, in
particular, accounting for about half of the total. Pulses are a good source of
vitamins and minerals like iron, magnesium, folic acid, and zinc, as well as
protein, fiber, and other nutrients. Pulse proteins can be consumed by those who
are intolerant to gluten or allergic to it because they are naturally gluten-free and
contain an essential amino acid profile that is similar to that of grains.
Additionally, the antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of the tannin, saponins,
and phytochemicals present in pulses suggest that they may have a significant
anticancer effect.
Keywords: Lactose intolerant, Milk protein, Soymilk, Gluten-free, Phytochemicals

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Waste to Wealth: Innovative utilization of eggshell waste for the

improvement of nutrition in various food products
Mueen Abbas, Nimra Tanveer
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
Contact: [email protected]
Today's Consumers are becoming more health-conscious and paying more
attention to healthy and nutritious food. The demand for innovative foods in
today's market is increasing day-by-day and gaining consumers' attention. Food
consumption patterns showed mineral deficiency in the diet, which can be
controlled by fortification of the food products. The nutritional value of food is
an essential element in the daily rationand the subject of comprehensive research
in nutrition. Eggshells are wasted through food manufacturers and hotels in tons,
a rich source of calcium and could be used as an alternative to enrich calcium in
foods. Waste egg shells can be used as a fortification because these are rich
sources of calcium minerals and utilization of these waste can also help protect
the environment. Bakery and confectionary products are widely consumed and
easily available so they can be the best source for food fortification. Eggshells in
the form of powder can be used in bread (up to 6%), biscuits (up to 6%), cookies
(up to 10%), cakes (up to 6%), muffins (up to 6%), baton sale (up to 5-7%),
brownies (up to 5%) dairy and confectionary products. Fortified products show
better nutrition as enriched with minerals like calcium, potassium, and iron and
optimal bioavailability and also show better rheological and sensory properties
(pleasant taste and smell), thus attracting more consumers. Calcium from the
eggshell also plays a role in preserving bakery and confectionery products. Waste
utilization by using eggshells also resulted in the protection of the environment
by reducing post-production waste. Harnessing the nutritional potential of
eggshell waste transforms a previously overlooked resource into a catalyst for
improved health and sustainable food production, paving the way for a brighter,
more nourished future.
Keywords: Eggshell, Food waste, Fortification, Bakery products, Environmental
protection
Techno Functional Properties and Quality Assessment of a Camel
Milk Ice Cream Supplemented With Aloe Vera
Atiq Ur Rahman1, Ishtiaque Ahmad1*, Tahir Jatthol2
1Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
2Roomi Poultry (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: Ishtiaque Ahmad, [email protected], +92.301.8467001
Ice cream is a delicious and nutritious frozen dairy dessert with high calorific
value. Camel milk has not been utilized to significant extent probably due to lake
of knowledge and unawareness regarding their processing. The aim of this study
was to utilized the quality benefits of Aloe vera in camel milk ice cream. Effect
of the added Aloe veragel with various concentration (0-10%) on
physicochemical and microbialproperties of camel milk ice cream were evaluated.
The results revealed that highest phenolic contents (2.97 mg GAE/mL) were
found in ice cream with high concentration of Aloe vera (10%) significantly. The
total plate count of ice cream was decreased with the increased concentration of

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Aloe vera from 4.60 to 3.06 log CFU/mL significantly and slightly increased
during storage. The acidity, viscosity, overrun and hardness are also increased
0.14-0.27%, 1961-2148 cp, 45.76-79.55%, 5.13-6.36 N/mm2 respectively with
the increased concentration of Aloe vera (0-10%) significantly. Melting rate and
pH of camel milk ice cream decreased 195-103 g/90 min, 6.52-6.13 respectively
with the increase of Aloe vera gel. The camel milk ice cream supplemented with
4% Aloe vera gel had the best sensory attributes (taste, flavor and over all
acceptability) significantly. The score sensorial attributes like taste, flavor, color
and overall acceptability decreased with the increase of concentration of Aloe vera
gel from 6-10%. Camel milk ice cream with Aloe vera play an important role in
the development of new value-added camel milk products.
Keywords: Aloe vera; Hardness; Sensory; Viscosity; Overrun; Camel milk
Establishing the Modern Dairy Value Chain in Pakistan; Tool for
Pro Poor Farmer Development
Tahir Jathhol1, Ishtiaque Ahmad2, Atiq Ur Rahman2
1Roomi Poultry (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore, 2Department of Dairy Technology, UVAS, Lahore
Contact: [email protected], +92.301.8467001
Livestock is central to livelihood of the rural poor in the country and is considered
a more secure source of income for the small farmers and landless poor; and, is a
source of employment generation at the rural level. It also helps to reduce income
variability, especially in cases of crop failure due to a variety of causes and can
play an important role in poverty alleviation by uplifting the socioeconomic
condition of Pakistan’s rural masses. Milk and meat are the major produce of the
livestock farmer. Pakistan is the 4th largest milk producing country in the world
with annual milk production of 67.873million ton (Economic survey of Pakistan
2022-23). Adding the value to milk and converting the milk into value added
products will decrease the losses of milk which are 15 % (Economic survey of
Pakistan 2022-23) during transportation which can be even high during summer
season when the temperature is very high. There is lack of cold storage facility of
milk with the poor farmers moreover they are not trained enough technically to
add value to milk and convert it into value added healthy dairy products like
yoghurt (flavoured), butter, desi ghee and cheese. There is a need for the value
chain development for the dairy products produced from the farmer to the end
consumer. Value chain development in return will increase the income of the
farmer. It also opens the new avenues of research to explore further in product
development. Poor farmers and the end consumers of the product are the major
stakeholder who want to see the change happening. Value chain development
benefits the easy delivery of the product from the farmer to the retailer and the
end consumer. Value added dairy products benefit the consumer in improving
their health status. Decrease in the losses of milk with increase in the sale volume
of value added dairy products along with the income and profit of the farmers will
be the key performance indicator of the success. Sustained farmer approach
towards value chain development and bridging up the gap of farmer community
with retail market will in turn improve the livelihood of the poor farmer due to
this change.
Keywords: Value chain; Farmers; Poverty; Poor; Consumers

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Characterization of Acidophilus-Bifidus Milk Fortified with Apple

Peel Polyphenol Extract
Ishtiaque Ahmad1, Atiq Ur Rahman1, Tahir Jathhol2
1Department of Dairy Technology, UVAS, Lahore; 2Roomi Poultry (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore
Contact: [email protected], +92.301.8467001
Apple peel is a rich source of polyphenol compounds which provide an effective
prebiotic component. Quality characteristics of apple peel polyphenol extract of
five local cultivars were evaluated based on total flavonoid contents, total
phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to
incorporate the apple peel polyphenol extract in acidophilus-bifidus milk to
develop a probiotic dairy product. Effect of the added apple peel polyphenol
extract with various concentration (0-5%) on microbiological characteristics,
physicochemical and sensory attributes of acidophilus-bifidus milk were
evaluated. The viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis
was assessed in the milk stored at 40C for two weeks. The highest phenolic
contents, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were found in red delicious
and golden delicious varieties. The results revealed that apple peel polyphenol
extract promoted the viability of probiotics. The viability of probiotics was
significantly (p<0.05) high in milk fortified with 5% apple peel polyphenol extract
as compared to other treatments (0-4%) for two weeks. The viable counts of
probiotics in acidophilus-bifidus milk were identified within the recommended
levels (>106 log cfu/mL). The pH and viscosity were slightly decreased during
storage of milk supplemented with apple peel polyphenol extract. The
acidophilus-bifidus milk fortified with 5% apple peel polyphenol extract had the
best sensory score. Apple peels are a cheap source of polyphenols for increasing
probiotic functionality in milk products. Our findings show that apple peel
polyphenols can be suitable substrate for the viability of probiotics in acidophilus-
bifidus milk.
Keywords: Probiotic; Viability; Sensory; Viscosity; Flavonoid: Substrate
An Intelligent and Secure Transaction Routing Protocol for
Distributed Ledger in Internet of Things
Shamsham Kiran, Amjad Mehmood, Altaf Khan
Insitute of Computing, Kohat University of Sceince and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become pervasive, encompassing various aspects
of life. A wide array of devices is interconnected within IoT networks, collecting
data, communicating usage information, and performing tasks. However, as the
number of IoT devices grows exponentially, ensuring the secure preservation of
critical data has emerged as a significant challenge. With the increasing
connectivity of everything to the global Internet, security and privacy concerns
such as data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity are being exposed. Trust is
vital in safeguarding user data's privacy, availability, and security. To establish
reliable connections among IoT nodes, it is crucial to securely develop trust
between devices, enabling confidential packet transmission to their destinations.
Several solutions have been proposed to address trust issues in the IoT
environment. These solutions encompass reputation mechanisms, hierarchical

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models, fuzzy techniques, social networking, routing strategies, and historical

behavior analysis of nodes. In response to these security challenges, our research
proposes a novel approach that combines multiple parameters for calculating trust.
These parameters include node honesty, proximity to other nodes, and frequency
of interactions. By intelligently predicting threshold values for each node using
machine learning algorithms, our methodology aims to identify trustworthy nodes
across the network. This prevents packet forwarding to compromised or
untrustworthy nodes. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed approach, we
utilize the Ns-2/3 network simulator and set trust computation range values
between 0 and 1. The evaluation results demonstrate that our approach achieves
enhanced security and trustworthiness compared to traditional methods. In
summary, our research addresses the pressing security challenges in IoT by
proposing a methodology that integrates various trust calculation parameters and
employs machine learning algorithms for intelligent node trust prediction. The
evaluation using the Ns-2/3 network simulator confirms the effectiveness of our
approach in enhancing security and trustworthiness within IoT networks,
surpassing traditional methods.
Keywords: security, trustworthiness, confidentiality, trust
Single Cell Protein: High Protein Low Carbon Food
Maria Ali Ziaee
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology (FEST), Hamdard University
People in impoverished and third-world nations are at risk of having diets that are
inadequate in protein, which can lead to major protein-energy malnutrition issues.
With the world's population expanding quickly and global protein shortage,
pressure is being put on the food industry to produce adequate feed to satisfy local
dietary needs. By producing a cost-effective product for food and feed, the
bioconversion of fruit wastes into some value products, such as single cell protein
(SCP), has the potential to address the global protein shortage. Pakistan adopted
new techniques in replacement of traditional methods for achievement of protein
to eradicate malnutrition is the creation of single-cell proteins.
The productivity of protein production from microorganisms is higher than that
of conventional proteins. Other benefits of SCP over conventional protein sources
include: it is independent of land and climate; operates continuously; can be
genetically controlled; causes less pollution; and is affordable. Agricultural
wastes are used in the current research to produce highly nutritious products,
which help reduce environmental pollution cause of low carbon footprints. A
study made by choosing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the manufacture of SCP in
light of this. For the creation of the fermentation media, on which the chosen
fungal straincultivated, the fruit waste served as the only carbon source. The
present research work helps in SCP production from inexpensive and cheap agro-
waste material which is produced by food industry, pharmaceutical and fine
chemical industry.
Developing a sustainable washing solution for fruits and vegetables
from Sapindus Mukorossi and Acacia Concinna
Abdul Rahman Bin, Abdullah Zahid, Tahira Bano

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Food Sciences and Technology Program, Department of Applied Sciences, FEST,

Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
Natural fruit and vegetable washing solutions derived from reetha (Sapindus
mukorossi) and shikakai(Acacia concinna) are becoming popular as safe and
effective alternatives to synthetic cleaners. These Ayurvedic ingredients contain
natural surfactants that efficiently remove wax, dirt, and pesticides from produce
surfaces. By using these biodegradable alternatives, we can reduce the risk of
ingesting harmful compounds and eliminate surface waxes that trap dirt and
bacteria. These solutions are free from harsh chemicals and artificial fragrances,
providing a healthier option. Diluting the solution in water and briefly soaking the
produce before rinsing ensures improved food hygiene and safety. Reetha and
shikakai-based washing solutions offer a natural and eco-friendly approach to
cleaning fresh produce, promoting food safety and overall well-being.
Keywords: Reetha, shikakai, synthetic cleaners, adverse effects, saponins
Role of Commercial Bank in the Economic Development of Pakistan
Saba Nasir, Faizan Mushtaq, Sajjad Abdullah
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Burewala
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Whether the development in banking industry supports Pakistan economic growth
or not, is critical question empirically. Thus, this is a fundamental research aimed
to examine the role of some banking trend indicators on gross domestic product
using annual data statistics of commercial banks from the period of 2018 to 2022.
Data was collected from annual reports of 5 commercial banks of Pakistan and
analyzed using regression, correlation and descriptive analysis. Five commercial
banks including Allied Bank, Bank Alfalah, Faysal Bank, MCB Bank and Meezan
Bank were selected for the said reason. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used
as a proxy to measure the financial performance of banking industry. Independent
variables are spread ratio, net markup, return on asset, return on equity, non-
markup, interest income to total asset, interest expense to markup, admin expense
to non-markup, interest expense to total income, admin expense to non-markup,
earning per share, cash equivalent to total asset, investment to total asset, advances
net of provision to total asset. Multiple regression model was used to compare this
financial performance. Coefficient of determination shows that there is a positive
relationship between role of commercial banks and economic growth of the
country.
Keywords: Commercial Banks, Financial Performance, Economic Development,
Gross Domestic Product
Polymeric Films Supplemented with Natural Therapeutic Agents for
Improved Biological Performance
Ikram Ullah Khan
Department of Pharmaceutics, GCUF, Faisalabad Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Last few decades have seen tremendous surge in development of various
polymeric carriers for safe, effective and targeted delivery of active
pharmaceutical ingredients such as nanoparticles, microparticles, hydrogels,
tablets, films etc. Polymeric films are thin continuous materials typically up to

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200 μm thick. They have proventheir potential for multiple drug delivery
applications and demonstrated their ability to improve patient’s compliance,
enhance medication onset of action, reduce dosing frequency and improve the
treatment efficacy. Polymeric films are designed for localized and systemic
delivery of drugs to GIT, buccal cavity, sublingual, ocular and transdermal routes.
At department of pharmaceutics, my research students have designed and
developed fast disintegrating films, floating films, composite films, bilayer films
and hydrogel films for treatment of arthritis, site specific delivery of drugs,
periodontitis, cutaneous wounds etc.
To evaluate milk quality and adulteration of tehsil Maidan District
Lower Dir
Murad Ali1, Aysha Riaz1, Janatul Mawa2
1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Peshawar
2Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Women University Swabi
The aim of this research was to study the quality of milk available in the local
market of tehsil Maidan district lower Dir. A total of 171 samples in triplicate
were collected from different milk shops (MS), dairy farms (DF), milk producers
(MP) and milk vendors (MV). 36 samples were collected from 12 MS, 12 from 4
DF, 75 from 24 MP and 48 from 16 MV. All the samples were analyzed for
composition and adulteration. The mean pH value of milk from MS (7.08±0.0928)
and DF (7.17±0.0450) were significantly different (p<0.05) from MP
(7.32±0.015) and MV (7.22±0.035). The freezing point of MS, DF, MP and MV
showed a non-significant difference (p<0.05). The average maximum added water
was detected in samples collected from MP (15.432±1.3165%)while the
minimum average added water was observed in DF (4.902±1.5259%). The mean
value of added water in DF (4.90%) were significantly different (p<0.05) from
MS, MP and MV. The statistical analysis of the data also showed that the fat,
SNF, lactose and protein content of MS and DF is significantly different (p<0.05)
from MP and MV while the MP and MV were found significantly similar
(p<0.05). No chemical adulterationwas found in any sample collected from MS,
DF, MP and MV. Thus it is concluded that the milk collected from tehsil Maidan
was free from chemical adulteration but the feed giving to lactating animals in the
same area was highly contaminated with aflatoxin.
Effect of storage interval and CaC2 on Physico Chemical Properties
during the Commercial Maturity of Persimmon
Janatul Mawa1, Said Wahab2, Aysha Riaz2
1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Women University Swabi
2Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Peshawar
Calcium Carbide has been used as a ripening chemical in order to achieve
commercial maturity of persimmon. Various concentrations of calcium carbide
(T1=1g/box, T2=2g/box, T3=3g/box, T4=4g/box and T5=5g/box) were placed for
2 days during the experiment. The persimmon samples were stored at room
temperature for 45 days and physicochemical analysis was done at 7 days storage
interval. The statistical analysis was done by Statistix 8.1. Results shows
anincrease in ripening, weight loss, fruit decay, pH& TSS as the persimmon
matures. The increasing level of maturity results in decrease of ascorbic acid and
titratable acidity of persimmon fruit. As the fruit matures increase in reducing

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sugars and as well as non reducing sugars was observed. During storage ripening
was increased from 22.17% to 64.89%, weight loss increased from 4.61% to
9.39%, fruit decay inclined from 7.28% to 17.69%, pH increased from 5.67 to
6.33, an inclined from 53.68 to 61.31 was observed in the reducing sugars content,
non reducing sugars increased from 3.92 to 4.86, TSS inclined from 10.52 to
14.82 (ͦBrix), titratable acidity drop from 0.43% to 0.32%, ascorbic acid reduces
from 38.05 to 33.15 mg/100g. The results revealed that sample T4 with 4g calcium
carbide per box gained the highest physicochemical results. Statistical analysis
showed that the storage interval and treatments had significant effect on the
physicochemical properties of commercially matured persimmon treated with
calcium carbide.
Genetic Evaluation of Selected Intellectual Disability Family from
District Kohat
Amir Nawaz, Shahbaz Ali Shah, Nazif Muhammad, Niamatullah Khan, Qazi
Muhammad Raafiq, Noor Muhammad, Saadullah Khan*
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, KUST, Kohat, KP, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as cognitive impairment, is a condition
characterized by significant limitations in cognitive functioning and adaptive
behavior. ID affects 1-3 percent of the world population, before the age of 18
years. Speech delay, hypotonia, seizures, psychomotor slowing, congenital
malformation, primary microcephaly, short stature are the symptoms of ID. The
ratio of males is 1.5% higher than females. ID is usually measured by assessing
an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive behavior. Normally a score
of less than 70 is considered as ID patient. There are four levels of IQ in ID that
is mild (IQ less than 70), moderate (IQ 35-55), severe (IQ 20-40) and profound
(IQ 20-25). Current research aimed to identify the genetic variants, in affected
families from District Kohat, responsible for ID. The study was approved by the
ethical approval committee of Kohat University of Science and Technology,
Kohat and samples were collected from the available members of the affected
family. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood and samples were
subjected to whole exome sequencing. Whole exome sequencing revealed a
missense variant (c.696G>A; p.Thr232) in TTC5 gene. Sanger sequencing
confirmed the co-segregation of the variant in the family.
Keywords: Intellectual Disability, Whole Exome Sequencing, Genetic Variants,
IQ, Cognitive impairment.
Quantum Walks in an Inhomogeneous Incommensurate Off-
diagonal Aubry-André-Harper Model
Muhammad Faisal
Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan
We explore the emergence of topological phenomena in an inhomogeneous,
incommensurate off-diagonal Aubry-André-Harper model by creating two
distinct nontrivial topological phases. The energy spectrum reveals the presence
of topologically protected boundary states localized at the phase boundaries. By
analyzing the probability distribution, we demonstrate the localization property of
the quantum walker in this system. Additionally, we investigate the time evolution

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of continuous-time quantum walks for a single quantum particle both at the phase
boundaries and in the bulk of the topological domains. Our findings indicate that
the localization of the quantum particle at the phase boundaries is influenced by
the parameter λ, similar to the behaviour of the topologically protected boundary
states. In the bulk region, the quantum particle exhibits spreading away from its
initial position, but it experiences a repulsive effect near the topological phase
boundaries. Interestingly, the rate of spread of the quantum walk is inversely
related to the modulation strength. This work presents an alternative approach to
simulate and manipulate topological phenomena using the Aubry-André-Harper
model. The modulation of the hopping amplitude serves as a control knob to
manipulate the transport properties of the topologically protected boundary states.
Our results offer insights into the dynamics and behaviour of quantum walkers in
systems with nontrivial topological phases, opening up avenues for further
exploration and potential applications.
Keywords: Aubry-André-Harper Model, Quantum Walks, Probability
Distribution, Localization Topological Phenomena
Development and Characterization of Rice Bran Oil Based Low-fat
Mayonnaise using Cinnamon Essential Oil
Shinawar Waseem Ali*, Muhammad Bilal Amin, Muhammad Rizwan Tariq
Department of Food Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Mayonnaise available in the market usually contains 70-80% oil which is a major
reason of causing many health problems i.e. cardiovascular diseases and obesity
etc. This research was conducted to make a low-fat mayonnaise with less than
36% of oil. The objective of the study was to develop a stable low-fat mayonnaise
using healthier ingredients at lower cost than the traditional mayonnaise. Different
ingredients such as rice bran oil for its low fat characteristics, cinnamon essential
oil for its flavor and antimicrobial activity, while starches and gums to retain its
stability. Four treatments were prepared with same concentration of rice bran oil
but with different concentration of cinnamon essential oil i.e. T0 (0%), T1 (0.1%),
T2(0.2%) and T3(0.3%). All the treatments were analyzed on the basis of their
physicochemical properties, stability, microbial contamination and sensory
properties to determine the best treatment. All the treatments were kept in the
HDPE jars at refrigeration temperature (<4℃) and several parameters like
sensory quality, moisture, fat, ash, stability and microbial contamination were
examined after the interval of every 10 Days over the period of 30 Days. It was
observed that pH decreased, acidity increased while emulsion stability, moisture
content, ash content remained the same, with very minute changes. The results
concluded that T2 with 0.2% Cinnamon essential oil incorporation gave the best
results for most of the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes that
increased its overall acceptability. This research leads toward the development of
low-fat Mayonnaise with improved nutritional properties and enhanced shelf life.
Keywords: Light Mayonnaise, Cinnamon Essential Oil, Sensory Attributes, Shelf
Stability

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Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and

Antimicrobial Activities of Alstonia Scholaris Linn and Plumeria
Rubra Linn
Ibtisam Elahi, Fatma Hussain*
Clinico-Molecular Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, UAF, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Keeping in view the pharmacological importance, the extraction of leaves of
Alstonia scholaris Linn and Plumeria rubra was performed in methanol, ethyl
acetate and water solvents. The well-diffusion method experiment along with 1,1-
diphenyl-2-pycrilhydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay were used to
assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, respectively. The assays of
alpha-amylase inhibition and antiglycation were used to evaluate the antidiabetic
effect. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) contributed in the identification of functional
groups and compounds identification respectively. The methanolic extract of both
Alstonia scholaris Linn and Plumeria rubra showed the highest antimicrobial
potential against both E. coli and S. aureus possessing the highest zone of
inhibitions among all samples. The MIC evaluation of methanolic extracts of
plants was done by colorimetric analysis which resulted as 5mg/mL for Alstonia
scholaris Linn and Plumeria rubra. While determining the antioxidant profile, the
aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris showed the highest total phenolic contents
(586.78±0.364mg gallic acid equivalent / 100 g dry weight) while the highest
flavonoid content (807.36±0.66mg catechin equivalent/ 100g dry weight) was
possessed by methanolic extract of the same plant. In radical scavenging capacity,
it was Plumeria rubathat surpassed other extracts. The methanolic extract of P.
ruba showed the highest antiglycation activity (70.32%) while methanolic extract
of Alstonia scholaris showed the highest percentage of alpha-amylase inhibition
(61.19%). FTIR confirmed the presence of various functional groups such as
alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, alkanes and aldehydes. The HPLC analysis
led to the detection of various phytochemicals including quercetin, gallic acid,
vanillic acid, benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid,
chlorogenic acid, M-Coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Both plants demonstrated
pharmaceutical potential, which may be useful in the management of diabetes
mellitus.
Keywords: Methanolicextracts, Antioxidant activity, Antiglycation activity,
Antimicrobial activity, Phytochemicals
Sustainable Development of Nanomaterial from Upcycling of Waste
Plastic for Interfacial Solar Desalination
Muzammil Hussain1,2, Silvia Gross3, E. Moretti1, A. Vomiero1, T. Ahmed Shifa1
1Department of Molecular Sci. & Nanosystems, Ca Foscari University of Venice, Italy
2Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy
3Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy

*Contact: [email protected], [email protected]

Shortage of fresh water and increasing plastic pollution have become the two most
serious problems and they required a sustainable approach to mitigate. Solar
desalination is a renewable method to produce fresh water and upcycling waste
plastic into advanced nanomaterial providesa promising solution to decrease the

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impact of plastic waste on the environment. In the present research work waste
plastic bottles were pyrolyzed to convert into carbon foam, and hydrothermal
approaches were adopted to grow copper sulfide on synthesized carbon foam
powder. Characterization techniques (XRD, SEM, and FTIR) revealed that porous
graphitic-like carbon structure and successful copper sulfide growth on carbon
foam, spectroscopy analysis showed excellent absorption of radiation in Uv/vis
and near IR region. Solar evaporation experiment was completed under one sun
radiation and it exhibit high solar to thermal conversion with maximum solar
evaporation rate of 1.84 Kg m-2 h-1. Synthesized material can be used as solar
steam generator while it helps to boost the practice of circular economy to start
new life cycle for waste material.

2.0

1.8
Evaporation rate (Kgm-2h-1)

1.6

1.4

1.2
CF
1.0 WCF
ECF
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)

Detection of small-sized DNA fragments in a glassy nanopore by

utilization of CRISPR-Cas12a as a converter system
Muhammad Asad Ziaee1,2, Shumin Zhang1, Jiahai Wang1*
1Schoolof Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
2Hamdard University, Faculty of Engineering Sciences & Technology- FEST

The fabrication of nanopores with a matched pore size, and the existence of
multiple interferents makethe reproducible detection of small-sized molecules by
means of solid-state nanopores still challenging. A useful method to solve these
problems is based on the detection of large DNA nanostructures relatedto the
existence of small-sized targets. In particular, a DNA tetrahedron with a well-
defined 3D nanostructureis the ideal candidate for use as a signal transducer. Here,
we demonstrate the detection of anL1-encoding gene of HPV18 as a test DNA
target sequence in a reaction buffer solution, where longsingle-stranded DNA
linking DNA tetrahedra onto the surface of the magnetic beads is cleaved by a
targetDNA-activated CRISPR-cas12 system. The DNA tetrahedra are
subsequently released and can be detectedby the current pulse in a glassy

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nanopore. This approach has several advantages: (1) one signal transducercan be
used to detect different targets; (2) a glassy nanopore with a pore size much larger
than the targetDNA fragment can boost the tolerance of the contaminants and
interferents which often degrade theperformance of a nanopore sensor.
Evaluation of Methanol Extract of Aerial Parts of Daphne
Mucronata against Doxorubicin-Induced H9c2 Cardiomyocytes
MudassarAzhar1,2, Suraj Kishanchand1, Bina Siddiqui3
1Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for
Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
2Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Salim Habib University,

NC-24, DehDih, Korangi Creek, Karachi-74900, Karachi, Pakistan

3H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological

Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Doxorubicin has been used in the management of cancer; however, cardiac
toxicity limits prolong usage in the regimens. This toxicity mainly occurs due to
increased oxidative stress and depletion of calcium stores. Earlier, Daphne
mucronatahas displayed anticancer activity along with free radical scavenging
properties. Keeping this in mind, the present study was framed. For this purpose,
H9c2 (rat cardiomyocytes) cells were treated with the methanol extract of aerial
parts ofDaphne mucronata (m-A-DM) to determine its toxicity/safety on
cardiomyocytes. Later on, H9c2 cells were exposed to doxorubicin (0.5 µM) and
then treated with m-A-DM (50 µg/mL) or Quercetin (50 µg/mL) to analyze its
effect on: a) the intracellular oxidative stress, b) protection against cardiomyocyte
injury, and c) cell survival. The results demonstrated that the IC50was 143 ± 1
µg/mL as compared to quercetin i.e., ~135 µg/mL indicating that it was less toxic
than quercetin. Furthermore, both test agents displayed EC50 of ~50 µg/mL for
reducing the intracellular oxidative stress. The gene expression of antioxidant
enzymes (Nrf-2, SOD-1, and SOD-2) was also increased. Moreover, the ATP
production was also increased in the doxorubicin treated H9c2 cells. This
indicated that the cardiomyocyte injury was reduced in the presence of the tested
extract. In addition, it was observed that the calcium levels were reduced, and
cytochrome c release was inhibited along with the reduction in the apoptotic cells
in the doxorubicin treated H9c2 cells. Altogether, our results suggested that the
m-A-DM protected the cardiomyocyte injury via lowering the intracellular
oxidative stress which was induced by the doxorubicin. Thus, providing valuable
support to the plant-based management of cardiac toxicity for the population that
prefer natural product for remedies. However, further detailed molecular, pre-
clinical, and clinical studies will be required to establish its efficacy.
Nutrigenomics: Diet gene interaction
Kanza Aziz Awan*
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
The focus of nutritionists and diet care professionals was previously based on
nutrientdeficiencies and health impairment. The advances in molecular biology
have ushered in a new era of medicine and nutrition. The dieticians as well as the
pharmacists are seeking opportunities to position food and nutraceuticals to
promote health and prevent maladies basedon genetic makeup of the consumers.

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It has raised a newfangled concept of nutrient-geneinteraction which has the

ability to unfold dichotomous directions in molecular nutrition. The nutrients and
bioactive moieties in food could affect the gene regulation i.e. nutrigenomics
orcanalsohave impactonthe variations in gene structure as a response to nutrient
intake, classified as nutrigenetics. Nutrigenomics is the application of high
throughput technologies for the generation, processing and interpretation of
scientific information about the function, composition and the interaction of
genomes with the diet intake. This has led to unprecedented challenges to the
public health personnel for increasing understanding of how the nutrients
modulate gene and protein expression, ultimately influencing the cellular
metabolism of anindividual. This will also broaden the idea of the physiological
fate of the nutrients consumedand how they affect the initiation and progression
of various dietary malfunctions such asobesity, hypertension, diabetes,
dyslipidemia and malignancy. Thismay also give a better in sightas to which
extent the individual sensitizing genotypes are contributing to such syndromes.
Hence, in the coming epochs nutrigenomics will surely lead to evidence-based
dietary regimens for restoring health and well-being, thereby mitigating the
occurrence of diet related dysfunctions.
Cumin and Black Caraway
Kanza Aziz Awan , Hussan Munir2, Sanabil1, Waleed Sultan1, Amal Shaukat1
1

1Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore; 2Al-Shaheer Foods

*
Contact: [email protected]
Herbs and spices are bio nutrients possessing significant nutritional and
nutraceutical properties. Traditionally, these are considered as important culinary
ingredients playing imperative role in food appreciation and acceptability. The
prophylactic attributes of herbs and spices are of particular interest owing to the
presence of several bioactive constituents. In theAsian cuisine, cumin and
caraway seeds are extensively used in the ethnic dishes. The ancient ayurvedic,
holistic and herbal preparations also contained these seeds as a preventive agent.
Both these spices seems to be identical belonging to the family Apiaceae but play
different physiological roles in the disease prevention and mitigation.
Biochemical and pharmacological assessment of cumin and black caraway reveal
constituents that possess array of compounds with health promoting potentials.
For instance, Carum carvi L.- the black caraway commonly knownas Kala zeera
contains carvone and limonene as major fractions. Investigations have revealed
significant antioxidant potentials particularly due to the presence of carvone. On
the other hand, cumin (Cuminum cyminum), also known as Safaid Zeera, is highly
valued as a medicinal herb. The chief active constituents include cuminum and
cuminaldehyde. Both these herbs are effective in alleviating the threat of lifestyle
related dysfunctions. Caraway oil improves the pathology of diabetic nephropathy
by increasing the natural antioxidant enzymes (e.g. glutathioneperoxidase) and
scavenging the free radical species. It also possess restorative potential against
hyperglycemia. The bio active component, carvone, exhibits numerous biological
activities being antimicrobial, nematicidal, antidiabetic and antioncogenic in
nature. It also inhibits the cholesterol biosynthesis by suppressing the HMG-COA
activity in them evalonate cycle. Likewise, the cumin seed extract considerably
decreases serum glucose level along side improving the insulin concentration.

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Dietary cuminand black car away supplementation is also helpful in preventing

the incidence and progression of colon cancer. Moreover, oral cumin treatment
exhibit immunomodulatory effects particularly through the modulation of T
lymphocytes expression. Pharmacological activities of black caraway and cumin
overwhelmingly substantiate their preferred use in diet based therapies. Besides,
the understanding of natural products as alternatives to the conventional therapies,
black car away and cumin seem well positioned assources of phytoceutics to boost
the bioefficacy and bio availability of existing medicines.
Keywords: Cumin, black caraway, Cuminaldehyde, caravone, cholesterol,
glucose, cancer
Design and Synthesis of Novel Anti-Urease imidazothiazole
Derivatives with promising antibacterial activity against the
Helicobacter pylori
Sumera Zaib
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of CentralPunjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Urease enzyme is a known therapeutic drug target for treatment of Helicobacter
pylori infection due to its role in settlement and growthing as tricmucosa. In this
study,we designed a new series of sulfonates and sulfamates bearing imidazo[2,1-
b]thiazole scaffold that exhibit apotent inhibitory activity of urease enzyme. The
most potent compound 2c inhibited ureasewith an IC50 value of 2.94 ± 0.05 μM,
which is 8-fold more potent than the thiourea positive control (IC50= 22.3 ± 0.031
μM). Enzyme kinetics study showed that compound 2c is acompetitive inhibitor
of urease. Molecular modeling studies of the most potent inhibitors in theurease
active site suggested multiple binding interactions with different amino acid
residues. Phenotypic screening of the developed compounds against H. pylori
delivered molecules of that possess high potency (1a,1d,1h,2d,and2f) in
comparison to the positive control, acetohydroxamic acid. Additional studies to
investigate the selectivity of these compounds against AGS gastric cell line and
E. coli were performed. Permeability of the most promising derivatives (1a, 1d,
1h, 2d, and 2f) in Caco-2 cell line, was investigated. As a result, compound 1d
presented itself as a lead drug candidate since it exhibited a promising inhibition
againsturease with an IC50 of 3.09 ± 0.07 μM,MIC value against H. pylori of
0.031 ± 0.011 mM, and SI against AGS of 6.05. Interestingly, compound 1d did
not show activity against urease-negative E. coli and exhibited a low permeability
in Caco-2 cells which supports the potential use of this compound for GIT
infection without systemic effect.

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Effect of Ripening and in Vitro Digestion on Free Aminoacids and

Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory (Ace-I) Potential of
Cow and Buffalo Milk Cheddar cheeses
Amal Shaukat1,2 Muhammad Nadeem1, Muhammad Modassar, A. N Ranjha1,
Tadesse FikreTeferra3, Lala Rukh1, Waleed Sultan2, Kanza Aziz Awan2
1Institute
of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
2Department of Food Science and Technology, , UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
3School of Nutrition Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University College of

Agriculture, Hawassa, Ethiopia

Cheddar cheese is a source of a variety of biologically active peptides and free
aminoacids (FAAs), which contribute to the cheese aroma, flavors, and textures.
The FAA liberation and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition potential of
cheddar cheese made from cow and buffalo milk before and after in vitro digestion
by gastric and duodenal enzymes with ripening were investigated. The cheese
samples were store dunder refrigeration condition(4°C)forripening for 3, 6, and 9
months. The possible differences existing in the level of FAAs were explored
before and after invitro digestion of ripened cheddar cheese made from cow and
buffalo milk. The lower level of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition value
62.4 ± 1.04% was observed in gastric digested cheese samples after 9 months of
ripening, while the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition value 93.1
± 1.29% was observed in duodenal digested cheese samples after 6 months of
ripening. This study showed that before and after in vitro digestion, highest
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory potential of cheddar cheese was
observed between 6 and 9 months of ripening. In 9-month ripened cheese, a
significant increase in the contents of glutamic, glutamine, valine, leucine, and
lysine was observed after duodenal digestion in case of both cow and buffalo milk
Cheddar cheeses. The contents of valine, ornithine, and tryptophan were
negligible before digestion and significantly increased afterward.
Keywords: ACE inhibition, Bioactive peptides, Cheddar cheese, Free amino
acid, Cheese ripening, Functional cheese.
Modification of Legume Proteins: A Strategy to expand the
functional Applications
Hafiz Rizwan Sharif*1, Mian Kamran Sharif2, Rizwan Arshad3, Abuzar2
1Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
2National Institute of Food Science and Technology, UAF, Faisalabad, Pakistan
3University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Allied Health

Sciences, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Pakistan

*Contact: [email protected], [email protected], 0333-8968001
Legumes are vital agricultural crops and important source of food after cereals
around the globe. They provide energy as well as maintain the human health
owning to the unique chemical composition and blessed nutraceuticals.
Exploitation of plant-based ingredients for the development of functional foods is
an industrial-driven trend reinvigorated by health-conscious consumers. However
applications of legume proteins are challenging due to the low solubility surface
hydrophobicity and instability under various processing conditions. To overcome
these limitations modifications in native structure of protein is a result-oriented
approach. Physical (heat high pressure sonication and extrusion) chemical

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(cationization acrylation succinylation methylation and Maillard reaction) and

enzymatic (endo and exo-proteases) modifications are some recent approaches.
The principle behind the success of utilization of these methods is to enhance the
surface activity solubility and amphiphilicity of the proteins due to some
conformational changes in the structure of the protein including formation of
disulfide bonds from sulfhydryl groups shorten the peptide chain and exposure of
unexposed parts. Temperature time pressure enzyme to substrate ratio degree of
hydrolysis and glycation are among some crucial factors controlling the fate of
proteins conformational changes and their ultimate functionality. Control
utilization of modified legume proteins could pave the way towards the
development of sustainable and resilient functional food systems to tackle food
insecurity and protein energy malnutrition related problems.
Keywords: Legumes, nutritional importance, functionality, modification,
functional foods
Enzymatic physic chemical and phyto-evaluation of apple juice
under high-pressure carbon dioxide and Thermal processing
Ayesha Murtazaa1*, Aamir Iqbal2, Kanza Aziz Awan1, Samia Tahir1, Itrat
Fatima1, Shinawar Waseem Ali3, Sarah Murtaza4, Muhammad Usman3
1Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
2College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University Ithaca NewYork, USA
3Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, QA Campus Lahore, Pakistan
4Dept Economics & Business Admin. Central China Normal University, Wuhan China

Apple juice has been treated by high pressure carbon dioxide (HP-CO2) as non-
thermal technology to inactive poly phenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD)
in comparison to thermal processing (TP). In this study the changes in activities
total polyphenols phenolic profile and physicochemical properties of PPO from
thermal (25-75oC/20 min) and high-pressure carbondioxide (HP-CO2) (25-65
oC/20 MPa/20 min) treated apple juice were investigated. The use ofthermal
processing (TP) resulted in a higher level of activation of the tested enzymes than
HP-CO2. The HP-CO2 exhibited inactivation of PPO at 65°C whereas PPO
activity at the 75 oC wasstill activated under TP. Contrary the residual activity of
peroxidase (POD) with HP-CO2 was significantly decreased than that of thermal
processing and its minimum relative activity was 29.32 % at 65ºC. Compared to
untreated and thermal processed juice HP-CO2 treatment reduced the browning
degree (BD) value to 0.47 at 65oC. The non-significant change of total
polyphenols was observed by increasing treatment temperature whereas
significant degradation of individual polyphenols (Catechin 0.38 and Epicatechin
0.29%) was note dat 45o C and also observed gradual decline at high pressure
under HP-CO2 treated juice. Overall HP-CO2 technology is a promising
technique to obtain high quality apple juices with low enzyme activity.
Keywords: Polyphenoloxidase Peroxidase Thermal processing High pressure
carbondioxide Phenolic profile.

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Influence of Preprocessing Methods and Fermentation of Adzuki

Beans on Γ-Aminobutyric Acid (Gaba) Accumulation by Lactic Acid
Bacteria
Waleed Sultan, S. Yaqoob, Kanza A. Awan, A. Shaukat, H. Naveed, A. Faraz
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
Leguminosae is one of the large stand most important family of flowering plants
constituting 650 to 750 genera 18000 to 19000 species of herbs climbers shrubs
and trees. This family broadly defined by the podded fruits. The legumes plant is
the oldest plant known to the human the traces in Mexico caves refer to cultivation
of kidney beans were before the cultivation of maize a thousand years. Cowpea
(Vigna unguiculata) is an annual legume that belongs to the Fabaceae family and
it is an African native plant which grows in a tropical or sub-tropical climate.
Cowpea seeds contain proteins (28% w/w) and carbohydrates (52% w/w) mainly
enriched instarch (36–50%) as in other legumes. The effects of pre-processes
(immersing germinating and cold shock) and fermentation conditions of adzuki
beans onc-amino butyric acid (GABA) accumulation using mixed cultures of
Lactococcus lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus were investigated in this study.
Among the pre processing methods cold shock treatment resulted in the highest
observed GABA content (201.2 mg/100 g); a 150-fold increase compared to the
non-treated adzuki beans. The LAB strains grew rapidly in cold-treated adzuki
bean substrates and reached 108cfu/ml after 24h offer mentation at 30C. After
optimization the GAB Ayield reached 68.2mg / 100ml; a20-fold increase
compared to the non-fermentation yield. The viable cell counts of LAB remained
above 108 cfu/ml after 28 days of storage at 4 C. Our results suggest that the
combination of cold shock pre treatment and fermentation by LAB may be used
for the preparation of adzuki beans with high GABA content which can then be
used as a natural resource off unctional foods.
Keywords: Adzukibean c-Aminobutyricacid Coldshock Lacticacidbacteria
Fermentation
Optimization of Aflatoxins Analysis in Rice grains and Estimation of
Dietary in Take in the Population of Lahore City
Samia Tahir*, Ayesha Murtaza, Itrat Fatima
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Pakistan is an agricultural country. This sector involves 45 percent of Pakistan’s
labor and play a significant role in by contributing 19.5 percent in country’s GDP.
Climatic conditions of Pakistan i.e. hot and humid climate make crop prone to
fungal attack. Most commonly occurringfungi includes Aspergillus Fusarium and
Penicillium species. These fungi produce chemicals known as my cotoxins.
Different types of mycotoxins are produced by different species of fungi.
Aflatoxins are lethal derivatives of polyketides and are the secondary metabolites
of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi propagate on
agriculture commodities such ascereals including wheat rice sorghum maize etc.
it canal sooccur in nuts like almonds peanuts figs. In dairy products aflatoxins
transfers through feed contaminated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxinsare carcinogenic in

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nature and are reported to cause many other associated with aflatoxin in take like
stunted growth kidney problems and GIT issues hence great importance is given
to it in world. Aflatoxin is also causing problem in Pakistan therefore researchers
are paying attention towardsits detection and control. Aflatoxins can be detected
using many techniques but in Pakistan TLC and ELISA is most common
techniques. According to research performed 10 percent of brownrice and 14% of
white rice was surpassing EU limits. Mean value for total aflatoxins was 5.660
ppb in case of TLC while for ELISA mean value was 5.8116ppb.
Keywords: Aflatoxin, Aflatoxin B1, Oryza sativa, Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent assay, thin layer chromatography
Steeping Technology: The Need for Development of Long Term
Preservation of Vegetables
Itrat Fatima*, Ayesha Murtaza, Samia Tahir
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]
The primary aim of the food manufacturing industry is to provide a wide range of
safe whole some nutritious and attractive products at affordable prices all year
roundin order to meet consumer requirements for quality convenience and variety.
The advancements in technology help to develop a new food product in the market
which would be impossible without the use offood additives. In Pakistan huge
quantity of fruits and vegetables deteriorate during peak seasondue to insufficient
facilities of processing preservation transport storage and no or less post-harvest
management. Thus to avoid these losses an appropriate method of preservation
may beadopted to preserve the vegetables in their glut season and to make sure
the availability of these vegetables. The role of preservatives has become more
prominent with the increase in production of processed and convenience foods.
Sustainable economic growth requires safe sustainable resources for industrial
production. Pakistan is an agricultural country blessed with land good climatic
conditions and water resources but lacking at the preservation techniques.
Steeping technology is such one long term storage technologyof fresh cut
vegetables for use and furtherprocessing without significant quality losses (colour
flavour taste texture) it utilizes minimum energy resources it ensures to reduce the
use of excessive chemicals it does not cause the shrink age and shriveling of the
vegetables through out year. The GRA Schemical additives such as sodium
benzoate ascorbic acid pottasium meta bisulphite etc are used in this to achieve
their synergistic effect in air tight containers at room temperature.
Keywords: Steeping Technology, GRAS, wholesome nutritious preservation,
sustainable synergistic effect.
Impacts of Fibre Consumption on Gut Microbiota in Individuals
diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes
Zahid Bashir*, Kanza Aziz Awan
Departmentof Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
An imbalance in the population of microbes that live in the gut has been related
to bothsystemic inflammation and metabolic problems. There is evidence to
indicate that a dysfunctionin the gut microbiome known as dysbiosis contributes

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to the genesis of type 2 diabetes viaregulating metabolic pathways. Indications

interact with dietary components regulate intestinal permeability and affect the
metabolism of glucose and lipids insulin sensitivity and energybalance. Most
studies from the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) revealed that faecal
shotgunmetagenomics and a randomized clinical trial of isocaloric diets were used
to demonstrate that only as ubset of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) producing
bacteria was favored by dietary fibre whereas the majority of other putative
producers were diminished and in some cases unchangedin patients. In addition
the various fiber-promoted SCFA manufacturers’ enhanced glucagon-like
peptide-1 secretion and decreased haemoglobin A1C. Multi plephysiological path
ways relevant to human health have been found to be influenced by gut microbiota
and its metabolites. SCFA aremicrobial meta bolites that modulate many
metabolic processes. On the other hand some research revealed that food could
influence gut microbiota makeup and activity thus regulating the risk of obesity
insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes which are all examples of metabolic illness.
The studies concluded that dietary fibre might play a significant role among
dietary components dueto its prebiotic effect on fibre-fermenting bacteria which
may boost SCFA synthesis. The goal of this review was to synthesize and evaluate
current research on the role of dietary fibre in modulating the link between glucose
metabolism and microbiota composition in people. The examination of data from
observational studies and randomized dietary interventions investigated the
connection between Type 2 Diabetes gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids and
glucose metabolism. The mechanisms behind this relationship were also
addressed.
Keywords: Gutmicrobiota dysbiosis Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) faecal shot
gun meta genomics is ocaloric diets
Nano-Waste Problems and Sustainable Nano Technology: A Novel
Approach to Wastewater Treatment and Applications in Food
Industry
Ahmad Faraz*, S. Yaqoob, Kanza A. Awan, W. Sultan, A. Shaukat, H. Naveed
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Nanotechnology has emerged as a cutting-edge scientific discipline due to its
potential toaddress a variety of environmental problems. The use of nano
materials is advantageous because they have novel properties that have been
demonstrated to be highly efficient and effective for waste water treatment such
as high surface area high reactivity and strong mechanical properties. Currently
nano technology is used in a variety of technological and industrial fields
includinghealthcare energy food safety and electronics and has numerous
practical applications. Nanomaterials are substances that are present at the nano
metric scale which means they have one or both of their dimensions smaller than
nm. The production and application of new nanomaterials (NMs) in numerous
fields results in their gradual disposalin to wastes treams and eventual release into
the atmosphere. Industrial waste household waste and hospital waste are just a
few of thepossible sources of NM wastes that can enter the waste system. The
majority of nano particles (NPs) used in the industry contain heavy metals which
raise serious environmental concerns about contamination and bioavailability.

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Since nanomaterials are so tiny an electron microscope must be used to view them
because a regular microscope cannot see them. As a result it is anticipated that the
use of nano technology in waste management will lower costs increase process
efficiency and decrease energy demand. The fate of the nano materials in
wastewater treatment and the dangers of their use are also highlighted in this
review.
Keywords: nanomaterials, nanotechnology, waste water treatment, nano
particles, practical applications, food wastes
A Comparative Study on the Activity of Mulberry: a Novel
Antioxidant
Hiba Naveed, Sanabil Yaqoob, Kanza A. Awan, W. Sultan, A. Shaukat, A. Faraz
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Mulberry belongs to the genus Morus in the Moraceae family and is globally
distribute dundervaried climatic conditions ranging from tropical totemperate.
This plant contains 24 species and one subspecies and Morus alba L. is a dominant
species among them. Mulberry (Morus alba L) is cultivated in Korea China and
Japan and their leaves have long been used to feed silkworms (Bombyx mori L.)
Mulberry was cultivated especially for sericulture at first but then became afruit
species with ever-increasing popularity along with the increased use of it also in
humannutrition food and pharmaceutical industries. Phenolic compounds were
extracted from the fruits of Morus nigra and Morus alba using methanol and
acetone. The sugar-free extracts (SFEs) were prepared using Amberlite XAD-16
column chromate graphy. All of the SFEs exhibited antioxidant potential as
determined by ABTS (0.75–1.25mmolTrolox/g) DPPH (2 2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl) (EC50 from 48 μg/mL to 79 μg/mL) and reducing power assays.
However astronger activity was noted for the SFEs obtained from Morus nigra
fruits. These extracts alsopossessed the highest contents of total phenolics: 164
mg/g (methanolic SFE) and 173 mg/g (acetonicSFE). The presence of phenolic
acids and flavonoids in thee xtracts was confirmed using HPLC method and
chlorogenic acid and rutin were found as the dominant phenolic constituents in
the SFEs.
Keywords: Mulberry, Morusnigra, Morusalba, antioxidants, phenolic compound
Sapodilla: Health Benefits Bioactive Compounds Antioxidant
Activity and Uses
Mahnoor Shah, Asfa Chaudhry, Kanza Aziz Awan
Univeristy of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) from Sapotaceae family is highly nutritious fruit
with various health benefits. It is grown in tropical wet to subtropical dry regions.
Native to the Caribbean Central America and southern Mexico. They are now
grown in Southeast Asia India Thailand and other countries with tropical climates
among other places. Due to their strong astringency it should be consumed once
fully ripe. Contain 73% Water main constituent of sapodilla followed by
polyphenols and antioxidants vitamin A C folate niacin minerals ascorbic acid
and sugar. The phytochemical profile of the sapodilla fruit has been linked to a
number of health benefits that can be derived from its consumption. Bioactive
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compounds like phenolics cyanogenic glycosides and terpenoids can be found in

the fruit of the sapodilla plant. Methyl chlorogenate 4-O-galloylchlorogenic acid
methyl 4-O-galloyl chlorogenate quercitrin dihydromyricetin my ricitrin gallic
acid epicatechin catechin and gallo catechin are all components of the sapodilla
extract. These bio active compounds are major source of its antioxidant capacity.
Sapodilla extracts reduce the risk of colon and breast cancers and to
treatindigestion diarrhea dysentery and hemorrhage. It possesses greater
biological potential for its anti-diabetic antimicrobial antioxidant anti-
inflammatory anti-aging anticancer and cardioprotective properties. The peel
extracts of sapota demonstrated the highest radical scavengingpotential and high
antioxidant activity when compared to the pulp extracts. By DPPH assay
ofsapodilla extract total antioxidant activity (TAA) measurement observed was
2.1±0.2 (µg GA/gpuree). Sapodilla extract can also be used as an antioxidant in
stored meat products 37.2% of TBARS value decreased has been noticed. Unripe
chiku had an extremely high anti oxidant capacity that was not due to L-ascorbic
acid but majorly due to its polyphenols. IC50 readings of sapodilla peel shown
highest anti oxidant activity as compared to pulp. Hence its waste also has great
potential to be used in pharmaceutical food and cosmetics industry.
Keywords: Sapodilla, anti oxidants, polyphenols, TBARS, sapodilla peel
Organic Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods
Asfa Chaudary, Mahnoor Shah, Kanza Aziz Awan
University of Central Punjab
Cancer is a complex disease marked by uncontrolled cell growth and spread.
Functionalfoods are nutrient-dense offering health benefits beyond basic
nutrition. Some functional food sshow promise in preventing cancer. Functional
foods are nutrient-dense foods that provide healthbenefits beyond basic nutrition.
These foods contain bioactive compounds that have the potentialto support overall
health and contribute to disease prevention. In the context of cancer several
functional foods have been extensively studied for their potential anti-cancer
effects. By incorporating these foods in to a balanced diet individuals may
enhance their body's natural defense mechanisms and potentially reduce the risk
of cancer development. Tomatoes rich in lycopene a potent antioxidant can inhibit
cancer cell growth and DNA damage. They also have anti-inflammatory
properties lowering the risk of certain cancers. Cruciferous vegetables like
broccoli and cauli flower containg lucosino lates that convert to is othiocyanates.
These compound simpede cancer cell growth block carcinogen formation and
enhanced etoxification. Honey contains flavonoids and phenolic acids acting as
antioxidants and anti-inflammatories. It inducesapoptosis in cancer cells and
inhibits their growth. Curcumin derived from turmeric displaysstrong antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory effects potentially suppressing cancer cell growth. While
functional foods do not replace conventional cancer treatments they can
complement them. It is vital for individuals with cancer to consult healthcare
professionals for appropriate treatmentplans. Functional foods can serve as
adjuncts to pharmaceutical therapy promoting overall well-being.
Keywords: cancer prevention, functional foods, anti-cancer, lycopene tomatoes,
cruciferous vegetables, glucosinolates isothiocyanates, honey, flavonoids,
phenolic acids, curcumin, turmeric, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis,

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cancer, cell growth inhibition, health benefits, complementary, cancer treatments.

Celery: A natural Therapeutic Agent
Iqra Shaukat, Ayesha Murtaza, Maliha Rehman, Kanza Aziz Awan
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab
Herbs and spices have a long history of both culinary use and providing health
benefits as well as acting as preservatives. Their antioxidant properties are of
particular interest in view of the impact of oxidative modification of low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol in the development of athero sclerosis. Phenolic
compounds ascorbic acid carotenoids some protein-based compounds Maillard
reactions phopholipids and sterols are the natural antioxidants found in it. Celery
is a commercially important seed spice. It contains 15% fatty oil with the fatty
acids: petroselenic (64.3%) oleic (8.1%) linoleic (18%) linolenic (0.6%) and
palmitic acids. It is used as natural therapeutic agent. It has anti arthritic antiulcer
antioxidant hypolipidemic hypoglycemic anti-platelet aggregation and
antimicrobial properties. Celery is used in variousforms such as fresh herb stalk
seeds oil and oleoresin for flavoring of foods and for medicinal purposes.
Therefore celery can be used as therapeutic agenta gainst many diseases.
Keywords: Celery, Herbs, Spices, Antioxidant
Role of Mushrooms in Medicinal Field and as Functional Food
Riaz-ul-din, M. S. Manzoor, Ukasha Arqam, Maryam Nadeem, Zoya Siddique
Department of Food Science & Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Mushrooms have gained recognition as functional foods due to their potential
health benefits and rich nutritional composition. Mushrooms are low in calories
and fat while providinga range of essential nutrients including B vitamins copper
potassium selenium and zinc. They also contain dietary fiber and exhibit
antioxidant activity attributed to compounds such asergothioneine and selenium
which help combat oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronicdiseases. Certain
mushroom varieties such as shiitake maitake and reishi have been shown
topossess immune- boosting properties due to their polysaccharide and beta-
glucan content. These compound shave the potential to enhance immune function
and provide defense against pathogens. In addition to immune support mushrooms
demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties attributed to compounds like ergosterol
and ergosterol peroxide. These properties make mushrooms potentially beneficial
in reducing inflammation within the body. Studies haveindicated that mushrooms
can contribute to digestive health by providing dietary fiber and promoting the
growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Furthermore their low-fat and cholesterol-free
nature makes them a heart-healthy food choice potentially aiding in the
maintenance of cardio vascular health. With their low-calorie content and high
fiber content mushrooms mayalsoplay arole in weight management and satiety.
Overall mushroom sex hibit numerous health benefits due to their unique
nutritional composition and bioactive compounds. However it is important to note
that specific health effects may vary among mushroom species.
Keywords: Health benefits Anti-inflammatory Potassium Digestivehealth Bio
active compounds

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Turnip as a Functional Food

Hassan Zain Raza*, Kanza Aziz Awan, Rahimeen Akbar*
Department of Food Science and Technology UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
Despite the advances in medical technology diseases are an unavoidable aspect
of humanlife. Plants have been used to make medicines for humans from
immemorial time and are now amain source of medication development. Brassica
Rapa L. (turnip) is one of the world's oldest cultivated vegetables widely
consumed in the Asian region. Turnip in addition to being a significant vegetable
is also a source of various bioactive compounds and also being used in traditional
medicine. Turnip contains a variety of bioactive components including
glucosinolates is othiocyanate phenolic compounds flavonoids and organic acids.
Pharmacological studies of turnip have shown potential as anti-canceragents with
compounds like is othiocyanates and phenanthrene derivatives exhibiting
inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth. Turnips also possess antimicrobial
properties with methanol extracts showing inhibitory effects against both Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition turnip extracts have
demonstrated anti-hypoxia effects. Overall turnip is a versatile plant with adiverse
range of bioactive compounds that contribute to their potential health benefits.
The main objective is to promote usage/consumption offruits vegetables more
specifically the functional-foods which carry various health effects so there than
the general nutrition in one instead of using various medicines which are specified
to just one disease or target and carry side effects with them as well.
Innovations in Food Biotechnology: From Genetic Engineering to
Cultured Meat
Minahil Sohail, Sanabil Yaqoob, Nimrah Riaz, Tehreem Fatima, Ayesha
Ghaffar, Eman Babar, Areeba Iftikhar, Mahrukh Imran, Danish Javed
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Food biotechnology has revolutionized the way we produce and consume food.
This abstract explores the cutting-edge advancements in food biotechnology
specifically focusing ongenetic engineering and cultured meat. Genetic
engineering through the manipulation of anorganism's genetic material has
enabled scientists to enhance crops for increased yield improved nutritional
content and resistance to pests and diseases. Additionally genetic engineering has
facilitated the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with
novel traits such asextended shelf life or enhanced flavor. This abstract explores
innovations in food biotechnology specifically genetic engineering and cultured
meat. Genetic engineering enhances crops for increased yield nutritional content
and pest resistance. Cultured meat grown from animal cells offers a sustainable
alternative to traditional meat production. The abstract examines scientific
principles challenges and ethical considerations of these technologies. It
highlights benefits such as environmentals ustainability and addresses concerns
regarding public perception and regulatory frame works. Understanding and
embracing these advancements can lead to a resilient and ethical food future.
Keywords: food biotechnology, genetic engineering, genetically modified
organisms (GMOs), cultured meat, sustainability, environmental impact, ethical
considerations.

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Speedy Delights: Unveiling the Secrets of Fast-Food Magic

Falah Noor*, A. Ismail, Ali Ijlal Aleem, I. Fatima, K. A. Awan, M. S. Manzoor
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
The fast-food industry has undergone significant growth and transformation
becoming aprominent feature of contemporary consumer culture. The fast-food
industry emerged in the early 20th century and experienced exponential expansion
through out subsequent decades. It is characterized by quick-service restaurants
that prioritize speed convenience and standardized menu offerings. Fast food
establishments typically employ efficient production methods such asassembly-
line food preparation to ensure quick turn around times and maximize customer
satisfaction. The industry's success is attributed to various factors including
aggressive marketing strategies consistent branding and widespread adoption of
franchising models. Fast food chain shave capitalized on branding and advertising
to creater ecognizable identities and induce craving samong consumers.
Franchising has facilitated rapid expansion allowing fast food restaurants to
establish a ubiquitous presence in numerous locations world wide. Fast food's
impact on society and individuals is a subject of ongoing debate. However critics
argue that the industry has contributed to concerns such as unhealthy eating habits
obesity environmental degradation and the homogenization of local food cultures.
In conclusion the fast-food industry has become aprominent force in modern
society offering convenient and accessible food options. However the industry's
impact on public health environmental sustainability and cultural diversity
necessitates on going examination and the promotion of responsible practices to
address associated challenges.
Keywords: Consumer culture, quick service, customer satisfaction, franchising
models, unhealthy eating habits, modern society
Buckwheat, A Versatile Pseudocereal with great Health benefits
FatimaTariq*, Muhammad Sajid Manzoor, Ukasha Arqam, Ali Wassam, Muaz
Ahmed Arisha Bakht, Ahmed Abbas, Kanza Aziz Awan
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Buckwheat is a highly nutritious and versatile pseudocereal that is gluten-free and
suitable for people with gluten intolerance. It is rich in flavonoids, fiber, and
several valuable nutrients, and has been shown to provide a wide range of health
benefits. Buckwheat has been reported to possess prebiotic and antioxidant
activities and has the potential to improve the hypertension conditions. It has also
been associated with plasma cholesterol level reduction, neuroprotection,
anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Buckwheat is a whole
food that provides a bunch of micronutrients. Buckwheat compares favorably to
wheat even after being ground into flour; it has a lot more amino acids, fatty acids,
polyphenols, and flavonoids (including rutin) than wheat flour. Buckwheat seeds
and other tissues contain a variety of nutraceutical substances. Buckwheat has
been utilized and will continue to be used as a crucial raw ingredient in the
development of functional foods. It is a pseudocereal that resembles cereals in
many ways but is not made from grass like most other cereals are. Many common

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culinary items, including noodles, flour, and breakfast meals, have buckwheat as
an ingredient. Additionally, farmers utilize it as livestock feed, as an underutilized
yet incredibly nutrient-dense and adaptable grain. Buckwheat works in a number
of recipes, such as soups, bowls, and salads, in its whole food form. Alternatively,
diet-conscious individuals can make healthful baked items and noodle dishes with
buckwheat flour.
Keywords: pseudocereal gluten, intolerance, neuro protection fiber
Soyprotein: An emerging Nutritional Power House with Versatile
Applications
Mahnoor Shahid*, Ayesha Murtaza, Khadija Nauman, Areej Abdullah, Umair
Ali, Junaid Farooq
Department of Food Science & Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
Soy protein has emerged as a prominent and versatile ingredient in the field of
food nutrition and technology. This is derived from soybeans, a legume native to
East Asia. It is a high-quality plant-based protein that contains all essential amino
acids essential for human health. With its unique amino acid composition and
digestibility, soy protein is often considered a complete protein comparable to
animal-based protein sources. The nutritional profile is notable as it is low in
saturated fat and cholesterol-free. Additionally, containing dietary fiber, vitamins,
minerals, and phytochemicals such as isoflavones, which have been linked to
potential health benefits. The applications of soy protein in food products are
extensive and diverse. It is commonly used as a meat substitute in vegan products,
i.e. soy-based burgers, sausages, and nuggets due to its ability to mimic the texture
and mouthfeel of meat. Soy protein is also utilized as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and
binder in a wide range of processed foods including bakery products, beverages,
dairy alternatives, and nutritional supplements. Beyond its nutritional and
functional properties, soy protein has been associated with several health benefits.
Research suggests that soy protein consumption may help lower cholesterol
levels, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, alleviate menopausal symptoms,
and contribute to healthy weight management. However, concerns regarding
potential allergenicity and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in soy protein
have been raised. Proper processing techniques and labeling practices can help
mitigate these concerns and ensure the safety and quality of soy protein-based
products. In conclusion, soy protein represents a valuable nutritional powerhouse
with versatile applications in the food industry.
Keywords: Isoflavones Phyto chemicals Stabilizer Allergenicity Binder
Cinnamon as a Potential Cure for Depression
Zahra Yazdani1*, Fatin Nisa Siddique1, Ayesha Murtaza1, Kanza Aziz Awan1,
Muhammad Sajid Manzoor1, SamiaTahir1, Aamir Iqbal2
1Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan.
2Institute of Food Science Cornell University Ithaca NY14853 USA
*
Contact: [email protected]
Spices have always been predominant due to their culinary and medicinal usage.
Among spices, Cinnamon is an important spice due to its medicinal and
therapeutic potential throughout ancient times. It was known as the "holy
anointing oil," a major ingredient used by Moses to bless his people. Scientific

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research provides solid evidence of cinnamon having antitumor, anti-depression,

anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic potential.
Depression is a commonly prevailing psychiatric illness that affects our mental
health. It affects the optimum regulation of serotonin, a hormone responsible for
mood elation. Cinnamon and its derivatives, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA),
which is a COX-2 inhibitor, have been proven to suppress depression-like
behaviors (tested on mice). TCA is a major component of cinnamon and influences
the endocannabinoid (eCB) system positively. The cinnamon-containing
compounds, such as proanthocyanidin, also helped to reduce lipopolysaccharide-
induced depressive behavior. Various other compounds such as phenol turmerone,
linalool, and eugenol all contribute to the reduction of neuroinflammation, which,
in turn, decreases depressive attitudes. Furthermore, cinnamon reduces cholesterol
levels to some extent, which has an association with depression and a certain
relation to hormonal imbalance. Consequently, cinnamon can help in the elevation
of mood and suppression of anxiety and depression.
Keywords: cinnamon spices, depression, optimum regulation, trans-
cinnamaldehyde
Organoleptic Properties during Processing under high Pressure
Carbon dioxide
Bisma Tahir*, Ayesha Murtazaa, Aima Yousuf, Danish Javed
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore Pakistan
Fruit-based products can be preserved through various heat treatment methods
such as pasteurization, boiling, and drying. These methods ensure microbial safety
and enzyme deactivation. However, heat treatment can also lead to a reduction in
bioactive compounds, nutrients, and organoleptic properties of the products. To
address these limitations, non-thermal food processing technologies, such as UV
radiation and high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) processing, have been
extensively studied. HPCD is a novel non-thermal pasteurization technology that
utilizes pressurized CO2 at a pressure of ≥ 0.1 MPa (1 bar) and relatively low
temperatures, lower than those used in thermal pasteurization. This technique
aims to extend the shelf life of food products, preserve bioactive compounds, and
improve organoleptic properties. When HPCD is applied, it can induce changes
in the taste and aroma of foods due to biochemical or enzymatic reactions,
chemical reactions, and physical effects. The dissolution and dissociation of CO2
in the food matrix can result in a change in sourness due to a decrease in pH.
Additionally, the aroma changes induced by HPCD are more complex and can
vary depending on the specific food product. One study found a 35% depletion in
the concentration of overall volatile compounds in fresh apple juice after HPCD
treatment. However, the specific changes in food aroma caused by HPCD are
influenced by multiple factors and can be challenging to predict accurately. As a
non-thermal processing technique, HPCD offers advantages over traditional heat
treatment methods. It helps avoid drawbacks such as flavor loss, nutrient
denaturation, the production of side toxic reactions, and changes in the physical,
mechanical, and optical properties of the processed food materials. In conclusion,
HPCD is a promising non-thermal food processing technology that can be used to
extend the shelf life of fruit-based products while preserving their bioactive

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compounds and improving organoleptic properties. However, further research is

needed to fully understand and optimize the effects of HPCD on taste, aroma, and
other quality attributes of different food products.
Keywords: Highpressure CO2, color, flavor, bioactive compound, texture, non-
thermal pasteurization
Phyto Chemical-Rich Oat Cookies, Harnessing Mango Seed Kernels
for Waste Management and Nutritional Enhancement
Inshrah Ali, Hina Arshad, Ayesha Murtaza, Sajid Manzoor
Department of Food Science & Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
Oats are versatile grains that are rich in nutrients such as protein, soluble fiber,
vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, including avenanthramides. They have low
levels of saturated fats and cholesterol, making them beneficial for maintaining
good heart health by lowering lipid levels in the blood. Oats are also gluten-free,
allowing people with celiac disease to consume them and oat-containing products.
Oat cookies have gained popularity as a healthy and nutritious snack due to these
reasons. To enhance the nutritional value and phytochemical potential of oat
cookies, mango kernel powder can be incorporated into them. Mango seed
kernels, found within the mango seed coat, contain high levels of essential amino
acids such as lysine, leucine, and valine. Additionally, they contain antioxidants
like polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins E and C, as well as minerals like calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium. Mango is a significant tropical fruit
worldwide, and during its processing, the pulp is typically utilized while the seed
and peel become waste. However, mango seed kernels have numerous benefits
that are often overlooked. Mango seed kernels are beneficial for reducing the risk
of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension due to their pectin content, which
helps lower LDL cholesterol levels in the body. They also aid in lowering blood
sugar levels and can be beneficial for individuals with diabetes. The antioxidants
present in mango seed kernels contribute to reducing the risk of cancer as well.
By utilizing mango seed kernels in various food products, especially in oat
cookies, we not only address waste management in the mango processing industry
but also contribute to nutritional enhancement. Incorporating mango seed kernel
powder in oat cookies not only adds nutritional value but also helps in reducing
food waste and harnessing the potential health benefits of mango seeds. This
initiative promotes sustainability and offers an innovative way to make use of the
often overlooked parts of the mango fruit.
Keywords: Oats, Mango seed, kernels, Phyto chemicals, Cookies, LDL
Yogurt for Tified with Date Pits: A promising Nutritional
Innovation
Noor Ul Ain*, Kanza Aziz Awan, Muhammad Shehryar, M. Sajid Manzoor
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Yogurt is a popular dairy product known for its rich nutritional profile and health
benefits. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in fortifying yogurt
with various natural ingredients to enhance its nutritional value. Date pits, often
discarded as waste, contain a range of bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber,
antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. By incorporating date pits into yogurt, a

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synergistic effect is expected, combining the inherent nutritional properties of

yogurt with the added health benefits of date pits. Research has shown that the
dietary fiber present in date pits can promote digestive health, aid in weight
management, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
disorders and diabetes. The high fiber content can help regulate bowel
movements, prevent constipation, and promote a healthy gut microbiota.
Additionally, the fiber in date pits can contribute to increased satiety, leading to
better appetite control and potential benefits in managing body weight. The
antioxidants and phenolic compounds found in date pits possess potential
anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which may further
contribute to improved health outcomes. These bioactive compounds scavenge
harmful free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and exhibit anti-inflammatory
effects, potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases like cancer and
cardiovascular conditions. In the process of incorporating date pits into yogurt,
the pits were removed and dried using a hot air oven at 30°C for 48 hours until
they turned into dry flakes. The yogurt was prepared from fresh milk obtained
from Melkin dairy, and starter cultures including Streptococcus thermophilus,
Lactobacillus spp. Bulgaricus, and Bifidobacterium lactis were used. Proximate
analysis of ash, moisture, and fiber was conducted on the samples, along with
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) analysis. The pH of the yogurt was also measured,
ranging from 2.85 to 2.92 at room temperature. The final product is packed in
packaging material recommended by the Punjab Pure Foods Law 2017, ensuring
compliance with safety and quality standards. The incorporation of date pits into
yogurt offers the potential to create a nutritious and flavorful product with added
health benefits from the bioactive compounds present in date pits.
Date Pit a Remarkable Fiber Source against Different Ailments
Malik M. Haroon Awan*, M. Sajid Manzoor, Mehak Imran, Kanza Aziz Awan
Department of Food Science &Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
Utilizing major waste products from the food industry can indeed have a
significant environmental impact while simultaneously benefiting public health.
Date pits, which are a byproduct of the date fruit industry, have been proven to
have a high nutritional profile. The edible part of the date fruit contains a good
amount of dietary fiber and sugars, along with small amounts of ash, protein, fat,
and polyphenols. On the other hand, the inedible part, which is the pit, is rich in
fibers (insoluble), minerals (potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium,
calcium, and iron), vitamins, lipids, and protein. The dietary fiber and phenolic
compounds found in date pits have therapeutic implications for conditions such
as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and may exhibit a protective effect against
hypertension, coronary heart disease, cholesterol, colorectal and prostate cancers,
and intestinal disorders. These compounds, including phenolic acids and
flavonoids, possess anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial, anti-mutagenic, and anti-
inflammatory properties. The main fatty acid found in date pits is oleic acid,
followed by Lauric acid, and Glutamic acid in lesser amounts. Date pits also aid
in the treatment of kidney stones and bladder diseases. They contain several
medicinal compounds, one of which acts like corticosteroids and is used to treat
kidney and bladder disorders as well as infectious diseases. Additionally, date pits

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possess antioxidant and free scavenging capabilities. Using date pit powder as a
fortifying agent in the food industry serves two important purposes: reducing
waste and improving public health. By utilizing this waste product, we not only
minimize environmental impact but also enhance food security and contribute to
the betterment of mankind. In conclusion, the utilization of date pits as a source
of fortification in the food industry is a commendable approach. It helps reduce
waste, improve public health, and enhance food security while capitalizing on the
high nutritional value and therapeutic properties of date pits.
Keywords: Datepit, antioxidants, anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial, flavonoids,
phenolic acids
Egg Shell Powder: A Fantastic Food Waste and Adaptable For
Tification Component
Mehak Imran*, M. Sajid Manzoor, Malik M. Haroon Awan, Kanza Aziz Awan
Department of Food Science and Technology, UCP, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
The ongoing rise in the world population poses challenges and management
issues in the food industry, leading to a severe problem of food waste. Reducing
food waste and utilizing discarded food components can have a significant impact
on addressing these challenges. Interestingly, some edible waste bits are more
nutrient-dense than the actual food itself. Eggshell powder is a nutrient-dense
byproduct with a high biological value, meaning it is easily absorbed and utilized
by the body. It is made from crushed eggshells and can be used as a dietary
supplement to boost calcium intake. Calcium is an essential mineral for the proper
functioning of muscles, nerves, and bones. Calcium deficiency can lead to health
problems such as osteoporosis, muscle cramps, and heart problems. In addition to
calcium, eggshell powder also contains other minerals such as magnesium,
phosphorus, and potassium, as well as small amounts of protein. These nutrients
provide additional health benefits, including improved muscle function,
maintaining healthy blood pressure and fluid balance in the body, and reduced
risk of heart disease. Eggshell membranes contain collagen, making them
valuable in medicine, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics
industries. Discarded eggshells are also used as a plant fertilizer due to their
calcium content, which can increase or neutralize the pH level of overly acidic
soil. Furthermore, eggshell powder is utilized for the fortification of many food
products. Scientific research on the use of eggshell powder can play a crucial role
in the food industry by ensuring food security, safety, and sustainability. By
utilizing this byproduct effectively, the food industry can minimize waste,
enhance nutrient utilization, and explore new avenues for product development.
This has the potential to create a more sustainable and resource-efficient food
system for the future. In conclusion, the utilization of eggshell powder in the food
industry offers a promising opportunity to address food waste challenges and
promote food security. It not only provides valuable nutrients but also has
potential applications in various industries, contributing to a more sustainable and
innovative approach in the food sector.
Keywords: Eggshellpowder dietarysupplement calcium foodwaste collagen
fortification

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Computationally Engineered Vaccine Construct Forparasitic

Entamoeba Histolytica Based On SREHP Epitopes
Hira Javed, Sumera Zaib*
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasite and is responsible for causing
infection with a high mortality rate characterized by intestinal amebiasis. The
transmission occurs through contaminated food and water in the form of resistant
cysts. Inside the body, the cyst is converted to trophozoite form which pervades
the intestinal mucosa and disrupts the colonic epithelial cells and causes
inflammation and ulcer. Therefore, in the present study, a novel multi-epitope
vaccine construct has been designed on the basis of serine-rich E. histolytica
protein (SREHP) epitopes. For in silico construction of the vaccine, several
bioinformatics software and tools were used. The epitopes were predicted using
Immune Epitope Database (IEBD), whereas the three-dimensional (3D) structure
of the protein was predicted by I-TASSER. Subsequently, the docking and
expression analysis were performed. The designed vaccine construct (MW =
48304.36 Dalton) was predicted to be non-allergic with an antigenicity score of
1.1805. Additionally, it gives expression in E. coli as a soluble protein having
4.37 and 44.16 theoretical pI and instability index respectively. The z-score of the
3D model was -3.66, whereas the Ramachandran plot score was 96.618%.
Furthermore, it was explored that the designed vaccine can be cloned in the pET-
3b vector plasmid via SnapGene. Therefore, the constructed immunogenic peptide
has the potential to prevent E. histolytica infection.
Correlation of Serumprolactin and Thyroid Profile with Infertility
Areesha Gulzar, Hani Ali, Ali Hamza, Sumera Zaib*
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
The intricacy of the cause of human infertility and the challenges associated with
its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment make it a global health concern. High
prolactin levels and thyroid disorders are thought to be significant contributors to
infertility. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the correlation of serum
prolactin and thyroid profile with infertility. The study design was a randomized
case-control study conducted at Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore. The
subjects of the study included 100 infertile and 100 fertile women in the age group
of 18-40 years attending Gynecology in the Outpatient Department (OPD) during
the study period of 8 months from September 2022 to April 2023, whereas data
was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. When compared to fertile females, the study
discovered that the mean thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels
in infertile females were substantially greater. On the other hand, the levels of
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were significantly low in infertile
women. When compared to the control group, the experimental group had a
higher prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia. This study showed
that primary and secondary infertile patients had hypothyroidism that led to
hyperprolactinemia. Therefore, in order to manage infertility cases appropriately,

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thyroid dysfunction may need to be identified and properly treated.

Identification of Potent Inhibitors Targeting EGFR and HER3 for
Effective Treatment of Chemoresistance in Non-Small Cell Lung
Cancer
Areeba Sumera Zaib
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the
most common form of lung cancer. Despite
the availability of various therapeutic
options, NSCLC remains a major health
concern due to its aggressive nature and high
mutation rate. Therefore, HER3 has been
selected as a target protein along with EGFR
due to its limited tyrosine kinase activity and
its ability to activate the PI3/AKT pathway,
which is responsible for therapy failure. In
this study, a BioSolveIT suite was utilized to
identify potent inhibitors of EGFR and
HER3. The process involved screening databases to construct a compound library
consisting of 903 synthetic compounds (602 for EGFR and 301 for HER3),
followed by pharmacophore modeling. The best docked poses of the compounds
with the druggable binding site of their respective proteins were selected based
on the pharmacophore design using SeeSAR version 12.1.0. Subsequently,
preclinical analysis was conducted using the online server SwissADME, and
potent inhibitors were identified. Compound 4k and 4m demonstrated the most
potent inhibition of EGFR, while 7x effectively inhibited the binding site of
HER3. The binding energies of 4k, 4m, and 7x were determined to be -7.7, -6.3,
and -5.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Collectively, these compounds exhibited
favorable interactions with the most druggable binding sites of their respective
target proteins. Finally, in silico preclinical testing by SwissADME confirmed the
non-toxic nature of compounds 4k, 4m, and 7x, providing a promising treatment
option for chemoresistant NSCLC. It's important to note that further experimental
validation, including in vitro and in vivo studies, is necessary to confirm the
efficacy and safety of these identified compounds before considering them for
clinical use.
Comparative Biochemical and Nutritional Assessment of Basil, Chia,
and Flax Seeds against Drug-Induced Hyperlipidemia
Aqsa Hayyat1 Sumera Zaib1*, Kanza Aziz Awan2
1Department of Basic and Applied, Chemistry; 2Department of Food Science, Faculty of
Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590 Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Hyperlipidemia is characterized by high levels of fats in the body, which can lead
to cardiovascular diseases. Diet-based therapy utilizing natural resources and their
bioactive compounds has gained attention for treating various physiological
conditions. Seeds, such as basil, chia, and flax seeds, are rich in phytonutrients

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and have been used to treat drug-induced hyperlipidemia. To prepare the seed
extracts, a mixture of powdered seeds was shaken with 50% ethanol, 50% acetone,
and aqueous solvents. The bioactive compounds were quantified using HPLC.
The extracts were then subjected to antioxidant profiling, including total phenolic
content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) scavenging capacity. Biochemical and nutritional assessments were also
conducted. A bioevaluation trial was performed on rats, where they were fed the
powder of basil, chia, and flax seeds for sixty days. The study included both
normal and hyperlipidemic rats. Parameters such as drink intake, feed intake,
weight, serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride levels, basophils, packed cell
volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and lymphocytes were assessed.
Hematological investigations were conducted, and the data obtained was
subjected to statistical modeling. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract
of chia seeds exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, DPPH, H2O2, and FRAP assay
results. In the bioevaluation trial, it was observed that the induction of
cyclosporine increased cholesterol levels while reducing HDL levels. However,
the administration of basil, chia, and flax powder at a concentration of 25mg/kg
body weight increased HDL levels and reduced LDL and cholesterol levels. Based
on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that incorporating these seeds
into a regular diet may reduce the risk of increased cholesterol levels and related
heart disorders. However, further studies and clinical trials are necessary to
validate and expand upon these results.
Role of ICAM-1 in Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Arterial Disease
Romaisa Irfan, Sumera Zaib*
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590 Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders that can lead to various
complications such as blindness, amputation, and renal failure. Unhealthy and
sedentary lifestyles contribute to obesity and the increasing prevalence of diabetes
worldwide. DM can occur due to the absence or insensitivity of insulin, leading
to hyperglycemia. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from the destruction
of pancreatic beta cells responsible for insulin production, while type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance in body cells. Gestational
diabetes occurs during pregnancy and causes glucose intolerance in the third
trimester. DM is associated with both microvascular and macrovascular
complications. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the macrovascular
complications characterized by obstruction of blood flow, especially to the lower
extremities. The pathogenesis of DM involves inflammation, which leads to
insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Inflammatory biomarkers such
as ICAM-1 are associated with DM and its complications, including PAD. This
research involved collecting serum from subjects divided into three groups: 8
subjects with DM, 8 with DM+PAD, and 2 healthy subjects in the control group.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to detect
soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) levels in the different groups, and absorbance
measurements were taken using the Biotek ELx800. The results were presented

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in the form of histograms, confirming the highest sICAM-1 levels in group 2

(DM+PAD), moderate levels in group 1 (DM), and the lowest levels in the control
group. Gender-based analysis was performed within each group, considering
variables such as age. It was found that inflammation was higher in older
individuals, with no apparent link to gender. These findings suggest that sICAM-
1 levels are elevated in individuals with DM and PAD, indicating the presence of
inflammation and its potential contribution to the development and progression of
PAD in diabetic patients. Further research is necessary to explore the underlying
mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation and
ICAM-1 in the management of DM and its complications.
Analysis of Phyto-Constituents and Biological activities of Sapindus
Mukorossi
Ravish Fatima, Tanzeela Riaz, Sumera Zaib*
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Researches have revealed some alternate ways to treat various types of diseases
because of the detrimental effects of synthetic drugs and the resistance of body
towards these drugs. These methods include the use of some compounds extracted
from natural sources i.e. plant-based compounds which act against different
ailments. S. mukorossi is considered as a source of compounds having strong
biological activities and this plant has been used in medicines for several years.
Plant-based drugs can be obtained by extraction or by using some
biotechnological tools in order to produce compounds from plants having
anticancer activity. These plant-based compounds are toxic to cells causing
serious problems but are generally non-toxic to normal cells. In the following
research, the biological potential of aqueous and organic extracts of Sapindus
mukorossi pericarp was analyzed as they are said to contain a variety of beneficial
phytochemicals and myriad of biological activities. Fine powder of S. mukorossi
fruit pericarp was prepared and subjected to extraction in water, n-hexane,
chloroform, and methanol to obtain their respective fractions. Results indicated
the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponin, tannins,
flavonoids, glycosides, and phenolics. Biological activities of fractions of S.
mukorossi extract were also determined. The fraction of chloroform showed the
highest hemolytic and anti-oxidant activity. The aqueous fraction showed highest
anti-diabetic activity. Highest thrombolytic potential was shown by n-Hexane
fraction. Due to the presence of a variety of phytochemicals and their associated
biological activities, in near future S. mukorossi can be used as a less toxic natural
cure to various diseases like cancers, diabetes, heart problems, inflammations, and
infections.
Discovery of Druggable Potent Inhibitors of Serineproteases and
Farnesoid X Receptor by Ligand-Based Virtual Screening to
Obstruct SARS-COV-2
Nehal Rana Sumera Zaib*
Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of Central Punjab Lahore54590 Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]

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The coronavirus, a subfamily of the Coronavirinae family, is an RNA virus with

over 40 variations that can infect humans, non-human mammals, and birds.
Among the seven types of human corona viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for
the current COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of the current study is to identify drug
molecules for the treatment of COVID-19 by targeting human proteases,
specifically transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), furin, cathepsin B, and
a nuclear receptor named farnesoid X receptor (FXR). TMPRSS2 and furin play
a role in cleaving the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while cathepsin B
is critical for the virus's entry and pathogenesis. FXR, on the other hand, regulates
the expression of ACE2, and inhibiting it can reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection. By
inhibiting these four protein targets with non-toxic inhibitors, the entry of the
infectious agent into host cells and its pathogenesis can be obstructed. In the study,
the BioSolveIT suite was used for pharmacophore-based computational drug
design. A total of 1611 ligands from the ligand library were docked with the target
proteins to identify potent inhibitors based on the pharmacophore. After
conducting ADME analysis and assessing protein-ligand interactions, potent
druggable inhibitors of the target proteins were obtained. Compounds 26, 29, and
30 were identified as potent inhibitors of TMPRSS2, while compounds 6, 12, 13,
14, 25, and 31 showed inhibition of FXR. For cathepsin B, compounds 2 and 7
were identified as the most druggable inhibitors. Lastly, compounds 5 and 20
exhibited activity against furin.
Molecular Docking-based identification of phytocompounds as
potential inhibitors of HPV16 E6 protein for the treatment of
cervical cancer
Hajra Arshad, Sundus Khalid, Fatima Abbasi, Aleshbah Sahar, Noreen Akhtar
Department of Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Cervical cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer in women globally, develops
from aberrant cell proliferation in the cervix—the connecting channel between
the upper uterus and the vagina. Persistent infection with certain forms of human
papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary underlying cause of cervical cancer. The
protein which plays the key role in the transformation of normal cells is HPV16
E6 oncoprotein. Treatments available for cervical cancer such as surgery,
chemotherapy and radiotherapy are quite cost- ineffective with adverse side
effects. Current project focuses on several computer aided drug design (CADD)
techniques that will be used such as target protein identification, ligand structure
and physiochemical properties analysis, molecular docking, and ligand base
virtual screening to identify highly potent novel compounds against the target
protein (HPV16 E6). The findings of this study have provided important insights
into the potential of phytocompounds as HPV16 E6 protein inhibitors for the
treatment of cervical cancer. Strong binding affinities were detected for the
ligands tested, which included Luteolin, Berberine, Apigenin, Kaempferol, and
Isorhamnetin. This suggests that these compounds could be used as lead
molecules for future experimental validation and optimization. However, further
in-depth in-vitro and in-vivo studies are required to validate the mode of action,
safety, and efficacy of these lead compounds.
Keywords: Cervical cancer, Computer-aided drug design (CADD),
Phytocompounds, HPV16 E6 protein, inhibitors

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Synergistic Effects of Essential Oils and Antibiotics against Listeria

monocytogenes
Farheen Zahid1, Ayesha Khan2, Mohammad Faisal3, Asma Latif4
1Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
3Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
4Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan

Listeria monocytogenes is a common pathogen that most readily forms biofilm

and causes severe public health issue as with the consumption of contaminated
products with high mortality when compared to other food-borne microbes. The
characteristic feature of Listeria monocytogenesis formation of biofilms, which
help them exist onboth biotic surfaces,particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and
placenta during pregnancywhich take to sepsis as several cases has been
reportedto date and on abiotic surfaces such as on medical devices, that pose a
greater risk of antibiotic resistance and cross contamination and that shows a way
to treatment failure. Thesebiofilms when combined with several factors cause
drug resistance, which leads to poor diffusion of antibiotics, phenotypicand
physiological changes in cells, quorum sensing, efflux pump and persisted cells
conjugation and ATP-binding cassette transporter mechanisms. The use of
naturally-derived products such as essential oils is empirical to overcome Listeria
monocytogenesinfections. The eugenol, carvacrol,thymol and cinnamaldehy
depresent in most essential oils showed bactericidal activity against Listeria
monocytogenes. This work outlines the mode of action and synergistic effect of
essential oils and antibiotic therapyagainst Listeria monocytogenes biofilms and
how this approach can limit infections and prevent cross contamination at
industrial scale.
Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes, Biofilms, Essential Oils, Antibiotics,
Synergistic effects
Comparative Analysis of CNN Models to Mitigate Overfitting for
Accurate Detection and Prediction of Monkeypox
Aqsa Tariq, Annum Shahzad, Sundus Khalid, Mehrosh Khalid
Department of Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Monkeypox is a viral infectious disease that presents a significant public health
concern, particularly in West and Central Africa. The timely detection and precise
diagnosis of Monkeypox are vital for preventing disease transmission and
controlling outbreaks. However, in disease-dense areas, diagnostic methods are
limited, resulting in delayed detection and contributing to the disease's spread.
This study focuses on conducting a comparative analysis of leveraging deep
learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models to detect and predict
Monkeypox based on skin lesion images. This study also addresses the challenge
of overfitting commonly encountered in CNN models due to dense layers and
restricted image datasets. Various techniques are applied to minimize overfitting
while maintaining a high accuracy percentage. Additionally, the performance of
the Monkeypox model, InceptionV3, and MobileNetV2 CNN models are
compared to determine the most effective approach for Monkeypox identification.
The evaluation results suggest that the MobileNetV2 technique performs best

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without overfitting with an accuracy of 91% while detecting the Monkeypox

virus. However, enhancing the detection capabilities of robust models necessitates
an increased volume of training data to effectively train deep learning
architectures.
Keywords: Monkeypox, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),
Overfitting, Skin Lesion Images
Ectopically expressed LjCCD7 in tomato confers tolerance to water
deprivation and leaf water loss via enhancement of antioxidant
system in SL-ABA dependent manner
Wajeeha Saeed1,2 *, SaadiaNaseem2, Aziz Ullah1, Zahid Ali2
1Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Hattar Road Haripur Pakistan
2Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad Pakistan.
*Contact: [email protected]
Water deficit is escalating day by day due to global warming, with more abrupt
changes in evapotranspiration of crops leading to physiochemical and molecular
changes in adaptability and tolerance of plants. Although, important sources of
variation for drought tolerance exist in wild relatives, the mechanisms and the key
genes controlling tolerance in tomato are little known. Manipulation of the key
genes and proteins and convergence of gene regulatory pathways may aid in the
process of counteracting multiple stresses. This study investigates the
physiological and molecular responses in leaves of cv. Riogrande plants
transformed with Lotus japonicas (LjCCD7) a biosynthetic precursor gene in
strigolactones synthetic pathway. Transgenic plants without stress and moderate
and/or severe drought stress displayed significant physiological differences as
compared to wild type plants. The leaves of T1 plants showed greater ability to
avoid water loss and oxidative damage. Under drought stress, the ABA content
significantly increased in the LjCCD7-overexpressing plants, inducing stomatal
closure and reducing water loss, which underlay the plants’ enhanced stress
tolerance. Furthermore, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), higher total
chlorophyll content, lower lipid peroxidation levels, increased peroxidase
activities (including APX, CAT, POD and SOD) and higher levels of proline were
observed in LjCCD7-overexpressing plants. Significant increase in polyphenols,
flavonoids and antioxidant compounds were observed in methanolic extractsof
transgenic fruits and leaves as compared to control tissue suggesting a positive
role of CCD7 gene in improvement of antioxidant defence system. These results
indicate that overexpression of LjCCD7in transgenic tomato improves drought
tolerance through ABA synthesis and the elimination of ROS which is due to
organ level dynamics of SL in ABA dependent manner. The natural and synthetic
SLs are stereo specifically required by land plants to orchestrate hormonal cross
talk and stress resilience. LjCCD7gene, when upregulated in tomato not only
altered the architecture of transgenic plants, but also enhanced their adaptability
to drought stress by increasing water use efficiency (WUE). The Transgenic root
stocks may be further utilized to create SL+/WT heterograft for improved WUE
and improved nutrient utilization.
Keywords: Water use efficiency, Strigolactones, Reactive oxygen species,
Abiotic stress, Carotenoid cleavage CCD7

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Pharmacological Effects following Administration of Ficus carica

Leaves Extract on Stress in Rats
Hira Arshad*1, Saima Khaliq2, Maria Arshad2
1Department of Applied Sciences, Hamdard University, Karachi
2Department of Biochemistry, FUUAST, Karachi
*Contact: [email protected]; [email protected]
Stress is described as a noxious stimulus that effect the health of an individual
and alters body homeostasis resulting in behavioral, physical and biological
reactions which changes the individual behavioral and metabolic condition.
Prolonged stress causes numerous neurochemical and neurostructural changes in
the brain. Treatments for stress condition help to decrease the symptoms but these
current therapies are less effective and produce severe side effects. So, the novel
drugs are required with more effective and fewer lethal outcomes. Synthesis of
drug from plants has main interest due the significant medicinal values. Medicinal
plants possess various bioactive components which can be utilized for the
synthesis of drugs. Ficuscarica is the member of a family Moraceae. It has various
beneficial effects. Effects of Ficuscarica leaves extract on acute and chronic stress
was not reported so, the recent investigation was designed to examine the
pharmacological impacts of extract of Ficuscarica leaves on stress. Rodents were
randomly assigned as (n=6) control and stressed group. Different stressors at
random order were given to the stressed group animals while the control animals
were undisturbed in their cages. Acute effects were monitored after 7 days of
exposure with stressors and chronic impacts of stress were observed after 28 days.
The result revealed that acute unpredictable mild stress produced anxiogenic
behavior and decreased locomotor and ambulatory activity but depression like
symptoms remain unaffected by the acute stress. Spatial working memory was
significantly impaired following acute stress. Depression like symptoms and
anxiogenic behaviour was produced after exposure with the chronic unpredictable
mild stress. Biochemical investigation showed that prolonged stress leads to
elevate glucose and cholesterol level and reduced HDL and triglycerides levels in
experimental rats. In the second stage of investigation the animals were randomly
distributed as (n=6) control, stressed rats and Ficuscarica leaves extract treated
stressed rats. Control animals were kept at standard condition while stressed group
animals were exposed with different stressors. Third group of Ficuscarica leaves
extract treated stressed rodents was exposed to stress and treated with Ficuscarica
extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Acute behavioral alteration was observed after
7 days and prolonged impact was monitored after the 28 days. The current finding
showed that administration of Ficuscarica leaves extract produced anxiolytic
behaviors and decreased depression like symptoms in CUMS treated rats.
Administration of leaves extract of Ficuscarica also increased stimulatory,
ambulatory, locomotor activity and enhanced spatial working memory and
recognition memory in CUMS exposed rats. So, it can be concluded from recent
study that leaves of Ficuscarica can be utilized as secure drug for curing
physiological stress with less side effect profile.

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Application of Date Pit Powder for Quality Improvement of Chicken

Meat
Zunair Abdullah, Ammar Ahmed Khan
University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
Contact: [email protected]; [email protected]
The need for poultry feed is rising with increase of human population and
consequently increasing broiler meat consumption. Industrial waste causes
significant environmental pollution which causes lot of health issues as well as
deterioration of ecosystem. Significant amounts of date pits are produced every
year after industrial and household production of date fruit. By using date pit
powder in the broiler diet, not only the industrial waste can be minimized, but also
environmental pollution can be reduced. This study was carried out to examine
the effect of date pit powder on growth performance of broilers, carcass
characteristics, meat quality and processing parameters. At first, about 700, one-
day-old chicks were raised for three weeks on basal diet under ad libitum
conditions. About 160 almost equal-weight birds were divided into four
treatments (D0, D1, D2, and D3 at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% date pit powder)
after three weeks. Each treatment had 40 birds, which were divided into 5
replicates, each of which had 8 chicks. The growth performance results revealed
that when compared to the control, D3 showed significant feed intake (FI) in 5th
week. Similarly, live bird weight (LBW) of D1, D2 and D3 increased significantly
than control in 4th week. Body weight gain (BWG) results revealed that D1 and
D2, when compared to the control, showed significant increase in 4th week.
Finally, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of D1 & D2 increased significantly than
control in 5th week. After slaughtering the treated chicks, it was revealed that the
weight percentages of the dressed bird, carcass, breast, thigh, drumstick, drumette,
gizzard, niblet, heart, liver, feathers, feet, and body fats were non-significant. The
supplementation had no effect on the meat samples' pH, ash, moisture content
(MC), expressible moisture (EM), water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss (CL),
drip loss (DL), and thaw loss (TL) as compared to control meat samples. The
results of the lightness (L* values), redness (a* values), and yellowness (b*
values) on the instrument color evaluation were also non- significant statistically
when DPP supplementation was used. However, compared to raw meat, the
cooked meat samples a* values, b* values, and L* values all significantly
decreased. Finally, date pit powder supplementation had no effect on any of the
following sensory qualities: hardness, springiness, aroma, texture, juiciness,
color, taste, or overall consumer acceptability. However, when compared to raw
samples, these sensory qualities of cooked samples increased significantly in
terms of aroma, hardness, and color, while texture, springiness, but juiciness
decreased noticeably. In conclusion, date pit powder supplementation in the
broiler diet did not negatively affect the growth performance of the broiler
chickens or the quality of chicken meat, hence can be added in broiler feed to
reduce environmental impact of date pit waste.
Keywords: Meat; Date Pit Powder; Supplementation; Growth Performance,
Processing, Meat Quality, Broilers.

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Turtle Neck Syndrome -The 21st Century Syndrome

Naheed Sajad, Tania Ali, Masooma, Aqsa Rani, Wafa Panezai
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, SBK Women’s University Quetta
Text Neck Syndrome (TNS) is also called as “Turtle Neck Syndrome” or “Turtle
Neck posture”, the most common type of musculoskeletal disorder that limit
carrying out many daily activities. TNS is the expression used to report the neck
pain caused due to continuous looking down at smartphones, tablets other
electronic devices for longer period of time. (Nawaz et al., 2020). It has been
reported that TNS is a major public health issue that is repeated pain, injury, and
stress occurred due to excessive watching or texting on electronic gadgets for
prolonged period of time with no awareness of correct neck flexion, exercise and
break-away. (Neupane et al., 2017). Worldwide the frequency of neck pain ranges
from 16.7% to 75.1%. Neck pain causes soreness in upper extremities and has
long term effect. This study helped to find awareness about TNS and prevalence
of TNS among random population and also aimed to find out association of TNS
with other factors. This was an observational study with the sample size of 300.
The study used paper-based questionnaires and as well as an online questionnaire
using Google Forms. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23.0. Chi-
square test was used to determine the association between posture, neck flexion
angle and duration of phone usage with neck pain, shoulder pain, headache and
arm numbness. Among the participants 42.3% of the participants were aware of
TNS. There was significant correlation between neck pain and body posture with
χ2= 23.454a(p<0.05), neck pain and duration of mobilephone usage with
χ2=13.517a (p<0.05), headache and duration of phone usage with
χ2=31.110a(p<0.05, shoulder pain and duration of phone usage with χ2=
31.110a(p<0.05). The finding of thisstudy would serve as a foundation for future
research to reduce neck pain caused by cell phone. It is recommended that larger
sample size would help in better understanding of prevalence and symptoms of
TNS.
Keywords: TNS (Text neck syndrome), neck pain, text, stress and smart phone.
Using Large Language Model for understanding Journalistic
Polarization on Social Media
Laiba Rehman1, F. Bukhari1, 2, Humera B. Gill1, W. Yaseen1, Shaista Ilyas1,2
1Institute of Computer Science and IT, Women University Multan
2NFC Institute of Engineering and technology, Multan
Contact: [email protected]
The introduction of social media platforms significantly transformed the
landscape of journalism, ushering in an era in which user-generated content and
algorithmic recommendations largely influence news consumption. However, the
ongoing problem of journalistic polarization on social media has made it difficult
to distinguish between reliable information and biased narratives. This research
looks into the use of big language models in detecting and correcting journalistic
polarization on social media. Large language models, such as GPT-3.5, have
shown impressive skills in natural language processing, context understanding,
and text generation. These algorithms can be used to analyze and classify news
articles, social media posts, and comments, allowing polarizing content to be
identified. Large language models can assist reveal the level of polarization within
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a specific issue or across multiple media outlets by analyzing the linguistic

patterns, mood, and underlying biases contained in journalistic content. Large
language models can also help analyze the impact of polarizing narratives on
public opinion. These algorithms can assess the impact of polarized news stories
and social media posts on altering public discourse by analyzing user interactions,
sentiment, and engagement levels. Insights gained from such analysis can be
useful to journalists, social media platforms, and governments in formulating
initiatives to combat polarization and increase media literacy. However, using big
language models to analyze journalistic polarization on social media has ethical
and technical concerns. Privacy problems, algorithmic biases, and potential data
manipulation must all be carefully handled. Furthermore, fine-tuning language
models on varied datasets and providing openness in decision-making processes
are critical stages in establishing confidence and trust-worthiness. In conclusion,
the use of big language models opens up new paths for analyzing journalistic
polarization on social media. These models can help identify polarizing content,
analyze its impact, and suggest actions to alleviate the harmful repercussions of
media polarization by using their language processing capabilities. It is critical
that researchers, journalists, and technology developers work together to
overcome ethical concerns and capitalize on the potential of massive language
models to build an informed and inclusive digital public sphere.
Keywords: large language models, social media, journalistic polarization, natural
language processing, sentiment analysis.
Machine Learning Techniques on Celiac Disease
Fatima Bukhari1,2, L. Rehman1, S. Ilyas1,2, Humera B. Gill1, Wajiha Yaseen1
1Institute of Computer Science and IT, Women University Multan
2NFC Institute of Engineering and technology, Multan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the small intestine
in people who are genetically predisposed. Gluten, a protein present in wheat,
barley, and rye, causes an inflammatory response that destroys the gut lining,
triggering the illness. Early and correct diagnosis is critical for efficient care and
improved patient quality of life. Machine learning (ML) approaches have showed
considerable promise in a variety of medical disciplines, including celiac disease,
in recent years. This review paper provides an in-depth examination of the use of
machine learning techniques in the diagnosis and management of celiac disease.
The study opens with an overview of celiac disease, its prevalence, and the
difficulties in diagnosing it due to its varied clinical presentation and different
severity levels. The sections that follow dig into the application of machine
learning algorithms to various areas of celiac disease management. To begin, the
research investigates ML applications in celiac disease diagnosis and
classification utilizing a variety of data sources, including serological testing,
genetic markers, and histo-pathological data from biopsy samples. Support vector
machines, random forests, and deep learning models are investigated for their
ability to enhance accuracy and speed in diagnosing celiac disease. Second, the
paper looks at how machine learning can be used to anticipate illness development
and associated complications. When applied to longitudinal data, machine
learning algorithms can assist identify people at risk of developing refractory

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celiac disease or associated autoimmune illnesses, allowing for early intervention

and personalized treatment plans. The article also examines how machine learning
might improve gluten-free diet adherence by analyzing eating trends and
monitoring patient compliance. Furthermore, ML-driven decision support
systems for dieticians and patients can help discover hidden sources of gluten in
foods and provide suitable replacements, delivering a balanced and nutritious diet.
The review also addresses the difficulties and limitations encountered when using
machine learning to celiac disease. Issues such as data privacy, model
interpretability, and potential biases are highlighted, emphasizing the importance
of using robust and ethical approaches when applying ML techniques. We can
conclude that machine learning approaches have the potential to significantly
advance celiac disease detection and management. ML-driven solutions can
greatly improve patient care and outcomes by improving accuracy in early
diagnosis, risk prediction, and personalized nutrition advice. More study and
collaboration between physicians, researchers, and data scientists are needed,
however, to fully harness the power of machine learning in addressing the
complexity of celiac disease and improving patient outcomes.
Effect of Nigella sativa on Growth Performance, Hematological and
Serum Biochemical Parameters of Grass Carp
Anees ur Rehman*
Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat
*
Contact: [email protected]
The impact of Nigella sativa (commonly known as black seed) as a dietary
supplement was investigatedon the growth, blood characteristics, and serum
biochemical parameters of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in this research.
The study comprised three diets: control diet with no Nigella sativa addition and
two experimental diets (T1 and T2) containing 2.5% and 5% of Nigella sativa seed
extracts, respectively. Each aquarium contained ten fish with one replicate.
Results indicated that fish fed with diets containing control diets of 2.5% and 5%
of Nigella sativa had significant weight gain, specific growth ratio, and feed
conversion ratio compared to the control group. Hematological analysis revealed
that white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were higher in
T2compared to other groups, thus suggesting positive health effects of black seed
on grass carp. Analysis of the fish body composition revealed substantial
variations in moisture, crude protein, ash content, and dry matter based on the
concentration of black seed extracts. Fish fed with enriched diets also had lower
metabolic enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase ALT, aspartate
aminotransferase AST, and alkaline phosphatase ALP) and cortisol levels in their
blood serum compared to the control group. Moreover, the analysis of various
parameters showed a significant change compared to the control group i.e. urea
(mg/dl): 3.04 to 2.22, creatinine (mg/dl): 0.152 to 0.092, ALP (U/l): 439.6 to
367.8, ALT (U/l): 26.41 to 24.01, and AST (U/l): 26.1 to 17.31. The study
concludes that Nigella sativa is safe for grass carp and is a cost-effective natural
growth promoter and immunity booster available in local markets of Pakistan that
could be included in the diet of grass carp in fish hatcheries across the country.
Keywords: grass carp, nigella sativa, biochemical analysis, growth performance

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Siliconbgb B application ameliorates the Growth and Physiological

Attributes of maize (Zea mays L.) under Salt Stress
Habib Ali1, Husnam Jawad2, Mukhtar Ahmad1 Imran Mahmood1. Alishba
Waheed3. Usman Shoukat4, Adeel Anwar1, Ghulam Abbas2, Muhammad Azeem
Sabir5, Usman Zulfiqar6, M. Saqib2, Umais Asghar Khan7, Salam Hussain8
1Department of Agronomy, PirMehr Ali Shah And Agriculture University Rawalpindi;
2Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad,
Pakistan; 3Department of Botany, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and
Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan Pakistan; 4Department of Agronomy, University
of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan; 5Institute of Forest Sciences, TheIslamia
University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur; 6Department of Agronomy. Faculty of Agriculture
and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
7Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad;8College of

Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China

*Contact: [email protected]
Salinization, a prevailing abiotic factor, poses a significant hindrance to plant
growth and productivity. Yield loss becomes particularly prominent when salt
stress occurs before the reproductive stage, resulting in poor osmotic relations and
disrupted source-sink relationships. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate salt
tolerance in all developed maize plant species. An effective approach to mitigate
this widespread stress is the application of silicon, which not only enhances plant
growth but also maintains leaf metabolic pathways and ionic balance, thus
facilitating transpiration and photosynthesis by promoting stomatal opening.
However, despite these promising effects, a comprehensive understanding of the
physiological mechanisms underlying silicon's action is still needed to effectively
counter salt-induced toxicity. In light of this, the primary objective of this study
was to investigate the impact of different concentrations of silicon (3.5 mM and
6.5mM) applied at the second leaf stage of maize cultivar (YH-5427) under two
distinct NaCl levels (250 mM and 300 mM). The findings of this research
demonstrate that silicon plays a vital role in minimizing the detrimental effects of
salt stress. It accomplishes this by increasing the activity of antioxidants, such as
SOD (by 52%) and CAT (by 49%), as well as the level of compatible solutes, like
GB (by 9%). Additionally, silicon application reduces electrolyte leakage (EL)
and relative water loss (ELWL) by 1.6% and enhances relative water content
(RWC) by 6%. Remarkably, it also leads to a significant improvement in
chlorophyll a and b levels (by 1.4% and 6.9%), serving as an indicator of silicon's
ability to alleviate salt stress in crops. Furthermore, this study elucidates the
capability of silicon to maintain Na+/K+ ionic homeostasis under salt stress
conditions. Notably, among the various silicon treatments, Si6.5 demonstrates
excellent results in enhancing salinity tolerance. Given the remarkable impact of
silicon on this particular maize cultivar, it is strongly recommended to pursue
future field research to comprehensively investigate the solid interaction between
siliconand maize under salt stress conditions, thereby bridging existing research
gaps, offering novel insights, and formulating hypothesis for further exploration.
Keywords: Silicon; Salinity; Maize; Compatible solutes; Physiological Traits;
Ionic Homeostasis

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Climate Change and Arthropod-Borne Diseases

M. Abdullah Malik*1, M. S. Sajid1, S. Ghazanfer1 Hafiz M. Rizwan2, S. Younis1
1Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal
*Contact: [email protected]
Climate change has emerged as a significant driver of arthropod-borne diseases
(ABDs), posing substantial challenges to global public health. Climate change
alters the environmental conditions that influence ABD transmission. Rising
temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events affect the
survival, reproduction, and behavior of arthropod vectors, as well as the
development and replication of pathogens within vectors. These changes can lead
to shifts in vector distribution, expansion of their geographic range, and changes
in the timing and intensity of disease outbreaks. the increased temperatures
associated with climate change can accelerate the development and replication of
pathogens within arthropod vectors, shortening the time required for them to
become infectious. This can result in an increased transmission potential and a
higher disease burden. Additionally, altered rainfall patterns can create favorable
breeding environments for vectors, leading to increased vector populations and a
higher risk of disease transmission. Adaptation strategies are essential to mitigate
the impact of climate change on ABDs. One approach involves strengthening
surveillance and early warning systems to detect and respond to changes in
disease patterns. Improved monitoring of vector populations, environmental
parameters, and disease incidence can provide early indications of emerging risks
and facilitate targeted interventions. Another key adaptation strategy involves
enhancing vector control measures. The research and innovation should focus on
the development of novel vector control tools, such as genetically modified
mosquitoes or new insecticides that are effective against insecticide-resistant
vectors. Public health systems need to enhance capacity building and
preparedness to address climate change-related challenges. Furthermore, public
awareness campaigns and education initiatives can promote behavioral changes
and preventive measures to reduce exposure to arthropod vectors.
Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Dynamics of Trematodes
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan*1, Muhammad Sohail Sajid2, Sadia Ghazanfer2
1KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics play fundamental roles in shaping
the biology, ecology, and pathogenicity of trematodes, a diverse group of parasitic
flatworms. The genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of trematodes,
highlighting the importance of understanding the biology, transmission patterns,
and potential implications for disease control. The mechanisms driving genetic
diversity, including mutation, recombination, and gene flow, and their impacts on
the adaptation and evolution of trematodes. There are some factors that
influencing the population structure, such as host specificity, life cycle
complexity, and geographic distribution. the role of selective pressures, including
host immune responses and drug treatment, in shaping the genetic diversity of
trematode populations. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of trematodes

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is crucial for several aspects of their control, including drug resistance, vaccine
development, and the prediction of emergence and spread of new lineages. High-
throughput sequencing technologies and molecular tools have provided insights
into the genetic diversity and population structure of trematodes, enabling the
identification of genetic markers, phylogenetic relationships, and population
connectivity. Furthermore, the implications of genetic diversity for trematode
control and prevention, including the challenges posed by cryptic species,
intraspecific variation in drug susceptibility, and the potential for hybridization
and introgression. Integrating knowledge of the genetic diversity and evolutionary
dynamics of trematodes with ecological and epidemiological data can enhance
our understanding of disease transmission patterns, host-parasite interactions, and
the impact of environmental changes. In conclusion, genetic diversity and
evolutionary dynamics are key factors in shaping the biology, ecology, and
evolution of trematodes. The exploration of these aspects provides insights into
their population structure, adaptation, and potential for control measures.
Vector-Borne Diseases and Genetic Manipulation of Vectors
Muhammad Sohail Sajid*1, Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan2, Sadia Ghazanfer1
1KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) continue to pose significant threats to global
public health. In recent years, the genetic manipulation of vectors has emerged as
a promising approach for combating these diseases. The opportunities and
challenges associated with genetic manipulation of vectors as a strategy for
controlling VBDs. Genetic modification techniques, such as gene editing and
gene drive technologies, offer the potential to reduce vector competence, disrupt
vector populations, and suppress disease transmission. Genetic manipulation
techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized the field of vector
biology. These tools enable researchers to precisely edit the genomes of vectors,
facilitating the identification and functional characterization of genes involved in
vector competence, host interaction, and pathogen transmission. Gene drive
technologies have garnered significant attention due to their potential for altering
vector populations. Gene drives are genetic elements that can bias inheritance,
increasing the transmission of desired genetic traits through a population. In the
context of VBDs, gene drives can be used to spread traits that reduce vector
populations or make them less competent in transmitting pathogens. However, the
use of gene drives raises ethical and ecological concerns, necessitating careful risk
assessment, regulatory frameworks, and community engagement. Despite the
promise of genetic manipulation, several challenges must be addressed. Ensuring
the safety and efficacy of genetic modification techniques is paramount. Off-
target effects, unintended consequences, and the potential for the development of
resistance mechanisms need to be thoroughly investigated. Additionally, the long-
term ecological and evolutionary impacts of manipulating vector populations
require careful consideration. The successful deployment of genetic manipulation
strategies depends on technical and logistical factors. Developing efficient
delivery systems for introducing genetic modifications into vector populations,
ensuring stable inheritance of modified genes, and scaling up interventions in the

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field pose practical challenges. Collaborative efforts between researchers,

policymakers, and communities are necessary to address these challenges and
foster responsible and effective application of genetic manipulation techniques.
Arthropod-Borne Diseases and Vector-Borne Zoonoses
Syed Hussain Ahmad Shah*1, Muhammad Sohail Sajid2, Mahnoor Akbar1,
Muhammad Zeeshan2
1Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Arthropod-borne diseases (ABDs) and vector-borne zoonoses are complex and
intertwined health threats that involve the transmission of pathogens between
arthropod vectors, animals, and humans. The interactions and implications of
ABDs and vector-borne zoonoses, emphasizing the shared ecological and
epidemiological factors that contribute to their transmission and highlighting the
challenges and strategies for their prevention and control. ABDs and vector-borne
zoonoses are often caused by similar pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and
parasites, which can be transmitted by common vector species, including
mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Zoonotic pathogens maintain a natural reservoir in
animal hosts, and their transmission to humans occurs through the bite of infected
vectors. This close relationship between arthropods, animals, and humans
underscores the significance of the One Health approach in addressing these
diseases. The interconnectedness of ecosystems and the increasing interface
between humans, domestic animals, and wildlife play a crucial role in the
transmission dynamics of ABDs and vector-borne zoonoses. Environmental
factors, land-use changes, and human activities influence vector populations, alter
wildlife habitats, and promote interactions between humans and infected animals,
thereby facilitating the spillover of zoonotic pathogens. Understanding these
complex interactions is vital for effective surveillance, prevention, and control
strategies. The shared epidemiological factors of ABDs and vector-borne
zoonoses necessitate integrated surveillance systems and collaborative efforts
between human health, animal health, and environmental sectors. Early detection
and surveillance of vectors, animal reservoirs, and human cases are essential for
timely interventions. Cross-sectoral data sharing, communication, and
coordination are crucial for detecting outbreaks, identifying high-risk areas, and
implementing targeted control measures. Prevention and control strategies for
ABDs and vector-borne zoonoses involve a multi-faceted approach. Vector
control measures, such as insecticide-treated bed nets, insecticide spraying, and
environmental management, are essential in reducing vector populations and
interrupting transmission. Vaccination of domestic animals, wildlife
management, and public health education also play significant roles in preventing
zoonotic transmission. Collaboration between human and veterinary health
sectors is crucial for effective prevention and control efforts. Challenges include
the emergence of new pathogens, vector and host adaptation, and the impacts of
climate change on disease distribution. Additionally, the complex socio-economic
factors and cultural practices surrounding animal husbandry, wildlife
conservation, and human behavior need to be addressed for successful prevention
and control.

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Tick-Borne Diseases and Public Health: Challenges and Strategies

Mahnoor Akbar*1, M. Sohail Sajid2, Muhammad Zeeshan2, Abdullah Malik2
1Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are significant public health concerns globally, with
increasing incidence and geographic expansion. The epidemiology and
geographical distribution of TBDs, highlighting the emergence of new pathogens
and the spread of established ones, the complex ecological factors influencing tick
distribution and the transmission of pathogens, including climate change, land-
use patterns, and wildlife reservoirs. Tick-borne diseases present several
challenges for public health systems. There are some diagnostic methods,
including the need for improved accuracy, accessibility, and availability of tests.
Early detection and timely treatment are critical for reducing morbidity and
preventing complications; therefore, the development of rapid and reliable
diagnostic tools is of utmost importance. The challenges in surveillance and
reporting of TBDs, including underreporting, inconsistencies in case definitions,
and the need for enhanced data collection and sharing across different
jurisdictions. Prevention of TBDs is multifaceted and encompasses personal
protective measures, vector control strategies, and public education. The
importance of promoting awareness among healthcare professionals, the general
public, and high-risk populations about the risks of tick exposure and the
appropriate preventive measures. Effective vector control strategies, such as
habitat management, tick repellents, and acaricides, can reduce human-tick
contact and interrupt transmission cycles. Integrated approaches that combine
personal protection, vector control, and community engagement are crucial for
effective prevention. The role of public health agencies in building capacity for
TBD surveillance, diagnosis, and management is very crucial. Collaboration
between public health agencies, researchers, clinicians, and other stakeholders is
vital for implementing effective surveillance systems, conducting research on
TBDs, and developing evidence-based policies and guidelines. The importance of
international cooperation and knowledge exchange to address the global nature of
TBDs is emphasized.
Genomic Approaches for Understanding Arthropod-Borne Diseases
Mahvish Maqbool*, M. Sohail Sajid, Sadia Ghazanfer, Rana Hamid Ali Nisar
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
The field of genomics has revolutionized our understanding of arthropod-borne
diseases (ABDs) by providing unprecedented insights into the complex
interactions between arthropod vectors, pathogens, and their hosts. The
importance of genomic approaches in unraveling the molecular mechanisms
underlying ABDs, improving the vector surveillance and control strategies, and
developing novel interventions. Genomic studies have shed light on the genetic
diversity and evolution of arthropod vectors and the pathogens they carry. High-
throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the characterization of vector
genomes, revealing key genes involved in vector biology, behavior, and vector-
pathogen interactions. Comparative genomics approaches have unraveled the

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genomic variations between vector species, providing insights into their

differential abilities to transmit pathogens and adapt to changing environments.
Transcriptomic analyses have uncovered the dynamic gene expression patterns in
both vectors and hosts during infection, identifying key molecular pathways
involved in pathogen establishment, replication, and transmission. These findings
have not only deepened our understanding of the intricate interplay between
arthropods, pathogens, and hosts but have also identified potential targets for the
development of novel vector control strategies and therapeutics. The application
of genomics in vector surveillance has allowed for more accurate and efficient
monitoring of vector populations and pathogen detection. By employing next-
generation sequencing techniques, researchers can rapidly identify and track the
presence of specific pathogens in arthropod vectors, aiding early warning systems
and targeted control measures. Genomic surveillance can also provide valuable
insights into the spread of drug resistance and the emergence of novel vector-
borne diseases. The integration of genomics with advanced computational and
bioinformatics tools has enabled the development of predictive models to assess
disease transmission dynamics, predict vector distribution, and identify potential
disease hotspots. These models contribute to evidence-based decision-making,
optimizing the allocation of resources for disease prevention and control.
One Health Approach to Arthropod-Borne Diseases
Muhammad Zeeshan*, Muhammad SohailSajid, Sadia Ghazanfer, HinaTu Zahra
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*
Contact: [email protected]
Arthropod-borne diseases (ABDs) pose a significant threat to human, animal, and
environmental health. A comprehensive and integrated approach is essential for
effectively addressing these complex diseases. The One Health concept
recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health and
emphasizes collaborative efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to ABDs. This
abstract highlights the importance of the One Health approach in understanding
disease dynamics, improving surveillance and control strategies, and promoting
interdisciplinary collaboration. Arthropod vectors play a crucial role in the
transmission of ABDs across different species. The One Health approach
recognizes the shared vulnerabilities between humans and animals to these
diseases. By considering the health of both humans and animals, comprehensive
surveillance systems can be established to detect and monitor ABDs at the human-
animal interface. This integrated surveillance enhances early detection and
response, reducing the risk of disease outbreaks. The One Health approach also
facilitates the study of zoonotic ABDs, which can spill over from animal
reservoirs to human populations. Through collaborative efforts between human
and veterinary medicine, researchers can investigate the reservoir hosts, vector
species, and ecological factors that contribute to disease transmission. This
interdisciplinary approach enables a better understanding of the drivers and
dynamics of zoonotic ABDs, aiding in the development of targeted prevention
and control strategies. Furthermore, the One Health approach recognizes the role
of environmental factors in ABD transmission. Ecosystem disruptions, such as
deforestation, urbanization, and climate change, can influence vector populations,
alter disease patterns, and increase the risk of disease emergence. By integrating

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environmental health into disease surveillance and control efforts, stakeholders

can address the root causes of ABDs and implement strategies that mitigate the
impact of environmental changes on disease transmission. Collaboration and
information-sharing among various disciplines are vital in the One Health
approach. It fosters interdisciplinary research, encourages the exchange of
knowledge and resources, and promotes joint efforts in disease surveillance,
diagnosis, and prevention. By bringing together experts from human health,
veterinary medicine, entomology, ecology, and other relevant fields, a
comprehensive understanding of ABDs can be achieved, leading to more effective
interventions
Novel Diagnostics and Surveillance Tools for Arthropod-Borne
Diseases
Sadia Ghazanfer*1, M. Sohail Sajid1, Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan2, Urfa Bin Tahir1
1Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
2KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal
*Contact: [email protected]
Accurate and timely diagnosis, as well as effective surveillance, are critical
components in the prevention and control of arthropod-borne diseases (ABDs).
Rapid advancements in technology have facilitated the development of innovative
approaches, such as molecular diagnostics, serological assays, and vector
surveillance tools, revolutionizing our ability to identify pathogens, track vector
populations, and predict disease outbreaks. Molecular diagnostics have emerged
as powerful tools for the detection and identification of ABD pathogens.
Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing
(NGS), and metagenomics enable the rapid and accurate identification of
pathogens from clinical samples, arthropod vectors, and environmental sources.
These molecular tools facilitate early detection, allow for targeted interventions,
and provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity and evolution of ABD
pathogens. Serological assays play a crucial role in assessing the exposure and
immune response of individuals to ABDs. The development of robust serological
tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and multiplex
assays, enables the detection of specific antibodies against ABD pathogens.
Serological surveillance helps in estimating the burden of disease, monitoring
trends, and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures. Advancements in
vector surveillance tools have greatly enhanced our ability to monitor and
understand vector populations. Remote sensing, geographic information systems
(GIS), and spatial modeling techniques provide valuable information on vector
distribution, abundance, and habitat suitability. The innovative trapping methods,
such as molecular traps and automated surveillance systems, facilitate efficient
and targeted collection of arthropod vectors for pathogen detection and
surveillance purposes. Integration of data from these novel diagnostics and
surveillance tools allows for real-time monitoring and early warning systems. The
combination of molecular diagnostics, serological assays, and vector surveillance
data can improve our ability to predict disease outbreaks, identify high-risk areas,
and guide control strategies. The integration of these tools with information and
communication technologies enables data sharing, collaboration, and decision-
making in real-time, enhancing the effectiveness of ABD surveillance and control

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efforts.
Arthropod-Borne Diseases in Urban Environment
Sahar Younis*, M. Sohail Sajid, Sadia Ghazanfer, M. Zeeshan, M. Maqbool
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
*Contact: [email protected]
Arthropod-borne diseases (ABDs) pose significant health risks globally, with
their impact being particularly pronounced in urban environments. As
urbanization continues to expand, more people are residing in cities, leading to
increased interactions between humans, arthropod vectors, and disease-causing
pathogens. The challenges associated with arthropod-borne diseases in urban
environments and highlights the strategies employed to mitigate the risks. Urban
environments present a unique set of challenges for the transmission and control
of ABDs. Factors such as high population density, increased movement of people
and goods, and inadequate sanitation infrastructure contribute to the proliferation
of arthropod vectors and the spread of diseases. Additionally, the presence of
diverse vector species, including mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas, adds complexity to
the transmission dynamics of ABDs in urban areas. To effectively address these
challenges, several strategies have been implemented. Integrated vector
management (IVM) approaches combining various interventions, such as
insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and environmental
management, have proven effective in reducing vector populations and disease
transmission. Furthermore, community engagement and public education
campaigns play a crucial role in raising awareness about preventive measures and
fostering behavioral changes to minimize exposure to arthropod vectors. Urban
planning and design also play a vital role in controlling ABDs. Implementing
green spaces, proper waste management systems, and optimizing water storage
and drainage can reduce vector breeding sites and limit human-vector interactions.
Furthermore, the use of modern technologies, such as geographic information
systems (GIS) and remote sensing, facilitates the mapping and monitoring of
vector habitats and disease hotspots, aiding targeted interventions. However,
challenges remain. The rapid pace of urbanization and associated environmental
modifications create dynamic landscapes that can favor the proliferation of
arthropod vectors and alter disease transmission patterns. Inadequate
infrastructure, limited resources, and socio-economic disparities further
exacerbate the burden of ABDs in urban areas, particularly in low-income
communities.
Repurposing Neurokinin-1 Receptor, Aprepitant in combination
with corticosteroid, Dexamethasone as a therapeutic Regimen for
Severe to Critically ill COVID-19 patients
Riffat Mehboob
Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
Corona virus infection is a respiratory infection, compromising the normal
breathing in critical patients by damaging the lungs. Novel severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (SARS-Cov-2) is an acute
respiratory and infectious disease. Virus enters through the mucous membranes
of orofacial region and reach the TG where it resides and take control of its
peptides including Substance P (SP). SP is the main neuropeptide,

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neuromodulator and neuro-hormone of TG, associated with nociception and

inflammation under noxious stimulus. SP release is triggered and consequently, it
affects the immune cells, blood vessels to release the mediators for inflammation.
Cytokine storming is initiated and cause respiratory distress, bronchoconstriction
and death in complicated cases. Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK-1R) antagonist and
glucocorticoids may be used to alleviate the symptoms and treat this infection. SP
is the main culprit seem to be involved in the triggering of inflammatory pathways
in SARS-Cov-2 infection. It has direct association with cardiorespiratory rhythm,
sleep-wake cycle, nociception, ventilator responses and regulates many important
physiological and pathological roles. Its over-secretion should be blocked by NK-
1R antagonist to treat COVID-19 driven inflammatory responses and organ
damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of Substance
P receptor Neurokinin 1 antagonist in Covid-19 patients against the usual
treatments as controls. Methods: It is a randomized clinical trial, open label,
having two arms, conducted at Bahria International Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
PCR positive, hospitalized patients with more than 18 years of age, both genders,
moderate to critical phase were included. 119 patients were randomly allocated in
both arms, having 52 patients in control group A and 67 patients in interventional
group B. Lab investigations were performed in both the groups before and after
the intervention. One arm received normal management and care while the other
received Neurokinin-1 Receptor antagonist, Aprepitant, in addition.
Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid was also administered orally to both the groups.
Mean age of patients in group A was 56.05 years while 58.1 years in group B.
There were 28 males in group A and 39 in group B while 24 females in group A
and 28 in group B. There were 3 critical patients in group A and 6 in group B.
Biochemical and hematological parameters in both groups showed difference in
C-reactive protein reduction in the intervention group, improvement in platelet
count in group B, ferritin and LDH levels were also normalized in group B
indicative of a reduced inflammation. However it was not much significant due to
smaller sample size. Conclusions: The findings of this current study give a strong
clue for the therapeutic potential of Aprepitant. Patients who received a
combination therapy of Aprepitant and Dexamethasone showed improved clinical
outcomes, laboratory findings and reduced C-reactive protein which is an
inflammatory marker. A second use of medicine Aprepitant (80mg) in
combination with Dexamethasone for 5 days in severe to critically ill COVID-19
patients is recommended to improve ventillatory response, reduce inflammation
and organ damage. A combined therapeutic approach including corticosteroid,
dexamethasone along with Neurokinin-1 Receptor, Aprepitant is suggested for an
effective therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 infection. Trial Registration: This
trial is registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04468646). To Determine the Efficacy
of Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist as a Therapeutic Tool Against Cytokine
Storm and Respiratory Failure in Covid-19 Patients.
Keywords: Aprepitant, Covid-19 infection, Dexamethasone, Neurokinin-1
Receptor, Substance P, Trigeminal nerve

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Antifungal Activity of Juglans-regia-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

(AgNPs) against Aspergillus-ochraceus-Induced Toxicity in In Vitro
and In Vivo Settings
Mariam Hashim
Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
Aflatoxins produced by some species of Aspergillus are considered secondary
toxic fungal by-products in feeds and food. Over the past few decades, many
experts have focused on preventing the production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus
ochraceus and also reducing its toxicity. Applications of various nanomaterials in
preventing the production of these toxic aflatoxins have received a lot of attention
recently. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the protective impact of
Juglans-regia-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Aspergillus-
ochraceus-induced toxicity by exhibiting strong antifungal activity in in vitro
(wheat seeds) and in vivo (Albino rats) settings. For the synthesis of AgNPs, the
leaf extract of J. regia enriched with high phenolic (72.68 ± 2.13 mg GAE/g DW)
and flavonoid (18.89 ± 0.31 mg QE/g DW) contents was used. Synthesized
AgNPs were characterized by various techniques, including TEM, EDX, FT-IR,
and XRD, which revealed that the particles were spherical in shape with no
agglomeration and fine particle size in the range of 16–20 nm. In vitro antifungal
activity of AgNPs was tested on wheat grains by inhibiting the production of toxic
aflatoxins by A. ochraceus. According to the results obtained from High-
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Thin-Layer Chromatography
(TLC) analyses, there was a correlation between the concentration of AgNPs and
a decrease in the production of aflatoxin G1, B1, and G2. For in vivo antifungal
activity, Albino rats were administrated with different doses of AgNPs in five
groups. The results indicated that the feed concentration of 50 µg/kg feed of
AgNPs was more effective in improving the disturbed levels of different
functional parameters of the liver (alanine transaminase (ALT): 54.0 ± 3.79 U/L
and aspartate transaminase (AST): 206 ± 8.69 U/L) and kidney (creatinine 0.49 ±
0.020 U/L and BUN 35.7 ± 1.45 U/L), as well as the lipid profile (LDL 22.3 ±
1.45 U/L and HDL 26.3 ± 2.33 U/L). Furthermore, the histopathological analysis
of various organs also revealed that the production of aflatoxins was successfully
inhibited by AgNPs. It was concluded that the harmful effects of aflatoxins
produced by A. ochraceus can be successfully neutralized by using J. regia-
mediated AgNPs.
Keywords: Aflatoxins, Antifungal activity, Aspergillus ochraceus,
Hepatotoxicity, Silver nanoparticles
Technical Aspects of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS);
Applications of Genome, Transcriptome and MicroRNAome
Sequencing Information for Clinical and Research Purposes
Muhammad Akram Tariq*
Higher Education Department Punjab, Lahore; Department of Physiology & Cell Biology,
University of Health Sciences, Lahore; GenoMed Research Center (GMRC), Lahore
*Contact: [email protected], Ph: +92-312-1436881
Novel DNA sequencing techniques, referred to as "next-generation" sequencing
(NGS), provide high speed and throughput by increasing the number of bases

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obtained per sequencing run drastically while at the same time decreasing the
costs per base. NGS can produce an enormous volume of sequences with many
possible applications in research. In this presentation, I would provide an
overview of three emerging Next generation sequencing technologies including
Illumina (MiSeq, Next-Seq), Thermofisher Scientific (Ion torrent) and BGI China
(MGI Sequencers) and how these instruments are being used for genome
sequencing and resequencing, targeted gene sequencing, transcriptional profiling
(RNA-Seq), high-throughput survey of DNA-proteininteractions (ChIP-Seq) and
methylome studies. NGS can be used for metagenomics studies as well as for the
detection of sequence variations within individual genomes, clinical testing
especially Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) for genetic syndromes and
Cancer panel testing for precision medicine.
Keywords: Next generation sequencing, Big data analysis, Whole Genome
Analysis, Transcriptomics, Proteomics
Potential Anticancer and Antioxidant Lauric Acid Based
Hydrazones Synthesis and Computational Slant towards the
Electronic Properties
Muhammad Ibrahim1*, Talha Mashhood1, Akbar Ali2
1Department of Applied Chemistry, 2Department of Chemistry, GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Natrual products modification is one of the key area of synthetic organic
chemistry for the compleshment of valuable chemical building blocks that have
prized medicinal significance. Herein, lauric acid based hydrazones: (E)-N'-(2-
nitrobenzylidene) dodecanehydrazide (NBDH), (E)-N'-(naphthalen-1-
ylmethylene) dodecanehydrazide (NMDH), and (E)-N'-(4-fluorobenzylidene)
dodecanehydrazide (FBDH)” were synthesized and characterized using
spectroscopic techniques. The newly synthesized lauric acid based hydrazones
were screened for their anticancer and antioxidant potentioal. Antioxidants
showed their activity by inhibiting the oxidative chain reactions that produce
reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant activity showed that NBDH exhibited
the maximum DPPH inhibitory activity when compared with that of NMDH and
FBDH whereas the anticancer activity showed that FBDH ehibited maximum
percent viability when compared to that of NBDH and NMDH . The reactivity
and biological needs of the synthesized compound NBDH, NMDH, and FBDH
were met by performing geometrical, FT-IR vibrational, UV-Visible, global
reactivity parameters (GRP), MEP, FMO, NBO, ELF, LOL and nonlinear optical
(NLO) analysis at DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. NBO analysis confirmed the
existence of extended conjugation and intramolecular charge transfer among
NBDH, NMDH, and FBDH are from lowest gap π→π* which are in line with
FMO results where successful charge transfer occurred from HOMO→LUMO.
GRP analysis confirmed the potential of NBDH, NMDH, and FBDH for
biological, electronic and NLO applications. It is clear from the comparative
analysis of the urea molecule that NBDH, NMDH, and FBDH are all components
of fine NLO properties.
Keywords: Lauric acid based Hydrazones; Anticancer; Antioxedant; DFT Study;
Spectroscopic Analysis

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Clinical Pharmacists Role and Physicians’ Acceptance in the

COVID-19 ICU of Tertiary Care Hospital
Amir Qudwai1, Syed Muhammad Farid Hassan2, Muhammad Sikandar2
1SindhInstitute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi; 2Department of Pharmaceutics,
Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi
The role of clinical pharmacists is well established in developed countries, but
has less implementation in underdeveloped or developing countries like Pakistan.
COVID-19 causes severe medical complications and even death of the patients.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the performance of clinical pharmacists
in the COVID-19 ICU at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. The Pharmacists were
allocated to the ICU. Independent rounds were taken by the pharmacists. Around
113 interventions were conducted that needed discussion with the ICU
consultants. The interventions proposed by the pharmacists were found valuable
in clinical setups and accepted by 95% of the consultants. It is generally assumed
that pharmacists are not recognized by the physicians particularly in the
government hospitals. However, our data have shown that pharmacists’
interventions have high acceptance irrespective of setting.
A Simulation Study of Structural, Elastic, Electronic and Optical
Properties of Gallium Based Fluoroperovskite Compounds GAXF3
(X= CA, CD)
Muhammad Waqas Khan, Rashid Ahmad, Sajid Khan
Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
Perovskite belongs to the earth’s most abundant mineral group generally having
formula of “ABX3”. It contains of “B” cations placed at centre of “X” anions with
octahedral corner sharing whereas “A” cations are located in the center of the cube
having 12-fold coordinated positions connected with eight octahedral. The sub
group of perovskite family is Fluoroperovskite where “F” comes from halogen
family. These pervoskites have broad number of applications in various
technological fields because of their interesting cubic structure and physical
properties. “Ga” based perovskites are rarely studied; therefore investigation of
their physical properties may lead to interesting properties and applications. In
present work we performed the ab-initio study of “Ga” based fluoroperovskites in
order to take advantages of their properties. This study used Quantum ESPRESSO
(QE) computer code. Here we will use the full potential linear augmented plane
wave (FPLAPW) technique in the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). By
using “WIEN2k” code that is constructed on the basis of density functional theory
(DFT); we have found our compound’s lattice constants. Our compounds are
“GaCaF3” and “GaCdF3” having lattice parameters of about “4.47 Å” and “4.49
Å” respectively and other properties like elastic, electronic and optical behaviour
are studied.
Keywords: Perovskite, GaXF3, Density Functional Theory (DFT), Quantum
ESPRESSO (QE), FPLAPW, WIEN2k code, Structural Properties, Electronic
Properties, Optical Properties.
Dynamics of Loschmidt Echo and Quantum Phase Transition of
Ising Spin Systems
Mohammad Imran1, Abdullah Yar1, Salman Khan Safi3

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1Department of Physics, KUST, Kohat; 2Department of Physics, COMSATS, Islamabad

In this research work we will focus on examining the behavior of Loschmidt echo
(LE) near the quantum critical point of an Ising spin chain. This spin chain is
subjected to a transverse applied magnetic field and is connected to a spin-qubit,
referred to as the central qubit. The Ising spin chain, in this context, is considered
as the environment. As time progresses, the central qubit interacts with the
environment and becomes entangled with its numerous degrees of freedom. The
information encoded into the Hilbert space of the qubit can be used to analyze the
behavior of quantum criticality of the environment, therefore, the system
undergoes a transition from a pure state to a mixed state due to the quantum
criticality of the coupled surrounding system. Finally, investigate the dynamics of
the Loschmidt echo's decay through a quantum phase transition.
Keywords: Loschmidt echo, quantum critical point, Ising spin chain, quantum
phase transition, Loschmidt echo's decay, transverse applied magnetic field.
Effect of Electron-Phonon Interection on Dynamic Conductivity in
Photonic Topological Insulator with Broken Time-Reversal
Symmetry
Mr. Wajid Ullah Khan1, Abdullah Yar1, Kashif Sabeeh2
1Department of Physics, KUST, Kohat; 2Department of Physics, QAU, Islamabad
Electron-phonon interaction effects on the electronic properties of Dirac fermions
in topological insulator illuminated by electromagnetic radiation are investigated.
It is shown that the band structure of topological insulator surface states is
renormalized in the presence of electron-phonon interaction, depending on the
interaction strength. We find that the real part of the gap renormalization function
exhibits resonancelike behavior, whereas the imaginary part shows monotonic
character in that region of the phonon energy. In addition, the electronic self-
energy mimics the behavior of the gap renormalization factor with a small change
in its imaginary part which shows gradual change. Interestingly, the spectral
density function also shows resonancelike behavior. Moreover, the dynamic
conductivity as a function of phonon energy changes from negative to positive
gradually and then becomes saturated. However, it exhibits resonancelike
behavior as a function of chemical potential.
Keywords: Electron-phonon interaction, topological insulator, band structure,
self-energy, dynamic conductivity
Dopant Free Triphenylamine (TPA) Based Hole Transport
Materials with Excellent Photovoltaic properties for High-
Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Naila Naeem1, Rao Aqil Shehzad1, M. Ans1*, M. Salim Akhter2, Javed Iqbal1,3*
1Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
3Punjab Bio-energy Institute, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected],[email protected]
Recently, scientists are more devoted to designing and synthesizing organic
perovskite solar cells for attaining high power conversion efficiency (PCE).
Herein, a series of small molecules as hole transport materials with A–π–D–π–A
framework, namely (DFA1, DFA2, DFA3, and DFA4) having triphenylamine
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(TPA)-based central donor core unit (A1–A4) end-capped acceptor moieties

linked via thiophene spacer is designed theoretically to study optoelectronic and
photovoltaic properties. MPW1PW91 hybrid functional in conjunction with 6-
31G** basis set is found the best method to investigate the optoelectronic and
photovoltaic properties. All hole transport materials (HTMs) possess a high open-
circuit voltage (0.98–1.41 V) with downshifted highest occupied molecular
orbital energy values (4.98 to 5.41 eV) by tailoring of electron-withdrawing
acceptor moieties. Meanwhile, appropriate elongation of π-conjugated acceptor
units is advantageous for enhancing the molar absorption coefficient and
intermolecular electronic coupling. The highest hole mobility and charge transfer
integral owing to lower hole reorganization energies indicate these molecules are
best for HTMs. DFA1-DFA4 has a power conversion efficiency of up to 24%
which authenticates that these HTMs have excellent photovoltaic attributes
compared to the reported reference DFH. The present computational investigation
validates the efficacy of the designed techniques and opens a new route for
designing high-performance dopant-free HTMs in perovskite solar cells.
Keywords: Hole transport material (HTM); Perovskite solar cell (PSC); Density
functional theory (DFT); Power conversion efficiency (PCE); Photovoltaic
properties.
Prevalence of Symptomatic Anxiety in Children & Adolescents
Suffering from Beta-Thalassemia: “A Longitudinal Study”
Asim Qidwai1, Waqar Khalil1*, Anwari Syeda1,2
1Afzaal Memorial Thalassemia Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan
2Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Karachi, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
This article presents a longitudinal study of symptomatic anxiety in Beta-
Thalassemia patients categorically adolescents (both male and female). This study
was conducted at Thalassemia center (Afzaal Memorial Thalassemia Foundation
Karachi). Samples were selected through purposive sampling. The sampling
population comprised of 196 registered thalassemia patientswith age range
between 4 and 17 years. The overall percentage of anxiety was indicated in
thalassemia patientsas 63.26%. Among levels of anxiety, we observed mild
symptoms comparedto moderate and severe. An overall difference of 5%, was
found between young and adolescents. i.e., 65% and 60% respectively, and we
found no statistical difference between male and female patients.We found mild
symptoms of anxiety in greater number of patients suffering from thalassemia.
The severity of psychiatric symptoms found, increased with age. A
multidisciplinary approach is required to tackle the disorder from earlier stages of
life. Childhood and adolescence set the stage for future development, therefore a
rapid team of psychologist in adjunct with medical practitioneris required to make
the quality of life of the thalassemia patient much better.
Keywords: adolescents; anxiety; psychiatric; patient; thalassemia
Colorimetric Detection of Ascorbic Acid Using Iron Dopped
Hydroxyapatite from Chicken Bone
Sadaf Noreen*, Umar Nishan, Muhammad Asad
Departement of Chemistry, Kohat Univerity of Science and Technology Kohat

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*
Contact: [email protected]
The current work report that the synthesis of iron dopped hydroxyapatite
nanocomposite was done by slat melting method. The characterization of the
prepared nanocomposite was done by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX which
confirms the desired synthesis. FTIR analysis affirms functional group, XRD
analysis show rhombohedral phase of the prepared nanocomposite and non
uniform nature can be seen through SEM image. EDX analysis showed the doping
of iron oxide nanoparticle with hydroxyapatite. A new colorimetric biosensor was
developed for ascorbic acid detection based on low-cost 3, 3′, 5, 5′
Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) which act as an oxidative chromogenic substrate
which reacts with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron dopped
hydroxyapatite nanocomposite. This results in the formation of colorless product
that can be visualized with naked eyes and confirmed by UV–Vis
spectrophotometer. The optimization of various parameters (time, pH,
concentrations, loading of iron dopped hydroxyapatite nanocomposite) was done
to obtain best response of the proposed sensor. This sensor showed a wide linear
range of 1x10-9–3.2 x10-7 M and low limit of detection 1.07x10-8 M. The
selectivity of the proposed sensor was compared with the potential interfering
species. The incubation time was estimated to be just 5 minutes for the proposed
sensor. Additionally, the sensor was effectively applied to test ascorbic acid in the
urine samples of diabetes mellitus patient.
Keywords: iron dopped hydroxyapatite nanocomposite, Hydrogen peroxide,
peroxidase mimic, Ascorbic Acid, Colorimetric sensor.
Exploring the Power of Generative AI: Enhancing Capabilities and
Eradicating Limitations
Wajeeha Yaseen, Laiba Rehman, Humera B. Gill, Fatima Bukhari, Shaista Ilyas
The Women University Multan
Generative AI has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various domains,
generative AI. Language models have gained significant attention for their ability
to generate human-like text and exhibit promising capabilities in various
applications. By understanding the key steps involved in constructing language
models, including data collection, preprocessing, model architecture, and training
techniques, we can harness the power of generative AI to create advanced
language models but it is not without limitations. This report delves into the
potential of generative AI to enhance its capabilities and overcome existing
limitations. By investigating techniques such as architecture advancements, fine-
tuning strategies, data augmentation, ethical considerations, and multimodal
learning, we aim to uncover ways to push the boundaries of generative AI and
maximize its potential [1]. Generative AI refers to the field of artificial
intelligence that focuses on creating models capable of generating new content,
such as images, text, or even music. These models have demonstrated significant
potential in various domains, including creative applications, data synthesis, and
personalized content generation. Generative AI has the ability to mimic human
creativity and produce outputs that can be indistinguishable from those created by
humans. The Despite the impressive capabilities of generative AI, there are
several limitations that need to be addressed. Some of the key limitations include:
Fidelity and Realism: Generative models often struggle to produce outputs that
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are consistently realistic and faithful to the input data distribution. Generated
content may contain artifacts, lack fine details, or fail to capture the complexity
of the real world. Mode Collapse: Mode collapse occurs when a generative model
fails to capture the entire diversity of the training data distribution and instead
generates a limited set of outputs. This can result in repetitive or overly similar
generated content. Lack of Control: Controlling the output of generative models
remains a challenge. While it is possible to condition models on specific inputs or
guide the generation process with additional information, achieving precise
control over the generated content is still an active area of research.
Interpretability and Explainability: Understanding how generative models arrive
at their outputs can be challenging. The inner workings of these models often lack
transparency, making it difficult to explain why a particular output was
generated.[2] Enhancing the capabilities of generative AI is crucial for unlocking
its full potential and expanding its applications. By addressing the limitations, we
can:Improve Realism and Fidelity:Advancements in generative AI can lead to
models that generate more realistic and high-fidelity content. This opens up
opportunities for applications such as computer-generated art, virtual reality, and
content creation. Enhance Control and Customization: Empowering users with
greater control over generative models allows for tailored content generation,
personalization, and interactive experiences. This can be beneficial in fields like
fashion, interior design, and personalized marketing. Foster Innovation and
Creativity: Enhancing generative AI capabilities encourages innovation by
providing tools for creative professionals, artists, and designers to explore new
possibilities and push the boundaries of their craft. Practical Applications:
Advanced generative models can find applications in areas such as data
augmentation, simulation, and synthetic data generation, enabling more efficient
training of other machine learning models and addressing data scarcity
challenges.[3] To overcome the limitations of generative AI, architectural
advancements play a crucial role. Some areas of exploration include Generative
Adversarial Networks (GANs): Improvements in GAN architectures, training
stability, and loss functions can lead to better generation quality, mode coverage,
and faster convergence. Variational Autoencoders (VAEs): Advancements in
VAE architectures and latent space modeling can enhance control and
disentanglement of generative models, allowing for more precise content
manipulation. Flow-based Models: Flow-based models offer flexible and
invertible transformations that enable efficient sampling and training, resulting in
high-quality generated content. Hybrid Architectures: Combining multiple
generative models or integrating generative models with other AI techniques, such
as reinforcement learning or attention mechanisms, can lead to more powerful and
versatile generative AI systems.[4] By focusing on architectural advancements,
researchers and practitioners can address the limitations of generative AI and pave
the way for more realistic, controllable, and innovative content generation. These
advancements contribute to the growth and application of generative AI in diverse
industries and domains and also exploring advanced architectures, fine-tuning
strategies, data augmentation, ethical considerations, multimodal learning, and
evaluation metrics, this report sheds light on how generative AI can be
empowered to transcend its limitations. Emphasizing responsible AI practices,
these advancements pave the way for unlocking the full potential of generative AI

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and fostering its application in diverse fields.

Adapting Food Routines in the post COVID-19 Era
Humera B. Gill, Laiba Rehman, Wajeeha Yaseen, Fatima Bukhari, Shaista Ilyas
The Women University Multan
The COVID-19 epidemic has caused unheard-of alterations in many facets of
human life, including habits and food consumption. The purpose of this abstract
is to give a brief outline of the changes in eating habits and behaviors that have
occurred in the post-COVID-19 era while stressing the pandemic's effects on
people, communities, and the food sector. First, we investigate the paradigm shift
in meal preparation and home cooking. With lockdowns and other social isolation
measures in place, people are turning more and more to their own kitchens,
rediscovering the pleasure and advantages of doing so. We talk about the rise of
home cooking, the discovery of new recipes, and the resurgence of ancient
cooking techniques as people tried to replicate dining out experiences at home.
The growth of online meal delivery and e-commerce platforms is the subject of
our second section. People who depend on online platforms for their daily meals
have seen a big rise in food delivery as a result of the limits on dine-in services.
We examine how this change has affected the restaurant industry, the difficulties
faced by small enterprises, and the emergence of new delivery methods to satisfy
changing consumer demands. We also look at the growing emphasis on good
hygiene and food safety measures. The pandemic raised awareness of foodborne
illnesses and the value of keeping hygienic conditions when handling and
preparing food. In order to secure the safety and quality of the food, we talk about
the adoption of contactless delivery methods, tighter regulations for food
enterprises, and improved supply chain oversight. We also look at how the
epidemic has affected dietary preferences and health consciousness. People are
reevaluating their dietary practices and looking for items that improve general
health and immune function due to the increased concern for their own health and
wellbeing. We examine the increase of plant-based diets, functional foods, and
the demand for organic, locally produced products. We also talk about the
difficulties encountered by vulnerable groups and food insecurity. Food
inequalities were made worse by the epidemic, which resulted in underprivileged
people having less access to affordable, wholesome food. We look at the programs
and tactics used to combat food insecurity, including food banks, community food
programs, and partnerships between governmental and nonprofit organizations.
Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on food routines and
practices, resulting in considerable adjustments in cooking habits, food delivery,
cleanliness standards, dietary choices, and initiatives to address food insecurity.
To adapt and build resilient and sustainable food systems in the post-pandemic
period, people, communities, and the food business must all have a thorough
understanding of these changes.

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Colorimetric Sensing of Dopamine Using Cobalt Doped

Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite from Goat Bones
Nighat Jabeen*, Umar Nishan
Departement of Chemistry Kohat Univerity of Science and Technology Kohat
*
Contact: [email protected]
Dopamine is an important biomolecule for human bodies. When the level of
Dopamine in human body is abnormal then they causes various diseases such as
Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, addiction, obesity, euphoria, neuroblastoma, and
pheochromocytoma. In the present study wede signed Cobalt doped
Hydroxyapatite based biosensor for the detection of Dopamine in euphoria
patient’s blood serum sample. The characterization of synthesized Cobalt doped
Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite was done by various techniques such as FTIR,
SEM and XRD. The ionic Cobalt doped Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite shows
intrinsic peroxidase-like activity, and in the presence of H2O2the oxidation of the
peroxidase substrate 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine could be catalyze into a
greenish colored product. Based on this phenomenon, for the colorimetric
determination of Dopamine in human serum sample Cobalt doped Hydroxyapatite
nanocomposite based sensor was developed. The optimization of the proposed
sensor was done with different parameters such as (amount of doping agent, H2O2,
pH, TMB, time and dopamine concentration) to get the best results. The proposed
sensor provide a sensitive and simple effect for dopamine detection using
TMB,H2O2 and Cobalt doped Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite with a linear range
from 8 x10-9–3.68x10-7 M with low limit of detection 1.6x10-8 M, low limit of
quantification 5.6x10-8 M and R2 0.9994. For the colorimetric detection of
dopamine the proposed sensor gave a short response time at 4 min, room
temperature and pH 4. Moreover, for the detection of dopamine in human serum
samples the proposed method can be successfully applied.
Keywords: Cobalt doped Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite, Hydrogen peroxide,
peroxidase mimic, Dopamine, Colorimetric sensor.
Hydrogel Based on Gelatin-Carboxymethyl Cellulose for the
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions
Tehniyat Kalsoom*, Amir Badshah, Saeed Ahmad Khan
Department of Chemistry, KUST, Kohat-26000, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Gelatin-Carboxymethyl cellulose based hydrogel was synthesized by using
epichlorohydrin as a crosslinker. The synthesized hydrogel was characterized by
using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group
determination, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface morphology,
determination of point of zero charge and swelling ratio. The prepared hydrogel
was used for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue an from aqueous solutions.
Different parameters affecting the removal of dye, such as pH, initial dye
concentration, adsorbent dose, volume, contact time and temperature were
investigated. The optimum conditions for 82% removal of Methylene blue dye
efficiency were pH=7, initial dye concentration =4ppm, hydrogel dose=0.4g,
contact time=24hours, volume of solution=10ml at 250C
Keywords: Gelatin, Carboxyl methyl cellulose, Adsorption, Methylene blue,
Epichlorohydrin
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Could PCSK9 be a new Therapeutic Target of Eugenol? In vitro and

in silico evaluation of hypothesis
Saadiya Zia1,2, Sidra Batool1, Ramla Shahid1*
1Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
2Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9), an important regulator
of lipid metabolism, has beenshown to play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma by
promoting metastasis. PCSK9 interferes with LDL metabolismand causes
dyslipidemias in hematological malignancies particularly acute lymphoblastic
leukemia. Nutraceuticals like berberine, curcumin and polydatin have been found
effective in modulating PCSK9 expressionby lowering LDL levels. Eugenol, a
nutraceutical has shown a promising role in cancer due to itsantioxidant and
antihypercholesterolemic effects. In the present study, PCSK9 expression was
measured in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and was found to be
significantly induced. Based on the results of expression analysis, a plausible
hypothesis was made. Eugenol being an antioxidant will prevent oxidation of
LDL. In the absence of ox-LDL, LOX1 scavenger receptor, which regulates
PCSK9 expression, will not be activated. Asthe circulating LDL is reduced, it will
no longer be able to support leukemia cell growth. The hypothesis was validated
by an in silico and in vitro study. Molecular docking revealed hydrophobic
interactions between ligandeugenol and macromolecules PCSK9 and LOX1.
Expression of both PCSK9 and LOX1 were significantly reducedby eugenol in
Jurkat cells. To conclude, PCSK9 could therapeutically be targeted by eugenol in
leukemia cells.
Polymer Capped Iron Oxide Nanoparticlesfor Biomedical
Applications
Tariq Munir1, Arslan Mahmood1, Azhar Rasul2
1Department of Physics; 2Department of Zoology, GCUF, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Polymer capped transition metal oxide nanoparticles (TMO-NPs) are becoming a
major thrust of modern research due to potential application in antibacterial and
anticancer activity. The polymer capping agents such as Citric acid, Malic acid
are used to enhance the sensitivity and played the vital role to control the size,
morphology and monodispersity of TMO-NPs. The present study will be related
to synthesis of pure and capped Fe3O4 NPs by using chemical method. The
prepared Iron oxide-NPs will be characterized by using various characterization
techniques such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, VSM and in vitro and in vivo bioassay.
The XRD will be preferred to identify the crystal structure and also used to
calculate the crystallite size of pure and capped Fe3O4 -NPs. The SEM analysis
will be used to investigate the surface morphology. The FTIR will be measured
the different functional groups attached on the surface of NPs. Moreover, the
VSM analysis will be performed to measure the magnetization power of pure and
capped Fe3O4-NPs. At the end material related study will be provided the
information about the Fe3O4-NPs is suitable for antibacterial and anticancer
activity.
Keywords: Polymer, Iron oxide nanoparticles, antibacterial and anticancer
activity.

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Modeling and Computer Simulations of Materials for Applications

in Applied Sciences
Muhammad Imran
Physics Department, Govt College University Faisalabad, Pakistan.
*Contact: [email protected]
Modeling and simulation play vital role in the study of materials behavior.
Molecular dynamics is a versatile simulations technique, based on Newtonian
physics to simulate atomic motions, thus reducing the computational complexity.
It is a method introduced to analyze the behavior of a material at atomistic scale.
It can calculate how a system of particles evolves in time by considering a set of
atoms with positions/velocities and the potential energy function of the system. It
predicts the next positions of particles over some short time interval by solving
Newtonian mechanics. The first part is regarding the detailed introduction to
molecular dynamics simulation. The next part will present the application of it to
study mechanical and thermal properties of graphene and graphene-metal
composites. Results of mechanical properties include the simulation of uniaxial
tensile loading and nanoindentation process.
Keywords: Modeling, Simulation, Molecular Dynamics, Graphene; Composites;
Thermal conductivity; Nanoindentation
Numerical simulation of Graphene based Plasmonic Platforms for
Bio-Sensing and Chemical Sensing
M. Z. Yaqoob1, Ahtisham Ali1, A.Ghaffar2
1Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
The field of plasmonics offers promising opportunities for the development of
highly sensitive and selective biosensors and chemical sensors. In this research
work, the electromagnetic modeling of the graphene based plasmonic Platforms
comprised of graphene-metal-dielectric interfaces have been done. The aims of
the study to investigate and design innovative plasmonic platforms that can
enhance the detection capabilities in the realm of biosensing and chemical
sensing. The modeling of the materials has been done in the framework of Drude’s
model. The impedance boundary conditions have been used to model the
graphene sheet. The numerical simulations have been computed in the COMSOL
Multiphysics software pack. The computed results have potential applications in
the designing of active chemical and biological sensors.
Keywords: Plasmonics, Graphene, Plasmonic platforms, Biosensors&Chemical
Sensors.
Investigation of Optical, Morphological, and Structural
Characteristics of Cuo-Go Nanocomposites Synthesized by Chemical
Solution
M. Sharif*, Arslan Tahir, Kainat Javeed
Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*
Contact: [email protected]
Nanocomposites have been attaining the interest of the scientific community due
to their versatile applications. In this research work nanocomposites with different

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weight percentages of copper oxide and graphene oxide were prepared using a
chemical solution method for investigating their structural, morphological and
optical properties. Copper oxide nanoparticles were produced using an aqueous
precipitation process. After that CuO-GO nanocomposites were synthesized by
taking different weight percentages of CuO and GO. All the samples, except one,
were annealed at 500 oC. For characterization, techniques like X-ray diffraction,
Scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy were
employed for examining the structural, morphological and optical behaviour of
the synthesized nanocomposites. XRD results showed that nanocomposites can
be indexed to the monoclinic crystal system (JCPDS 48-1548). There is an
increase in the crystalline size of nanocomposite as the weight percentage of
copper oxide is increased. SEM results showed homogenous incorporation of
CuO into GO nanoparticles. UV-vis spectroscopy results verified the increase in
band gap as the weight percentage of copper oxide increased. This leads to an
incline towards the high energy side in the absorption edge which is also referred
to as the quantum size effect. FTIR spectroscopy results revealed that the peaks
corresponding to C–O, O–H, C–H, C–C, and C=C are the prominent peaks
associated with CuOGO nanocomposites.
Keywords: Nanocomposites, Copper oxide, Graphene oxide, Structural
characterization, Optical properties
Research in Solid State Dosimetry
Taqmeem Hussain
Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Investigations of the luminescent characteristics of a phosphor doped with
lanthanide ions prepared by nanomaterial synthesis techniques, is an active
research area in solid state dosimetry. Synthesis confirmed is mostly performed
via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique and the crystal-related parameters are
determined for further crystallographic evaluations. Morphology of the sample
surface is investigated via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for the
investigation of participation of grains in the luminescence response. Fourier-
Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy is utilized to identify the functional
groups present in the molecules of the synthesized sample. EDX isused for the
elemental analysis of the sample. The role of various annealing conditions on the
luminescence of synthesized samples is also a good parameter to figure out the
best luminescence response under the similar synthesis conditions. The samples,
having optimum conditions are further processed for luminescent response (i.e.,
TL/OSL),which are previously irradiated at different doses of ionizing radiations
e.g., gamma/beta in order to find the potential of the selected phosphor for its
possible use in TLD applications.
Keywords: phosphors, nanophosphor, nanomaterial synthesis, gamma source,
radiation dosimetry

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A Simulation Study of Structural, Elastic and Optoelectronic

Properties of Aluminium Based Fluoroperovskite Alxf3 (X = Ca, Cd
and Be)
Syed Sheheryar Mansoor, Sajid Khan, Rashid Ahmed
Department of Physics, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST) Kohat
Perovskite belongs to the earth’s most abundant mineral group generally having
formulaof ABX3. It contains of B cations placed at center of X anions with
octahedra corner sharing where as A cations are located in the center of the cube
having 12fold coordinated positions connected with eight octahedra. The sub
group of perovskite family is Fluoroperovskite where F comes from halogen
family. These pervoskites have broad number of applications in various
technological fields because of their interesting cubic structure and physical
properties. Al based perovskites are rarely studied, therefore investigation of their
physical properties may lead to interesting properties and applications. In present
work we performed the ab inito study of Al based fluoroperovskites in order to
take advantages of their properties. Here we will use the full potential linear
augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) technique in the generalized gradient
approximation (GGA). By using WIEN2k code that is constructed on the basis of
density functional theory, we have found our compound’s lattice constants. Our
compounds are AlBeF3, AlCaF3 and AlCdF3 having lattice parameters of about
3.78 Å, 4.48 Å and 4.44 Å, respectively and other properties like elastic, electronic
and optical behaviour are studied.
Isolation and Identification of Protease Producing Bacteria from
Local Salt Mines of District Karak Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Hassan Khan*, S. Khan, Zia Ur Rehman, M. Jamshed, M. Nughman, M. Noor*
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, KUST, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected] [email protected]
Protease enzymes play a crucial role in numerous industrial applications and hold
a significant market share of approximately 60% of the total industrial enzyme
market. Among them, alkaline proteases have gained substantial importance in
various industrial processes, including detergents, food, leather, and silk
production. Microbial sources are the preferred choice for commercial protease
production due to their desirable characteristics for biotechnological applications.
The aim of the present study is to isolate and screen halophilic bacteria for the
production of protease and evaluation of its activity at different pH. Samples were
collected from salt mines of district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Following isolation, the bacterial isolates were subjected to various biochemical
tests for characterization. Additionally, the isolates were identified using 16S
rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated bacterium was identified as Bacillus
haynesii, a Gram-positive anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium. Protease production
was confirmed by the observation of a clear zone surrounding bacterial isolates,
indicating the presence of proteolytic activity. Furthermore, the protease activity
of the purified enzyme was evaluated at different pH levels using a standard
enzyme assay protocol. Interestingly, the purified enzyme exhibited higher
activity at pH 10, highlighting its alkaline nature. In conclusion, this study
successfully isolated and identified a protease-producing bacterium, Bacillus
haynesii, from soil samples collected from salt mines of district Karak. The

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purified enzyme demonstrated elevated protease activity at pH 10, emphasizing

its potential for industrial utilization in alkaline environments.
Keywords: Protease, salt mine, halophilic bacteria, Bacillus haynesii, pH
Synthesis and Charactrization of Nickel Doped Hydroxyapatite for
the Colorimetric Sensing of Ascorbic Acid
Ambreen Shahbaz*, Umar Nishana
Departement of Chemistry, Kohat Univerity of Science and Technology Kohat
*Contact: [email protected]
Ascorbic acid is an important bio molecule for human bodies. When the level of
Ascorbic acid in human body is abnormal then they causes various diseases such
as high blood pressure, hypertension, heart diseases, high cholesterol, gout and
kidney diseases. In the present study we designed Nickel doped Hydroxyapatite
based biosensor for the detection of Ascorbic acid in gouts patient’s blood serum
sample. The characterization of synthesized Nickel doped Hydroxyapatite
nanocomposite was done by various techniques such as FTIR, SEM and XRD.
The ionic Nickel doped Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite shows intrinsic
peroxidase-like activity, and in the presence of H2O2 the oxidation of the
peroxidase substrate 3,3′,5,5′- tetramethylbenzidine could be catalyze into a
greenish colored product. Based on this phenomenon, for the colorimetric
determination of ascorbic acid in human serum sample Nickel doped
Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite based sensor was developed. The optimization of
the proposed sensor was done with different parameters such as (amount of
capping agent, H2O2, pH, TMB, time and uric acid concentration) to get the best
results. The proposed sensor provide a sensitive and simple effect for uric acid
detection using TMB, H2O2 and Nickel doped Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite
with a linear range from 2 x 10-9–3.20 x 10-7 M with low limit of detection
1.7x10-8 M, low limit of quantification 5.6x10-8 M and R20.9994. For the
colorimetric detection of ascorbic acid the proposed sensor gave a short response
time at 4 min, room temperature and pH 7.5. Moreover, for the detection of
ascorbic acid in human serum samples the proposed method can be successfully
applied.
Keywords: Nickel doped Hydroxyapatite nanocomposite, Hydrogen peroxide,
peroxidase mimic, Ascorbic Acid, Colorimetric sensor.
Formulation of Herbal Tea Using Indigenous Sources
Sumera Batool, Muhammad Sibt-e-Abbas*, Umair Raza
Department of Food Science & Technology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan
*Contact: [email protected]
Herbal teas have been formulated and utilized for centuries as a natural remedyas
well as theprevention of various diseases. Herbal tea is obtaining popularity
because of its caffeine-free nature, good fragrance and antioxidant capacity.
Herbal tea is a blend of many indigenous sources that refer to parts of plants that
are native to a particular region and have medicinal effects i.e. Flowers, seeds,
stem and leaves. The herbal teais a water-based infusion of various herbs like
fennel seeds, cardamom, licorice and lemon grass. All such natural ingredients
have a lot of nutritional and therapeutic health benefits. All plant parts are
harvested, cleaned, dried, and blended to create the desired flavor and effect. The

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tea is then brewed for5-10 minutes. The result is a delicious and healthy drink that
isbeneficial for alleviating various ailments such as headaches, digestive issues,
and anxiety. Creating herbal tea using indigenous sources is a great way to connect
with nature and taking advantage of the natural remedies that are available to us.
Keywords: herbal tea, herbal blend, indigenous herbs, antioxidant capacity
Genomic Analysis and AI-driven Approaches for Personalized
Psoriasis Treatment: Unveiling Mechanisms and Future Strategies
Shaista Ilyas, Fatima Bukhari, Laiba Rehman, Humera Batool Gill
The Women University, Multan
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by redness,
flaking, and thickening of the skin. Its pathogenesis involves abnormal
proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, accompanied by
infiltration of immune cells and angiogenesis within the skin[1]. This condition
affects a significant number of individuals globally, with an incidence ranging
from 0.09% to 11.43%, impacting approximately 125 million people and exerting
considerable physical, mental, and socioeconomic burdens[2]. Although
treatment options for psoriasis have advanced, our understanding of the
underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. The objective of this research is to
explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive psoriasis, with a specific
focus on the pivotal role of skin cells (keratinocytes) in the progression of the
disease. Additionally, we aim to investigate the influence of the gut microbiome
on the development and exacerbation of psoriasis, aiming to identify potential
therapeutic interventions that target the microbiota. Moreover, this study will
evaluate the effectiveness and safety of biologics, a new class of medications that
target specific components of the immune system, as a potential treatment option
for psoriasis. By employing deep learning and artificial intelligence techniques,
we will analyze extensive genomic data, seeking to discover novel genetic
markers associated with susceptibility to and severity of psoriasis. Based on the
research findings, this study will propose future treatment strategies using a
multidisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge from genetics,
immunology, and computational biology. The ultimate goal is to develop
personalized and more efficient therapeutic interventions for psoriasis, aiming to
alleviate the physical and psychological impact on patients and reduce the
socioeconomic burden imposed by this disease.
Assessment of Fungicidal Potential of Inflorescence Extract of
Quinoa against Macrophomina phaseolina and its Phytochemical
Analysis through GC-MS
Arshad Javaid*, Iqra Haider Khan
Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab, QAU Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), family Chenopodiaceae, is gaining
importance worldwide due to its use in food and pharmaceutical industry. It is
native to Andean regions of South America and is recently introduced in Pakistan.
The present study was carried out to assess the activity of inflorescence extract of
four quinoa varieties against Macrophomina phaseolina, an opportunistic human
pathogen responsible for burns, inflammation, skin trauma and ulcerative lesions.

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Methanolic inflorescence extract of four quinoa varieties having concentrations

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (w/v) were examined in vitro against M. phaseolina. These
extracts caused 33–87% inhibition in growth of the pathogen. Variety V7
exhibited the best antifungal potential by arresting the fungal growth from 76–
87% and thus was selected for further fractionation by using four organic solvent
solvents of different polarities. Antifungal screening bioassays were performed
with eight concentrations ranging from 1.562 to 200 mg mL-1 of each of these
fractions. All the concentrations of chloroform fraction completely retarded the
pathogen growth whereas, n-butanol fraction arrested the pathogen growth by 56–
100%. GC-MS analysis of chloroform and n-butanol fractions was carried out to
explore their phytochemical profiles. Literature survey showed that among the
identified compounds, (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadien-1-ol (23.76%); 1-(+)-ascorbic
acid, 2,6-dihexadecanoate (11.05%); 8,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester
(7.11%); hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (5.40%);
D-allose (4.77%); 11-eicosenoic acid, methyl ester (4.08%); and desulphosinigrin
(3.11%) are known for their antifungal activity. Therefore, the present
investigation concludes that chloroform and n-butanol fractions of quinoa variety
V7 inflorescence extract contain potent antifungal compounds effective against
M. phaseolina growth.
Serum and Hematological Changes in Hypertensive, Diabetic and
Cardiac Patients as Rapid Diagnostic Markers for Covid-19
Syed Muhammad Iftikhar, Muhammad Ishtiaq Jan, Naeem Khan
Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology
D-dimer a fibrin fragment present when the coagulation process is in abnormally
activated. Blood should indicate the formation of a thrombus that helps in
diagnosis ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, diabetic’s mellitus,
hypertension and covid-19. In contrast, D-dimer may be negative even in the
presence of thrombosis in some cases as pregnancy. About 1300 patients are
reported from Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex Nowshera Khyber
pakhtunkhwa for rapid diagnostic purpose the aim is to study the serum and
hematological parameters of COVID-19 patients who have specific health
conditions, like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, and
myocardial infarction and The aim is to identify specific serum and hematological
markers that can be utilized for swift and precise detection of COVID-19 in
individual patients. The methodology of the study first we have to Screen out the
patients then Collect their Blood sample then RT-qPCR analysis and finally we
have to Statistical Analysis of these all.
Keywords: d-dimer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease,
covid-19
Green Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Zinc
Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from, Polyhrbal Recipes
Attique Ur Rehman Khan, Ruqia Nazir, M. Adnan, Muslim Khan
Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkh-aw Pakistan
*Contact: [email protected]
The present study described the synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles from the
zinc acetate through eco-friendly green process using polyherbal recipes and their
antibacterial activity. The green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were

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characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultra violet

visible, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
FTIR studies confirm the presence of bio molecules and metal oxides such as the
zinc oxide nanoparticles. The streching frequency of C=C shows at the 1622 cm-
1 to 1610 cm-1. The streching frequency were observed at the 1250 cm-1 which
show C-O functional group. The streching frequency from 1230-1 to 1020 cm-1
were showed that the C-N group were present. The apperance of peaks around the
340 nm to 360 nm was confirmed the nanoparticles formation. The green
synthesized nanoparticle from polyherbal recipes exhibited strong antibacterial
activity against the Escherichia Coli and Vibrio Cholera. Polyherbal extracts of
recipes B showed the significant inhibition zone against the Vibrio cholerae and
E. Coli 26.24 mm and 20 mm respectively. The N-recipe showed least zone of
inhibition such as the 18.16 mm and 15.09 mm of and H-recipe shows the
moderate behavior against the slected bacteria. Over all the result showed that the
rapid, cost effective, environmentally friendly and convenient method for ZnO
nanoparticles synthesis, which could be used as a potential antimicrobial agent
against bacterial disease.
Keywords: Polyherbal recepis, Zinc acetate dihydrate, Antibacterial activity

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