REVIEWER IN SCIENCE INERTIA
- 1ST MONTHLY TEST - is the tendency of a body to resist any change in its
motion.
CHAPTER 1: NEWTON'S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
AND UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION - the greater the mass of the object, the greater the
inertia it has and the lesser the mass the lesser the
LESSON 1: RESIST THE CHANGE
inertia.
FORCE
NORMAL FORCE
- is any push or pull.
- is a force that exists whenever an object is in
Types of forces: contact with a surface.
APPLIED FORCE - it is always perpendicular to the surface the subject
is in contact with.
- force that is applied on an object through direct
pushing or pulling GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE - the downward force acting on the object.
- force exerted by gravity; also known as weight; * when the two net external force acting on a object
mass times gravity are balanced there is no net external force on it this
means the object will continue its current state of
NORMAL FORCE motion which is either at rest or in constant motion*
- force that is perpendicular to the surface an object
is in contact with: if there's no surface in contact
then there's no normal force. ISAAC NEWTON
ELASTIC FORCE - was born on 25 December 1642, he developed the
three laws of motion, the law of universal gravitation
- force present in springs. and made discoveries in the field of infinitesimal
TENSION FORCE calculus.
- force that is present in cables, strings, cords and • if the forced acting in an object are balanced the
other similar materials. object will either be at rest or in constant motion
along a straight line.
FRICTIONAL FORCE
• mass is the measure of inertia. the greater the
- force that impedes motion. mass the greater the inertia
* if there is no force acting on an object, the object Lesson 2: Embrace the Change
will either at rest or in constant motion along a
straight line* • forced applied in opposite directions are not equal
or balanced.
Newton's First Law of Motion:
• a net external force will cause an object to
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION OR LAW OF accelerate this means that it will either speed up or
INERTIA slow down.
- states that a body at rest will continue to be at rest Newton's Second Law of Motion:
and a body in constant motion will continue to be in
constant motion along a straight line unless acted in NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION OR THE LAW
by a net external force. OF ACCELERATION
- states that the acceleration is directly proportional • acceleration and net force are both vector
to the force and is inversely proportional to the quantities. they both have magnitude and direction
mass.
LESSON 3: Equal But Opposite
Newton's Third Law of Motion
a= f/m
NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION OR THE LAW OF
a= acceleration in meter per second squared (m/s²) INTERACTION OR THE LAW OF ACTION AND
REACTION
F= net external force in newton’s (N)
- states that for every action, there is an equal and
m = mass in kilograms (kg)
opposite reaction.
force = m×a
• notice that when two objects come in contact,
Mass = f ÷ a there are two forces the one directed to the right
and the one directed to the left.
Accelerarion = f ÷ m
GALILEO GALILEI
FINDING ACCELERATION:
- was born in 15 February 1564, he was an Italian
Ex.) philosopher, astronomer, mathematician and
physicist. he coined the word "friction" and made
F= 10 N to the right, m= 5kg, a=?
valuable contributions in understanding motion,
a f/m astronomy and strength of some materials.
a= 10N/ 5kg
a= 2m/s2 LESSON 4: Constantly Round and Round
FINDING FORCE: UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Ex.) m= 15kg, a= 3.0 m/s2, F= - is a type of motion that allows an object to follow a
circular oath while maintaining a constant speed.
F=ma
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
F= (15kg) (3m/s2)
- also known as center-seeking force, comes from
F=45N the word centri which means "center"
FINDING MASS; * if there is no net external force, then the forced
Ex.) F= 122 N , a= 4.2m/s2, m= ? are balanced - the object will just move at a constant
speed along a straight line or will be at rest.
m=f/a m= 122N/ 4.2 m/s2 m= 29.05kg
Fc = mac
• Acceleration is directly proportional to the force
this means that the greater the force on the object Centripetal force(N) = mass(kg) x centripetal
the greater is its acceleration. acceleration is acceleration (m/s2)
inversely proportional to the mass. this means that CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
the greater the mass of the object, the lesser is its
acceleration and the lesser the mass the greater the - the force is directed to the center.
acceleration.
ac = v2/r
Centripetal acceleration(m/s2) = velocity2(m2/s2) /
radius (m)
• PERIOD calorimeter. The units for both work and
energy(Joules, J) were both named after him.
- the amount of time needed to complete one
revolution or rotation; measured in second (s) WORK WITH AN ANGLE
• FREQUENCY W=Fcosθd
- number of rotation or revolution per unit time; W is Work(J), cosθ is the angle, and d is
measured in hertz (Hz) or revolution per second displacement(m)
(rev/s)
POWER
AIN DUBAI or DUBAI EYE
- is the rate of doing work or how fast work is
- tallest Ferris wheel in the world with a height of accomplished is a certain unit of time
250 meter
P= W/t
JOHANNES KEPLER
P is power (watts, W) W is work (J) and t is time
- born on December 27 1571 in Germany and
LESSON 2: ENERGY FOR YOU AND ME
developed the three laws of planetary motion that
states (1) Planets move about elliptical orbits with ENERGY
the sun at its center (2) The area law and (3) the
harmonic law - is the ability to do work
CHAPTER 2: WORK, POWER AND ENERGY POTENTIAL ENERGY
LESSON 1: WORK, WORK AND AWAY - is energy possessed by an object by virtue of its
position. Its most common form is gravitational
FORCE potential energy
- Defined as any push or pull - directly proportional to the mass and height,
meaning the greater the mass and height. the higher
DISPLACEMENT
its potential energy
- how far an object is from where it started
PE=mgh
WORK
PE is potential energy(J), m is mass(kg), g is gravity
- product of the force and the displacement in the with a constant value of -9.8m/s2, and h is heigh (m)
direction of the force
TWO TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
W = Fd
• Elastic Potential Energy (Slingshot, bows, etc.)
Where W is work (Joules), F is force (N) and d is • Gravitational Potential Energy (a person standing)
displacement (m)
KINETIC ENERGY
*If no force is exerted then there will be no
- energy present in moving objects
displacement therefore there will be no work.
KE = ½ mv2
*Work is scalar despite force and displacement being
vector quantities KE is kinetic energy in Joules or J, m is mass in kg, v is
velocity in meter per second (m/s)
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE
FORMULA FOR VELOCITY
- determined the amount of work to produce a unit
of heat in 1843. He used a paddlewheel and a v=√(2KE/m)
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
- states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but is converted from one form to
another meaning that the energy if the universe is
constant.
CHAPTER 3: SOUND
LESSON 1: THE NATURE OF SOUND
SOUND
- the particles travel in circular motion
- produced by vibrations
- is a wave that carried one energy from a one place
COMPRESSION
to another through a medium. Its mediums may be
solid, liquid and gas. With Solid being the fastest and - part of the wave where molecules are compressed
gas being the slowest ow where there are shorter wavelengths
WAVE RAREFACTION
- part of the wave where molecules are spread out
- is any form of disturbance that carries energy from
or stretched
one place to another.
WAVELENGTH
- measured from an area of compression to the next
area of compression or an area of rarefaction to
another area of rarefaction
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
- born on March 3 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He
filed a patent for describing sounds in 1876 just
hours Elisha Gray filed his caveat for a similar
MECHANICAL WAVES method. Bell, however, was awarded a patency by
the Patent Office in the same year.
- waves that requires a medium to travel
LESSON 2: SOUND AND TEMPERATURE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
The higher the temperature, the grater the kinetic
-waves that do not require a medium to travel
energy of the air particles. Meaning that sound
WAVES BASED ON PROPOGATION transmission is also faster.
TRANSVERSE Formula for the speed of sound
- the direction of the particles is perpendicular to the v = 331m/s + (0.6 m/sC)T
direction of the motion of the waves propagation
Where v is the speed of sound in m/s and T is
LONGITUDINAL temperature in C
- the direction of the particles is parallel to the The formula for the temperature is
direction of the motion of the wave’s propagation
T= v-331 m/s / (0.6 m/sC)
GIOVANNI LUDOVICO BOANCONI
SURFACE - an Italian doctor who demonstrated in 1740 that as
temperature increases, the speed of sound also - composed of the rainbow. Beyond violet is
increases. ultraviolet and beyond red is infrared.
CHAPTERR 4: LIGHT
LESSON 1: WHAT IS LIGHT?
LIGHT
- is an electromagnetic wave that can travel even
without a medium
- is also a transverse wave meaning that it travels
perpendicular to its propagation.
VISIBLE LIGHT
- things we can see
CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS
- a Dutch mathematician that invented the wave
theory of light. He believed that light was a wave. He
also invented the pendulum clock and discovered *The wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves
the true shape of Saturn’s wings. decrease from left to right (radio waves to gamma
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT waves) of the electro magnetic spectrum
1. REFLECTION *As the wavelength decreases, the frequency and
- refers to the bouncing back of waves. The reflection the energy of the wave increases. As the wavelength
of light on a surface where the angle of incidence is increases, the frequency and energy decreases.
equal to the angle of reflection TYPES OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
2. REFRACTION ELECTRO DESCRIPTION
- bending of light when it passes through a different MAGNETIC
media WAVE
RADIO WAVE Wave emitted by radio stations
3. DIFFRACTION
that is picked up by radios and
- bending of a wave when it passes through a gap or used in long distance
around edges communication
4. POLARIZATION MICROWAVE Common applications of
microwaves include
- property of a light wave that allows an unpolarized
communications and cooking
light to vibrate or to focus in one direction or on a
INFRARED Used in detection counterfeit
single plane money and is transferring
•WHITE LIGHT information and data between
- is composed of different colors. It will disperse into phones. As well as in night
vision devices and thermal
its different component colors as it passes through a
scanners
prism
VISIBLE LIGHT Light detectable by human
LESSON 2: WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF THAT COLOR eyes
ULTRAVIOLET Radiation emitted by the sun
VISIBLE LIGHT and the reason our skin turns
- range of frequencies the human eye can detect and tan and can even burn after we
is part of the electromagnetic spectrum are under the sun for a long
time
X-RAY Used to take image of your
bones and lungs and used in
detecting diseases
GAMMA RAY Used in the field of medicine
for curing tumors without the
risks of open surgery
RED
- has the longest wavelength and has the least
amount of energy
VIOLET
- shortest wavelength and has the most amount of
energy
*When white light passes through a prism, it
refracts, and its colors of different frequencies are
bent
WHY IS THE SKY BLUE?
During noon, when the sun is directly above the
ground, sunlight will only have to travel a short
distance to the atmosphere. The colors blue and
violet are absorbed by the atmosphere. Seeing that
our eyes are more sensitive to blue than violet, we
perceive the sky as blue.
WHY IS THE SKY REDDISH DURING SUNSET?
During sunset, the sun is low on the horizon. Since
sunlight passes through more air molecules
compared to when the sun is high in the sky, other
colors (red, orange and violet) are observed by our
eyes making blue scattered out of sight.
MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK
- a german theoretical physicist who organized
quantum theory making him win the Nobel Prize in
1918. In the formula E=hf, f is proportional to E,
which is energy. The variable h is Planck’s constant
which is 6.626 x 10-34m2 kg/s
