PROTOCOL
ARCHITECTURE,TCP/IP,AND
INTERNET-BASED
NEED FOR A PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
• Data exchange involves complex procedure
• Better if task is broken into subtask
• Implemented separately in layers of stack
o Each layer provides functional needed to perform
communication for layer
o Using function of layer
• Peer layers communicate with a protocol
Key elements of a protocol
• Syntax: data blocks
• Semantics: control information and error handling
• Timing: speed matching and sequencing
TCP/IP PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE
Five layers:
• Physical layer
• Network access layer
• Internet layer
• Host-to-host or transport layer
• Application layer
Physical layer
➢Concerned with physical interface between
computer and network.
➢Concerned with issues:
o characteristics of the transmission medium
o signals levels
o data rate
o related matters
Network access layer
➢Concerned with the exchange of data between end
system and attached network.
➢Concerned with issues like:
oDestination address provision
oInvoking specific services like priority
oAccess to and routing data across a network link
between two attached systems
➢Allows layers above a ignore link specifics
Internet layer
➢Routing function across multiple networks
➢For systems attached to different networks
➢Using IP protocol
➢Implemented in end systems and routers
➢Routers connect two networks and relays data
between them
Transport layer
➢Common layer shared by all applications
➢Provides reliable delivery of data in same order
sent
➢Commonly used TCP
Application layer
➢Provides supports for user applications
➢Need a separate module for each type of
applications
Operation of TCP and IP
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) in the TCP/IP Architecture
Header include:
➢ Destination port
➢ Sequence number
➢ Checksum
TCP/IP Applications
➢ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
➢ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
➢ TELNET
Protocol Interfaces
OSI model consists of seven
layers:
➢ Application
➢ Presentation
➢ Session
➢ Transport
➢ Network
➢ Data link
➢ Physical
Application Layer
➢ File transfer, access, and management (FTAM)
➢ Mail services
➢ Directory services
Presentation Layer
➢ Translation
➢ Encryption
➢ Compression
Session Layer
➢ Dialog control
➢ Synchronization
Transport Layer
➢ Service-point addressing
➢ Segmentation and reassembly
➢ Connection control
➢ Flow control
➢ Error control
Network Layer
➢ Internetworking
➢ Addressing
➢ Routing
➢ Packetizing
Data-Link Layer
➢ Framing
➢ Physical Addressing
➢ Flow Control
➢ Error Control
➢ Access Control
Physical layer
➢ Line Configuration
➢ Data Transmission
➢ Topology
➢ Signals
Nature of the standardization required at each layer.
Three elements are key:
➢ Protocol specification
➢ Service definition
➢ Addressing
Service Primitives and Parameters
TRADITIONAL INTERNET-BASED APPLICATIONS
➢ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
➢ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
➢ TELNET
MULTIMEDA
Multimedia Terminology
➢ Media
➢ Multimedia
➢ Streaming media
Media Types
Multimedia Applications
➢ Multimedia application domains:
➢ Multimedia information systems:
➢ Multimedia communication systems
➢ Multimedia entertainment systems:
➢ Multimedia business systems:
➢ Multimedia educational systems:
Elastic and Inelastic Traffic
1. Elastic traffic
2. Inelastic traffic
The requirements for inelastic traffic:
1. Throughput
2. Delay
3. Delay variation
4. Packet loss
Multimedia Technologies
➢ Compression:
➢ Communications/networking:
➢ Protocols:
➢ Quality of service (QoS):
