International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews
Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421
A Study on Battery Charging Infrastructure using Solar Energy
K. Manoju1, S. P. Mishra2, N. Charan Tej1, N.Bala Murali1, P. Hari1, K. Ganesh1
1,
B.Tech Student, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Vizianagaram District, A.P, India.
2
Senior Assitant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Vizianagaram District, A.P, India.
ABSTRACT
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining widespread popularity worldwide. In contrast to conventional grid-based EV charging, utilizing photovoltaic (PV) power for
EV charging has the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions. However, the scarcity of charging stations remains a limiting factor in the global adoption
of EVs. As the use of EVs continues to rise, more charging stations are being incorporated into public spaces. Nevertheless, relying on the current utility grid, which
is predominantly powered by fossil fuel-based generation, for EV charging can negatively impact the distribution system and lacks ecological benefits. Therefore,
the objective of this project is to examine the functionality of the existing charging infrastructure. This research aims to explore ways to power the charging
infrastructure and the city's power grid using renewable energy sources. The project involves analyzing data on the frequency of charging sessions throughout the
year, month, and day. This data allows for the creation of charging session curves and provides insights for planning the subsequent phases of the study.
Keywords: Infrastructure, Battery, Recharging, Solar Energy, Optimize, Sustainable, Recharging.
1. INTRODUCTION:
The Electric vehicles (EVs) are hailed as environmentally friendly transportation options in the industry. Many countries acknowledge the development
of EVs as an effective strategy for achieving a low-carbon economic transition and ensuring energy security. However, there are still significant challenges
to address since EVs require a connection to the electrical grid for charging. To begin with, the composition of the electricity generation mix in a particular
regional power system can influence the indirect emissions associated with EVs [1]. The environmental benefits of EVs are not clear-cut when coal-fired
power plants constitute a substantial portion of the grid's energy production. Additionally, meeting the increased charging demands of EVs will necessitate
substantial investments in enhancing generation, transmission, and distribution capacities. Photovoltaic (PV) energy, being a renewable and clean energy
source, holds promise for EV applications, including urban settings. To effectively enhance EV emissions reduction and reduce dependence on the power
grid, one potential solution is the direct integration of PV systems with EV charging infrastructure. On one hand, incorporating an energy storage system
with EVs can mitigate the intermittent nature of PV generation. On the other hand, PV generation can assist EVs in decreasing their reliance on the power
grid. The development of fast-charging infrastructure is crucial for advancing EV adoption [2]. Regrettably, current battery technology falls short of
providing a full charge within 30 minutes. For the past century, battery systems have played integral roles in various industries, including transportation
and energy storage. The synergy between electric vehicles (EVs) and the electric grid can be optimized with the use of battery energy storage, which has
been recognized as a facilitator for smart grid and transportation electrification applications [3]. In high-power applications like electric vehicles (EVs)
and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), battery packs often consist of battery modules or cells connected in series to boost voltage and connected
in parallel to increase capacitance [4]. Nevertheless, imbalances in these systems can diminish their overall energy efficiency due to variations stemming
from production and differing operational conditions [5].
2. HARDWARE EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
When sunlight hits the solar panels, they generate DC electricity. This DC electricity is then sent to the solar charge controller. The solar charge controller
regulates the incoming DC electricity from the solar panels. It adjusts the voltage and current to match the requirements of the battery bank [6]. The
regulated DC electricity is then fed into the battery bank, where it charges the batteries [7]. The BMS monitors the battery bank's status and ensures that
the batteries are charged safely and efficiently [8]. The BMS continually monitors the battery bank's status and communicates data to the system's
controller or user interface. This data helps users or system operators make informed decisions about maintenance, usage patterns, and optimizing the
system's performance [9].
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1273
Fig.2.1. Circuit diagram
3. COMPONENTS
Solar Panel
Fig.3.1. 50W-12V Zunsolar Panel
Parameters Of Solar Panel
Type Monocrystalline
Materials Silver Anodized Aluminium Frame
Max power (Pmax) 50W
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 22.5V
Max Power Voltage (Vmp) 20V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 2.65A
Max Power Current (Imp) 2.5A
No of Cells 36cells
Table.3.1. Parameters of Solar Panel
BATTERY PACK:
Fig.3.2. Battery Connections (Series and Parallel)
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1274
Battery Parameters
Type: Lithium-ion
Voltage: 14.8V
Capacity: 17.6Ah
Nominal Voltage: 15.6V
Number of Cells 8
Fully Charged Voltage: 16.8V
Cutoff Voltage: 11.1V
Charging Time 4Hrs
Nominal Discharge Current: 7.12A
Table.3.2. Battery Parameters
Solar Charge Controller
Fig.3.3. Solar Charge Controller
Solar Charge Controller Parameters:
Type PWM
Output Voltage 12V/24V
Maximum Output Current 10A
Maximum Input Power 120W
Charge Stage 4
Load Controller Yes
Fig.3.4. Solar Charge Controller Parameters
Battery Management System:
Fig.3.4. Battery management system
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1275
The BMS is responsible for managing and protecting the battery bank. Its key functions include:
1. Balancing the individual cells within the battery bank to ensure they all charge and discharge evenly.
2. Tracking the battery's level of charge (SOC) and its overall condition (SOH) for each individual battery.[10].
3. Protecting against overcharging and over-discharging.
4. Temperature monitoring to prevent overheating.5. Managing cell voltage and current to ensure the battery operates within safe limits
RESULTS:
Lithium-ion batteries are quantified in kilowatt-hours (kWh) in terms of their capacity. Typically, the average capacity hovers around 40 kWh, although
certain vehicles are now equipped with batteries boasting capacities of up to 100 kWh. It's important to note that your car's battery capacity significantly
influences its driving range, which represents the distance you can cover on a single full charge. In essence, the greater the kWh rating, the more favorable
it is in terms of range. To illustrate, Nissan suggests that its Nissan Leaf model, equipped with a 40 kWh battery, can provide a range of 168 miles.
Therefore, the battery capacity of an electrical vehicle is = 40kWh.
The time taken for charging the 274Wh battery by using 50W panel at normal day condition is Approximately 4 Hours.
Number of 50W panels required for an 40kWh load = 40,000/274
= 145.985~146 Panels.
Number of 50W panels can be replaced if we use a 350W panel = 350 / 50
Number of 350W panels are required = 146 / 7
= 20.85 ~ 21 Panels
Hence, by using 21 of 350W panels at normal day condition we can charge a 3 Electrical Vehicles which are having a capacity of 40kWh battery pack.
Which can occupy a space of 35 squares meters. For entire charging stations.
4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS:
Fig4.1. Simulation diagram of Battery charging infrastructure using solar energy
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1276
Fig.4.2. PV panel output voltage in Simulink model
Fig.4.3. PV panel output Current in Simulink model
Fig.4.4. PV panel output Power in Simulink model
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1277
Fig.4.5. DC Bus voltage in Simulink model.
Fig.4.6. DC Bus Current in Simulink model
Fig.4.7. Battery Current compared to Reference Current in Simulink model
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1278
Fig.4.8. Battery Voltage in Simulink model
Algorithm for MPPT
Maximum The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an algorithm employed to optimize the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system [11]. It
achieves this by continuously adapting the operational voltage of the PV array to the level where the highest power generation occurs [12]. MPPT
algorithms play a crucial role because the power output of a PV array fluctuates based on factors such as solar irradiance and PV cell temperature [13].
At any given moment, there exists a specific point on the power-voltage curve of the PV array where the maximum power output is achieved, known as
the maximum power point (MPP) [14]. MPPT algorithms function by monitoring the voltage and current of the PV array and then computing the power
output. Subsequently, they compare the current power output with the previous output and make adjustments to the operational voltage of the PV array
accordingly [15]. This iterative process continues until the MPP is reached. Among MPPT algorithms, the Incremental Conductance method (ICC) stands
out as a widely adopted technique in commercial PV systems. It is a more intricate algorithm compared to the perturb and observe (P&O) method, but it
also boasts greater efficiency. The ICC method operates by calculating the incremental conductance of the PV array and utilizing this data to fine-tune
the operational voltage of the PV array. The workflow for the ICC method can be represented as follows: [Include flow chart if available].
Fig.4.9. Flowchart for ICC Method.
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1279
MPPT Code:
function duty = MPPT_algorithm(vpv,ipv,delta)
% I used the MPPT algorithm in the MATLAB examples
% I only modify somethings.
duty_init = 0.1;
% min and max value are used to limit duty between
% 0 and 0.85
duty_min=0;
duty_max=0.85;
persistent Vold Pold duty_old;
% persistent variable type can be store the data
% we need the old data by obtain difference
% between old and new value
if isempty(Vold)
Vold=0;
Pold=0;
duty_old=duty_init;
end
P= vpv*ipv; % power
dV= vpv - Vold; % difference between old and new voltage
dP= P - Pold;% difference between old and new power
% the algorithm in below search the dP/dV=0
% if the derivative equal to zero
% duty will not change
% if old and new power not equal
%&
% pv voltage bigger than 30V
% the algorithm will works
if dP ~= 0 && vpv>30
if dP < 0
if dV < 0
duty = duty_old - delta;
else
duty = duty_old + delta;
end
else
if dV < 0
duty = duty_old + delta;
else
duty = duty_old - delta;
end
end
else
duty = duty_old;
end
%the below if limits the duty between min and max
if duty >= duty_max
duty=duty_max;
elseif duty<duty_min
duty=duty_min;
end
% stored data
duty_old=duty;
Vold=vpv;
Pold=P;
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1280
5. CONCLUSIONS
Solar-powered charging infrastructure is essential for the transition to a sustainable transportation system. However, there are a number of challenges that
need to be addressed before it can be widely adopted. These challenges include high upfront cost, lack of standardization, integration with the grid, and
public awareness and education. Researchers are working to address these challenges through a variety of initiatives. For example, they are developing
new solar panel technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost, as well as new battery storage technologies with higher capacity and longer lifespan.
Additionally, they are developing new power electronics devices for charging and discharging EVs, and new control and management systems for solar-
powered charging stations. In the future, researchers will need to continue to focus on developing new technologies and strategies to reduce the cost and
improve the efficiency of solar-powered charging infrastructure. They will also need to work to develop standards and guidelines to promote its
standardization. In addition, they will need to educate the public about its benefits and dispel any concerns about its reliability or safety.
6. REFERENCES
[1] A. Hafeez, R. Alammari, and S. Member, “Utilization of EV Charging Station in Demand Side Management Using Deep Learning Method,” IEEE
Access, vol. 11, no. December 2022, pp. 8747–8760, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238667.
[2] N. Liu, Q. Chen, S. Member, X. Lu, J. Liu, and J. Zhang, “A Charging Strategy for PV-Based Battery Switch Stations Considering Service Availability
and Self-Consumption of PV Energy,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 4878–4889, 2015, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2015.2404316.
[3] C. Duan et al., “A Solar Power-Assisted Battery Balancing System for Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 432–443,
2018, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2018.2817123.
[4] V. T. Tran et al., “An Efficient Energy Management Approach for a Solar-Powered EV Battery Charging Facility to,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.
55, no. 1, pp. 6517–6526, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2940923.
[5] J. S. Goud, S. Member, R. Kalpana, and B. Singh, “An Online Method of Estimating State of Health of a Li-Ion Battery,” vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 111–119,
2021, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2020.3008937.
[6] G. Alkawsi, Y. Baashar, D. A. U, and A. A. Alkahtani, “applied sciences Review of Renewable Energy-Based Charging Infrastructure for Electric
Vehicles,” 2021.
[7] P. Sarikprueck, W. Lee, A. Kulvanitchaiyanunt, S. Member, V. C. P. Chen, and J. M. Rosenberger, “Bounds for Optimal Control of a Regional Plug-
in Electric Vehicle Charging Station System,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 977–986, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2017.2766230.
[8] S. Deb et al., “Charging Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle for Congestion Management in Distribution System Integrated With Renewable
Energy Sources,” vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 5452–5462, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.3010897.
[9] A. K. Karmaker, A. Hossain, and S. Member, “Energy Management System for Hybrid Renewable Energy-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station,”
IEEE Access, vol. 11, no. March, pp. 27793–27805, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3259232.
[10] Y. Deng, Y. Zhang, F. Luo, and Y. Mu, “Operational Planning of Centralized Charging Stations Utilizing Second-Life Battery,” vol. 12, no. 1, pp.
387–399, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2020.3001015.
[11] H. M. Abdullah, A. Gastli, and S. Member, “Planning and Optimizing Electric-Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Through System Dynamics,” IEEE
Access, vol. 10, pp. 17495–17514, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3149944.
[12] J. Park, M. Jeong, J. Kang, and C. Yoo, “Solar Energy-Harvesting Buck – Boost Converter With Battery-Charging and Battery-Assisted Modes,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 2163–2172, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2975491.
[13] A. Grid, M. H. Mobarak, S. Member, R. N. Kleiman, and J. Bauman, “Solar-Charged Electric Vehicles : A Comprehensive Environmental Benefits,”
vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 579–603, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2020.2996363.
[14] A. J. Alrubaie, M. Salem, K. Yahya, M. Mohamed, and M. Kamarol, “A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Solar
Photovoltaic System Considering Market , Technical Requirements , Network Implications , and Future Challenges,” 2023.
[15] Y. Wang, S. Member, and J. S. Thompson, “Two-Stage Admission and Scheduling Mechanism for Electric Vehicle Charging,” IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 2650–2660, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2018.2807158.
[16] Jalli, R. K., Mishra, S. P., Naik, J., Sharma, P., & Senapati, R. (2020, September). Prediction of Wind Speed with optimized EMD based RVFLN.
In 2020 IEEE-HYDCON (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
[17] Mishra, S. P., Krishna Rayi, V., Dash, P. K., & Bisoi, R. (2021). Multi‐objective auto‐encoder deep learning‐based stack switching scheme for
improved battery life using error prediction of wind‐battery storage microgrid. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(14), 20331-20355.
[18] Majumder, I., Dhar, S., Dash, P. K., & Mishra, S. P. (2020). Intelligent energy management in microgrid using prediction errors from uncertain
renewable power generation. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 14(8), 1552-1565.
International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 4, no 10, pp 1272-1281 October 2023 1281
[19] Mishra, S. P., Ali, S. M., Pradhan, A., Mohapatra, P., & Singh, V. (2013). Increasing energy efficiency in India by the use of green building.
International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology, 4(4), 406-415.
[20] Sharma, P., Das, S., Senapati, R., Mishra, S. P., & Senapati, R. N. (2020, September). Performance Evaluation of PV-SOFC Grid Integrated 3P3W
System by UPQC with Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy at Constant Irradiance. In 2020 IEEE-HYDCON (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
