Factorisation of Polynomials (i) (x-a?” ex?-2xa+a" (ii) (ve a =a + 2x + a* (iit) (x + ay ea + 3x70 + Sa"x + a" Gv) (vay! =x! — 3x70 + Ba4x - a’ (v) (xgy ez) ante ya 2" + Qay + Qyz + Dex (vi) (wax t yee = wh +x + y? 427 + Lue + y+ 2) 3 + 2x{y + 2) + 2y2 (vil) a" 4 6" +c! - Babe =(a + b+ c)-(a® + 6° +c? = ab be- ca) (viii) Ha+b+e=0=.0° +6) +0! = dabe Special Products (i) (w-ay(x+a)=x?-a Gi) (x- a)(x? + xa a)=x5- a9 (iii) (x+a)(x* -xa 4+ @)=4 405 2 (iv) (e- a)(x + a)(x? +a*)= x4 - a4 (v) (x2 + x04 a7)(x? - xa + o7)=x4+ x70" + a4 (vi) If'n is a natural number, then (x—ay(x" = + x9 2a 4x" 3a? +. +a" =a" - a" (vii) If nis an even natural number, then: i (x+a)(e"—! = x" 4a 4 2" Sa? "=x" =a" (viii) If n is an odd natural number, then, (x+ay(x"~! = x" Fax" 9a? — ea" Yaa" Ha" Important Results +a =(x +a} —2x0=(" - a) + dee 2. x? +? =(x + 0)’ — Sole +0) a =(x — a)? + Saale - a) 4. (c+ a) =(x-aF + 4x0 . Of a)’ = (x + a)’ —4xa 6. (+a) +(x —a) =20 +) - OC+ a) (x —a)? = xa 8 (x +o? + Oe a)? = 2x + 30) 2 . +a)" ~x =a)? = 2alax? + a?) 10x45 =(x+2) =2 xag Trigonometric Ratios of Compoung Angley ‘The algebraic sum of two or more angles und angles and the angles are known ag the con Coppstandard formulas of compound angles have been Hy (i) sin(A + &)= sin Acos B+ cos Asin B Hm Gi) sin(A - B) = sin Acos B- cos Asin B (iii) cos(A + B) = cos Acos B= sin Asin B (iv) cos(A- B)= cos Acos 8+ sin Asin B tanA+tanB (0) tant 2) = an ata tan A-ltanB aA BT tan Aton B cot Acot B—1 eA B= B+ cot sas cot Acot B+ 1 eS ae (ix) sin(A+ B)sin(A- B)=sin® A~ sin® B= cos! B— egg 4 (x) coa(A+ B) cos (A - B) = cos® A— sin? B= (xi) ain(A+ B+C)= cos Acos BsinC + cos As cos* B- sin! 4 in BeosC + sin Acos BeosC ~ sin Asin Bey: or sin (A+ B+ C)= cos A cos BcosCitan A+ tan B+ tan ~ tan Atan Bias BeosC -sin Acos BsinC- cos A gin Bani Sr cos(+ B+ C)= cos A.con BcoaC{ — tan Atan B tan Bia = tanC tant xili) tan(A+ B4¢) = taNA+ tan By tan C ~ tan Atan BtanC 1-tan AtanB- tan BtanC=tan@tand VAtBrCma, then tan A+tan+tanC=tan tanB aC Gd) (a) sin(4, + Arty An) = (cos 4, cos Ay cos Ay... conA,) *(S, - 8, +5, -8 +! (xii) c08(A + B+ C)= con Acca BeosC ~- sin Asinpyeosty + Ayton + An) = (C00 A, con A yo08 Ay, “008 Ay) *U-8)48,~8, 4, ) pany + Ago Ay) = LE “ = Miss 1-8)4+8,~854.,, where. St = tan A, + tan Ay +... + tan A, isa of the tangents of the soparate angles} Ss tan Ay tan A, + tan A, tan A, +,,, isan of the tangents taken two at a time} — tan A; tan A, tan Ay + tan A, tan A, tan A, + jeum of the tangents takon three at a time] —_ Wie 1A = Ape An = Ay we have gentand, S:= "C, tan?A, S, = "C, tan A,... 20 on, ( ion Formulae ) 2sin Acos B= sin(A + B) + sin(A- B) or peo Asin Be sin(A+ B)~sin(A~B) 6 cos Acos B= cos (A+ B)+ cos(A-B) ) g sin Asin B= cos (A- B)— coa(A + B) wsinc+sinD= Bein“) coe(°S2) c+P) ‘ (=*) sin | —— 2) 2 +P) eoa(£5"| 2 2 (vii) wacom D=-2ein (2%?) xin (25) -asn( 5?) 60(?5") i) sin = sin D= 2008 Cc (vii) ca + con D= 2005Trigonometric Ratios of see it Angles (i) sin 2A= 2sin Acos A= es (ii) cos 2A = cos® A- sin” A= 2cos* A~1 Situ! ae tan 1+tan? A 4 2tanA Gi) tan 24 = =~ TA (iv) sin 3A=3s8in A-4sin’ A (v) cos 8A = 4 cos A- 3cos A 3 (vi) tonga= Stn A> tan A 1-3tan? A . 4 ge oe (vii) sin A= 28in cos =——_2_ 1+tan?4 2 A 1-tan?— (viii) cos A= ——__2 1+tant 4 and (a) tan A= an 1-tan? A 2 (x) 1- cos A= 2sin? 4 2 (xi) 1+ cos A= 2coa? A 2 1-cosA A Troe A= aSometric R pation of Some Useful a; oo 1° * ti eae & fa-1 os = sin 16° oo” “wa i san 75" 2 2+ 19 = COR IO" 22-3 = tan 1B° aw - b+98 = es 13+ J = 15— V6 coy aie ik, ge ESOS NOS™ = cin ai wy) cot 78° {)sin0 sin (60° ~ 6) sin (60° +0)=4 sin 38 80 08 (60° ~ 8) cos (60° +0)= 5 000 38 {i wn@ tan (60° - 6) tan (60° + 6) = tan 38 {x cos 36° cos 72° = fy) cos Acos 2A cos 4A... cop2”~*A= ia cos. . COB A= Pai + sin( A) 2Sum of Trigonometric Ratios {tin A+ sin (A+ B)+ sin (A+ 2B)+...+sin(A+(a—1)B) B| nB sin{ A+(n- 3 sin 2 sin— Mm trouaemreniavane center 8 Are ein | (n - 0Bfor Angles of a Triangle ~ 3. lp aan angles of a triangle (or A+ Beg ® Oxsi cos (B+C) ” en Ld ° (Bead (9 sin 22) = cos 3 (acount (ii) sin 2A+ gin 2B+ sin 2C = 4 ein Asin Bainc iad Anaya ae ates eae nee tiv) sin A+ sin B+ sin C= 4.cos-> cos-> con po A Bi OC (0) comand + eae ly sels an ain (vi) tan A+ tan B+ tan C= tan A tan BtanC (vii) cot Beot C+ cot C cot A + cot Acot B=1 iii A 12, = = cot A cot Foot © (itt) cot 5 + 008 5 oot 2 ott gts i A, B B, ¢ cA (i) tan tans + tan tan > + tans tans a1 ie Trigonometric Equation An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unkno», angle is called a trigonometric equation. Solution/Roots of a Trigonometric Equation A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation called a solution or root of the equation. The trigonometric equation may have infinite number of solutions.fi loge (I IEM* 7) 5 ~ log, (LL sere iss ft 142). x x8 | ao vee(22)-2[¢ 5 +5 +.) pape tly dad yl iv lope 221g t gat Ree Important Points to be Remembered a » in the exponential series e” =14 % 4% ” i Wg yt all terms cary signs wi positive ars, 3 nee In the” fogarithmic series log, We =X 4+ .-the terms are alternatively positive and negative sign. | (i) inthe exponential series, the denominators of the terms involve factorials | | of natural numbers. But in the logarithmic series the terms do notcontain | factorials. (ii) The exponential series is valid for all the values of x. The lag series is valid when|x|<1 Important Results and Useful Series =) Spd & LW! oy —B! e n 3 |e BI Ms & 2 = mM |= = = MeOy 2 n=o (2 +) <4, OF ! =i - a = F_sie= } 8 o a = ni $ a,+6)= ¥ a, +3 6 tS ta- RSa, r=1 r= 15. ape .n times =n.k, where kis a constant. 16. Sr a1sde. on need r=i 17. F Pao tent = Ot On + D rat 6 18. Sad ta ca r=l 2 19. Do rtat sete sty. gt Mn+ 1)(6n5 + on? 40-2) rel os 30 20. 2 a, = Zeva,= (a, tag +... “+,)'— (a? +02 +...402)Important Inequality 1, Arithmetico-Geometric and Harmonic Mean Inequality i at+dD a 2 yw b (i) Wa, 6> Oand a 6, then ,? val * TasaT (ii) Ifa, > 0, where i= 1, 2,3,...,m, then OH Og tetas gyi cseet Gy PD n na =+i,7 Ga, ie Gii) Ifa,,ay,...,¢, are n positive real numbers and My Maya | oe n positive rational numbers, then Mart MgOy tect 5 (gM git... gay rma m, + my +...+m,, ie. Weighted AM > Weighted GM (iv) Ifa,,q5,...,a, aren positive distinct real numbers, then | rd nm 7" -" (a) Steet a, (at estat on) .ifm1 «a of shat +b,” -(* + bray +..4b,a, )” dod bath b+ byt.48, , 2. Logarithm Inequality (i) (a) When y> 1 and log, e>z-x>y" (b) When > Land log, x< z= Oc xe yt 7 (a) When 0< ¥ z= 0 y*venn Diagram In a Venn diagram, the universal set is ropresented by @ rectangular aet is represented by circle = ebay geometrical figure inside the universal fet, Operations on Sets 1, Union of Sets ‘The union of two sets A and B, denoted by Au B. is the set of all those elemer A a one of which is cither in A or in B a . Aand B. 9. Intersection of Sets The intersection of two sets A and B, A u denoted by AO B, is tho set of all those . elements which are common to both Aand B. If Ay, Agve A, is a finite family of sets, then their intersection is denoted by DA OPA DARN AR in 3, Complement of a Set If A is a set with U as universal set, then complement of a set A,denoted by A’ or A® js the setU -A. 4. Difference of Sets A BU For two sets A and B, the difference A-Bis the nef all those elements of A which do not belong @ ) wo B. 5. Symmetric Difference For two sets A and B, symmetric difference is the set (A- B)u(B- A) denoted by AA B,Laws of Algebra of Sets For three sets A, Band C (i) Idempotent Law (a) AUA =A (ii) Identity Law @awesd wb) ANU=A (ii) Commutative Law (a) AUB=BUA ) AN B= BNA (iv) Associative Law (@)(AU B) UC=AuU(BUC) (b) AN(BNO)=(AN BAC (v) Distributive Law (a) AU (BA O)=(AU B)N(AUC) () An(BUC)=(AN Bu (Ane) (vi) De-Morgan’s Law (a) (AU By = A’n B’ (0) (An By = 4’ B’ (vii) (a) A-(Bn C)=(A- B)u(A-C) (b) A-(BUC)=(A- By (A-0) (bh) AN A=A (ili) (2) A- B= An B’ (b) B- A=Bn A “meee (d)(A-B)UB=AUB iow oot An Bc Aand ANBCB U(ANB=A th) AN(AUB)=A (ix) (a)(A - B)U(B- A)=(AU B)- Oaae-otkn mca, . © AN(BAC)=(An BA(ANOC) ()(ANB)U(A-B)=A (e) AU(B- A)=(AU B) (x) (a)U" = 6 (b) @ =U ()(A'y=A WAN A'=g (@) AU AT =U MACBe Boa il till le4, Division of Complex Numbers Lat z= + and 2, =a + 1¥9 be any two complex numbers their ‘ivinion is defined as 2, _ (a tin) Gat Ny) + Ue 594) i Zp (¥q + Ya) +93 where, 23 # 0: fh Identities of Complex Numbers @ + Zz)" nal +2223 + # (i) (2, - 22)" = 22,29 + 23 (iii) (2, + 20)” = 2} + 32720 + 32,23 + # Gv) (2 ~ 29) =? — Bafag + 8222 - ¥ (v) 2? - 23 =(2, + 22) (@ - 22) 4 These identities are similar as the algebraic identities. | Conjugate of a Complex Number ‘ If'z =x+ iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is denoted by 2; 2 Le. Z=x- iy . Properties of Conjugate @@=2 2 @ z+2=2Re(2z),ifz+Z=0< zis purely real. (iii) z- Z =2i [Im(z)], if 2 -Z = 0. zis purely imaginary. (iv) Re(z) = 2+ 2 (vii) 2; -22 (viii) 2,2 =2,-Z, 71) 71 69(2]-2,2,40 (x) 2 2,2 % 2) = 2Re(e, (i) (Z)" <2") ; % 2g) =2Re(z, Z,)uare Root of a Complex Number rexdiy then vz= /x+iy=+ Vizl+x zi-x poe PE AEE ee yoo i aoe a) :[ 2 ~ iy | for y<0 Eulerian Form of a Complex Number we=stivis a complex number, then it can be written as \ z2=re® where, r=|2|and0= arg @) This is called Eulerian form and e=cos® + isin@ and e!®=cos®—isin®. De-Molvre's Theorem A simplest formula for calculating powers of complex numbers in the form of cos ®@ and sin @ is known as De-Moivre's theorem. Ifnel (set of integers), then (cos® + isin)" = cosn0+ isinn® and if ne@ (set of rational numbers), then cosn@+isinn® is one of the values of (cos® + i sin6)". Properties of De-Moivre's Theorem @ If Pie a rational number, then (cond + isina)”" = [coZee isin20) (iy ——1—— = (con 0 + i sin 0)" = e086~ isin cos8 +i sin® (iii) More generally, for a complex 2) =r"(eoa0 +i sin®)" number 2 =7(eos0 + isin6)=re" =r" (cos n0 + i sin noy=r"el"® (iv) (ein @ + e088)" =o 5 - nt) + isin( - ns(v) (cos 0, + isin O,)(cos 0, + isin)... (cos®, +ising ) in = cos (8, +O +. +O, )+ isin, +9, , (vi) (sin @ + i008 0)” # sin nO + cos n6 (vii) (cos + isin @)" # cos nO + isin no Note © cos 0+ isin 0=1 *® cosm+isin e=—-1 noo. coos — +15 — ST erage =e 5 eo - ® cog - isin —=-i 2 2 The Cube Roots of Unity Cube roots of unity are 1, @, 07, where way ¥8 «ions 2° 2 and ote N38 2 arg (@)= = and arg (w*) = Properties of Cube Roots of Unity @) 1407 4% =] % ifr is not a multiple of 3. | 3, ifr isa multiple of 3, Gi) o = Lor@* =} (iii) w+ =, 0+? 2 (iv) Cube roots of unity 1j ‘acai | circumference intog eau ma circle |z|=1 and divide i (¥) Tt always forms an equilateral triangle (™) Cube roots of -1 are — 1 [email protected] a7| Importa (i)? 44 T= le = ot) int Identities \ i x7 x4 V(X + aie +) \qid x ay V7 a(x —yollx ~ yea) Wu) 2 7 ty =O + wy) + yes?) Wy tty? = +e -—) (wi, x8 + =O + yl t yell + yas) (vith, x3 -y* =(x — yx yall ~ yu?) (wil 2 +? +2? ay — yD + yen 4 Za + yet + 2) ¥ a+ yoo? + z)lxe0! + yoo + 29 % (xot y + 2 xa? + y +209 (ix) xP + ye Bee ty + He + oy + aI + Py + a2} The nth Roots of Unity The nth roots of unity, it means any complex number z, which satisfies the equation 2” =1 or z=(1)"" or 2-05 FF + i sin, where k=0,1,2,...,(n-1) Properties of nth Roots of Unity ix nth roots of unity form a GP with common ratio e * . (ii) Sum of ath roots of unity is always 0. Gii) Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is n, ifp isa multipleof n. (iv) Sum of pth powers of nth roots of unity is zero, if p is not a multiple of n. (v) Product of nth roots of unity is (-1)" a (vi) The nth roots of unity lie on the unit circle] zl =1and divide its circumference into n equal parts.nent of Prime p inn! Exper a positive integer and p be a prime visas yer? teger amongst 1, 2,3... jenst 10 " (n- hich ; [| denotes the greatest “anal ible by p ss =| where P integer lees than of emial tp | ; . permutation . different arrangement which can be . ba a number of things is called a permutation’ ©” ‘Skib€ some | atically The number of ways of arranging Mat! wma row taking r(0 Ja? + 6°, equation has no solution. (6) Iicl¢ Ja? + b®, equation is solvable. =a . i sn +0) =(- 198 con ifm is od =(-1)? sin 6, if n is even-not =(-1) 2 sin, ifn is odd. " = (-1)? coad, if n is even. (xiv) con + 0} (xv) sin 8, + Bin By +... + sin8, =n=sin®, = SIN Dy =... we gin (xvi) con 0, + cos Oy + (xvii) sin @ + cosec 0 = 2 => sinO=1 (xviii) cos + secO = 2=9 cos 0 = 1 (xix) sin + cosec @ = - 2=9 8in@=—1 (xx) cos 0 + secO =- 2=>cos0=-1 «1 +0088, = 11 =9 0008; = 0088)... e559 ls Important Points to be Remembered 0 While solving an equation, we have to square it, sometimes the reste, roots does not satisfy the original equation. (ii) Do not cancel common factors involving the unknown angle on Lis i, RHS. Because It may be the solution of given equation. (if) (a) Equation involving sec 8 or tan @ can never be a solution of the form nr 2n+ 0. (2n+0 2 (b) Equation involving cosec@ or cot@ can never be a solution of the fom Q=nn. Hyperbolic Functions The hyperbolic functions sinh z,coshz,tanhz,cosech z,sechz,coth: are angles of the circular functions, defined by removing is appearing in the complex exponentials, @ sinhx= eee 2 ii) cohx= 248" Gi) tanhre Sinks _ ef -e* Coshe ef + ent (iv) cosech x= —1_ 2 sinhx = ¢* — 9"? 1 2 coshx ef +e* (¥) sechx=nd Range of Hyperbolic Function pont se basln yl pomain a QL, sy Ly) R~{0) (0,1) R-{-1,1] @ ited tanh? x=1 (ii) coth? x—cosech? x=1 x+sinh? x= cosh 2x e Sum and Difference @) sinh(xt y)= sinh xcosh x+coshzsinh y Gi) cosh (x + y)= cosh xeosh y#sinhzsinh y = tanhx+ttanh y tanh (xt -2a=— Gi (et y)= 14 tanhxtanh y rommulae to Transform the Product into Sum or Diference (i) sinhx+sinh y= -2inh( = £2) coh (i) sinkx- sinh y= 2eosh( #4” (3 (= 2 ’ (tod (iv) coshx- cosh y= 2 sinh ( on?) )-sinh(x- 7) fix) cosh” Formulae for th —_——— inh (ii) cosh x + cosh y= 2 cosh 74 cosh }si a (¥) 2sinh xcosh y= sinh (x+¥1S | ia het > ginh(x- ¥) h it yy + cosh (= y) )— cosh (x— 9) (vi) 2eosh xsinh y= sin! (vii) Qeash x cosh y= C08 sinh Y = coah(x+ 9) Formulae for Multiples otx geile hh 2x = gainh xcosh*= 7 ants (viii) 2Qsinhx (i) sin x+sinh? x (ii) cosh 2x= cosh? : y-1=142sinh x = 2cosh* 14+ tanh? x = j-tanh’ x Koes 2tanhx Gi) tanh eye tanh? x (iv) sinh 3x= asinhx+4sinh’x @) cosh 3x=4cosh® x-3coshx tanh x+ tanh x tanh 825-5 " 1+3tanh? x Important Formulae | 1. ()) sink? x—sinh? y =sinh (x-+y)sinh (xy) | (i) cosh? x+sinh? y =cosh(x +y)cosh(x—y) (lil) cosh? x -cosh? y =sinh (x+y)sinh(x —y) 2 (I) sinix=isinhx (li) cos(ix)=coshx (i) tan(&)=/ tanh (lv) cot(ix)=-fcothx 4 (W) sectix)=sechx (vi) cosec (ix)=-/cosecht Oi) sinhx==!sintix) (W) coshx=cos (x) (0), tanhx=—/ tant) (iv) cothx =/cottx) ch xe (v) sechw=sec(ix) (vi) cosechx =! cosedi*)_atives of Standard Functions : d oyty= nx" '.xe Rone R dx d (hy = 0, whore & is constant, dx a (ee dy d (gty=a* log, a, where a> 0,041 dx ) 4 op, 2)= 54> 0 A) 4 Gog, x)= + (or, e)= dx = x log, a ii) 4 (sins)= con x ii) 4 (eosx)=~ sin d y (x) 4_ (tan) = sec! x, # (2n +050 a d (x) (cot x)= — cosee! x, xsnm eT nel (xi) 4 (goes) see tans (20+ (ai) A (cooee x) =~ conte zentanse RENE! a 4 1 ii) — (sin™' x)= wclexel dx fi-# dy xiv) (coe a=- 7 exe! —_ d Ven (xv) =, an OTe d 1 A 1 -—_—a (xvi) 5 (cot a-Teel> 1 ™ a, @ -t xvii) —= soc" x) = : dx Ix] yx? - gi “1 1 (xviii) — (cose x) = - ilelod dx Ixl yx? -1 (xix) ot (sinh x)= cosh x dx (xx) a (cosh x) = sinh x dx (xxi) © (tanh 2) = sech*s (xxii) z (coth x) = = cosech*x ¢xxiiy 4 (eech 2) = - seeh x tanh x (xxiv) 4 (cosech 2) =~ conech x coth x (xxv) inh x=1/) et +1) . da r (xxvi) = (cosh x)= 1/ yx? = 1) cexvi- (tanh! x)=1/(1=x*) (xxviii) é (coth™ x) =1/(1 — x? od (ain) (sech"'y) = — 1/ xy(1- x%) d (xxx) ay (Cosech tx) = -1/ xJ(Q + x?) Fundamental Rules for Derivatives a5 ae * ef f(x), whore cis a constant. © ie ae! Ma) a3) = ix) t— £ we) [sum and differenced dy a(x) xy = fx) — d Me } = f(x) ax M+ wl) © fy [ leibnite Product rule or General isation If i,,u,, tye. product rule} ssUy bea function of x, then d - d ae Ny Uy... wn) (a rte] + u( Si ve Uy] + yu, ( Mer) dx fugus...u,) +... du, : * ta ty l(a) da) #0 gg 0-2 x lan) fax) [quotient rule] d da ) If az f(x) = (x), then rr flax + 6) =ad(ax+ b) ivatives of Different Types of Function Derivatives of Composite Functions (Chain Rule) fand g are derivative functions in their domain, then fog is also itiable: ie. (fogy (x)= P tatz)} 82) dy_dy du easily, if y= f(u) and u = g(x), then ae “Fa a n of Chain Rule A is a function of, 1048 a function of vand visa function of.x, Then, dy _ 4 , du, & qx du dv ometric Functions rivatives of Inverse TAGOMOT ish the help of inverse times, the given fanetion Hen to find the derivative easily. agrees nometric substitutionin| i+ et (iii) Qtan"tx= {tan i 75) » (ES x i 14x? (iv) Sain” x = sin”! (3x — 4x4) (v) Secon”! x = cos” (4x - 3x) ce tap (Be? (vi) Stan“ x= tan =] (vii) cos” x + sin” x = n/2 (viii) tan" x + cot”) x = n/2 (ix) sec”! x + cosec™!y = n/2 (x) sin”! + sin” y= sin aVi- y? ty -#] (xi) con”! x + cos! y= con! [x ¥ ya -x)(1- ¥)| xty 1¥ xy (xii) tan“ x4 tan”! y= tan «= asin8 of acos® (ii) x =a tan of acoté ii) x =a sec 0 or a cosec® tiv) yarn and Ja-x x =acos 20 Wj asine + bcos x 4a=rcosa,bersina ) | fia and ihry x= asin’ 0+ Bcos’ @ (il | fear x=a(l-cos@Successive Differentiations if the furiction y= fx) bo difforentiated with respect to» reault ay or f(a), so obtained is a function of x (may be % AY con again be differentiated with respect to x x Hence, ~ d: ‘i ‘Tho differential coefficient of = with reapect to x is . a ay) a or f’‘(). Again, the differential coefficient of, dx \dx x a respect tox is written a8 2, 3 SG arene dy dy diy are respectivel known : . oe oo iy as first, second ae dx’ dx’ dx" . third, ... order differential coefficients of y with respect to x. These zn alternatively denoted by f(x), f’"(x). (RD OF HTH respectively, dy A d®y dy _ ¢ ad Note t= 9 bat 5 « ae ag nth Derivative of Some Functions @ & (sin(ax-+ by] = 2" sin(%* + ax+ 6) Gi) £ feontar + b))= 0% con(™E + ax +8) m! (m-n)t vy "(n= ta" tiv) a [log(ax + b)] = a Gin Stax m= a"(ax+ b)""" a (oy le )= ate. | Important Results |W tfacubold has length, breadth and height bea, band, each Of thickness d, then capacity =(a — 2d)(b - 2d)(¢ - 2d) Volume of material = abc ~[(a~ 2d}(b — 2d}(c — 2d)] (iW) ifthree cubes of sides a, b and c are melted and a new cube is formed of skexthen = x=Ya'+bh +c. (ii) Volume of water released by a pipe = Rate of flow x Area of cross section x Time (iv) Ifa solid ts transformed into a number of small identical solids, then Valume of large solid Volume of small solid (v) Change in the Dimensions (a) Cubeld Iflength, breadth and height of a cubald is increased by x%, ¥% and 2% respectively, then increase is volume Number of small solids = Is given by xtyee4- tet | yz (100)? 100 (b) Cube M the sides of the cube are changed by x%, then change inthe ae ow volume is given by} ax + — + —~__ # wy 100 * (1009" eH) or i (+5) 1] 100%. (c) Sphere ifthe radius ofasphere Ischanged by x%, then changein its volume Is given by 3x? 3 3 [> ‘at i ol 4) ~ pc (d) Cylinder {fheight ofa cylinder Is changed by x%, then change Inits volume = *%,Section «is the locus of a point whose distance tatioto its distance from a fixed lie wt ae! § and the fixed line is directrix z be constant ratio is called the eccentricity denoted by e. f) If0< e<1, conic is an ellipse. fi) e=1, conic is a parabola. ¢> 1, conic is a hyperbola. ) IF fixed point of curve is (x, ¥,) and fixed line is ax + by + ¢= 0 then equation of the conic is (a +8°) (ryt +ly- y]=ears by Equation of Conic ; degree equation ax! + 2hay + by? + 2ax+ 2+ = Pair of straight lines, if A= mrs(ii) Circle, if = bh =0 (ii) Parabola, if "= ab and A #0 (iv) Ellipse, if A? < ab and A # 0 (v) Hyperbola, ifh?> abandA#0 (vi) Rectangular hyperbola, ifa+ b=0 andA#0 Parabola A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such tha distance from a fixed point in the plane is always equal to j ha from a fixed straight line in the same plane. istany If focus of a parabola is S(x,,9,) and equation of the direct, ax + by +¢=0, then the equation of the parabola is ‘ (a? + bye = 4)? + (y— 1") = (ae + by + 0? y So 71) ax+by+c=0 Definitions Related to Parabola o Vertex The intersection point of parabola and axis. (i) Centre The point which bisects every chord of the co passing through it, , : a Chord Any chord passing through the focus. i Double Ordinate A chord perpendicular to the axisofaco™ pectin: A double ordinate passing through the fos wor parabola and Perpendicular to the axis. vi Reval Distance The distance of a point P(x, y) from bab is called the focal distance of the point P. ‘Sta, 0) S(- a, 0) y=0 y=0 180 x+a=0 x-a=0 y-ae0 e=l e=] e=l (a, + 2a) (-a, + 2a) (4 2a,- a 4a ner Forms ofa Parabola Ak sp anita abuses vertex af the parabola is at a point A(*» 4a, then its equation is ralleh to OX i parabola open P ath = tate ~ hy), its axis 8 Pa agi b ralial OX 6 PO hte 40 68— A), its axis is Pm(iii) (x -— A)? =- 4a (y — 4), its axis is parallel to OY j,¢, open upward, (iv) (x hy? =- da (yh), its axis is parallel open downward. ie uation of a parabola whose axis j @ ae cop oy + byte and the general equation or He: 4 whose axis is parallel to Y-axis is y = ax’ + bx +, a Patraby, to OY’ ia, D - Pata, Position of a Point The point (x,) lies outside, on or inside the parabola Pate, according as yf — dax, >, =,< 0. Chord Joining any two points on a curve is called chord, (@) Parametric Equation of a Chord Let P(at?, 2a) ix Q(at#, 2at,) be any two points on the parabola y? = 4ax, then, equation of the chord is (y ~ 2a) = 2042 = 24h (eat?) aty — at; or Y(t + ty) = 2x + 2atty (ii) Let P(at?, 2at) be the one end ofa focal chord PQ of the parabo y" = dax, then the coordinates of the other end @ are i= (iii) If}, and /, are the length of the focal segments, then length oft latusrectum = 2 (harmonic mean of focal segment) Le, 4a= Ahly ely (iv) For a chord joining points P(at?,2at,) and Q(alf, 20! and passing through focus, then tt) =— 1. (v) Length of the focal chord having 4 and 4 as end poin'® a(t, 4) Chord of contact drawn from a point (x,, 9) to the parte! 4ax is yy = 2a (x + x).Miles 183! i) Equation of the chord of the AO Which a bigot i at (4.1) 8 given by T=8, ie. 2 Pale) yd Parabola y2 4ax, () Point Form The equation of the tangent to the parabola ry y'=4ax at a point (x,y) is ot given by yy, = 2a (x + x). i) Slope Form 0 x (a) The equation of the tangent of slope m to the parabola y"= 4axis a y=mx+— m (>) The equation of the tangent of slope m to the parabola (y- 2)? = 4a (x — h) is given by (y= =m(x-A) += m The coordinates of the point of contact are (« + 5 kt =) : m m i Parametric Form ‘The equation of the tangent to the parabola Y= 4ax ata point (at®, 2at)is yt=x+at". . . a i Theline y= mx + ctouches a parabola, iffe =~ and the point of tontactis( 22) m*" m Point of Intersection of Two Tangents Let te ott at Plat}, 2at,) and Q(at?, 2at,) intersect at R. Then, , bscissa, AM ilerseetion is Rlatjty,a(h + %)) ie. (OM of al inate). Straight line ix+ my+ n= 0 touches ¥ puta + y sina = ptouches y= 40% Pron + q sir*a@=0, 22 4ax, if n= am"gents at two points Plat ay ; tween tan ' bola vy? = dax is given by (vii) Angle 0 be iat! 2at,)on the para -h 14 hte combined equation of the rabola y* = 4ax is tiven! tan 0 = ; nts The on ri seein a point toa pa ss, =T* S=y?-4az,S, = 91 ~ 40% and T=(|yy,-20@ +x)I i d of contact of tangents. aS fe oar dn eee y? =4aris yy; = aan e Chord Bisected at a Given Point 7, Equation of th a Point _ equation of the chord of the parabola y? = 4ax which is bisen at (a, 91) is 99 — 2a (e+ 41) =H = day; or T =S! where, S' = y" - 4ax, and T = yy, -2a(x+ x). Important Results on Tangents () The tangent at any point on a parabola bisects the angle between te focal distance of the point and the perpendicular on the directrix hrs the point. (ii) The tangent at the extremities of a focal chord of a parabola intersect right angle on the directrix. (ii) The portion of the tangent toa parabola cut off between the directrt: the curve subtends a right angle at the focus. — (iv) The perpendicular drawn from the focus on any tangent'to’a parebo Intersect it at the point where It cuts the tangent at the vertex. (v) The orthacentre of any triangle formed by three tangents to a pant lies on the directrix. " ayes (vi) The circumcircle formed by the Intersection paints of tangents at #7 three points on a parabola passes through the focus of the parabol (vil} The tangent at any point of a parabola Is equally inclined to the distance of the point and the axis of the parabola. | (vill) The length of the subtangent at any point on a parabola ls equal to™ | the abscissa of the point. ve “E {ix}. Two tangents can be drawn from a point ages toa parabola, Two tal | real and distinct or coincident or imaginary according as given PO" outside, on or inside the parabola, where,Point Form The equation of the normal to the parabola y' =4ax at a point (x, y,)is given by y— y, =e 2a Parametric Form The equation of the normal parabola y* = 4ax at point (at®, 2at) is given by y + paar ton Slope Form The equation of the normal to thi parabola y'=4azin terms ofte elope mia given by y= mx Doro” om’ at point (am*, — 2am). * Important Results on Normals ff the normal at the point Plat?, 2at,) meets the parabola y’ =4ax at lat}, 2at,), thent, =—f, -2, 1 Thetangent at one extremity of the focal chord ofa parabota's parallel to the normal at other extremity. Thenormal at points P(at?, 2at;)and Qtat?, 2at,) tothe parabola Intersect at the point (20+ att? +2 + t4,)L- atiath +4) W the normal at paints Plor?, Zar) and Okay, 2a4) on the = 4ax meet on the parabola, then ti = 2 a wa "the normal at two points P and Q of a parabola y* Panda's pité Point fon the curve, then the productof the ornate ate bola y' =4ax ola, tent? =2 yy = 40x M the normal chord at a point Mat”, 240 Subtends a right angle at the vertex af the pareea The normal chord of a parabola at a point abscissa, subtends 2 right angle at the focus. bola is equally inclined to The normal at any point cof a paral the pa distance of the point and the axis of the parabola. Foca (bd Three normals can be drawn: fronva point toa parabola. hich the normals pags; (x) Conormal The pointson the parabola at! th . a common paint are called conormal points. The conormal pain called the feet of the normals. Points A-Band Care called conormal points. {a) Thealgebraic sum of the slopes of the normals at conormals pointist fb), The sum of the ardinates of the conormal points Is 0. “4 | (9) The centroid of: the triangle formed by the conormal points-ay parabola lies on its axis, 7 Director Circle The locus of the point of intersection of i tangents ts e Io of perpendicular toll conic is known as director circle. - The director circle of a parabola is its directrix: m Equation of Diameter Th id-poi e ie of mid i of a aystem of parallel chords of a oot The diameter bisecting chords of slope m to the parabola ya yt m a?@ The length of the tangent = PT = PN cosee y ='y, cosecy @ The length of subtangent = NT = PN cot w = y, cot co) The length of normal = PG = PN secy = 5, sec y {v) The length of subnormal = NG = PN tan y= 9, tany and Polar P be a point lying within or outside a given parabola. Suppose any ight line drawn through P intersects the parabola at Q and R the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents 0 the at Q and R is called the polar of the given point P with to the parabola and the point P is called the pole of the polar. 8) The bola a ber of a point P(x.) with respect to the pars ax is yy, = a(x + x,)or T =O ¥ tangent i air t. Pie a is the polar of its point of a olf aun) le+ my +n = owith recpect 07 = 4% °K || Jiy: chord joining (x, 94) and (%, 92) is ("Beata ’ hen thi P(x, 3) passes through Q(x2, ¥2), ¢ se Palag yhvough P. Here, P and @ are called conjugiy, (iv) Pole of the (v) Ifthe polar of Q will passes points. (vi) If the pole ofa line ax+hy+e=0 lies on another ;; ax + byy + cy = 9, then the pole of the second line will Hesent first line. Such lines are called conjugate lines. (vii) The point of intersection of the polar of two points @ and Rinty pole of QR. (viii) The tangents at the ends of any chord of the parabola meet the diameter which bisect the chord. Important Points to be Remembered, () For the ends of latusrectum of the parabola .y? = 4ax, the values of the, perimeter aret 1 i i (i), The circles described on focal radil of a parabola as diameter touchestte! tangentat the ve je | (ii), The straight, lin it.¢ meets the parabola y* =4ax in twe points! ‘These two) points are real iand distinct) if cot » points are ca j m coincident, ifc uy points-are imaginary, ifc < w m ___ J {ii Areacfthe triangle formed by three points on a parabolais twice the at = of the triangle formed by the tangents at these points. ) I ac ie on any facal chord of a parabola as ee | (vi IfY,.¥a.¥5 are the ordinates of the jferitees of a triangle inscribed nthe parabola y? =4ax, rae! ¥ then Its area is i 4) ~ 2) Ya -¥3) Ws — >fut the ratio of the distance from a fixed : in such eto its distance from a fixed atraight Te’ (lotu) in the same nt, which is always lesa than unity, irectria) in always and Minor Axes segment Uurouh the foci-of the ellipee-with ita end points on is cal ita major axis. on. segment through the centre and perpendicular ith its end points on the ellipse, is called its mine eae tate i x? ay? zontal Ellipse i.e. att pt hes b + a =1 (y= bsing) = 28ing— bind a cos$—asin® = og (949). Yc (O40 8-9 or ® coo 3 ) +z sin (228) ~ 200258 ) Gi The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawa fea! Point (x), 9,) to the ellipse (i) The equation of the chord joining these points will be (x— a cos6) xy? a oyig PH Me a 48 lis oat oe ii) The equation of the chord of the ellipse = + x. Vhisec* b the point (x,,y,)is given by : 4% tte win TS, -1 he oraera Le ation of Tangent 7 point Form The equation of the tangent 2 , ry yy woetat the point (aj, 94) is “1 4 94 ott th 2 oh 'o the cllipae aranetric Form The cquation of the tan, Svs went to i 0,b = the elli point (@ cos sin®) is a cond a sind « 1, ipae f a )P © ah the ay slope ems The equation of the tangent of lope m to the oA +a = le = ary oe ape mx ym? + 6 ond the coordinates int of contact are 2 — os uf Ja?m? + b i Yatm? +b) \point of Intersection of Two Tangents The equation of ithe tangents to the ellipse at points Pla aie, Baine,) aad Q (a cosy, 6 sin@,) are a . fe ; cos, + - sin@, = 1 and a cosO, + 7 sin@, =1 ellips _ of the po! and these two intersect at the point acon (% =) b cin(*4%) 2 2 a=(88) ol) 2 dation of Normal ) Point Form The equation of the norm Foy a e =lis alat (x, y)tothe ellipse ax me by =a-b" 4 OH Parametric Form The equation Lat(acos6, b sin6) is of the normal to 2 ax seco byconeco=a'™ >iii ‘Th tion of the normal re (ii) Slope Form, ¢ equation of the al of alcpe mio ty ellipse 2; +27 = hare given by y= me + m (at - a BF a? + bm? and the coordinates of the paint of contact are a a tim £ A ( Yo? + bm? Jat+ b'm? (iv) Point of Intersection of Two Normals :¢ intersection of the normal at points (a cos, 6 sin®) ay. (a.cos®y,6 sin@,) are given by 2%) coa| 22 a cos8, cos®, —\ 24 1 2 . cos (5**) ) 2 . + Pweg cin 2088 waste b as a 2 the line y= mx+ei ipee 2+ (v) Ifthe line y mx + cis a normal to the ellipse = + 35 = hthe @ 2 " m*(a” _ By? a+ b'm* Conormal Points The points on the ellipse, the normals at which the ellipse pas through a given point are called conormal points. Here, P, Q, A and S are the conormal points.othe sum of " eccentric Angles of the 195. 2 ee ee ; 1 Uellipses Be an odd TOUItiple of POR Ot thy 0.9. and @, are eccentric Tipe, he normals at which ave ot” ) X cos (0, +82) = 0 ye sin +0y)=0 ul and oy are the eccentric angles of three “4 # = 1, auch that four Freni, tee Om the G Pointe on the sin (0, + 8.) + sin (8, +6,)+ sin(®, +8)=0, then the normals at these points are concurrent. 1 at fc i If the normal at four points: Plx,¥,),Q (xy, 94), Rts, 9.) and i ¥ S(x,, ¥4)0n the ellipae y+ Ge tare sk (x + Xo + 3% +xy(F+iedeta 4 % gate Points and Conjugate Lines ints are said to be conjugate paints with respect to an ellipes, if on the polar of the other. are said to be conjugate lines with respect to an ellipse, i s through the pole of the polar. ter and Conjugate Diameter of the mid-point of a system of , diameter, whose equation of diameter 2 chotds of an ellipse is yor? a’m : : ifeach ters of an ellipse are said to be conjugate a the chords parallel to the ather.