Formula sheet physics
Speed (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s)
∴ v = s/t
Average speed (m/s) = total distance (m) / total time (s)
∴ Vav = s/t
Acceleration (m/s2) = Final velocity – Initial velocity / time (s)
∴ a = v-u/t
Gravitational field strength (N/kg) = Weight (N) / Mass (kg)
∴ g = W/m
Density (g/cm3) = Mass (g) / volume (cm3)
∴ ρ = m/v
Spring constant (N/m) = Load (force) (N) / Extension (m)
∴ k = F/x
Force (N) = mass (kg) * acceleration (m/s2)
∴ F = ma
Moment (Nm) = Force (N) * Perpendicular distance (m)
∴ M = Fd
Kinetic energy (J) = ½ * Mass (kg) * velocity2 (m/s)
∴ Ek = ½ mv2
GPE / potential energy (J) = Mass (kg) * gravity (N/kg) * height (m)
∴ Ep = mgh
Work (J) = Force (N) * direction
∴ W = Fd
Energy efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) * 100
Power efficiency = (useful power output / total power input) * 100
Power (W, J/s) = Work done (J) / time (s)
∴ P = W/t
Pressure (N/m2 , N/cm2 , Pascal) = Force (N) / Area (m2)
∴ p = F/A
Liquid pressure (N/m2 ) = Density (g/cm3) * gravity (N/kg) * height
∴ p = ρgh
Equations of motion
o Velocity1(m/s) = Velocity0(m/s) + acceleration (m/s2) * time (s)
∴ v = u + at
o Distance (m)= velocity0*time (s) + ½ acceleration (m/s2)*time
(s)
∴ s = ut + ½ at2
o 2*acceleration*distance = Final velocity2 – initial velocity2
(m/s)
∴ 2as = v2 – u2
2
Speed of wave (cm/s) = Frequency (Hz) * Wavelength (cm)
∴ v = f(lambda)
Speed of light in air: 3 x 108 m/s
Law of reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Refractive index = speed of light in air / speed of light in medium
∴ n = c1 / c2
Snell’s law (angles of rays): Sin(i) * n1 = Sin (r) * n2
Critical angle = Sin-1 (1/n)
∴ c = Sin-1 (1/n)
Human audibility = 20Hz to 20000Hz / 20kHz
Speed of sound
o Air: 330-350m/s
o Water: 1400m/s
o Concrete: 5000m/s
o Steel: 6000m/s
Echo (m/s) = 2*distance / time
∴ v = 2s / t
Sounds speed = distance / time
∴v=s/t
3
Celsius = kelvin – 273
Gas laws
o Charles law: V = T
o Boyle’s law: p = 1/V
o Lussac’s law: T = p
Specific heat capacity (J/kg°C) = Heat (J)/mass (kg)*temp (°C)
∴ c = E / m (Temp2 – Temp1)
4
Heat capacity (J/°C) = Heat (J)/ change in temp (°C)
∴ C = E /(Temp2 – Temp1)
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg°C
Energy (J) = mass change * speed of light2
∴ E = mc2
Alpha decay (helium nucleus): nucleon number = 4, proton number
= 2. 22688Ra 22286Ra + 42He
Beta decay (electrons emitted): 146C 147C + 0-1electron + 00-V
antineutrino
Speed time graph
o Gradient of graph= acceleration
o Area under graph = distance
Distance time graph
o Gradient = speed
o Horizontal = at rest
o Diagonal = constant speed
o Upward Curve = accelerating
o Downward Curve = decelerating
Charge on an e- = 1.6 * 10-19 coulombs
Charge (C)= Current (A) * time (s)
5
∴Q=I*t
Electromotive force (V) = work done (J) / charge (C)
∴ E.m.f. = W/Q
∴ V= W/Q
Work done (J) = Charge (C) * Volt (V)
∴W=Q*V
∴W=I*t*V
Resistance (ohm) = volt (V) / Current (I)
∴R=V/I
Resistance (ohm)/ Resistance 2 (ohm)= Length (cm)/ Length 2 (cm)
R1 / R2 = l1 / l2
Power formulas
o P = W/t
o P = ItV/t
o P = IV
o P = I2R
o P = V2/R
Energy transfer (J) = Current (A) * Potential difference (V) * Time (s)
Series circuit (constant = V)
o Potential difference: V1 + V2 + V3
o Resistors: V = IR: Requivalent = R1 + R2 + R3
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Parellel circuit
o Potential difference: V1 = V2
o Resistors: I = V/R: 1/Requivalent = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
o Resistors: R1 * R2 * R3 / R1 + R2 + R3
Voltage 1/ Voltage 2 = Resistance 1/ Resistance 2
Right hand thumb rule
Left hand Fleming’s rule
