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Module 4

1. This document discusses skewness and kurtosis, which are measures used to understand the shape of a probability distribution and decide on an appropriate statistical test. 2. Skewness measures the symmetry of a distribution and whether the tails are evenly balanced. Kurtosis measures the peakedness of a distribution. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating skewness and kurtosis from sample data using their respective formulas.

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Module 4

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The sorcerer

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Unit 4: SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

Introduction
To be able to decide on what statistical tool to be used. A test of normality
shall be done. It can be done through skewness and kurtosis.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module the student will be able to:
1. Learn and explain random variables and probability distributions.
2. Understand and discuss expected values, mean and variance

Lesson 1: Skewness
According to Salvatore, D. & Reagle, D. (2001), a distribution has zero
skewness if it is symmetrical about its mean. For a symmetrical (unimodal)
distribution, the mean, median, and mode are equal. A distribution is positively
skewed if the right tail is longer. A distribution is negatively skewed if the left tail is
longer.

The formula for skewness are:

Sk= 3(μ-Med) for population

Sk= 3( X-med) for samples

s
Where: Sk = Skewness
μ = Mean (Population)
X = Mean (Sample)

σ = Standard Deviation (Population)

S = Standard Deviation (Sample)

Example: Consider the given table from Module 2. The mean, median and standard
deviation are already solved, hence we can compute for the skewness.
Sk= 3(μ-Med) = 3(65.5-69.33) =3(-3.83) = -3.209

σ 3.58 3.58
Lesson 2: Kurtosis
A peaked curve is called leptokurtic, as opposed to a flat one (platykurtic), relative to
one that is mesokurtic.

Kurtosis=Σf(X-μ)4 for populations

σ4

Kurtosis= Σf (X-x̄ )4 for samples

4
s

Example: Consider
Kurtosis=Σf(X-μ)4 = 2,000,0000 = 2,000,000 = 12,175

σ4 3.584 164.26

Table 7

Groupe Class Frequency Mean X-µ /X-µ/ (X-µ)4 f(X-µ)4

d Midpoint (f) (µ)
(X)

41-50 45.5 6 65.5 -20 20 160,000 960,000.00

51-60 55.5 4 65.5 -10 10 10,000 40,000.00

61-70 65.5 3 65.5 0 0 0 -

71-80 75.5 8 65.5 10 10 10,000 40,000.00

81-90 85.5 4 65.5 20 20 160,000 960,000.00

Σf(X-µ)4=2,000,000

Module 4

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Module 4

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Unit 4: SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

The formula for skewness are:

Sk= 3(μ-Med) for population

Sk= 3( X-med) for samples

σ = Standard Deviation (Population)

S = Standard Deviation (Sample)

Kurtosis=Σf(X-μ)4 for populations

Kurtosis= Σf (X-x̄ )4 for samples

Groupe Class Frequency Mean X-µ /X-µ/ (X-µ)4 f(X-µ)4

41-50 45.5 6 65.5 -20 20 160,000 960,000.00

51-60 55.5 4 65.5 -10 10 10,000 40,000.00

61-70 65.5 3 65.5 0 0 0 -

71-80 75.5 8 65.5 10 10 10,000 40,000.00

81-90 85.5 4 65.5 20 20 160,000 960,000.00

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