te me Point “ngs (Aemawiie Reading & Writing) Code ENO-112" 10” Univeraty of ny, \ CHAPTER PARAGRAPH WRITING - I What is a Paragraph? Ru Definition ae y (a) "A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with the same topic." (&) "A paragraph is a combination of sentences on a single subject or on Subjects ¢) together." losey ae HOV gin Pe oF Lireatnnyy ‘(Essentials of a Good Paragraph) yAKi//ga, La SL ISLS phon P= oP ELE (P Unity ben y ere at tite pin Phi,
U2). In this way of you will start form 2020 and end it in on 1857. Sometimes we write a paragraph by the numerals as first, second and third. This way of writing is called process. In this way, we arrange the material of the graph step by step. In order to show time clauses, we often use the following words. _ While, as, when, before, after, until, etc. _ Cause and effect: If we have to develop a paragraph about some topic in which results evil are going to be traced, we should focus on its cause first. Suppose, we want to dy the nature of growing crimes in society. We should first of all discuss the causes lich are responsible for crimes in society. We shall write as such. The first reason for the increase of crime in society is lack of education (enlarge it). Sécond reason for the increase of crime in society is poverty (enlarge it). Similarities: In supporting sentences of a paragraph, we can quote similar examples, ings and events, This will strengthen our argument. Differences: In a paragraph, we can compare and contrast a thing. In this way, we can shlight the different aspects of that thing. This can be done by contrasting the qualities of ent things, This will also strengthen the topic sentence. We can develop a paragraph very well if we strengthen the topic sentence by the use chniques mentioned above. 4, Importance of Unity in a Paragraph What is the importance of unity in a paragraph? How unity is violated in @ Paragraph?re To The Point "Engile¥! (Academe Reading & Writing) Code ENQ=112" for University of Py wh nab ty ike a sentence, must have thought of thought, There should be which may be illustrated or developed, But all sentences must Centre ow light on different aspects of the to pic but they must be related tg digression (iA) from the bjs from the topic. When afresh ide, n to the next Paragraph. The test Teduce it to a sin, we only, There can be no wandering or d be no irrelevant matter that is far Temove up While writing a paragraph, it should be taker waity in a paragraph is that one should be able to silowing example will show that unity is Present in the given Paragraph, ‘ AISA Le ipa Same Inbar duet rfy et Chen disdinentihiiraibie te L Spduamg adie Hai ge ag An example of Unity ina Paragraph What is to be a gentleman? Is it to have lofty aims, to lead a pure life, to keep your honour virgin (4), to have the esteem of your fellow citizens, and the love of your friends, to bear good fortune meekly; to suffer evil with constancy; and through evil or good to maintain truth always show me the happy man whose life exhibits these qualities in him and we will salute him as a gentleman, Now the first, it introduces to us the theme of the a gentleman. There is no digression (Wifi qualities of a gentleman and nothing more, Violation of the Principle of Unity: Lack of unity is due to three main causes; (1) When more than one topic is treated of in one paragraph: (2) Unity is also violated when matter which is enough for only one paragraph is distributed over two or three separate paragraphs: - : (3) Unity is also violated by the introduction of irrelevancies and useless digressions: An example of Violation of Unity ina Paragraph Cold Day It was a very cold day. A fierce chill wind was blowing, and the sky was heavily overcast, There was thunder in the clouds, and terrible flashes of lightning, A light drizzle had begun, and I felt both cold and wet, I had put on my overcoat, and turned up the collar. This overcoat is made of fine English material, that cost me a big sum. mee ee me fifty rupees. Oh these tailors! How these days, and steal your * te pela sbhiiep rode pea 5, Cohesive Devices 4 Sitios iol guilt cc de Ble sentence, Thy Paragraph. It is about the qualities of ) involved in it, All the sentences tell us about the Sia i tal oadns ent sre Point “Engliah-ll (Academic Reading & Wilting) Code ENG-112" fr Univeraty of Punjas 187 ' rt PL Visine Ertl felle UL. Jeaheslvens/ 77 galeem: Can you lend me some money today? Aslam: Yes, I 3 Been Ang ye eet Mag Pion hile r4y rt ACohesiven Syihig Cin Sei | galeem: Can you lend me some money? Aslam: There is strike in the bank. fp prhrPumrorfztlpa sting as si S/Al Sxl uf Cohesivey®-uf Coherente Ayjs», Sik Saleem: Can you lend me some money? ‘Aslam: I cannot because there is strike in the bank, -LnE*Cohensivee L OBecauserl- Zui NL Ale Puhreg tp eS ALLA HPS Ii Le reer Bing Pla Mize ' Vite wit, Cu fbn <2 Cohesive Devices MALLU RL ME anh Any serie because, instead, +7 6sUly-u LIeg wu AUAunz ut Ln silly» Cohesive Devices dnd sblafand, but 5. Cohesive Devices What are cohesive devices (L2-/¢.#|) in a sentences? Why are they used ina _ sentence? What is the difference between a coherent (4s) and a cohesive sentence? : Cohesive devices in a sentence are those in a sentence which link or connect different , sentences and paragraphs. They are linking words such as and, but, then, afterwards, presently etc. ose of cohesive devices: , Cohesive devices are used in sentences to make their meanings clear. The writer wants convey his message clearly to his reader. The use of such words 'And! and ‘But’ may wey similar things but the emphasis is laid on different part of information. For example say: (i) Aslam is intelligent and hardworking. (i) Aslam is intelligent but hardworking. The first sentence adds hardworking to Aslam's being intelligent and there is no on one quality or the other. In the second sentence, emphasis is being laid on being hardworking, difference between coherence and cohesive sentence; ‘Two sentences may be coherent (42) but they may not be cohesive (¥f ). Cohesive are those which are grammatically linked, We can illustrate the difference by ' example,To The Point "Englishl! (Academic Reading & Writing) Code ENG-112" for University of Punjab 14 Saleem: Can you lend me some money. Aslam: Yes, I can. (Cohesive) These sentences are cohesive. They are grammatically connected, though in the secong Sentence 'yes, I can’ the other part of the sentence is omitted. But the meaning is clear, Saleem: Can you lend me some money? Aslam: There is a strike in the bank. (Coherent) These sentences are not cohesive because the second sentence is not linked to the first Srammatically and nor they have any connection in an apparent way. But they are coherent, because Aslam's reply tells us that it is not good to fulfil the request of Saleem, Coherence: The sentences in a paragraph should be properly related to one another. This will naturally be the case if our ideas are properly expressed. One thought leads to another, so one sentence should lead to another. Just as a thought out of place is unpleasant, so is a sentence out of place unpleasant. If we say, "I left home and reached the station. The train whistled and started as soon as I had found a seat, I had a hasty break-fast of tea and toast which my mother prepared for me ..." We can easily mark that the breakfast should come before the journey begins. The correct place for the sentence in italics is the beginning, and not the end of the paragraph. For coherence in a paragraph, sentences should have a natural sequence or order. Ifa paragraph is a description of events, they should be described in their proper order. Ifa - general statement is made, examples and proofs should follow. If examples are given in the beginning, a conclusion may mark the end, In every case a paragraph should have a natural and logical growth and development, LP Py hndne ripple PEM oS Cg tayitwlenL U:Pipe Coherence Ph A Lele WC Ur ih 0 Le FiDbLu apne pen thar Busta AEA GNNP ALLE ALL tuont ie binizene Pepys) Cohesive Devices (2 2£4 SE iU,3) Through orderi: inciples: ss In different types of paragraph, we can maintain the flow of sentences by different methods. % Narrative Paragraphs use a chronological order in narrating an incident, We should start the paragraph from the down chronological (Yt) order to the upward, The progress of Pakistan in economic field can be traced from 1970 to 1975 and upward to 2020, In the same manner a person goes to the railway to get into the train. He will describe his arrival to train in the following from taking breakfast to hiring of taxi and then reaching the railway station. His narration of events must have @ sequence,“Englien— le ying Cote Giee1 98 ter point “Englieh-ti (Academie Reading & Wilting) Code EMO-119" tor University 0» m eee onal Pecan use such words aa, then, next and finally to narrate re oh we can use enumeration (7/7) (1, 2, 3) Firstly, Secondly Sy, ta sme ote yphs, we may use comparison and contrast and cause and effect method sing Pronouns: Pe can use pronouns to achieve coherence, We should use pros in the previous sentence. For example we can say, 'People ir ly happy’ We can use ‘they’ for people in place of noun. a to create cohesion in a sentence: ‘esion in sentences, some grammatical forms are used to link them. atso, equally, further, more _| Logical connectors : GuILoLingalwrir de) Substitute from noun he, she, we (WILLA IBL EDa; mre Point “Engle? ( ‘Academie Reading & Writing) Code ENG-112" for University Of Punjan Te ” race an example for example, such as, as a result) Malaria in urban Place 8 Can) ditty} of it ete. spread for example by water and marshy soi}, We could not keep soaq] distance consequently, we had attack of corona virus, mmoduce a consequence|as a result, consequently, therefore, thus etc, To i jor result To introduce a restatement] that is, infact, indeed, more, 6. Types of paragraphs Q.6 Into how many kinds paragraphs are classified? Ans: Paragraphs can be classified into many types. We may classify them according to their subject matter or according to their form. A paragraph dealing with a scientific ‘subject may be a called a scientific paragraph. A paragraph which describes something may be called a descriptive paragraph. There are four types of paragraphs, (2) Descriptive (2) Narrative (3) Expository or argumentative (4) Reflective Descriptive: In a descriptive paragraph, we describe some place, person or thing which could be real or imaginary. Typical examples of such paragraphs are (a) A character sketch of people (b) description of an event, festival or program. How to write a descriptive paragraph? Dwell on the significant details of the paragraph, like the surrounding, the weather time Use all five senses namely, sense of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. Quotations are allowed. One may add bits of reflection or mediation (G1) even. A good descriptive Paragraph is full, systematic and attractive. Fullness in a descriptive paragraph is obtained by giving all important or escent details, It can be systematic if we chalk out a plan, what we are going to write, Narrative paragraphs; In narrative paragraphs, we move from point to point reais historical events or the story of man's life, The main thing to do isto start attractive keep moving on smoothly and to come to logical close. A narrative paragraph can be the life of a sp ‘or about some event, It may deal with a journey’ adventure or an imaginary « ‘A good narrative paragraph has the following au (a) Ithas a plot, eepoint “Englleh-i (Academic me Reading & Writing) Code ENG-112" for University af Pinan nor too lengthy Ti has @ proper length Le, neither too sho thas @ descriptive element. It keeps on moving till it reaches the logical end. thas @ personal interest. Expository paragraphs (VisPoiP>: An expository paragraph is one in wich th js called upon to explain or expose something. It is concerned with facts and tion. It does not deal with thoughful or meditative ideas (Lena Pa ignior) How to write an expository paragraph? y pe cxposttory paragraph ian ondry whole and ith to deal with faci, Tew Asn ts Jogically and at time a conclusion is drawn from ther. Suppose you have to write paragraph on computer. First of all, you have to describe the invention and the of computer. Then you dwell on its advantages and disadvantage. In the end, should describe the latest developments or improvements of computers. of a good expository paragraph: quod expostor paragraph provides fl deal of topic under aan. ‘The facts and figures are correct and truthful. ‘The arrangement of facts is orderly. Reflective paragraphs (igLbigsor): Reflective paragraphs deal with out tation and reflective thinking. They deal with literary, critical, poetic and