Intelligent Transport Systems
Lecture: 1.2
K. Srikanth
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
[email protected]
DATA:
➢ A prerequisite for many ITS services is the collection of timely,
accurate and reliable information about traffic flow and road conditions
➢ Information is at the core of ITS whether it is static or real time traffic
data or a digital map
➢ Many ITS tools are based on the collection, processing, integration and
supply of information
Data’s to be Collected
1. Geometric Data
2. Volume
3. Speed
4. Travel Time
5. Accident / incident data
6. Signal positions and timings
Data Collection Techniques
➢ Data Acquisition
➢ Data Communication
➢ Data Processing
➢ Information Distribution
➢ Information Utilization
Data Collection Techniques
Data Collection
a) Road-based data sources
b) Vehicle-based data sources
c) Transportation Network -based data sources
a) Road-based data sources:
Traffic data falls into three classes:
1. point traffic stream data (e.g. average speed);
2. individual vehicle data (e.g. vehicle type);
3. link traffic data (e.g. average travel time).
Traffic Flow Sensors:
1. Embedded Detectors
Installed in pavement in travelled way
Ex: Loop Detectors
2. Non-Intrusive Detectors
Loop Detectors:
➢ A single loop buried under the lane pavement can perform vehicle
counting
➢ Double loops in the same lane separated by a fixed distance can
measure vehicle speed
➢ As vehicle speed slows below a certain threshold, loop detectors can
indicate traffic congestion
Non-Intrusive Detectors
• Installed above or adjacent travel way
• Technologies
1. Microwave radar
2. Infrared
3. Ultrasonic
4. Acoustic
5. Video Image Vehicle Detection (VIVDS)
Microwave Radar
➢ Mounted above or besides roadway
➢ Directs beam of energy into detection area
➢ Monitors
▪ One to several lanes
▪ Both directions simultaneously
➢ Passage detection only
Infrared
➢ Similar to radar
➢ Two Types
1. Active :
directs narrow beam toward surface
2. Passive
measure energy emitted by vehicles
➢ Mounted overhead or side post
➢ Susceptible to environmental conditions
Ultrasonic
• Uses electronic sounds wave signals and receiver unit
• Mounted overhead or side post
• Can provide single lane or multi-lane detection
Acoustic
• Use microphones along with signal processing technology to “listen”
for sounds associated with vehicles
• Not subject to low-visibility environmental conditions
• Disadvantages
➢ Low speed conditions
➢ “Noisy” environments (e.g. tunnels)
Video image detectors
➢ Video image detectors (VID)through image processing
➢ Images acquired by video cameras in VID are processed to obtain
1. vehicle presence
2. Speed
3. lane occupancy
4. lane flow rate
➢ Video is the most effective way to document existing traffic conditions,
including traffic counts, pedestrian and bicycle use, and other site
activities. Video-based data collection offers several advantages over
conducting live traffic counts in the field
Video Image Vehicle Detection System (VIVDS):
➢ Monitors specific points in video image
➢ Software “detects” when vehicle passes through detection zones
➢ New systems can track vehicle through video image
Video Surveillance:
➢ Detect and verify traffic incidents
➢ Monitor traffic conditions/ movements
➢ Monitor incident clearance
Road based - vehicle side
• Data regarding vehicle conditions such as
1. speed,
2. fuel level,
3. oil pressure,
4. engine temperature
• Acquisition of these data through in-vehicle sensors is important for
vehicle operation and maintenance.
• From the perspective of road maintenance, surveillance of vehicle
weight is also important. It is estimated that one overloaded truck axle
causes more road damage than half a million cars
b) Vehicle-based data sources
• In ITS, information about vehicle location is important for both the
individual driver who wants to know where he or she is in order to
navigate or to obtain location-relevant information, and for the fleet
operator who wants to track vehicles for fleet management purposes
• Vehicle location is invaluable for public agencies to locate a
1. vehicle in trouble for rescue purposes,
2. to find stolen vehicles or vehicles transporting hazardous materials
• Moreover, when the locations of a moving vehicle are known on a link at
two different times, the travel time on the link (or link time) can be
measured directly
• Tyre slippage on an icy road and moisture on the windshield can also be
detected and reported by the vehicle along with its location to the traffic
centre
c) Transport Network data sources
• In addition to the data from traffic and vehicles, a considerable
investment is needed in data concerning the transport networks
themselves
• Capturing data on transport networks is very labour intensive, involving
detailed reference to maps and plans, aerial photographs, and on-site
surveys.
• Videoing the network from a moving vehicle is often used to reduce the
amount of time spent on the ground
Vehicle Tracking
Vehicle Objectives
1. Improvement in vehicle scheduling
2. Timed transfers
3. Accessible vehicle driver information
4. Efficiency/productivity improvements
Off-line Tracking
➢ A GPS based unit, fitted inside the vehicle, will store the desired
parameters like latitude, longitude and speed etc. at a fixed interval
➢ Coverage is 100% and can trace each and every location on the
Indian soil
➢ At the control station, the data from the instrument is downloaded
by software, on a regular PC, for analysis.
Automatic Vehicle Location Systems (AVL)
➢ Transit and commercial vehicles
➢ Two types of systems
▪ Global positioning satellite (GPS)
▪ Sign-post
➢ Integrated with other systems
• Computer-aided dispatch systems
• Automatic stop annunciation
• Automated arrival time calculation
Automatic Vehicle Location Systems (AVL)
➢ Computer-based vehicle tracking systems
➢ To identify the location coordinates of vehicles for a variety of
purposes
➢ Improved dispatch and operational efficiency
➢ Quicker responses to disruptions in service
➢ It can be used with variable routing and scheduling
Cellular-Probe Surveillance
Active : driver calls at pre-established locations
Passive: phone signal tracked from cell to cell
Applications:
• Incident detection
• Travel-time
Other Manual Systems
• Cellular telephones
• E911
• Dedicated numbers
• Call box
• Field personnel reports
Vehicle Tracking Reports
1. Consolidated Report
2. Vehicle Status Report
3. Distance Report
4. Idle Time Report
5. Speed Violation Report
6. Distance Travelled Chart
Vehicle Tracking Reports
GPS tracking devices have been fitted on 30 police patrol vehicles in Trichy.
These vehicles can be tracked and directed to critical spots.
Vehicle Tracking Reports
Vehicle Tracking Reports
