Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Engineering Drawing
KNS1022
By Dr Gaddafi Ismaili KNS1022 Engineering Drawing 1
Learning Outcomes for Chapter C
Ability to identify and interpret the roles and importance. of drawings
LO 1
in design and construction of a civil engineering projects
LO 2 Ability to identify and describe standard drawing offices practices
Learning Ability to recognize and differentiate basic engineering drawings and
Outcomes
LO 3
the notations and symbols associated to them
Ability to produce a proper set of civil engineering drawings ~ civil
LO 4
and structural for a simple project
LO 5 Ability to apply computer aided drawing tools (namely AutoCad)
By Dr Gaddafi Ismaili KNS1022 Engineering Drawing 2
C. PROJECTIONS
By Dr Gaddafi Ismaili KNS1022 Engineering Drawing 3
Sketching – Oblique Representation
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Sketching – Isometric Representation
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Isometric to Orthographic
• An orthographic projection means a 2-
dimensional representation of 3-
dimensional solid object. The object is
represented by projecting lines from its
edges such that the lines are orthogonal
to the projection plane.
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Isometric to Orthographic
Hints for Orthographic Sketching
▪ Identify the major features and overall dimensions
▪ Use clean, crisp strokes
▪ Do not use straightedges or scales when sketching
▪ Start by drawing bounding boxes and a miter line, using
construction lines
▪ Align the views
▪ Use light construction lines to locate vertices and edges
▪ Only measure dimensions along primary axes
▪ Map inclined and oblique faces between all three views
▪ Follow the precedence of lines
▪ Doublecheck to make sure there are no missing hidden or
center lines
▪ Darken all visible, hidden and center lines
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Isometric to Orthographic
Orthographic
Views are used
extensively in
engineering
Often, they
must be
produced from
a 3D object or
possibly an
existing
Isometric
drawing or
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sketch
Isometric to Orthographic
ISOMETRIC
Completed Sketch
with construction
lines erased
ORTHOGRAPHIC 9
Tutorial 2: Isometric to Orthographic
Right
side
Front
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Tutorial 2: Question Isometric to Orthographic
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Tutorial 2: Answer Isometric to Orthographic
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Civil engineering drawings are closely
related to orthographic projections of
the structure. An orthographic
projections in civil engineering
drawings will produce:
Plan View
Elevations
Cross-sections
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A civil engineering drawing for a residential
construction typically uses six major drawing
types. The drawings for a construction project
are:
• Plans
• Interior and exterior elevations
• Building and wall sections
• Interior and exterior details
• Schedules and room finishes
• Framing and utility plans
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Plan View
A plan is an orthographic projection of a 3-
dimensional object from the position of a
horizontal plane through the object. In other
words, a plan is a section viewed from the top.
In such views, the portion of the object in above
the plane is omitted to reveal what lies beyond.
In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper
portion of the walls may be omitted.
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Auxiliary View
An auxiliary view is an ortographic view taken
in such a manner that the lines of sight are not
parallel to the principal projection planes
(frontal, horizontal, or profile). There are an
infinite number of possible auxiliary views of
any given object. An auxiliary view is a view at
an angle used to give deeper insight into the
actual shape of the object.
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Auxiliary View
▪ Auxiliary views are often used to show
inclined and oblique surfaces true size.
Inclined and oblique surfaces do not show
true size in the standard views.
▪ Auxiliary views are orthographic views
taken from a direction of sight other than
top, front, right side, left side, bottom, or
rear.
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Auxiliary View
• Primary auxiliary views are projected onto a
plane that is perpendicular to only one of the
principal planes of projection and is inclined
to the other two.
• Secondary auxiliary views are projected
from primary auxiliary views.
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Auxiliary View
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Elevation View
Elevations are the most common orthographic
projection for conveying the appearance of a
building from the exterior. Perspectives are also
commonly used for this purpose. A building
elevation is typically labeled in relation to the
compass direction it faces; the direction from
which a person views it. E.g. the North Elevation
of a building is the side that most closely faces
true north on the compass.
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Elevation View
An elevation is an orthographic projection of a
3-dimensional object from the position of a
horizontal plane beside an object. In other
words, an elevation is a side-view as viewed
from the front, back, left or right.
An elevation is a common method of depicting
the external configuration and detailing of a 3-
dimensional object in two dimensions. Building
façades (Building elevation) are shown as
elevations in architectural drawings and
technical drawings. 21
Elevation View
Interior elevations are used to show detailing
such as millwork and trim configurations.
Millwork is any woodmill-produced building
construction interior finish components such as
doors, window casing, baseboard, mantels, and
crown molding.
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Elevation View
In the building industry elevations are a non-
perspective view of the structure. These are
drawn to scale so that measurements can be
taken for any aspect necessary. Drawing sets
include front, rear and both side elevations. The
elevations specify the composition of the
different facades of the building, including ridge
heights, the positioning of the final fall of the
land, exterior finishes, roof pitches and other
architectural details.
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Cross-Sections
In geometry, a cross-section is the intersection
of a body in 2-dimensional space with a line, or
of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane,
etc. More plainly, when cutting an object into
slices one gets many parallel cross-sections.
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Cross-Sections
A cross-section, or section is also an
orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object
from the position of a plane through the object. A
floor plan is a section viewed from the top. In
such views, the portion of the object in front of
the plane is omitted to reveal what lies beyond.
In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper
portion of the walls may be omitted. Elevations of
roof plans are orthographic projections, but they
are not sections as their viewing plane is outside
of the object.
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Cross-Sections
A cross-section is a common method of
depicting the internal arrangement of a 3-
dimensional object in two dimensions. It is
often used in technical drawing and is
traditionally crosshatched. The style of
crosshatching indicates the type of material the
section passes through.
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Plan View
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Plan View
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Elevations
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Elevations
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Elevations
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Elevations and Cross-sections
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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Section View
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