MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to examiners:
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model answer scheme.
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answer based on candidate’s understanding.
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equivalent concept.
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Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme
from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if the students in first year (first and second
semesters) write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner
shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: (10)
a) State the importance of geology for Civil Engineering.
Ans. Importance of geology for Civil Engineering:
1. Geology is essential to know the nature of substrata and hence
helpful to decide the depth of foundation for important structures.
2. Geology is also required to know the properties of rock beneath
the earth surface which becomes beneficial to design earthquake
resistance structures.
1 2
3. Geology is important to find the most suitable site for dams,
each
bridges etc. (any
4. Geology plays vital role in groundwater survey and related two)
recharging process.
5. Geology is significant in tunnel excavation projects as it provides
information of rock strata and its engineering properties.
6. Geology is also important to excavate raw materials for stone
crushing plant to manufacture aggregates.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 b) Give the classification of rock based on its mode of origin.
Ans Classification of rock based on its mode of origin :
1. Igneous rock
2. Sedimentary rock 2 2
3. Metamorphic rock

c) Define :
(i) Voids Ratio
(ii) Water Content
Ans. (i) Voids Ratio: It is the ratio of volume of voids to volume of 1
soil solids, called as voids ratio. 2
(ii) Water Content: It is the ratio of weight of water to weight of
soil solids, called as water content. 1

d) Draw a neat sketch of fully saturated soil.

Ans. Sketch of fully saturated soil:

2 2

Phase Diagram of Fully Saturated Soil

e) Define zero air voids line.

Ans. Zero air voids line: The line on the compaction curve showing 100 %
degree of saturation for different values of optimum moisture content 2 2
and maximum dry density is called as zero air voids line.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 f) Define liquid limit.
Ans. Liquid Limit: The minimum water content at which two separated
grooved soil parts mix together under 25 blows of Casagrande’s liquid 2 2
limit apparatus; is called as Liquid Limit of soil.

g) Give the meaning of CBR value.

Ans. Meaning of CBR value: The CBR value i.e. California Bearing Ratio
is the ratio of test load to the standard load for specific penetration in 2 2
soil, expressed as percentage.

Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)

a) Explain Atterberg’s limits of consistency.

Ans. Atterberg’s limits of consistency: The Atterberg’s limit is a basic

1
measure of the critical water content of a fine grained soil, by its
shrinkage limit, plastic limit and liquid limit. In each state the
consistency and behavior of a soil is different and consequently so its
engineering properties.

Types of consistency limit: i. Liquid limit ii. Plastic limit iii.

Shrinkage limit
1 4
1. Liquid limit: The minimum water content at which two
separated grooved soil parts mixed together under 25 blows of
Casagrande’s liquid limit apparatus; is called as liquid limit.
1
2. Plastic limit: The minimum water content at which soil begins to
crumble into parts when it is rolled into 3 mm diameter thread; is
known as plastic limit.
1
3. Shrinkage limit: The maximum water content at which there is
no reduction in volume of soil due to further decrease in water
content is termed as shrinkage limit.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 b) Explain the experimental procedure to determination of specific
gravity of soil by Pycnometer.
Ans. Procedure to determine of specific gravity of soil by Pycnometer:
1. Clean the pycnometer bottle and dry it. Take the weight of empty
pycnometer with conical cap as ‘W1’ gm.
2. Oven dry the given soil sample passing through 4.75 mm and
retained on 75 micron IS sieve, in oven at temperature 105-
1100C for 24 hours to get dry soil.
3. Place this soil sample about 150-200 gm. in the pycnometer and
take its weight as ‘W2’ gm.
4. Now add the distilled water up to half of height of pycnometer
and stirr it using glass rod, so that entrapped air will be removed
from soil. Fill the distilled water up to top of conical cap using 2 4
pipette. Take the weight of pycnometer filled with distilled water
as ‘W3’ gm.
5. Remove all content from the pycnometer bottle. Wash and clean
it with water. Fill the pycnometer bottle with distilled water only
up to top of conical cap. Take the weight of pycnometer
completely filled with water as W4 gm.
6. Calculate the specific gravity G of given soil as,
G = (W2-W1) / ((W4- W1) – (W3- W2)) 1
7. Repeat all above steps two more times to calculate average
specific gravity of given soil sample.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 c) A soil sample has a porosity of 42 % and specific gravity of the
soil is 2.70. Determine voids ratio and dry density.
Ans. Given: η = 42 %; G = 2.70
Find: e = ? ; γd = ?
Solution:
e = η /1 - η 1
e = (42/100) / ((1 – (42/100))
e = (0.42) / ((1 - 0.42)
e = 0.42 / 0.58
e = 0.724 1 4

γd = (γw. G ) / (1 + e) 1
γd = (1 x 2.70 ) / (1 + 0.724) (γw = 1 gm/cc)
γd = 2.70 /1.724
γd = 1.566 gm/cc 1

d) Explain importance of soil as construction material.

Ans. Importance of soil as construction material:
1. Soil is of prime importance in brick manufacturing, which is
widely used for masonry works in building construction,
waterproofing, flooring etc.
2. Soil is important as it can be used for plinth filling material in 1 4
many flooring works. each
(any
3. Soil is also important to be used in construction of shoulders and four)
side embankment of highways.
4. Soil is important to bind the aggregates in water bound macadam
i.e. WBM road construction.
5. Pervious and impervious soil is essential in construction earthen
dams to ensure required permeability of soil.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
a) State the factors affecting permeability.
Ans. Factors affecting permeability:
1. Void ratio
2. Particle size i.e. diameter of soil particle
3. Stratification of soil layer
1
4. Entrapped air each 4
5. Impurities in voids (any
four)
6. Adsorbed water or degree of saturation
7. Viscosity of pore fluid
8. Temperature of pore fluid
9. Shape of particle

b) State Rankine’s theory assumptions made for non-cohesive soil.

Ans. Rankine’s theory assumptions made for non-cohesive soil:
1. The soil mass is semi-infinite, homogeneous dry and cohesion
less.
2. The ground surface is plane which may be horizontal or inclined. 1 4
3. The back of wall is vertical is smooth. each
(any
4. The wall yields about the base thus satisfy deformation condition four)
for plastic equilibrium.
5. The soil element is in state of plastic equilibrium i.e. on verge of
failure.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 c) Explain active earth pressure and passive earth pressure for no
surcharge condition.
Ans. Active earth pressure: The minimum earth pressure on retaining wall
which is developed due to movement of wall away from backfill is 1
called as active earth pressure.

Active Earth Pressure for No Surcharge Condition

1 4
Passive earth pressure: The maximum earth pressure on soil exerted
by retaining wall developed due to movement of wall towards backfill
is called as passive earth pressure.

Passive Earth Pressure for No Surcharge Condition

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 d) Explain the plate load test for determination of bearing capacity
of soil.
Ans. Plate load test for determination of bearing capacity of soil:
1. Excavate a pit of depth equal to 5 times to that of breath of
proposed footing.
2. Keep the suitable bearing plate of specified size (30, 45, 60, 75
cm square in plan) on soil. Arrange the loading column on it as
shown in figure below.
3. Now apply the load on test plate above soil using sand bags or
reaction truss loading at a rate of (1/5)th to (1/10)th of total
3
estimated load.
4. Note down the settlements after 1,5,10,20,40,60 minutes at
corresponding applied loads.
5. Loading should be continued till 25 mm total settlement or soil
failure, whichever is achieved earlier.
6. Finally plot a graph of load vs. settlement to find out load before
failure as bearing capacity of soil.

Experimental setup of Plate Load Test

1 4

Load Settlement Curve

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
a) State the effect of water table on bearing capacity of soil.
Ans. Effect of water table on bearing capacity of soil: As ground water
table rises towards footing base, bearing capacity of soil decreases.
1. When the water table reaches the ground where the depth is
greater footing the bearing capacity is reduced by 50% or more.
2. When water table is above base of footing-submerged weight of
soil should be considered for bearing capacity.
3. When water table is somewhat below the base of footing-elastic 1 4
wedge is partially saturated soil should be considered. each
(any
4. When water table is at a depth D equal to width of footing below
four)
the base of footing-a linear interpolation in reduction factor should
be made for bearing capacity calculations.
5. The bearing capacity is not affected for purely cohesive soil. But
decreases for non-granular soil with presence of water table.
6. Presence of water table for shallow depth give poor bearing
capacity as compared for larger depth foundation.

b) Explain field situations where compaction is required.

Ans. Field situations where compaction is required:
1. Compaction of supporting soil of building foundation is required
to avoid vertical settlement in shallow isolated footings.
2. Compaction is necessary for natural subgrade soil to carry load of 1 4
road pavement safely without defects. each
(any
3. Compaction is required for earthen dam soil to reduce
four)
permeability to control seepage loss of water.
4. Compaction of slopes and soils along hill sides is necessary to
avoid probable landslides.
5. Compaction is necessary for the ballast at required density so as to
maintain the drain ability of railway tracks.
6. Compaction of abutment is essentially required to ensure load
carriage of deck slab of bridges.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 c) Explain the procedure of CBR test.
Ans. Procedure of CBR test:
1. Take soil sample passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve and add water
required for its MDD i.e. equal to OMC determined by proctor
test.
2. Fill this moist soil sample in inverted CBR mould (10 cm dia. 15
cm height) by keeping spacer disc of 5 cm thick at bottom.
3. Compact the soil in standard manner and then remove the spacer
disc and keep the filled mould under CBR testing machine. 3
4. Keep the slotted weights each of 2.5 kg as surcharge load and then
apply compressive load at a rate of 1.25 mm per minute through 5
cm dia. plunger.
5. The load required for each 0.5 mm penetration is noted. The
loading is continued till soil failure or maximum 12.5 mm
penetration.
6. Draw the load penetration curve as shown in figure below. The
load at 2.5 mm penetration is noted as Test Load.
7. Calculate % CBR = (Test load/Standard Load) x 100 for given soil 4
sample

Load Penetration Curve

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 d) Draw strength envelope for purely cohesive and cohesion less soil.
Ans. Shear strength envelope for purely cohesive soil:

4
Shear strength envelope for cohesion less soil:

e) In a constant head Permeameter, diameter of soil sample was 4

cm and length was 14 cm under constant head of 25 cm. The
discharge was found to be 80 cc in 10 minutes. Calculate
coefficient of permeability.
Ans. Given: Diameter of soil sample, D = 4 cm, Length of soil sample,
L = 14 cm, Constant head, h = 25 cm, Time, t = 10 min. = 600 sec,
Discharge, Q = 80 cc
Find: Coefficient of permeability, K = ?

Solution: Area of soil sample

A = (π / 4) x D2 = (π /4) x 42
1
A = 12.566 cm2

4
Coefficient of permeability
1
K= (Q.L) / (A.h.t)
1
K = (80 x 14) / (12.566 x 25 x 600)
1
K = 5.941 x 10-3 cm/s

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)
a) Explain the field applications of geotechnical engineering.
Ans. Field applications of geotechnical engineering:
1. Design of foundation for various civil structures: As foundation
resting on soil carries load of any particular structure, geotechnical
engineering is applicable to design such stable foundations for
various loads.
2. Design of pavement for various types of roads: Layers of
pavement made up of sand, gravel is laid on sub grade soil can be
designed in terms of thickness, load carrying capacity using
geotechnical engineering.
3. Design of earth retaining structures: Geotechnical engineering
is also applicable to design and construct earth retaining structures 1 6
like retaining wall and sheet pile useful for hill roads, landslides. each
4. Design of abutments of bridge: The end support of bridges i.e.
abutments of bridge can be designed on the basis of soil properties
like shear strength, compressibility etc.
5. Design of water retaining structures: Geotechnical is very much
applicable for easy and safe design and execution and maintenance
of earthen dam, weir, barrage etc.
6. Design of underground structures: Underground pipelines i.e.
water supply and sewage lines require geotechnical engineers for
effective work. It is also significant in safe excavation of proposed
alignment.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 b) Explain the procedure of determination of coefficient of
permeability by constant head method.
Ans. Procedure of determination of coefficient of permeability by
constant head method:
1. Take 2.5 Kg air dried soil sample passing through 9.5 mm IS
sieve. Add the water in soil equals to its optimum moisture
content (OMC) to get required density.
2. Fill the prepared soil sample in permeameter in three different
layers. Compact each layer using 25 blows using rammer. Cover
the soil with filter paper and porous stones on both sides as
shown in figure.
3. Allow to flow the water from water tank into soil in permeameter 4 6

under constant head h cm for some specific time t in seconds.

5. Measure the discharge of water collected in measuring cylinder
as Q in cm3.
6. Calculate the coefficient of permeability of soil as
K=(Q.L)/(A.h.t) in cm/s.
7. Repeat all above steps two more times to get average coefficient
of permeability of given soil sample

Experimental Setup of Constant Head Permeability Test

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 c) Explain the sieve analysis test for grading of soil with the help of
particle size distribution of curve.
Ans. Sieve analysis test for grading of soil:
1. Arrange the set of I.S. sieves in descending order i.e. coarser sieve
at top and finer sieve at bottom.. The I.S sieve set must include
sieves of size 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ, 300 µ, 150µ, 75µ.
2. Take 500-1000 gm oven dried soil sample and put it on topmost
sieve. Keep lid and pan at top and bottom respectively.
3. Now, shake this assembly of sieve on mechanical sieve shaker for
10-15 minutes, so that soil sample will be sieved completely.
4. Take the weight of soil mass retained on each sieve separately in 4
gms.
5. Calculate % finer for each sieve using following tabular format.
Sieve Weight Cumulative % Cumulative % Finer or
size retained weight weight passing (%)
(mm) (gm) retained (%) retained (%)

6. 6. Finally, plot the particular size distribution curve as shown in

figure below on a semi log graph paper as sieve size versus % finer of
soil to classify soil as well graded, gap graded, uniformly graded, fine 6
grained and coarse grained soil.

Particle Size Distribution Curve

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)
a) Explain the vane shear test to determine shear strength of soil.
Ans. Vane shear test to determine shear strength of soil:
1. Prepare the fine cohesive soil (passing through 425 micron IS
Sieve) by adding sufficient water. Fill the soil in vane mould of
vane shear test apparatus completely.
2. Insert the vane blade in the soil sample and Lower the shear
vanes in to the specimen gradually with minimum disturbance of
the soil specimen so that the top of vanes is at least 10 mm below
the top of the soil specimen.
3. Note down spring stiffness and the initial reading of the torque
(ϴ1).
4. Rotate the vane at a uniform rate approximately 0.100 /sec by 4
suitably operating the torque applicator handle till the specimen
fails. Note the final reading of the torque (ϴ2) when soil gets
sheared off in the form of hole with specific diameter d.
5. Calculate the torque applied T= [(ϴ2 - ϴ1) x π x K] / 1800.
6. Calculate shear strength of the soil τf, using the formula
τf= T / {π x [(d2H/2) + (d3 /6)]} in N/mm2; where, d = Diameter
of vane (cm), H = Height of the vane (cm), T = Torque applied
(kg-cm). 6

Experimental Setup for Vane shear test

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 6 b) Explain different methods of soil stabilization.
Ans. Methods of soil stabilization:
1. Mechanical stabilization: It is the process of improving
properties of soil by changing its gradation. It depends on
mechanical strength of aggregate, mineral composition etc. e.g.
Compaction at near OMC either static or dynamic.
2. Cement Stabilization: It is done by mixing soil and cement
together to form a stranger material, which becomes hard &
durable & develops strength. e.g. Clay and lime is used for soil
containing harmful organic matter.
3. Bituminous stabilization: It is done using asphalt as binder due to
its chemical properties such as viscosity. Any inorganic soil can be
mixed with asphalt e.g. For cohesion less soils, asphalt acts as
2 6
binding material each
4. Chemical Stabilization: Different chemicals such as chlorides (any
and silicates area added to soil, it is used where setting and curing three)

time needs to be controlled. It is expensive compared to other

method e.g. Chlorides in soil increase electrical attraction and
form flocculated structure to improve permeability of soil.
5. Thermal Stabilization: It is done by either heating or cooling
soil. It is used to drive off pore water or freeze it to improve
strength of clayey soils.
6. Electrical Stabilization: Electro-osmosis method is used to drain
out water from cohesive soils to increase its strength by exchange
of anions and cations in soil & water.
7. Stabilization by Grouting: Grouting is injecting stabilizer into
soil under certain pressure. It is costlier method and works for
undisturbed soils. e.g. An area close to existing building can be
stabilized using this method.
8. Stabilization using Geo-textiles: Geo-textiles are used as
reinforcing material in soil they help to drain water, increase
strength, decrease mixing of soil, filters the water etc.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer-2022
Subject: Geotechnical Engineering Sub. Code: 22404
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q. 6 c) Differentiate between compaction and consolidation.
Ans. Difference between compaction and consolidation:
Sr.
Compaction Consolidation
No.
The expulsion of air from The expulsion of water
1 the voids of the soil is from voids of the soil is
compaction. consolidation.
2 It is a quick process. It is a slow process.
3 It is done by artificially. It takes place naturally.
It is done by using It takes place due to self
4 1 6
mechanical means weight of structure.
Short term loading is Long term loading is each,
5 (any
required. required.
six)
Loading is applied in a Loading is static and
6
dynamic way. constant.
Consolidation applies to
Any type of soil either it is
cohesive soils only
7 cohesion or cohesion less
especially low permeable
can be compacted.
clay.
Degree of saturation of soil Degree of saturation of soil
8 to be compacted should be to be consolidated should be
less than 100%. 100%.
Soil properties like shear Soil properties like shear
9 strength, bearing capacity strength, bearing capacity
get improved. does not improve.
Compaction is done before Consolidation takes place
10
the construction after the construction
Pore water pressure is not Pore water pressure is very
11
important in compaction. important in consolidation.
Pore water pressure is very Consolidation goes
12
important in compaction indefinitely.
Applicable to plinth filling, Applicable to heavy loaded
13 sub grade soils, earthen structures like sky scrapers,
dams etc. large dams, sculptures etc.

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