Mathematics 10
NAME: DATE:
GRADE & SECTION: SCORE:
POLYNOMIALS
The Remainder Theorem
I. Learning Competency:
M10AL-Ig-h-13
Proves the remainder theorem.
II. Learning Objectives:
The learner will be able use the remainder theorem to evaluate polynomials.
(Developmental Activity)
THE REMAINDER THEOREM
If the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 – 𝒓), the remainder 𝑹 is a constant and is
equal to 𝑷(𝒓).
𝑹 = 𝑷(𝒓)
𝑅 is the remainder.
𝑃(𝑟) means finding the value of 𝑅 by evaluating 𝑃(𝑟).
Prepared by:
ERMA AGNES F. NUNEZ - SEHS
Mathematics 10
(Reinforcement Activity)
There are two ways to find the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 – 𝑟).
These are (1) by evaluating 𝑃(𝑟); and (2) by using synthetic division, which we
usually use to check our answer.
Illustration:
𝑃(𝑥) ÷ (𝑥 – 1) → 𝑥 − 1 = 0, thus 𝑥 = 1.
By substitution, 𝑃(𝑥) means 𝑃(1).
𝑃(𝑥) ÷ (𝑥 − 2) → 𝑥 − 2 = 0, thus (𝑥 = 2).
This means you are going to evaluate 𝑃(𝑥) using 2.
𝑃(𝑥) ÷ (𝑥 + 3) → 𝑥 + 3 = 0, thus (𝑥 = −3).
This means you are going to evaluate 𝑃(𝑥) using −3.
Example 1.
Find the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10 is divided by:
a) (𝑥 − 1)
By evaluating 𝑃(1) By synthetic division
𝑃(1) = (1)3 − 3(𝑥)2 + 7(1) − 10 1 1 -3 7 -10
𝑃(1) = 1 − 3(1) + 7(1) − 10 1 -2 5
𝑃(1) = 1 − 3 + 7 − 10
1 -2 5 -5
𝑷(𝟏) = −𝟓
By the remainder theorem, the remainder when (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10) is
divided by (𝑥 − 1), is −𝟓.
b) (𝑥 − 2)
By evaluating 𝑃(2) By synthetic division
𝑃(2) = (2)3 − 3(2)2 + 7(2) − 10 2 1 -3 7 -10
𝑃(2) = 8 − 3(4) + 7(2) − 10 2 -2 10
𝑃(2) = 8 − 12 + 14 − 10
1 -1 5 0
𝑷(𝟐) = 𝟎
By the remainder theorem, the remainder when (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10) is
divided by (𝑥 − 2), is 𝟎.
Prepared by:
ERMA AGNES F. NUNEZ - SEHS
Mathematics 10
c) (𝑥 + 3)
By evaluating 𝑃(−3) By synthetic division
𝑃(−3) = (−3)3 − 3(−3)2 + 7(−3) − 10 -3 1 -3 7 -10
𝑃(−3) = (−27) − 3(9) + 7(−3) − 10 -3 18 -75
𝑃(−3) = −27 − 27 − 21 − 10
1 -6 25 -85
𝑷(−𝟑) = −𝟖𝟓
By the remainder theorem, the remainder when (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10) is divided
by (𝑥 − 3), is −𝟖𝟓.
Example 2.
Find the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5 is divided by:.
By inspection, you will notice that there is a “missing term” which is the 3rd
power. In evaluating 𝑃(𝑟), there is no need for a place holder. By synthetic
division, however, you will need a place holder.
a) (𝑥 − 1)
By evaluating 𝑃(1) By synthetic division
𝑃(1) = 2(1)4 − 3(1)2 + 4(1) − 5 1 2 0 -3 4 -5
𝑃(1) = 2(1) − 3(1) + 4(1) − 5 2 2 -1 3
𝑃(1) = 2−3+4−5
2 2 -1 3 -2
𝑷(𝟏) = −𝟐
By the remainder theorem, the remainder when (2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5) is
divided by (𝑥 − 1), is −𝟐.
b) (𝑥 + 2)
By evaluating 𝑃(−2) By synthetic division
𝑃(−2) = 2(−2)4 − 3(−2)2 + 4(−2) − 5 -2 2 0 -3 4 -5
𝑃(−2) = 2(16) − 3(4) + 4(−2) − 5 -4 8 -10 12
𝑃(−2) = 32 − 12 − 8 − 5
2 -4 5 -6 7
𝑷(−𝟐) = 𝟕
By the remainder theorem, the remainder when (2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5) is divided
by (𝑥 + 2), is 𝟕.
Prepared by:
ERMA AGNES F. NUNEZ - SEHS
Mathematics 10
c) (𝑥 = 0)
By evaluating 𝑃(0) By synthetic division
𝑃(0) = 2(0)4 − 3(0)2 + 4(0) − 5 0 2 0 -3 4 -5
𝑃(0) = 2(0) − 3(0) + 4(0) − 5 0 0 0 0
𝑷(𝟎) = −𝟓
2 0 -3 4 -5
By the remainder theorem, the remainder when (2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5) is divided
by (𝑥 = 0), is −𝟓.
Prepared by:
ERMA AGNES F. NUNEZ - SEHS
Mathematics 10
(Transferring Activity)
Use the remainder theorem and synthetic division to solve for remainder when
each polynomial is divided by the given binomial.
1. 𝑃 (𝑥) = (3𝑥 6 + 6𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)
a. (𝑥 − 1)
b. (𝑥 + 1)
c. (𝑥 = 0)
2. 𝑃(𝑥) = (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 4 )
a. (𝑥 − 4)
b. (𝑥 − 3)
c. (𝑥 + 1)
Prepared by:
ERMA AGNES F. NUNEZ - SEHS
Mathematics 10
III. References/Links:
Dignadice, A. D. (2006). Wizard mathematics: Advanced algebra and
trigonometry. Tarlac City, Philippines: Wizard Publishing Haws, Inc.
Bernabe, J. G. et al. (2009). Advanced algebra, trigonometry and
statistics. Quezon City, Philippines: SD Publications, Inc..
Republic of the Philippines. Department of Education. (2015). Grade 10
Mathematics: Learner’s Module. Department of Education.
Republic of the Philippines. Department of Education. (2015). Grade 10
Mathematics: Teacher’s Guide. Department of Education.
The remainder theorem. (2020). Retrieved from
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/remaindr.htm
Prepared by:
ERMA AGNES F. NUÑEZ
Teacher 1
Checked by: Noted by:
GAYLE D. IBALLA OLIVE R. LOMIBAO
Master Teacher 1 Head Teacher – Mathematics
Department
JEFFREY C. TRINIDAD
Principal
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ERMA AGNES F. NUNEZ - SEHS
