Research

RESEARCH

-is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to

questions.

SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and

steps which will follow. There are certain
things in the research process which are always done in order to
get the most accurate results.

ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going

about doing research. It is a planned procedure,
not spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific
scope.

FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is

the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple
question, research is successful when we find answers.
Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer.

RESEARCH PAPER
is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis,
interpretation, and argument based on in-depth independent
research.

THINK OF A PROBLEM TO COME UP

WITH A TITLE

Example: Quality of sleep affects academic performance

SMART

SPECIFIC

MEASURABLE

ATTAINABLE

RELEVANT

TIME-BOUND
PARTS
OF A
RESEARCH PAPER

Parts of a research paper (slideshare.net)

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A RESEARCH

PAPER?

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER 3: METHOD AND PROCEDURES

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS

BACKGROUND

Background of the Study- includes purpose and reason behind

the conduct of the
study.

What made you conduct the study?

Also serves as the INTRODUCTION.

Statement of the Problem- the main problem that the research is

trying to solve. It
follows the formulation of the title and should be faithful to it. It
specifically
points the important questions that the study needs to answer. It
also serves as the
basis of the questionnaire.

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS

BACKGROUND

Significance of the Study- ( Why conduct the study?) You have

to identify
who will benefit from the research and how they will be
benefitted. This
should match with the RECOMMENDATIONS.

Assumptions of the Study- the expected outcome of the

research.

Scope and Limitations of the Study- determines the coverage of

the study
and all the things that will not cover in order to be specific.

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE

This is where you will use your note cards and will serve as the
foundation of your research.
This is your own work and therefore should not directly lift
words
from other sources.

This will require your command of language and writing skills

such
as summarizing, paraphrasing and writing indirect speeches.

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE

STEP 1- Organize your note cards on how you would want them
to appear in the chapter.

STEP 2- Begin writing the chapter while including the surnames

of authors who provided sources for your study and the
publication date of their work in parentheses.

STEP 3- Edit. Rewrite.

CHAPTER 3: METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Method of Research- the kind of research used by your study.
This
answers why the method used is appropriate for the study.

Subjects of the Study- describes your respondents: who they are,

what their profile is, where they are from, etc.

Description of Research Instrument- describes your instrument

which is the questionnaire.

CHAPTER 3: METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Data Gathering Procedure- narrates the process undergone by

the
study that eventually leads to the findings.

Statistical Treatment Applied- The statistical treatment that you

will
use which includes your sampling method and formulas to come
up.

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Result of the Study- presents all the data gathered using the
questionnaire by tabulating all the gathered information.
Aside from the tables, an interpretation of each presented
data should follow. These will serve as the bases of your
Summary of Findings.

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings- summarizes the interpretation of data

given in Chapter 4. These
should directly answer your statement of the problem.

Conclusions- Out of your findings, your conclusions are based.

This provides the
answers for every statement of the answers for every statement
of the problem. This is
where you will prove your hypotheses and assumptions.
Recommendations- should be directly based on the significance
of the study. This also
includes the recommended actions that should be done after the
assessment of subject,
focus on other factors, etc.

OTHERS

TITLE PAGE- consists of the research title, names of the

researchers and name of the English teacher.

ACKNOWLEDEMENT- a personal page where the researchers

are
given the privilege to extend gratitude to all people who helped
in
accomplishing the research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS- contains the accurate paging of each

part
of the research paper.

OTHERS
LIST OF TABLES/ FIGURES- contains the accurate paging of
the
tables/ figures used in the study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY- where you will use your source cards.

Presents
the sources using APA or MLA format.

APPENDIX (e.g., survey questionnaire, interview questions)

attachments

ABSTRACT

A short summary of your completed research

Intended to describe your work without going into detail

Should be self-contained and concise, explaining your work

as briefly and clearly as possible

INTRODUCTION
The next part after the title and abstract

It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular

topic of inquiry.

It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research

being conducted by:

Summarizing current understanding and background

information about the topic

Stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research

problem supported by a hypothesis or a
set of questions

Explaining briefly the methodological approach used to examine

the research problem

Highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal

LITERATURE REVIEW
Provides an overview of sources you have explored including
books, scholarly
articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area
of research, or
theory to demonstrate to your readers how much your research
fits within a larger
field of study.

Provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to

identify relevant
theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.

HYPOTHESIS

A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by

research

Commonly known as the researcher’s intellectual guess or wild

guess
about the possible result of the study.
METHODOLOGY

The systematic method to resolve a research problem

through data gathering using various techniques, providing
an interpretation of data gathered, and drawing conclusions
about the research data.

METHODOLOGY

AIM : To ensure valid and reliable results that address the

research aims and objectives.

It is where the researcher will decide:

What data to collect ( and what data to ignore)

Who to collect it from ( in research, this is called “ sampling

design”)

How to collect it ( this is called “ data collection methods”)

How to analyze it ( this is called “ data analysis methods)

POPULATION

The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.

In research, it doesn’t always refer to people.

It can mean a group containing elements of anything you want

to
study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries, species,
organisms, etc.

SAMPLE

A smaller part or subgroup of the population

The specific group within a population that you will

collect data from

The group of individuals who will participate in your

study. They are the ones who will answer surveys or
interviews.

REASONS FOR SAMPLING

NECESSITY

Sometimes it’s simply not

possible to study the whole
population due to its size or
inaccessibility.

REASONS FOR SAMPLING

PRACTICALITY

It’s easier and more efficient

to collect data from a
sample.

REASONS FOR SAMPLING

COST-EFFECTIVENESS

There are fewer participant,

laboratory equipment, and
researcher costs involved.

REASONS FOR SAMPLING

MANAGEABILITY

Storing and running statistical

analyses on smaller datasets is
easier and reliable.

RANDOM SAMPLE

Everybody has the same chance of being assigned to

any group

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Trying to verify or generate descriptive theory that is grounded
in the data gleaned from the investigation

( naturalistic)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Answer a specific research question by showing statistical

evidence that the data may be addressed in a particular way (
experimental).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Application of statistical processes and theory to the

compilation, presentation, discussion, and interpretation of
numerical data.

STATISTICS

Mathematical tools based on the normal curve used to

analyze data; it must match with research design

VALIDITY

Accuracy , the extent to which a test or study measures what

it is supposed to measure

RESPONDENTS

PARTICIPANTS

SUBJECTS

Answer (respond/reply to)

questionnaires

Participate and answer

questions in qualitative
studies( e.g. Interviews and
focus groups)
Generally gives much more
detailed answers than a
respondent would in a survey

The people in the researcher’s

experiment

Usually in quantitative research

VARIABLE

Any factor, trait, or condition that can be

manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an
experiment

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Any tool that you may use to collect or obtain data, measure
data, and analyze data
that is relevant to the subject of your research
The format may consist of:

Questionnaires

Surveys

Interviews

Checklists

Simple tests

QUESTIONNAIRE

The main instrument for collecting data in survey research

Basically, it is a set of standardized questions, often called

items, which follow a fixed scheme in order to collect
individual data about one or more specific topics

DATA
Any information that has been collected, observed,
generated, or created to validate original research findings.

RESULTS/FINDINGS

The section of a research paper where the

authors provide the data collected during their
study.

DISCUSSION

The section of a research paper whose purpose is to interpret

and describe the significance of your findings in light of
what was already known about the research problem being
investigated.

And to explain any new understanding or insights that

emerged as a result of your study of the problem

CONCLUSION
Intended to help the readers understand why your research
should matter to them after they have finished reading the
paper

Not merely a summary of your points or a restatement of

your research problem but a synthesis of key points

REFERENCE

The last page of a research paper that lists all the sources you
used in your study.

It gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas.

APPENDIX/ APPENDIXES/ APPENDICES

Serves as a space for materials that help clarify your

research, but do not belong in the main text

This is where the researchers attach a copy of their research

instrument such as interview transcripts, questionnaires, or
surveys.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Best & Khan (1993) described research as “ systematic and

objective
analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead
to the
development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting
in
prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.

GOALS OF RESEARCH

Goals in Conducting Research as cited in Cristobal & Cristobal (

2013) are as follows:

TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE- BASED PRACTICE

TO ESTABLISDH CREDIBILITY ON THE PROFESSION

TO OBSERVE ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE PROFESSION

TO PROMOTE COST-EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH

DOCUMENTATION

GOALS OF RESEARCH

TO PRODUCE EVIDENCE- BASED PRACTICE

Every discipline or institution must provide the best

practice of management based on research studies.

Ex. In education, a practitioner must ensure that he/she is

able to provide the best teaching practices as proven by
research learning.

GOALS OF RESEARCH

2. TO ESTABLISH CREDIBILITY ON THE

PROFESSION
A profession can be identified by the body of
knowledge it utilizes.

GOALS OF RESEARCH

3. TO OBSERVE ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE

PROFESSION

Every action conducted by a profession must have a

rationale. All professionals must be accountable for
each task he/she performs.

GOALS OF RESEARCH

4. TO PROMOTE COST-EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH

DOCUMENTATION

The findings or research must be shared to

individuals, groups, community, organizations for which
the study was intended. If it is useless, results are
not made public.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

The purpose of the research may be

organized into three groups based on what the
researcher is trying to accomplish, explain a
new topic, describe a social phenomena, or
explain why something occurs.

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

Exploratory/ Formulative Research

The researcher’s goal is to formulate more precise

questions that future research can answer.
Exploratory research helps ensure that a more
rigorous, more conclusive future study will not begin
with an inadequate understanding of the nature of
problem.

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
2. Descriptive Research

This research presents a picture of the specific

details of a situation, social setting or relationship.
The major purpose of descriptive research is to
describe characteristics of a population or
phenomenon. It seeks to determine the answer to
who, what, where, and how questions.

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

3. Explanatory Research

The desire to know “why” to explain, is the

purpose of exploratory research. It builds an
exploratory and descriptive research and goes on
to identify the reasons for something that
occurs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

1. CONTROLLED- there are many factors
that affect an outcome. A particular event is
sometimes the result of one-on-one
relationship. Some relationships are more
complex than others.

CAUSE –EFFECT/ EFFECT -CAUSE

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

2.RIGOROUS-this characteristic ensures

that procedures followed to find answer to
questions that are relevant, appropriate, and
justified.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

3. SYSTEMATIC- the procedure adopted to

undertake an investigation follow a certain
logical sequence,
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

4. Empirical- Any conclusion drawn is based

upon hard evidence gathered from
information collected from real life
experience or observation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

5. Critical – Critical scrutiny of the

procedures used and the methods employed
is important to research inquiry. The process
of investigation must free from any
drawbacks.