Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media
Individual work
Student name: Carlos Alberto Ramírez Restrepo
Group: 13
Identification number: 15372571
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023 16-01
Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
They are systems formed by 2 conductors separated by an insulator,
through which an electromagnetic signal is sent from one emitting point to
another receiver.
2. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.
It is understood as the ratio between the total voltage and the total
current.
b. Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.
It is the relationship between the maximum voltage and the minimum
voltage within the transmission line.
c. Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.
The physical length is simply the value in meters that a transmission line
can measure, while the electrical length is the number of cycles that fit in the
physical length of the cable, that is, the number of cycles that a wave fits
through a transmission line.
3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation
of waves?
Is the graphical representation in the Gaussian plane of the normalized
reflection coefficient, resistance and reactance. It also allows obtaining some
transmission line parameters and solving impedance matching problems,
avoiding operations with complex numbers.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 6𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (13 + 20)𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎𝑐 = 1𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎𝑑 = 1𝑥10−10 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖𝑟 = 1.7 𝜇𝑟 = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 571 𝐾𝐻𝑧
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋𝑓𝜎𝑐 𝜇0
1
𝛿𝑝 =
√𝜋(571 𝑘𝐻𝑧)(1 × 106 𝑆𝑚⁄𝑚)(4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐹⁄𝑚)
𝛿𝑝 = 666.0427 × 10−6 𝑚
Calculamos la profundidad de penetración
Como 𝛿𝑝 = 666.0427 × 10−6 𝑚 entonces calculamos R, L, C y G con las
fórmulas de media frecuencia
La Resistencia
1 1 𝑅𝐴𝐶 1
𝑅= ( 2∗ + )
𝜋𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑅𝐷𝐶 2𝑏𝑡
Calculamos primero
𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑎2
= 𝑎
𝑅𝐷𝐶 𝑎 −
2𝛿𝑝2 ( 𝛿 − 1 + 𝑒 𝛿𝑝 )
𝑝
𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑎2
= −3
𝑅𝐷𝐶 1 × 10−3 𝑚 −
1×10 𝑚
2(666.0427 × 10−6 𝑚)2 ( − 1 + 𝑒 666.0427×10−6 𝑚 )
666.0427 × 10−6 𝑚
𝑅𝐴𝐶
= 1.5563
𝑅𝐷𝐶
Luego
1 1 1
𝑅= −6
[ −3 2
∗ 1.5563 + ]
𝜋666.0427 × 10 𝑚 (1 × 10 𝑚 ) 2(6 × 10 𝑚 )(33 × 10−6 𝑚 )
−3
𝑅 = 1.2991 Ω
La conductancia
2𝜋𝜎𝑑
𝐺=
𝑏
ln 𝑎
𝐺 = 350.7 × 10−12
La inductancia
𝜇0 𝑏
𝐿= (1 + 2 ln )
4𝜋 𝑎
𝐿 = 0.0000004583519 𝐻
𝐿 = 4.583519 ∗ 10−7 𝐻
El condensador
2𝜋𝜖
𝐶=
𝑏
ln
𝑎
𝐶 = 0.0000000000528
𝐶 = 5.28 ∗ 10−11 𝐹⁄𝑚
b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters
𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍0 .
𝛾 = ±√(𝑅 + 𝑖𝜔𝐿 )(𝐺 + 𝑖𝜔𝐶 )
𝛾 = 0.006536939086994 + 0.018818577248272ί
𝛼 = 0.006536939086994; constante de atenuación
𝛽 = 0.018818577248272ί; constante de fase
𝑅+𝑖𝜔𝐿
𝑍0 = √𝐺+𝑖𝜔𝐶 ; impedancia intrínseca de la línea
𝑍0 = 99.37397904603378 − 34.518962751339245 ί
c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉𝑝 , the wavelength 𝜆 and the
attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.
the propagation velocity
𝜔
𝑣𝑝 =
𝛽
2𝜋𝑓
𝑣𝑝 =
0.018818577248272ί
𝑣𝑝 = 190646655.3271926
𝑣𝑝 = 1.9064 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
the wavelength
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
2𝜋
𝜆=
0.018818577248272ί
𝜆 = 333.8820583663619 𝑚
the attenuation
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 = −8.68 ∗ 𝛼
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 = −8.68 ∗ 0.006536939086994
𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 = −0.056740631275107 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑚
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the
meaning of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 .
Una velocidad de propagación de 𝑣𝑝 = 1.9064 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠 es muy alta
comparada con velocidades a la que el ojo humano puede ver, pero no
tan alta comparada con la velocidad de la luz, pues las ondas
electromagnéticas pueden viajar a la velocidad de la luz, esta velocidad,
es con la cual la onda electromagnética se desplaza a lo largo del cable
coaxial. La longitud de onda de 𝜆 = 333.8820583663619 𝑚 es el valor
medido entre cresta y cresta, lo cual está relacionado directamente con
la frecuencia. Adicionalmente, la atenuación 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 = −0.056740631275107 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑚
nos indica la disminución de la intensidad provocada por voltaje,
corriente a lo largo de la línea o provocada por algún medio, cuando la
onda viaja en medios abiertos.
A propagation speed of 𝑣𝑝 = 1.9064 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠 is very high compared
to speeds at which the human eye can see, but not so high compared to
the speed of light, since electromagnetic waves can travel at speed of
light, this speed, is with which the electromagnetic wave travels along
the coaxial cable. The wavelength of 𝜆 = 333.8820583663619 𝑚 m is the
value measured between crest and crest, which is directly related to
frequency. Additionally, the attenuation 𝛼𝑑𝐵/𝐾𝑚 = −0.056740631275107 𝑑𝐵⁄𝑚
indicates the intensity decrease caused by voltage, current along the line
or caused by some medium, when the wave travels in open media.
2. A 𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍𝐿 = 75 − 𝑗50Ω. If it is 13 𝑚
long and the wavelength is 571 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
Primero Calculamos la longitud eléctrica
𝐿
𝜄=
𝜆
13 𝑚
𝜄=
0.571 𝑚
𝜄 = 22.7670
Luego
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑖𝑍0 tan(2𝜋𝜄)
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑖𝑍𝐿 tan(2𝜋𝜄)
(75 − 𝑗50)𝛺 + 𝑖75 𝛺 tan(2𝜋𝜄)
𝑍𝑖 = (75 𝛺)
75𝛺 + 𝑖 [(75 − 𝑗50)𝛺] tan(2𝜋𝜄)
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0
(75 − 𝑗50) 𝛺 − 75 𝛺
Γ=
(75 − 𝑗50) 𝛺 + 75 𝛺
Γ = 0.1 − 0.3ί
Γ = 0.316227766016838 ∠ − 71.56505117707799°
c. VSWR.
Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.
1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |Γ|
1 + 0.316227766016838
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − 0.316227766016838
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 1.924950591148529
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Write the answer with your units.
3. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
4. Paste the calculator image into the report.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the
meaning of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and VSWR.
El coeficiente de reflexión permite calcular qué porcentaje de la
onda se refleja a través del 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅, donde 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 o relación de onda
estacionaria, significa el porcentaje de reflexión y 𝑍𝑖𝑛 es la impedancia de
entrada, la cual es una relación entre el voltaje total y la corriente total.
The reflection coefficient allows you to calculate what percentage of
the wave is reflected through the 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅, where 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 or standing
wave ratio means the percentage of reflection and 𝑍𝑖𝑛 is the input
impedance, which is a ratio between the total voltage and the full
current.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of
the transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results
obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
c. VSWR.
Social problem
social problem:
Es muy común que cuando el cielo está despejado, hay una mayor incidencia de
los rayos solares en la superficie terrestre, esto se traduce en más ondas
electromagnéticas con longitudes de onda mucho más pequeñas, y por lo tanto
mayor frecuencia, lo que significa mayor incidencia de ondas electromagnéticas
altamente energizadas. Como consecuencia, un aumento de temperatura en
edificaciones, casas y construcciones, lo que puede conllevar a que algunas
personas que se encuentran en el interior de estas, sufran de deshidratación,
agotamiento por calor, calambres por calor, erupciones cutáneas (medline plus,
2020). Pues al haber una incidencia de la radiación solar sobre la superficie de
techos y muros, esta energía se propaga por vibración entre partículas haciendo
que se genere más calor en el interior de las casas.
solution method:
Como una posible solución, se puede aplicar pintura térmica en las tejas,
terrazas y muros para que a través de microesferas cerámicas, aerogeles,
partículas de corcho u otro material aislante reflejen las ondas electromagnéticas
incidentes y permita que se mantenga la temperatura del recinto en su interior
(certificado de ciencia energética, 2022). Gracias al fenómeno de la reflexión, se
ha conseguido disminuciones de entre 5° C y 8° C (antihumedades, 2022).
social problem:
It is very common that when the sky is clear, there is a greater incidence of the
sun's rays on the earth's surface, this translates into more electromagnetic
waves with much smaller wavelengths, and therefore higher frequency, which
means greater incidence. highly energized electromagnetic waves. As a
consequence, an increase in temperature in buildings, houses and constructions,
which can lead to some people inside them suffering from dehydration, heat
exhaustion, heat cramps, skin rashes (medline plus, 2020). Well, since there is
an incidence of solar radiation on the surface of roofs and walls, this energy is
propagated by vibration between particles, causing more heat to be generated
inside the houses.
solution method:
As a possible solution, thermal paint can be applied to the tiles, terraces and
walls so that, through ceramic microspheres, aerogels, cork particles or other
insulating material, they reflect the incident electromagnetic waves and allow
the temperature of the room to be maintained in its proper state. interior
(certificado de ciencia energética, 2022). Thanks to the phenomenon of
reflection, reductions of between 5°C and 8°C have been achieved
(antihumedades, 2022).
References
antihumedades. (2022). ¿La pintura térmica funciona realmente para crear aislamiento térmico? Obtenido
de antihumedades: https://antihumedades.es/blog/la-pintura-termica-funciona-realmente-para-
crear-aislamiento-termico/
certificado de ciencia energética. (31 de diciembre de 2022). Pintura térmica: concepto, ventajas y
características. Obtenido de certificado de ciencia energética:
https://certificadodeeficienciaenergetica.com/blog/pintura-termica-concepto-ventajas-
caracteristicas/#%C2%BFComo_trabajan_estas_pinturas_termicas_como_aislante
medline plus. (17 de diciembre de 2020). Enfermedades causadas por el calor. Obtenido de medline plus:
https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/heatillness.html
