ORAL COMMUNICATION
QUARTER 1
• Informative
TENETS OF COMMUNICATION - The most useful and is used when the
speaker wants to make others aware of
• Communication is Dynamic certain data, concepts, and processes
• Communication is Complex - Purpose: To transmit information
• Messages are sent, not meanings
• Communication is Proactive Sample Situation:
• Communication is Systematic - A Doctor discussing a certain virus that
may cause a life-threatening disease.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION - Did you know that there’s a secret
apartment at the top of Eiffel tower?
• Communication is a process
• Communication occurs between two or more • Regulation/Control
people - Can be used to control the behavior of a
• Verbal and non-verbal means human being
- Purpose: Control others by managing their
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION behavior
➢ Refer to how human use language to different Sample Situation:
purposes - A parent tells a child not to misbehave
➢ Communication as a human activity always inside the church.
serves a function - Doctor’s prescription: take your medicines
3 times a day.
Functions:
• Regulation/Control • Motivation
- Can be used to control the behavior of a - Refers to a person using a language to
human being express desires, needs, wants, likes, and
- Purpose: Control others by managing their dislikes
behavior - Purpose: Persuades/Encourages or incite
an action
Sample Situation:
- A parent tells a child not to misbehave Sample Situation:
inside the church. - A salesman trying to sell you an item which
- Doctor’s prescription: take your medicines you do not really need.
3 times a day. - Gina Lopez gathers barangay officials from
the areas surrounding Pasig River to
• Social Interaction motivate them that it’s not too late to
- Communication can be used to produce rehabilitate the river.
social interaction. In their daily course of
living, human beings develop and maintain • Entertainment
bonds, intimacy, relations, and - The speaker leads the listener into looking
associations. at something familiar in a humorous light
- Purpose: Coming together as a society - Purpose: Make the listener feel
lighthearted about the topic of the speech
Sample Situation:
- Friends get together to interact and enjoy • Emotional Expression
each other’s company. - Appeals to the emotion of the listeners to
- Invitation: Would you like some coffee or try to move him/her
me? - Purpose: Make others know how you feel
- Greetings: Hey girl, it’s nice to see you.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
QUARTER 1
7 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION - Physical, psychological, social, and
cultural aspects are among the
1. SENDER communication contexts that need to be
- The Source considered in the communication process
- When the sender has chosen a meaning,
they encrypt the message
2. RECEIVER
- The receiver decodes, interprets, and
responds to the message of the sender
3. MEDIUM
- It is a system of communication used in the
communication process
- It is a method by which the message is
delivered between the sender and the
receiver
4. CHANNEL
- A message can be delivered to its target
audience using a communication channel
- Phone calls, text messages, emails,
videos, radio, social media
5. NOISE
- In communication, noise is anything that
stops a receiver from fully comprehending
a message
- External and internal noise
- Physical Noise: Refers to any distractions
in the environment like sound
- Physiological Noise: It is caused by the
factors that affect how people think and
feel
- Psychological Noise: Refers to people’s
mental state, attitude, and character that
may affect how they communicate
6. FEEDBACK
- Refers to the reaction or response of the
receiver. It provides insight into how the
receiver interprets and understands the
message of the sender
7. CONTEXT
- It is a collection of observable conditions
that both the sender and the receiver can
use to associate the same elements with a
specific message
ORAL COMMUNICATION
QUARTER 1
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
➢ A model of communication is selective
representation in verbal or diagrammatic
form of aspect of the dynamic process of
mass communication (Denis Mcquail)
3 CATEGORIES
1. LINEAR
2. INTERACTIVE
3. TRANSACTIONAL
LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
➢ Linear models of communication suggest
that communication takes place in one • SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
direction - The discovery of the model was aimed to
➢ Main elements: SENDER, CHANNEL, discover which channels are most effective
RECEIVER for communicating
• NOISE was first introduced in this model
• ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
- 3 components: ETHOS, PATHOS, LOGOS
- Elements: SPEAKER, SPEECH, OCCASION,
AUDIENCE, EFFECT
• LASSWELL’S MODEL (1948) GWUFVYJG
- It aims to answer 5 important questions:
1. Who created the message? • BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
2. What did they say? • SOURCE -> MESSAGE -> CHANNEL ->
3. What channel did they use? (TV, Radio, RECEIVER
Blog)
4. To whom did they say it? Example:
5. What effect did it have on the receiver?
Watching the news on the television is the
perfect example of Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model of
communication:
ORAL COMMUNICATION
QUARTER 1
The news presenter is the source of the news, • WESTLEY AND MACLEAN MODEL
and she conveys to the audience. The news is the - This model does not start with the
message, the television- the channel, and the source/sender, but rather with
audience are the receivers of the message. environmental factors
- This model takes into account the object of
the orientation
MODEL ELEMENTS CONCEPT SIMILARITIES TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
ARISTOTLE S-M-R ETHOS, NO
PATHOS, FEEDBACK
LOGOS
SPEECH,
OCCASION
LASWELL S-M-C-R-E EFFECT NO
FEEDBACK
SHANNON S-T-M-R-D NOISE NO
WEAVER FEEDBACK
• BARLUND’S MODEL
S-M-C-R NO - In this model, both sender and receiver
FEEDBACK are responsible for the communications’
effect and effectiveness
This model accentuate the role of cues in
INTERACTIVE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION impacting our message:
• Public cues (environmental cues)
• Private cues (person’s personal thoughts
and background)
• Behavioral cues (person’s behavior, that
can be verbal or non verbal)
• OSGOOD SCHRAMM MODEL
- Asserts that communication can take place
if and only if there is an overlap between the
field of experience of the speaker and the
field of experience of the listener
• Dance Helical Model
- In this model, communication is seen as a
circular process that gets more and more
complex as communication progresses
ORAL COMMUNICATION
QUARTER 1
COMMUNICATION BARRIER • EMOTIONAL BARRIER
- It is a psychological barrier that prevents
➢ It refers to any factor that prevents us from
people from fully expressing their
effectively exchanging and understanding
messages. emotions or feelings to one another. This
➢ They can be physical, cultural, linguistic, or can be due to a lack of trust, fear, or
emotional, and occur within or between vulnerability, or difficulty in understanding
individuals, groups, or organizations the other person’s point of view
- It can interfere with effective
WHY SHOULD WE CARE?
communication and lead to
• OPPORTUNITIES: If you don’t understand misunderstandings and conflict
what someone is trying to say, then you might
miss out on valuable information or advice • CULTURAL BARRIER
- Are the differences in language, customs,
• MISCOMMUNICATION: If you don’t take the and beliefs that may exist between
time to understand someone’s point of view
people of different cultures and societies.
or if you don’t communicate clearly, then it
These barriers can prevent people from
can lead to disagreements and hurt feelings
understanding each other, leading to
• CONFLICTS: It can create negative impacts on miscommunication, and
relationships, both personal and misunderstandings
professional. This can lead to strained - Cultural barriers can also lead to cultural
relationships and can cause conflicts clashes, which are disagreements or
conflicts caused by differences in beliefs
• LANGUAGE BARRIER and values
- It is a difficulty or obstacle that arises
when people who speak different Additional:
languages attempt to interact.
- This can prevent people from • Emotional barriers – Bad day or frustration
understanding each other and lead to • Use of Jargon
misunderstandings, frustration, and even • Lack of Confidence – Shy
conflict • Noisy Environment
- It can be caused by a lack of knowledge of
the other person’s language, or lack of STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
proficiency in both languages BREAKDOWN
• BECOME AN ENGAGED LISTENER
• PHYSICAL BARRIER
- Listening well means not just
- Refer to any physical limitation that can
understanding the words or the
interfere with the communication process information being communicated, but
- Includes noise, poor lighting, distance also understanding the emotions the
between speakers, and physical speaker is trying to communicate
obstructions between speakers
- Include technology issues, such as poor • APPLY POSITIVE SELF-TALK AND PERCEPTION
signal reception on mobile phones, or a - Positivity is the best encouragement. It
welcomes good vibes and pleasant
lack of access to technology, such as the
outlook in all communication
internet or computers.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
QUARTER 1
• USE APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE
- Tailor the words you will use based on your
audience or listener. Keep it simple or
understandable
• BE OPEN
- Suspend your own judgement, ideas, and
beliefs. Give the speaker time to develop
and express his/her ideas or point before
you conclude if the message has any
value, little value, or none at all
• GIVE AND ACCEPT FEEDBACK
- Feedback keeps the communication
going. Respond to what has been heard.
Keep an open mind and avoid overreacting
emotionally to a message or feedback
• PAY ATTENTION TO NONVERBAL SIGNALS
