BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU-19

Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

I. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Let u  f  x, y  be a function of two variables x and y . If we keep y as constant and vary x

alone, then u is a function of x only. The derivative of u with respect to x , treating y as
u
constant is called the partial derivative of u w. r. t x and is denoted by one of the symbols ,
x
u f x  x, y   f x, y  u f x, y  y   f x, y 
u x , Thus  u x  lim . Similarly  u y  lim
x x  0 x y y  0 y
Further u x and u y are also functions of x and y , so these can further be differentiated partially
  u   2u   u   2 u   u   2 u
w. r. t. x and y . Thus  or u 
xx x  y  xy or u yx y  x   yx or u xy
,
x  x  x 2
,
   
  u   2u

y  y  y 2
and or u yy .

Examples

Prove that y v y  x v x   y 2 v 3 if v  1  2 xy  y 2 
1/2
1. .

2. Show that wx  wy  wz  0 if w   y  z  z  x  x  y  .
x y
e
3. Show that u x  u y  u, if u  x y.
e e
4. If w  x 2 y  y 2z  z 2x , prove that wx  wy  wz  ( x  y  z )2 .
y z
5. If u   , show that xu x  yu y  zu z  0 .
z x
6. Given u  er cos cos r sin  , v  er cos sin r sin  , Prove that
   
u 1 v v 1 u
 and  .
r r  r r 
2
2 2  z z   z z 
7. If ( x  y ) z  x  y , Show that     4 1    .
 x y   x y 

1
8. Show that v x   v y   v z   v 4 if v  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2.
2 2 2

axby z z
9. If z  e f (ax  by ) prove that b  a  2abz .
x y

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 Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

 y x
10. If u  x 2 tan 1    y 2 tan 1   , then show that
x  y
 2u x2  y2  2u  2u
(i)  2 and (ii)  .
x y x  y 2 x y y x

11. If u  log e  x  y  x y  xy  , then show that u xx  2 u xy  u yy  

3 3 2 2 4
.
x  y 2
2z 2  z
2
12. If z  f x  ct    x  ct , then prove that c .
t2  x2
  2u 1 u 1  2u
13. If u  e cos  a log e r  Show that
a    0.
r 2 r r r 2  2
 2u  2u
14. Prove that  , if
xy yx
y
a) u  x
 x2  y 2 
b) u  log e  
 xy 
15. Verify that f xy  f yx when f x, y   sin 1  y / x  .
16. Prove that u xx  u yy  0 , if
 2 xy 
a) u  tan 1  2 
2 
x y 
b) u  loge  x 2  y 2   tan 1  y / x 

 
17. Find the value of n so that the equation v  r n 3cos2   1 satisfies the relation
  2 v  1   v 
r   sin  0.
r  r  sin     
32
18. If Z  tan  y  ax    y  ax 
, Show that Z xx  a 2 Z yy .

1  x2 4a2t v 2  2v
19. If v  e , Prove that  a .
t t x 2
1       
20. If   t ner 4t , what value of n will make   r 2
2
  .
r 2  r  r   t
1
21. If x x y z z  c , show that z xy    x loge  e x  , when x  y  z .
y

 y

22. If z  loge e x  e , Show that rt  s 2  0 where r  z xx , s  z xy , t  z yy .

23. If v  loge ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) , prove that ( x2  y 2  z 2 ) vxx  v yy  vzz   2 .

2
     9
24. If u  log e  x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz  , show that  x  y  z  u  .
  2
   x  y  z

25. If w  r m , prove that wxx  wyy  wzz  mm  1r m2 where r 2  x2  y 2  z 2 .

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 Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

26. Verify that v satisfies Laplace’s equation vxx  v yy  vzz  0 if

a) v  e3x4 y cos5z
1
b) v  ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2
c) v  cos3x cos4 y sinh5z

II. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Total Derivative:
du u dx u dy
If u  f  x, y  where x    t  and y    t  then   .
dt x dt y dt
Examples

1. Find the differential of the following functions:

a) f ( x, y)  x cos y  y cos x
xyz
b) f ( x, y)  e
du
2. Find for the following functions:
dt
2 2 t t
a) u  x  y , x  e cos t , y  e sin t at t  0.
y 1
b) u  x , when y  tan t , x  sin t
x
c) u  sin(e  y) , x  f (t ) , y  g (t )
d)
u  tan 1  y / x , x  e t  e t , y  e t  e t
e)
u  xy  yz  zx, x  1/ t, y  et and z  et
f) u  x3 ye z where x = t, y = t2 and z  loge t , at t = 2.

du
3. Find and verify the result by direct substitution.
dt
x
a) u  sin   and x  et , y  t 2 .
 y
b) u  x  y  z , x  e , y  e cos3t and z  e sin 3t
2 2 2 2t 2t 2t

1
If u  sin 1 x  y , x  3t , y  4t 3 , show that  3 1  t 2  2 . Also verify the result by direct
du 
4.
dt
substitution.

5. The altitude of a right circular cone is 15cm and is increasing at 0.2cm s . The radius of the
base is 10cm and is decreasing at 0.3cm s . How fast is the volume changing?

6. Find the rate at which the area of a rectangle is increasing at a given instant when the sides of the
rectangle are 4 ft and 3 ft and are increasing at the rate of 1.5 fts-1 and 0.5 fts-1 respectively.

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 Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

7. In order that the function u  2 xy  3x2 y remains constant, what should be the rate of change
of y w.r.t. t, given x increases at the rate of 2cm/sec at the instant when x = 3cm and y = 1cm.

Partial differentiation of Composite functions:

If u  f  x, y  where x  g  s, t  and y  h  s, t  then

u u x u y u u x u y
  and  
ds x s y s dt x t y t

Examples

u u
1. If u  x2  y 2 , x  2r  3s  4 , y  r  8s  5 find and .
r s
x2  y2 W W
2. If W  u2v and u  e , v  sin( xy 2 ) find and .
x y
 y  x z  x u u u
3. If u  u  ,  ,show that x 2  y2  z2  0.
 xy xz  x y z
u u u
4. If u  F x  y, y  z, z  x  , prove that    0.
x y z
z z z z
5. Prove that  x y if z is a function of x and y and
u v x y
x  eu  ev , y  eu  ev .
x y z V V V
6. If V  f (r , s, t ) and r  , s  , t  show that x y z  0.
y z x x y z
7. If x  u  v  w, y  vw  wu  uv, z  uvw and F is a function of x, y, z show that
F F F F F F
u v w x  2y  3z
u v w x y z

8. If z is a function of x and y and x  e u cos v, y  e u sin v .

 z 2  z 2 
2
z z z  z   z 
2

Prove that (i) x  y  e2u (ii )       e 2u      

v u y  x   y   u   v  

III. JACOBIAN

If u and v are functions of two independent variable x and y then the Jacobian of u , v w.r.to x ,
y is denoted by
  u, v   u, v  u x u y
. or J  
  x, y   x, y  v x v y

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Properties of Jacobians

1. If u, v are functions of x, y and x, y are functions of u, v

  u, v    x, y 
J and J   then JJ   1 .
  x, y    u, v 
  u, v    u, v    r, s 
2. If u, v are functions of r , s and r , s are functions of x, y then   .
  x, y    r , s    x, y 
Examples

 (u, v)
1. Find for the following:
 ( x, y )
a) u  e x sin y, v  x  loge sin y  .
b) u  x  y, y  uv
( x, y) 1 2
2. If x  a cosh  cos , y  a sinh  sin  Show that  a (cosh 2  cos 2 ) .
( , ) 2
 (u, v, w)
3. Find for the following:
 ( x, y , z )
a) u  x2 , v  sin y, w  e3z .
b) u  x 2  y 2  z 2 , v  xy  yz  zx , w  x  y  z .
c) u  x  3 y 2  z 3 , v  4 x 2 yz , w  2 z 2  xy at (1,-1,0).
2 yz 3zx 4 xy
d) u , v , w
x y z
x x x x xx
If y  2 3 , y  3 1 , y  1 2 , then show that
 y ,y ,y
1 2 3 4.  
 
4.
1 x 2 x 3 x  x ,x ,x
1 2 3 1 2 3
 ( x, y , z )
5. Find if
 (u, v, w)
u 2  v2
a) x  , y  uv, z  w .
2
b) u  x  y  z , uv  y  z , uvw  z ,

6. Verify that JJ '  1

a) x  e u cos v, y  e u sin v .
b) x  u 1  v  , y  uv .
y2 y2
c) u  x ,v .
x x
d) x  u, y  u tan v, z  w

 (u, v)
7. Find when,
 (r ,  )
a) u  x 2  2 y 2 , v  2 x 2  y 2 and x  r cos  , y  r sin 

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 Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

b) u  x 2  y 2 , v  2 xy and x  r cos  , y  r sin 

c) u  2 xy, v  x 2  y 2 and x  r cos  , y  r sin 

 
d) u  2axy & v  a x 2  y 2 and x  r cos  , y  r sin 
( X , Y )
8. Find where X  u 2v , Y  uv 2 and u  x 2  y 2 , v  yx
 ( x, y )
9. If x  vw , y  wu , z  uv and u  r sin  cos , v  r sin  sin , w  r cos  , calculate
 ( x, y , z )
.
 (r , ,  )
10. If u  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 , v  sin 1 x  sin 1 y , show that u & v are functionally dependent
and find the functional relationship.
x y
11. If u  , v  tan 1 x  tan 1 y , show that u & v are functionally dependent and
1  xy
find the functional relationship.

IV. TAYLOR’S SERIES FOR FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES

 2 f  a , b  3 f  a , b   
f  x, y   f  a, b   f  a, b     where    x  a    y  b .
2! 3! x y

Examples

Expand the following functions upto second degree terms.

1. f ( x, y)  x2  xy  y 2 in powers of ( x  1) and ( y  2) .
2. f ( x, y)  (1  x  y)1 in powers of ( x 1) and ( y 1) .
3. f ( x, y)  e x cos y in powers of ( x  1) and y   .
4  
f ( x, y)  x in powers of ( x  1) and  y  1 and also find (1.1)1.1 .
y
4.

5.  x  in powers of ( x 1) and  y 1 . Hence compute f (1.1,0.9) .

f ( x, y)  tan 1 y

6. f ( x, y)  x3  xy 2  y3 in powers of  x  1 and  y  2  .
7. f ( x, y )  cot 1  xy  in powers of ( x  0.5) and ( y  2) and hence compute f (0.4, 2.2)
.
8. f ( x, y )  x 2 y  3 y  2 in powers of  x  1 and  y  2  .
9. 
f ( x, y )  sin  xy  in powers of ( x  1) and y   2 
10. f ( x, y)  xy 2  cos xy in powers of ( x  1) and y   2 . 
11. f ( x, y )  x y  sin y  e about 1,   .
2 x

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 Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

12. f ( x, y )  e x sin y about  1,  / 4  .

V. MACLAURIN’S SERIES FOR FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES

2 f  0,0  3 f  0,0   
f  x, y   f  0,0   f  0,0     where   x y .
2! 3! x y

Examples

1. cos x cos y in powers of x and y up to second degree terms.

2. Expand e loge 1  x  in powers of x and y up to third degree terms.
y

3. Expand eax sin by in the ascending powers of x and y up to third degree terms.

4. Find the Maclaurin’s expansion of e x loge 1  y  up to third degree terms.

5. Expand loge 1  x  y  in the neighbourhood of (0,0) up to second degree terms.

VI. MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES

A function z  f  x, y  is said to have a maximum or minimum at x  a, y  b as

f  a  h, b  k   f  a, b  or f  a  h, b  k   f  a, b  for all values of h and k .
Necessary conditions for f  x, y  to have a maximum or a minimum at  a, b  are f x  a, b   0
and f y  a, b   0 .
Working rule to find the maxima and minima of z  f  x, y 
z  z
1) Find , and equate them to zero, solve these as simultaneous equations in x and y .
x  y
Let  a, b  ,  c, d  ........... be the roots of the simultaneous equations.
2 z 2 f 2 f
2) Calculate the values of r  , s  , t  for each of points.
x 2 xy y 2
3) If rt  s 2  0 and r  0 at  a, b , f  x, y  has a maximum value .
4) If rt  s 2  0 and r  0 at  a, b  , f  x, y  has a minimum value .
5) If rt  s 2  0 at  a, b  ,  a, b  is a saddle point .
6) If rt  s 2  0 at  a, b  then the case is doubtful and needs further investigation.

Examples

1. Find the extreme values of the following functions:

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 Dept. of Maths., BMSCE Unit - 2: Differential Calculus - 2

a) f ( x, y)  x3  3xy 2  15x2  15 y 2  72 x .
b)  
f ( x, y)  2 x 2  y 2  x4  y 4 .

a3 a3
c) f ( x, y )  xy  
x y
d) x4  y 4  x2  y 2  1
e) x2  2 y 2  3z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2
f) f ( x, y)  x3 y 2 (1  x  y)
g) f  x, y   x3  y 3  3 y  12 x  20
h) f  x, y   cos x cos y cos  x  y 
i) x 2  y 2  6 x  12  0
j) f ( x, y)  x4  y 4  2 x2  4 xy  2 y 2

2. Find the shortest distance from origin to the plane x  2 y  2 z  3 .

3. Find the points on the surface z 2  xy  1 nearest to the origin.

4. Find the shortest distance from origin to the surface xyz 2  2 .

5. Sum of three numbers is a constant. Prove that their product is maximum when they are equal.
6. Divide 120 into three parts so that the sum of their products taken two at a time shall be
maximum.
7. Examine the function f ( x, y)  sin x  sin y  sin( x  y) , x, y   0,   for extreme values.
8. In a plane triangle find the maximum value of cos A cos B cos C where A, B and C are the
angles of the triangle.
9. Find the minimum value of x2  y 2  z 2 given ax  by  cz  p
10. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point  x, y  is
u  x, y   x 2  2 y 2  x. Find the coldest point on the plate.

11. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume 108 cubic meters. Find its dimensions if
its total surface area is minimum.

12. The temperature T at any point  x, y, z  in space is T  x, y, z   kxyz 2 where k is a constant.

Find the highest temperature on the surface of the sphere x2  y 2  z 2  a 2 .

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