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8-A Dimensions Math

8-A Dimensions Math

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JiHyun Lim
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8-A Dimensions Math

8-A Dimensions Math

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JiHyun Lim
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s DIMENSIONS. ial ).¥ a Singapore Vern? Prosi) 3% a *68 STAR PUBLISHING PTE LTD Star Publishing Pte Ltd 115A Commonwealth Drive #05-12, Singapore 149596 Tel: (65) 64796800 Website: ww.starpub.com.sg Email: [email protected] in association with a Singapore Math Inc” Singapore Math Inc 19535 SW 123th Avenue Tualatin, OR 97062 Website: www SingaporeMath.com Email: [email protected] ©2018 Star Publishing Pte Ltd ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. First published 2013 Reprinted 2018 Dimensions Math has been adapted from Discovering Mathematics, fist published by Star Publishing Pte Lt in 2007. ISBN 978-981-4250-62-7 Printed by KHL Printing Co Pte Ltd, Singapore STAR PUBLISHING PTE LTD cous Seon PREFACE DIMENSIONS MATH common Core is a series of textbooks designed for students in middle schools. Developed in collaboration between Star Publishing Pte Ltd and Singapore Math Inc., this series follows the Singapore Mathematics Framework and also covers the topics in the Common Core State Standards. ‘The emphasis of this series is on empowering students to learn mathematics effectively. Depending on the topics covered, different approaches are adopted for the presentation of eoncepts to facilitate understanding and internalization of concepts by students and to instill in them an interest to explore the topies further. Each book includes appropriate examples, class activities, and diagrams to understand the concepts and apply them. Information technology skills are incorporated as appropriate. With this comprehensive series, we hope that students will find learning mathematics an interesting and fun experience so that they will be motivated to study the subject, discover mathematical features and apply them in real-life situations. Our special thanks to Richard Askey, Professor Emeritus (University of Wisconsin-Madison) for his indispensable advice and suggestions in the production of Dimensions Math Common Core series. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all those who have provided valuable feedback and great assistance in the production of this series. The Writing Team Dimensions Math Common Core TEXTBOOK FEATURES The textbooks provide a solid well-balanced, Example comprehensive, and systematic approach to Helps students understand the teaching of mathematics. A combination Seo ee co cere of different approaches has been adopted in Siworred eine the presentation of mathematical concepts to motivate students and empower them to become independent learners. Examples and questions = have been carefully designed to ensure that Tes aaa students not only understand the concepts, but are also able to apply them. Provides website links for additional information 4 QUADRATIC, Coen re Vee) Na se lel = Try Itt Gives students an ‘opportunity to answer a similar question to check how well they have grasped the concept Chapter Opener Introduces the topic through reallfe applications and identifies the chapter's learning outcomes: In A Nutshell Consolidates important rules and concepts for quick and easy review Class Activities Introduces new mathematical concepts through cooperative learning methods Provides fascinating facts related to the = current topic == \ Recall Relate concepts or definitions covered earlier +| to the current = Discuss ml topic a Poses croup penta n and az0. lL @ PxPaTxDxTxTxD=7 (b) 2 x 2 =(2x 2x2) x (QxQxBxQxBW=2 (©) atxa'=(@xaxaxa)x(axaxa)=a @) a" xa=a (@) a" xa" @ (@) Begs Ree Sa Gx hab _ pe In 2f@), common factors AxR ‘of 5 are simplified in gin Bx 8x8x 8x 8x 8x5 Bx8x8x8 (b) denominator. © @) bb =b @ a"+a"=a the numerator and inthe 3. (a) (9) =9 x Fx (b) (3°) = 3° x 3° x 3% x 3°=3 © «= @ = © @'=a ‘The results of Class Activity 1 reveal the following laws of exponents. &> Simplify the following. @) ) axa" (b) (3p*q) x (4p*q*) “Solution —(@) a? xa’ a (b) (3p"q) x 4p"g") = (8 x 4p? x p'Xq x g°) Rearrange ike factors Slap tgi'® ae = 12p*q" LED Simplify the following. (a) axa" (b) (xy) x (Gxy") fa Simplify the following. (@ p= pF (aa%) (a) p! = p' (b) (-24a°b') *Solution (a) p™ 5p 2; 24)(a* \( bt 7 (by 2da%b') + Bais! 24)(2)(4) ferent tats = 8a" 2! -8a° ==> Simplify the following. fa) eq" (b) (30r°s!) + Gr's®) Cee “Solution = (a) _(x’)* fp Simplify the following. @ en aye fa) (x") (b) (9° = (x4 ED Simplify the following. fa) (oY @2 =D Objective: To discover more laws of exponents (by =)" Questions Rewrite each of the following as a product or a quotient in exponential notation. ‘The first one in each set has been done for you. Assume that n is a positive integer, k=0,y 20, and 620. 1. (@) 4x 5) = (4x5) x (4x 5) 4? x 5 (b) 2xo'=2xgxQxaxQxc=2 xe © (pg'= (d) (aby*= © (z}= @ (2) = The results of Class Activity 2 yield another two laws of exponents. ‘Solution (a) _(¢'d*)* x 2d") = td"? x ay’ = ab" = eld x a meget ata aea' acta Eq ‘Simplify the following. () (pg! x (p'o Oo) () +(34) (EXERCISE 1.1 @ a BASICPRACTICE 2. Rewrite each of the following as a product or a quotient in exponential notation. 1. Simplify the following and express your @) ax7? answers in exponential notation. @ @ x 1! fa) 3°« 3" 8Y (b) 222° © (3) () (6°) 6 @ oy @ (3) 2 : — (©) (pq” @ (f) (ret (hy (7 (g) (4) oy (5) 3. Simplify the following. 6. Simplify the following. (a) 5a® x 8a° (a) 5a‘ x 3a” =a* (b) 86%) x (45°) (b) (b%e%) + (b%e°) x (b'e") (©) 24e* + (6°) (©) Gmn®)Gmin®) + Bmint? @) C124") + C4d") x (a2) (ey Y © (FF) (2) 4. Rewrite each of the following as a product - or a quotient in exponential notation. fa) 20)" (b) C2r's') Sp mare wor © (=f @ (4) A person sent 2" copies of a junk mail via email. Each email consisted of 2" bytes & of data. How many bytes of data were yo SuRTHER Prac sent altogether? Express your answer in A exponential notation 5. Simplify the following. (a) a’b! x a'b® (b ed" se" & BRAINWORKS (©) (Be%f) x (e'f") (d) (15g°h") + (5g°h") 8. If (a") = a®"', where m and n are positive (©) 18m'n') © (8 )-( (24m’n) integers greater than 1, and m b) (pig Mpg) (©) Gay’) + (5x4) aR sasieceacnics 1. 1G 3. Evaluate the following. (a) 2°-2* w @ a? (g) Bx By" (h) YP = 2%" Simplify the following and express your answers in positive exponential notation. (a) aésa' (b) bx b+ (© Bey @) (f “at @ (8) () ae eg (@) G's r*s") (h) ey) +e FURTHER PRACTICE Simplify the following and express your answers in positive exponential notation. f@) Sa *y* b) BBY see @ © © oi a) at The total amount of drug introduced into the body with a°c* cells from an injection is a’c* units. Find the average amount of drug per cell, expressing your answer in positive exponential notation. @yesawwoens Is (-9)° = -9°? Explain your answer. Suppose a > 0 and n is a positive integer. a3) - 2 Explain your answer. 1.3 Fractional Exponents KEY nth Root of a Positive Number We have learned the definitions of the square root and the cube root of a positive number. For example, V25=5 since 5*=25, and V6i=4 since 4°= 64. We can extend these definitions to define the nth root of a positive number. Let a be a positive number and n be a positive integer. If there exists a positive number r such that r” = a, then ris called the positive nth root of ‘When we talk about the ‘square root ofa number, we usualy refer to the postive square rot. a, and we writer = ‘a. fa) (2,401 a ee ‘Then By prime factorization, 2401 =7 x7 x7 x7, ‘Thus, we have 2,401 = 7. Ee (b) Let e=/z. ‘Then 8y prime factorization, Du? 2422 Ixdxdxde3 ‘Thus, we have V245 ~ 3° Note: We may use the function key @ in a calculator to @ find the xth root of a number. The key sequence to ‘pale onaeon ey evaluate [2,401 the calculator. 492018. ELD Evaluate the value of each of the following. @) {16 BD Fractional Exponents Suppose a is a positive number and the laws of exponents are also valid for fractional exponents. ‘Then a? xa’ Similarly, a? xa xa @) We can generalize this as the following definition for cases involving fractional exponents. When m and n are integers, and n > 0, a" can be expressed as follows: @y. a*=(a"" or a From the above definition, we have = Wa ‘Therefore, we arrive at another definition involving fractional exponents. Note: This definition is only defined for a > 0. & Evaluate the following. (@) 31° (b) 32 ‘Solution (a) 81° = (81) You can also express 22 * as “6 Inusing a calculator, the key sequence to. GED Ecetoate the towing. Tey eee nay @ 16 wad Serge etlt be caledato, & Simplify the following and express your answers in positive exponential notation. (@) (@)'xa? (b) (x'y?) = ey) *Solution (a) (a)! xa (b) (ey ED Simplify the following and express your answers in positive exponential notation. (iy? @ (p''xp* (b) y= 'EXPON 8 ( EXERCISE 1.3 @é @ BASIC PRACTICE 1. 3. Evaluate the following. fa) /289 (b) 125, Br @ 243 (J121% (® (216% ‘T ‘16 @ |S aw 2 Evaluate the following. (a) 1447 (b) 27 (©) 625° (a) 32° @ 49° (125° (g) 16% (h) 1,331 mot (100) om? @ 3) Express the following in exponential notation. @) (b) \ © @ Var © © 2 @ ay Way Simplify the following and express your answers with positive exponents. fa) (b) © @ s FURTHER PRACTICE Simplify the following and express your answers with positive exponents (@) (6? x @’b) (b) (mtn 2 x min) * © wah (d) et ©) Ve xw (f) (36p*q*) 49p *q*) * oe (g) VVu" (h) (4x 3y2)" = B27x4y?) # Gp onarn WwoRK A closed rectangular box is x? em long, em wide, and x* om high. (a) Express the volume of the box in terms of. (b) Express the total surface area of the box in terms of x. (©) Given that x = 4,096, find (the volume, (ii) the total surface area of the box. @posamworss Simplify the expression below. 1.4 Comparing Exponents We can use the following fact to find an unknown exponent. fx Find the value of x if 2" = 64. » Solution 2 = 64 aot Express 64 asa power of 2 2=6 Equate the exponents on both sides, ED Find the value of x if 3° = 243, ( EXERCISE 1.4 @ & BASIC PRACTICE 4. Consider the sequence 729, 243, 81, 27, .. where the same simple computation is done to get a term of the sequence from the previous term. (a) Write down the 5th and 6th terms of the sequence. (b) Express the nth term of the sequence in terms of n. (©) If the nth term of the sequence is 1. Solve the following equations. (@) 2 =32 (b) 3° = 729 © 4-64 @ 7=343 FURTHER PRACTICE = 2. Solve the following equations. fa) 7? = 343 (b) 2°" = 16 find the value of n. a 0-2 ye (© 5°*= 625 @ #=55 @rosamworns GGesamss wane wort 5. The solution of the equation 4° = 2° is an integer x. Find two possible values of the constant n. ‘The number of bacteria in a colony is 2'**, where ¢ is the number of hours after the first observation. After how many hours will there be 1,024 bacteria? i 1.5 Scientific Notation KEY Representation of Very Small or Very Large Numbers Measurements in science may be very small or very large. For example, the distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150,000,000 km and the mass of a dust particle is about 0.000000000763 kg. Scientists have developed a concise method to express these very large and very small numbers so that we can easily manipulate and remember them. Instead of writing many trailing or leading zeros, we can write: * 150,000,000 km as 1.5 x 10° km; * 0,000000000763 kg as 7.63 x 10"" kg. ‘The digit A is called the coefficient. The second number is always written in exponent form with 10 as the base. Scientific notation has a number of useful properties and is often favored by scientists, mathematicians, and engineers, who work with very large or very smal] numbers. f&> Express the following numbers in scientific notation. (a) 6,120,000 (b) 0.000843 *Solution (@) sree @ Put the decimal point after the first digit and drop the zeros to get the number A. The coefficient in this case is 6.12. 6.120000 6 places srer @ Count the number of places from the decimal point to the end of the original number to find the exponent n of the base 10. Therefore, we write 6,120,000 as 6.12 x 10° ‘Scientific notation, as known as standard form o ‘exponential notation, is a way of writing numbers that ae too large o oo small to be conveniently writen as Integers or decimals, (b) sree @ Put the decimal point after the first non-zero digit to get the number A. 0,008.43 4 places ster @ Count the number of places between the new decimal point and the original decimal point. The exponent n of the base 10 is the negative value of this number. ‘Therefore, 0.000843 = 8.43 x 10-', Express the following numbers in scientific notation. (a) 378,000 (b) 0.000092 => Express each of the following as an integer or a decimal. (a) 4.25 x 10° (b) 3.17 x 10° *Solution (a) 4.25 x 10° = 4.25 « 100,000 125,000 6. 3.17 (b) 8.17 «10° = ae = 0.00000317 EID Express each of the following as an integer or a decimal. (a) 7.92 « 10" (b) 2.68 « 10° ‘We have special names for some powers of 10. The following table illustrates the commonly used ones. ek) Coe Emad P 1 picoliter = 107 ¢ billionth nano- a 10° millionth micro- » 10° thousandth — milli- m i = 10° one Vo a SS aaa 10° thousand kilo- 10° 10° 10 mega- For the solution of Example 12: (a) Itcan be done by moving ‘the decimal pont 5 places ‘te right (b) Itcan be done by moving ‘the decimal point 6 places tothe left The following diagram shows the sizes of some tiny objects: The Scale of Things Dust mite Red blood cells, ~ 200 jm ~ 2-5 um ameter 2 Point of pia Micro mechanical device Nanotube 08-1 mm diameter 10-100 pm wide 1410 nm diameter BY Computation ‘The following examples illustrate the four operations of numbers in scientific notation. f&> Evaluate the following and express your answers scientific notation. (a) 4.3 x 10% + 5.2 x 10° (b) 9.27 x 1071.68 x 10° Solution (a) 4.3 x 10' + 5.2 x 10° = 0.43 = 10° + 5.2 x 10° = (0.43 + 5.2) x 10° @ = 5.63 x 10° Express the smaller number gare ie-o1mx i? | Same (9.27 — 0.168) x 10 ene, (b) 9.27 x 10°77 — 1.68 x 10% Note: In using a calculator, the key sequences are as follows. @ 30:86 -05:8 © 92700'8:5s080:8 ‘That means we use the (9 key to enter a number in scientific notation. wD Evaluate the following and express your answers in scientific notation. (a) 3.9 x 10° + 4.7 x 10° (b) 8.25 x 10° 6.01 x 10" ff: Evaluate the following and express your answers in scientific notation. (a) (2.4 x 10°) x x 10) (b) (2.34 x 10°) + (1.3 x 107) “Solution (a) (2.4 x 10) x G x 10 (2.4 x 5) x (10° x 10-*) (uanwes 2 x 10° MATH WEE 2 x 10? Vist rtp/micro magnet fsu.edulprimerjava 2 2 x 10 scienceoptiesu/powersoti0 and marvel atthe scale of ea eat things in our universe! = "13 «10? 2.34 , 10° ED Evaluate the following and express your answers in scientific notation. (a) (9.5 x 10) x (4 x 10%) (b) (2.38 x 10°) + (1.4 x 105) ff» ‘The storage capacity of a computer hard disk is 500 GB. If the size of each document is 25 kB, how many documents can be stored in the hard disk? Give your answer in scientific notation. (1 GB = 1 x 10° B; 1 kB = 1 « 10° B) “Solution 500 GB = 500 x 10” bytes 25 kB = 25 x 10" bytes = 500 « 10° 5 x 10° 20 x 10° 2x10" *. number of documents that can be stores ED ‘The storage capacity of a memory card in a digital camera is 16 GB. Suppose each digital photo takes up 4 MB. How many photos can be stored on the memory card? rr) ( EXERCISE 1.5 @é @: Ba: Is PRACTICE Express notation. (a) 83,700 (b) 720,000 (e) 96,200,000 (@)_1,450,000,000 (©) 0.00016 6. (f) 0.000028 (g) 0.0000095 (h) 0,000000030 seientifie the following number Express the following numbers as integers. (a) 9.8 x 10° (b) 5 = 10" (©) 7.23 x 10° (@) 1.06 x 10° Express the following numbers as decimals. 7, (a) 4x 10° (b) 3.6 x 10° (©) 158«10% — @) 2.07 x 10" Evaluate the following without using a calculator and express your answers in scientific notation. (a) 3.6 x 10° + 4.7 x 10° (b) 6.8 x 10° +9 x 107 (©) 4x 10°-98 x 10° (@) 5.4 x 107-66 x 10° (©) 5 x 10°) xB x 10°) (f) (4x 10°) x (17 x 10) (g) (2x 10%) +(8 x 107) (h) 4 x 10-4) = (1.7 x 10°) FURTHER PRACTICE Evaluate the following without using a calculator and express your answers in scientific notation. (a) (1.3 x 10"? (b) (5 x 10%)" (©) V1.96 x 10° (a) J2.16 x 10 (2 x 10%) x (6 x 10") © 4x 10° (f) Bx 10'+1 x 10° ‘5 x 10°-5 = 10° Express the number stated in each statement in scientific notation. (a) A human adult breathes about 28,000 times a day. (b) The diameter of the smallest blood vessel is 0.0008 centimeters. (©) The cosmos contains approximately 50 billions galaxies. (d) A plant cell is 0.00001276 meters wide. approximately Convert the units stated in each statement to the required unit in the parentheses and express your answers in scientific notation. (a) The age of the Earth is approximately 4,500,000,000 years. (giga-years) (b) The wavelength of yellow light is 0.00000059 meters. (micrometers) (© The diameter of a hydrogen atom is about 70 picometers. (nanometers) (@) The average distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384.4 megameters. (kilometers) $f mar wor In the year 2010, the world population was about 6.8 billion. The average amount of meat consumed worldwide each day in the year 2010 was 7.82 x 10° kg. Given that there were 365 days in the year 2010, what was the average amount of meat consumed by each person in that year? Express your answer in scientific notation. 9% On average, each American throws away 33 pounds of food each month which is worth about $40 according to the Natural Resources Defense Council. In the year 2010, the population in the United States was about 310 x 10°. (a) How much food and money did an average American waste in 2010? (b) Assuming each month has 30 days, how much food did the Americans waste in a day in 2010? Express your answers in scientific notation. For (b), express your answer using an appropriate SI prefix. 10, An atom of an element consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. An electron has a mass 5 x 10~ times the mass of a proton. The mass of an electron is 9.10956 x 10" kg. Find the mass of a proton, expressing your answer in scientific notation correct to 2 decimal places. 11, (a) The equatorial radius of the Earth is the distance from the center of the Earth to the equator. It is about 6,378.5 km, Find the length of the equator in meters, expressing your answer in scientific notation correct to 3 decimal places. ‘The speed of light in air is 3 x 10° m/s Find the time taken for a light beam to travel a distance equal to the length of the equator. Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places. (b) @ BRAIN WORKS 12. List some units of measurement in daily life 13. that use the SI prefixes pico-, nano-, micro-, mega-, giga-, and tera-, When T was a child, I was told that the universe is 5 billion years old. That was 60 years ago. Why would it be silly for me to now claim that the universe is 5 billion and 60 years old? 1.6 Rounding Numbers to a Specified Number of Significant Figures Bye by -Cre ee Ae} Objective: To understand the rounding of a number to a desired degree of accuracy. Questions 1. The exact thickness of a piece of glass is 0.004503 m. (a) State the thickness of the piece of glass in meters correct to 2 decimal places. (b) Ifyou give the rounded figure in (a) toa handyman, will it make any sense to him? 2. The price of a condominium is $208,175. (a) Ifyou are discussing to buy the condominium, how would you round the price to discuss with the property agent? (b) Ifyou are trying to sell this condominium, what rounded price will you use to diseuss the sale price? From Class Activity 4, we see that a number should be appropriately rounded so that it is meaningful. The desired degree of accuracy is not simply a matter of the number of decimal places. We must highlight the most important digits, that is, the most significant figures of the number. ‘The most significant digit in a number is the first non-zero digit (reading from left to right). It is called the first significant figure. The digit to its right is called the second significant figure and so on. Look at these numbers and note the significant figures. 0.004503 208,175 L 4" significant figure [t 3 significant figure 2™ significant figure 2° significant figure 1* significant figure 1 significant figure Note that in the number 0.004503, the first 3 zeros in front of the digit 4 are not significant figures. However, the zero after the digit 4 is a significant figure. ‘We will study some examples on how to round numbers to certain numbers of significant figures. The rounding rules are the same as before. ran Round the number 0.004503 to (a) 2 significant figures, (b) 3 significant figures. “Solution (a) 0.004503 .0045 (rounded to 2 sig. fig.) 2 significant figure (b) 0.004503 = 0.00450 (rounded to 3 sig. fig.) L 3° significant figure Note: In part (a), rounding the number to 2 significant figures gives the same result as rounding it to 4 decimal places. EID Round 0.070185 to (a) 2 significant figures, (b) 3 significant figures. * Solution Round 208,013.62 to the figures and then express each rounded number in scientific notation, (a) (b) @ 3 significant figures, 4 significant figures. 208,013.62 = 208,000 (rounded to 3 sig. fig.) mae @ Providing numbers correct to 3 significant gure i usually at figure suticient fr computations in 208,000 = 2.08 x 10° most daily activites. (b) 208,013.62 = 208,000 (rounded to 4 sig. fig.) ( REMARKS @ 4 signiican figure The siete notation ofa umber as an advantage 208,000 = 2.080 x 10° ‘over the ordinary notation of tha number that it indiates Note: In part (b), including the last 0 in 2.080 x 10° behing when expressing the number in scientific notation indicates that the 0 is a significant figure. Foriérampis, 1-50°x 10" has: 3 significant figures. However, we may not be sure ofthe umber of significant figures Round 0.071803 to the given number of significant figures (+1190,000,000, and then express each rounded number in scientific The zs after the dak § may notation. or may not be significant. f@) (b) 3 significant figures, 4 significant figures. fa State the number of significant figures in each number. (a) 5.038 * Solution (a) (b) ) @ (a) (b) 0.0040300 49,000 7.600 x 10° In the number 5.038, the first non-zero digit is 5. All digits after 5 are significant. +. there are 4 significant figures. In the number 0,0040300, the first non-zero digit is 4. All the digits, incliding the zeros after 4 are significant, . there are 5 significant figures, Fry (©) The number 49,000 is a 5-digit integer. The zeros after the digit 9 may be significant or they may be place holders. For instance, 49,372 = 49,000 (rounded to 2 sig. fig.) 49,016 = 49,000 —_ (rounded to 3 sig. fig.) 49,003 = 49,000 (rounded to 4 sig. fig.) 49,000.2 = 49,000 (rounded to 5 sig. fig) «. the number of significant figures in the number 49,000 can be 2, 3, 4 or 5. (d) The zeros in the coefficient 7.600 are significant, z» the number of significant figures in 7.600 x 10° is 4. ED State the number of significant figures in each number. (a) 3.12 (b) 0.050060 (©) 3,800 (d) 9.30 x 10 (EXERCISE 1.6 @ 4, State the number of significant figures in @: BASIC PRACTICE each number. pe re (a) 30 (b) 72,009 1. Round each number to 1 significant figure. ®. 6s id 6600 oe age (©) 0.00204 (6) 5.900 x 107 (©) 0.0392 3. Round each number to 2significantfigures 8 surRTHER PRACTICE and then express each rounded number in 4% SWETMERPRACTICS scientific notation. ~ (a) 69,852 (b) 0.0543 (©) 0.001974 (b) Round the answer in (a) to 4 significant figures. 5. (a) Convert the fraction $ into a decimal Round each number to 8 significant figures and then express each rounded number in 6 Evaluate (4.937) + (-3.625) and round scientific notation. your answer to 3 significant figures. (a) 4,253,607 (b) 159.71 (e) 0.00403625 1 1 (a) Evaluate 17 x 5 + (23) x (- ). (b) Express the answer in (a) as a decimal rounded to 4 significant figures. (©) Find the square root of the answer in (a). Evaluate the following, expressing your answer in scientific notation rounded to 3 significant figures. (a) 68.3 x 0.005 x 0.17 7 x10 x 128 x 10 iy; SOT AO 188 cE sa 4.25 » 107 Sf mares. work 10. 1. ‘The length and width of a rectangular playground are 30.1 m and 256 m respectively. Find the area of the playground, rounding your answer to 3 significant figures. The thickness of 500 sheets of paper is 1.94 in. What is the thickness of (@) one sheet of paper expressed in scientific notation, (b) 17 sheets of paper expressed in decimals with three significant figures? How many sheets of paper will make up a thickness of at least 3 in.? 194in, ‘The largest state in the U.S., Alaska, has a land area of 571,951.26 mi’ and the second largest state, Texas, has a land area of 261,797.12 mi®. In the year 2010, the population of Alaska was 710,231 and that of Texas was 25,145,561. Find the population density for each of the states, giving your answer rounded to 3 significant figures. Note: The population density is the number of people per square mile of land area. RR 12. The table below shows the labor force and employment statisties (in thousands) of the US. in January 1978 and January 2011. a ed January 1978 100,873 January 2011 153,186 139,323, (@) How many significant figures are there in the 1978 labor force number? (b) Write the 1978 labor foree number in full, rounded to 3 significant figures. (©) Write the 1978 labor foree number in scientific notation, rounded to 2 significant figures. (@ Find the unemployment rates in January 1978 and in January 2011, rounded to 2 significant figures. Note:The unemployment rate is the ratio of unemployed workers to labor force, expressed as a percentage. @resamworus 13. When a number is rounded to 3 significant figures, it is 0.0506. Give three possible values of this number. 14, The floor of a room measures 3.8 m by 6.7 m, rounded to 2 significant figures. Is it, possible that the area of the room is 26 m’, rounded to 2 significant figures? 1.7 Estimations and Accuracy of Calculators KEY Estimations Estimation is the process of finding an approximate answer to a numerical problem. In our daily life, we often need to estimate quantities. For example, it is not possible to obtain the exact death toll of a major earthquake or tornado. i SN VAIL a) Objective: To find out some uses of estimation of quantities Questions 1. Marie wants to buy three items that cost $39.80, $11.30, and $52.50 from a supermarket. She has $120 in her purse. How ean she know if she has enough money to buy these items? To help her gauge if she has enough money for the three items, she can estimate their total price (a) (i Round the price of each item to the nearest ten dollars. Gi) Using the results in (i), find the sum of the approximate costs of the three items. (b) Find the sum of the exact costs of the three items. (c) Compare the actual sum in (b) with the estimated sum in (a). What can you conclude? 2. The manager of an events management company sold 1,324 concert tickets at $18.95 each. He used a calculator to work out the revenue. As the calculator displayed a sum of over $250,000, he jumped up in excitement. (a) (i) Write down the price of each ticket rounded to 1 significant figure. (ii) Write down the number of tickets sold rounded to 1 significant figure. (ii) Find the approximate revenue using the results in (i) and (ii), (b) Based on your answer obtained in (a), do you expect the manager to remain excited for long? Why? (c) Find the actual revenue. (d) What do you think went wrong in the manager's calculation? From Class Activity 5, we see that estimation can help us make a rough mental calculation. We can also use estimation to check if an answer obtained from a caleulator is reasonable or not. One method to estimate a quantity is to use related numbers that have been rounded.

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