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Sem8 Endsem

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Sem8 Endsem

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Mynam Meghana
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Final Exam- Adaptive Signal Processing (EC6L023) Date: 9/5/22 (2.30 AM to 5.30 PM) Total Marks: 60 A Consider the data x(n) =Atw(n) 2 =0,1,..N— and variance 0 and w(n) is WGN with variance where Ais Gaussian with mean Ha LMMSE estimator derive a Sequential LMMSE Using geometrical interpretation of ‘estimator of A. (5 marks) AY Given xX=HO+W @ isapxi random i where xis Nx1 data vector, His a known Nxp observation matt 1m vector with zero mean vector with mean E(@) and covariance Co, and W isan Net rando the LMMSE estimator of 8. (5 marks) and covariance matrix Cy. Der 3) ay Derive Wiener filter as Derive LMS algorithm from Wiener fiter- eee the coneltion for step size (i) in LMS algritm to converge ro Marks) 1ust be mentioned clearly. measurement Kalman filter. Steps (40 Marks) “YF Derive veto state, veetor G_ The signal model isa first-order Markov/Dynamic process sin) = (0.8)s(n~-tuln) NEO sonora si as Gaussian PDF with mean zr0, variance 3 070 a = 2. We assume that the is observed in noise w(n}, so that the data are x{n} {n}jewlnl, where win] is zero mean with variance oh = 1/2. Find the expression for $(2), interms ‘of x(0),x(2) and x(2). (5 marks) Forte sytem tenteation problems we have the following model cl Ys AGoun-K+wen) 220 A ‘Using RLS find a recursive estimator for the system impulse response h{k) (for k=0,--P~ 2). Let @ = [h(0),.., h(p — 1)] and 0 is random vector with mean [tg and covariance Cy. Using Sequential LMMSE find a recursive estimator for 0. (5+5=10 marks) @ forthe channel estimation problem, we have the following model pot / ~ x(n) = Y hy(kKv(n-k)+w(n) 220 where vinl=0 for n 1. Find the effect of dilation and translation on Haar wavelet function YJ) in frequency (Fourie) domain. es ul si = u 0<1<05 od ss Oe tauhiky ay 4 Geer Test whether the following Morlet wavelet could satisfy the admissibility erterion. S/S © + + > L- es 3 7 y(t)=e ‘cm( ed ‘ eh 2 a — Via") (hare =t a. 3 ZL as S ~ function coefficients (utilize required number of constraints 3 3. In steps, explain the design of Db4 waveler and scaling & 6 [10] 3 in time domain). vee «>, ee nS ei wl el eggene? Ee aS ¥ ane | eo we a Derive the condition on scaling function coefficients when the area under the scaling function is restricted to be | inction is 0. [5+5] Similarly derive the condition on wavelet coefficients when the area under the wavelet fu i i ith 2- a Design a perfect reinson fer bank for implementing Haar wavelet transform on @ discrete signal, wit 13,857) level analysis and synthe Show pec reonstrsion by taking his 1D sien BST am 7 cae ah: ID6L006 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCES ID6L006: Electric Vehicle Technology End-Semester Examination (Jan-May 2022) (Time allowed: 3 hours) NOTE: Answer ALL questions. Answer a new question on a fresh page (strictly) and all parts of a question together. Maximum Marks: 100 1. Give brief answers. 10) (a) Why 48 V battery is preferable for light weight EVs? (b) Principles of operation of BLDC and Switched reluctance motors. (c) Why helical gear is preferred over spur gear? (@) What is transaxle?. An EN having a 48 V DC, separately excited motor, with field flux, @ = 0.05 wb, armature resis- tance, Rg = 0.2 Ohm, machine constant, K = 50. The motor steady state Ed is Om = —aerte + ¥é. The vehicle has a wheei radius ry, = 0.28 m. to be gen- erated by the drivetrain if the desired rated speed is 54 kmph. [10] LFF tre powertrain of an EV using DC motors shown below: Given Vj = Vie = 48 V, Re = 07 Obm, ko = 1.3, m = 790 kg. The gear box has gear ratio GR = 2. Obtain relation between gear ratio and torque of the motor. EV. t St ID6L006 #A 1799 kg vehicle traveling at 88 kmph has to be stopped with the maximum sustained decelera- tion of a, = 0.65 g. The vehicle has a wheelbase of 2.5m and a fronUrear weight distribution of 47%/53%. The center of gravity is at a height of h = 0.48 m from the ground. Find the total force and the average power required to bring the vehicle ova stop. During braking, the weight of the Vehicle shifts to the front by an amount "44, where a is the distance of the CG from the front wheel center and b is the distance of the CG from the rear wheel center. Find the front and rear weight distribution during braking. [10) $. Given below is a switched capacitor circuit with flying capacitors C),i = 1,2...,N — 1 and single Pole dual throw (SPDT) switches, used for active cell balancing. Explain how the coordinated operation of C;s and SPDT switches actively balances the cells. (10) For an induction motor the six-switch voltage source inverter drive operation is shown in the figure below. At a time, combination of a group of three switches among six switches, 51,52, ,S¢ remain open over phase intervals of %/3 each. Briefly explain the operation of the switch. From the diagram find the switches that are ON for intervals of /3 and obtain the line voltage Yap over the each phase sub-interval (of 1/3), if Vie = 48 volts, (10) -rs -3- ID6L.006 YY Following questions are on the ‘Materials for light weight vehicles’ topic. (10) (a) Among power requirement factors of a vehicle, for, acceleration, overcoming rolling resis- tance on the tire-road interface, overcoming the aerodynamic drag, driving on a grade and operating the accessories such as AC, heaters and entertainment modules, which factors di- rectly dependent on the weight of the vehicle and how? Give brief explanation for each. (b) Enumerate advantages of Alloys over steel as preferred materials for the vehicle body and supporting system structure design applications. Mention the disadvantages of Magnesium alloys over Aluminum alloys. « Stainless steel is used for the vehicle exhaust systems. Which property of stainless steel makes it possible for this application. (q@) What is polymer matrix component (PMC) material is made up of? For which body part design of the vehicle it finds application? Question on case study: ‘An electric Three wheeler (3-W) with six seating capacity, the specification sheet mentions the following data. Verify the specification with theory and comment. (20) (a) Maximum Vehicle mass: 635 kg (Full Load) and 300 kg without load. (b) Acceleration; 0-25 kmph in 15 seconds. (©) Motor: 900 atts and 500 rpm. (@) Battery pack: 48 V, 100 Ab. y 2 i (©) Maximum speed: 25 kemph. / (f) Range: 100 km/charge. } Fas ) Gradabiity S degree? ew — { ‘A four wheeler (4-W) user complains that the vehicle does not meet the acceleration time specifi- cation in the vehicle manual. Verify the below specification with theory and suggest the corrective measures. {10} (a) Motor: Separately excited DC, 34 hp, 2400 rpm. (b) Mass: 1200 kg. (©) Battery Pack: 72 V, 100 Ah 730 Ib. (d) Top Speed: 96 kmph. (e) Range: 96-128 km. (f) Acceleration time: 0-88 kn/hr in 25 sec. a Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar . School of Electrical Sciences Spring End-Semester Examination-2022 Subject Name: Software Engineering Subject Code: CS6L034 Date: 30/04/2022 Duration: 03 Hours Full Marks: 65 ‘Answer a new section on a fresh page and all parts of a section together. ASetion Az State True or False (74 1=7 Maris} {A1) The aggregation relationship cannot be reflexive (i.e. recursive). That is, an objet cannot contain objects of the same class as itself. {A2) Only badly designed software products need maintenance. {A3) External entities may appear at all levels of DFDs. (A4) The implementation of a use case in terms of sp method calls is depicted in a sequence diagram. {AS) A state chart diagram is good at describing behaviour that involves multiple objects cooperating with each other to achieve some behaviour. (A6) A test suite that satisfies branch coverage also satisfies conditicn coverage. {(A7) Spiral life cycle model is not suitable for products that are vulnerable to large number of risks. _SGtion B: Answer the following questions briefh [2+242+343 484) Mention some general coding standards and guidelines that are commonly adopted by many software ~ development organizations. What are the problems that might occur if the engineer of an organization does not adhere to any coding standard? {82} What do you understand by “mutation testing” ? @ (83) Briefly explain about the Facade pattern via an example. Briefly explain about any two GRASP patterns. (| (©) Briefly explain about the Observer pattern and in which context itis applicable via an example. Skction C: 15 Marks} Identify and represent the relations among classes using UML diagram. Sofs ‘Students take 5 courses each semester. Each course is taught by one or more teachers. (NOTE: Classes that can be considered are Student, Course, and Teacher). S SF ‘An order consists of one or more order items: Each order item contains the name of the item, its quantity and the date by which itis required. Each order item is described by an item type specification object having details such as its vendor addresses, its unit price, and the manufacturer. (NOTE: Classes that can be considered are Order, Item, and ItemType).. a , vee Na Consider the following required functionality of a print-on-demand service. Find the various use cases of this syste, Find the actors and draw a use case diagram. Briefly describe /outline scenarios of each use case. ® The print-on-demand service provides customers the possibility to print posters, flyers, or books on demand. The ‘customer should be able to select a type of product (poster, flyer, or book), a desired quantity, and a paper type. In case a book has to be printed, additionally the customer can choose between hard cover and soft cover. Finally, the ‘customer needs to provide a POF file containing the desired content, Im order for the customer to be able to place an order, he or she must have an account. The customer can create an ‘count by choosing a username/password combination. Furthermore, his or her address and credit card number ‘can be linked to the account, which is required information when placing an order. ‘Once a customer has provided the information for an order, the system checks if all required information i there, either given in the order (type of product, quantity, etc), or in the account (address and payment information). If ‘ny information is lacking, the system will inform the customer that it needs to be added before the order can be Placed. Once all information is in place, the order is placed, and the creditcard information is sent to the bank for ‘approval. if the bank approves the card, the order is finalized. 7 Aprinting agent is in charge of actually performing the printing. He or she inspects the provided PDF files of Finalized orders. fa fle does not meet the quality requirements, the customer will be informed about this, and the order is temporarily put on hold until the customer has provided a new PDF file. Finally, the administrator monitors if at all times, sufficient paper and ink stock is present. Whenever the amount of Paper or inkis running low, an order must be placed at the appropriate supplier (either the paper or ink supplier). [4*3 = 12 Marks} ) A fast way to see if a sorted list contains a certain element Is binary search, but its implementation is a bit tricky. Can randomized testing (of the pointwise equivalence of functions) be used to get some certainty about an implementation of binary search? If yes, how would you use? < A ciass for handling dates in a software project provides the following two methods “year FromDay” and “dayFromYear”. You are in charge of testing these methods and you want to use randomized (property based) testing. Which property would you test? Describe the property which should hold if “yearFrombay” and “dayFromYear” are implemented correctly. // computes the year, when given the 77 computes the number of days since 1 number of days since 1 Jan, 1980 Jan, 1980, on the first day // requires : days >= 0 // of the given year // ensures + output >= 1980 // requires : year >= 1980 Public static int yearFromDay(int days) | // ensures : output >= 0 Public static int dayFromYear(int year) @) Construct a minimal set of test-cases for the code snippet below, which satisfy both Condition and Decision Coverage criteria. int method2(int a, int b, int c) { 9 if ((a <3) || (b> © && c= 5)) return a; else return c7) for the program given below, draw the control flow graph. statement and branch coverage. jel checking, LTL, Promela/ Construct a minimal set of test-cases that satisfy int methodi(int x, int y) { int res = 0; itr == 0) 1 >) res =; Af (Astiven(x)) res = 2/2 [S+4 [2 Marks] Q@ consider the following PROMELA model (understand its behaviour). Formulate the following properties in rear Temporal Logic. Also, for each property, indicate ‘whether itis valid with respect to the given PROMELA model. 2) bwill be true at some point. b) x.will always be >= 20. ) Atsome point, x will be 20. v) d) Atsome point, x will be 21. e) From some point on, x will always be >= 20. #) xwill infinitely often be 21. byte x = 0; bool b = false; active proctype PQ) { do x < 40 -> x>=20-> if = 40; b = true; fi od } g) If bwill never be true, then x will infinitely often be 21. ): The Promela model below has a flaw: it may deadlock. Explain why a deadlock is possible and describe a f run (trail) that exhibits it. ) Trove chan ¢l eh, web)! Til of {intype); /# buifered channel — */ Chan ¢2 = [0] of {mtype); /* syachronous channel */ active proctype PO £ cht msgh , active proctype QO ¢ ot d active proctype 20 ( byte ona: ae -~- © Ina restaurant the cooks receive orders from thelr guests. An order includes the requested meal (vegetarian, ‘meat of fish) and the guests _ pid, The cook puts the prepared meal in type = (vegetarian, meat, fish); the out channel from where the guest can pick them up. The procedure for guests and cooks in slightly more detail is as follows: chan order = [5] of {mtype, int); Guests: chan out = [5] of {mtype, int) 1. Each guest chooses arbitrarily among the possible meals, ‘composes and sends out hers/his order 2. The guest waits then for her/his order to arrive and takes it fit is prety addressed to her/him il eal 3. Afterwards, the guest orders either a further meal or leaves the restaurant Cooks: 1. Acook takes an order and prepares the meal 2. The finished meal is the put in the out channel awaiting for client to pick it up U/ (PLEMENT } active [3] proctype guest{) { //1MPLEMENT (G1) Implement the proctypes cook and guest according to the specified protocol. Hint: Pattern matching on the content of variables can be achieved by using eval(var). For instance, channel ? eval) is only executable if the message in channel has the value of variable i. {G2) Explain how you ensure that a guest takes only her/his meal and not the one of someone else. Put an. assertion into the code ensuring that the received meal is the ordered one. Séetion B: {2.5+2.5 =5 Marks], 44) Consider the tic-tac-toe game example discussed in the class, where the following is a sequence diagram for the use case named “Play 5 move". Which methods must be present in (supported by) the “board” class as per the information that can be inferred =< from the given sequence diagram? i } ) See the diagram below. What is the maximum number of Instances of D that can be connected to one instance of A? - a@ Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar School of Electrical Sciences Wireless and Mobile Communication (EC6L020) Date: April 29, 2022 Spring End-Semester Examination 2022 Time: 3 hours Maximum Marks:50 1. A binary communication system transmits the same information on two diversity channels. The two received signals are m=+Ah+n, 72 = £Ah, +m, where f,hi ~ CN (0,07) and m,n2 ~ CN (0,02). The channels are uncorrelated to each other. The receiver bases its decision on the linear combination of r; and r2 i.e., r=ntkro. Determine the value of k that minimizes the probability of error. 6 marks] 2.A multipath fading channel has a multipath delay spread of 1 s and a Doppler spread of 0.01 Hz. The total channel bandwidth at bandpass available for signal transmission is 5 Hz. To reduce the effects of intersymbol interference, the signal designer selects a pulse duration of 10 s. (a) Determine the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time. e] marks} ; (b) Is the channel frequency selective? Explain. ° [2 marks] (c) Is the channel fading slowly or rapidly? Explain. (2 marks] (d) Suppose that the channel is used to transmit binary data via coherently detected PSK in a frequency diversity mode. Explain how you would use the available channel bartdwidth to obtain’ frequency diversity and determine how much diversity is available? * [4 marks] Please go on to thenext page... POR At Committing eels dots i) Por the case in (d), what is the approximate SNR mite per diversity to achieve an error probability of 10°°? (2 marks} §. Let us consider a MIMO system (a mixture of MISO and SIMO system) = sith N antennas at the transmitter end and NV antennas at the receiver ‘end. The capacity of the system is given as C= Bow (1+ 55 3 ) i ‘where the symbols have their usual meaning. Further, we have a constraint given as Soe B= constant. i=l ES {e) Determine the values of A,s for which the value of the capacity is maximized the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time. [4 marks} (@) Provide the corresponding expression for the maximum capacity. [2 4 (a) Show that the minimum separation Af for subcarriers {eos (2njAft + 4) j= 1,2,-..} ‘to form a set of orthonormal basis functions on the interval (0, Ty] is ____ Af =1/Ty for any initial phase 4;. Show that if ¢; = 0 then this carrier separation can be reduced by half. [5 marks] (b) Consider a data signal with a bandwidth of 0.5 MHz and a data rate of 0.5 Mbps. The signal is transmitted over a wireless channel with 4 delay spread of 10 ys, If multicarrier modulation with overlapping ‘subchannels js used to mitigate the effects of ISI, approximately how many subcarriers are needed? What is the data rate and symbol time ‘on each subcarrier? — [5 marks] have the following rate 3/4 block code given as » ECBL (001 ‘ Advanced Communication Engineering Page 303 Determine the decision variables for the separate ML decoding of th symbols s;, so, and 33. {10 | 6. Consider a SISO wireless communication system, r = hs +n with t channel gain vector as h ~ CN (0, 0%). The noise added in each channel is a zero mean random variable with R{n} ~ N (0,02) and S{n}~ N (0,202), and the real and imaginary parts are independent of each other. The receiver needs to estimate the channel at its end by the pilot symbol transmission technique. Compute the estimate of the channel at the receiver using the ML technique. Is the estimate of the gain channel good (in terms of mean and variance of the estimates)? marks| Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar School of Electrical Sciences Spring End-Semester Examination-2022 ‘Subject Name: Modern Radar Systems Sabjoe Clef CRED Full Marks: 100 ‘Answer any 4 out of 5 questions. Answer all parts of a question together. (7+6x2+6=25] 1. (a) Explain how the radar data cube is generated. What is the significance of the parameter used for each of the three axes of the radar data cube? : (b) For the below mentioned scenarios, you have to explain the type of radar used, the parameters involved and the difficulties to be addressed during the measurement process. " {i) For two closely-spaced stationary targets placed at a large distance away from the radar, 97 the presence of clutter where the exact velocity of the target needs to be (ii) For a moving target identified. (@) A CFAR detector is designed to maintain a probability of false alarm of 10%. If detections are performed on a per pulse basis from the 2000 range samples collected in each pulse repetition interval, then what is the false alarm time? Consider the pulse repetition frequency to be 1 kHz, [10 +(8 +2) +5 =25) a cascaded MT! filter is used. Derive the frequency Also explain its usefulness in context to the | 2. (a) For identifying 2 moving target using a radar, | response of such a filter and draw its amplitude response. application. (b) A pulsed Doppler radar operating at 10 GHz is used to detect a closing ‘ee-prf scheme is employed. The pris employed are: target. However, to avoid tn 14 kHz, £2 = 17 kHz, Doppler ambiguity, a thri and Ss = 20 kHz 3 A wi 2 (i) Find the true Doppler frequency if the target appears at Doppler frequencies of 8 kHz, 16 kHz, and 10 kHz for each prf. (i) What is the radial velocity corresponding t {c) In light of the above example, explain the use! Doppler ambiguity aspect. s .9 the true Doppler frequency as obtained in part (i)? fulness of the above method by demonstrating the Ago [7+6+6+6~=25) 3, Fora practical radar system of your choice, write short notes on the following: {a) The working principle of the radar (b) The standard parameters of radar (you need to include the following at 2 minimum: frequency, coverage distance, angular range, range resolution, Doppler range (if used), form factor/dlmensions) {c) The application scenario(s) of the radar AY y* (d) Specific advanced methodologies used in the radar, describing their usefulness. Tae | Beg+ys2) 4. (a) What is the significance of time-bandwidth product in radar? | (b) Describe the essential features and advantages of pulse compression. Distinguish between linear-FM | pulse compression and phase-coded pulse compression, describing the form of the transmitted signal and the processing methods appropriate to each. (c) For the purpose of phase-coded pulse compression, the following code of length 7 (+++-+-#)is | used. However on application the code generated an anomalous waveform. Calculate the compressed | ‘output of the given code and identify the correct code. Hence calculate the point target response and | peak range sidelobe level of the Barker code of length 7. | (7+G+7+8)=25] 5. (a) Describe the model used for fluctuating targets. (b) A radar system operating at 3 GHz observes a square flat plate target having side length 0.4m. The plate is oriented so that its specular return Is measured. : {Find the RCS of the plate. How does the RCS compare to the area of the plate? The RCS ofa flate plate ie 4nw?h? BLP isgiven aso =. (i) The radar is required to complete a 360 degree azimuthal rotation in 1 second, and has a 15 degree beamwidth in azimuth and a7 degree beamwdith in elevation. If we can put 100 pulses on the target, find the unambiguous range of the radar and PRF. Neglect any effects due to beam shaping or changes im target RCS with aspect angle. &% (ii) The radar system transmits a 2 KW peak power, has a receiver noise figure of 14, and a range resolution of 45 m. For a false alarm probability of 10%, estimate the probability of detection for detection using a post-detector integration of 100 pulses. Consider the target at range 23 km. ay a & 0.9909 fs on v 095: poe 7 085 os. i 10 E, ors oe f 10" Pravalues 06 y ie are marked os f | Lehi 10 in the plot os L i Probably of detection 03 02 i on bolt ES ed ‘ so 0 1 2 8 4 6 0 7 1 Single pulse SNR - 6B Fig.1 Goop Luck Dr. Ghosh, Ses, Page 2of2 Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar (3) School of Electrical Sciences LW Information Theory and Coding (EC6L003) Date: April 28, 2022 Spring End-Semester Examination 2022 Maximum Marks: 60 Time: 3 hours Instructions 1. There are 13 questions in total. Answer ALL the questions. 2. Make relevant assumptions if needed. If you make any assumptions, mention them clearly, : All the best! A. You are asked to design a binary code capable of correcting one error. If the dimension of the code is k = 4, what is the minimum possible block length n for which you will be able to construct such a code? ay 1 1,051 ag 101010 be a parity check matrix of a linear code C. 110001 Find a generator matrix for the cot dimension and minimum distance) of C let H = de C. Find the parameters (length, and C+. [4] G) Show that in a linear code over binary, either all codewords have even ia ly half of the codewords have even Hamming 4) n, M, d) code C over binary and for every decoder ) Show that for every (1 ve 2 Sh Ea over isu enteword © € C and & word y € 2* such that Hamming weight or exact weight? aly,c) < (d+ 1)/2] and Dy) £6. fe =, Consider two binary linear codes O and Cy. Show that, C,U0> is a code if and only if either Op C, or Ch EOC. » is al 7 rrr oe Please g9 08 % the na’ page, Information Theory and Coding Page 2 of 3 @ Derive the channel capacity of a binary symmetric channel with cross- over probability p. (4) (7) Design a decoder for an [n,k,d] linear code which can correct d — 1 erasures. Assume that the codeword is transmitted over a binary erasure channel. Illustrate your answer with the help of an example. 4 8. A channel with alphabet {0,1,2,...,7} has transition probabilities as follows: 1/3 ify=a _ j 1/3 ify=(e+1) mod 8 ~ PE) 4/5 Gey =e et aes 0 otherwise. Find the capacity of the channel. (4) 9. Consider a message of length 9 bits di,d2,...,dg arranged as shown below. To design the code C, we add row-wise parity bits 71,r2,73 and column wise parity bits cy, c2, cs, such that the sum along a column and sum along a row is zero. i dy | do | d3 | 71 dy | ds | de | T2 dy | dg | do | 73 ex | C2 | 63 | = © Find the minimum distance of the code. © Write a parity check matrix of the code C. 1 010 ‘ a compute © Tithe received vector arranged in matrix form is 1 apa a e decoding. the syndrome and decode to a codeword using syndrome econ Let Gb ‘ the ith ¢.- Seterstor matrix of linear code C. Puncturing of a code Ca Matrix Gy venate results in a code spanned by the rows of a generator Show that for an. Ter ctins the ith column of generator matrix G. not change its dimeric) 24° Puncturing at any d~1 coordinates does (6) —— ier ‘Please g9 om to the next page / BOSL008 taformation Theory axel Ooding Page 3 of 3 U. Consider an erasure channel with transition diagram as shown in the figure below. Find the channel capacity of the channel? {6} nth a2 identify 10° 0 12. Let H= 0 1 0| bea parity check matrix of code C. I 001 OorL 1 0 1 the block length, dimension and minimum distance of the code. Construct a syndrome table for the code C. Use syndrome table to decode the received vector y1 = 110101. e the probability of error that can occur while performing « Comput syndrome decoding. 4) 13. Consider the code C in Q.12. ‘Assume that the code is used for Rea th a i i 1,174 over an AWGN channel using BPSK modulation (071,17 Gaussian noise has the distribution N’(0,2)- ‘Write an expression for the vector log-likelihood ratio of the first bit (Za) ithe reoatved =i ial (at 2.5, 0.7, 14, 2.0, 3.0], compute Ly. Use In to decode the first bit. (6 pnd of question paper. End of exam

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