21/9/2015

Elementary Signals
• Sinusoids and Complex Exponential Functions.
• Unit Step Function.
SKEE2073
• Ramp Function.
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS • Impulse Function.
Chapter 1: • Rectangular Function.
Introduction to Signals and Systems • Triangular Function.
• Sinc Function.
• Unit Signum Function.

Sinusoids & Complex Exponential Functions Sinusoids & Complex Exponential Functions
x(t)
  0 x(t )  A cos(0 t   ) Im

jAe 0t sin(0 t ) Ae ( 0  j 0 ) t
A x(t )  A cos(0t   ) x(t )  Ae ( 0  j0 )t
 A cos( 2f 0t   )  Ae 0t e j0t
0 t
t 2 Re
 Ae 0t [cos(0t )  j sin(0t )]
0 1 2 3  A cos( t  ) Ae 0t cos(0 t )
T0
 Ae 0t cos(0t )  jAe 0t sin(0t )
-A
T0

where A = real amplitude of sinusoids or complex exponential where A = real amplitude of sinusoids or complex exponential
T0 = real fundamental period of sinusoids T0 = real fundamental period of sinusoids
f0 = real fundamental frequency of sinusoids f0 = real fundamental frequency of sinusoids
0 = real fundamental angle frequency of sinusoids 0 = real fundamental angle frequency of sinusoids
t = continuous time t = continuous time
0 = real damping rate 0 = real damping rate

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Sinusoids & Complex Exponential Functions Sinusoids & Complex Exponential Functions
• Sketch signal x(t), which is given as; • If signal x(t) has a phase constant of 90°, how it looks like?
x(t )  4 sin(2 1000t ) x(t )  4 sin( 2 1000t  90)
x (t )  4 sin( 2 1000t  90)
x(t) Equate to zero. x(t)  4 sin( 2 1000t   2)
  2
t   0.25 ms
4 4 o 2 1000

? 1
t (ms)
1
t (ms)
-1 -1 -0.25

-4 -4

Unit Step Function Unit Step Function

• It is defined as; • Sketch signal x1(t), which is given as;
1,   0 x1 (t )  2u (t  3)
u ( )  
0,   0 u(τ) • t0 = -3
x1(t)
t -3
τ 0
2u(t – 3) 0 2
u(τ) 0 1 u(t – t0)
1 12

• If τ = t – t0 ,
0 t0
τ
? t
1, t  t 0  0  t  t 0 -3 0
u (t  t 0 )  
0, t  t 0  0  t  t 0
t t0
u(t – t0) 0 1

• Commonly used as a switching function.

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Unit Step Function Unit Step Function

• Sketch signal x2(t), which is given as; • Sketch signal x3(t), which is given as;
x2 (t )  2u (t  2) x3 (t )  u (t  4)

x2(t) x3(t)

? t
? t

Unit Step Function Unit Step Function

• If signal x(t) is defined as; • How signal x(t) will look like if
x(t )  2u (t  3)  u (t )  2u (t  2)  u (t  4) x (t )  2u (t  3)  u (t )  2u (t  2)  u (t  4) ?
• Sketch signal x(t), • Step 1: Record the amplitude of all the unit step functions in table.
x(t)
Time Ranges
Signals
-3 0 2 4
2u (t  3)

? t
 u (t )
2u (t  2)
u (t  4)
x(t )
• Step 2: Add the amplitudes of all the signals in each column of the table to
obtain x(t).

• Step 3: Based on the table, sketch x(t).

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Unit Step Function Unit Step Function

• If a signal v(t) looks like the following; • What is the mathematical expression of signal v(t)?
v (t )
• Step 1: Record the amplitude of signal v(t) in table.
Time Ranges
Signals
1 -2 -1 1 2
v(t ) 0 -1 1 -1 0

-2 -1 0 1 2 t (-)
-1

• How to obtain the mathematical expression of v(t) in terms of the • Step 2: Insert a suitable unit step function row by row until the sum of
unit step function? amplitudes in each column is zero.

• Step 3: Write the mathematical expression of each unit step function. The
mathematical expression of v(t) is the sum of all the unit step expressions.

Ramp Function Ramp Function

• It is obtained by integrating the unit step function. • Sketch signal x1(t), which is given as;
t
x1 (t )  2ramp(t  3)  2(t  3)u (t  3)
ramp(t )   u ( )d  tu (t )
0 ramp(t) • t0 = -3
t 0
u(t) 0 1 t -3
ramp(t – t0)
×t t t u(t + 3) 0 1
1 x1(t) 2ramp(t)
tu(t) 0 t × 2(t + 3) 2(t + 3) 2(t + 3)
ramp(t)
• or; ramp(t  t0 )  (t  t 0 )u (t  t0 ) 2(t + 3)u(t + 3) 0 2(t + 3) 6
t

?
t , t  t 0 0 t0 1 t0+1 2
1
 -t0 2ramp(t+3)
0, t  t0
t t0 t
-3 0 1 1
u(t – t0) 0 1
× (t – t0) t – t0 t – t0
(t – t0)u(t – t0) 0 t – t0

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Ramp Function Ramp Function

• Sketch signal x2(t), which is given as; • Sketch signal x3(t), which is given as;
x2 (t )  2ramp(t  2)  2(t  2)u (t  2) x3 (t )  ramp(t  4)  (t  4)u (t  4)

x2(t) x3(t)

? t
? t

Ramp Function Ramp Function

• If signal x(t) is defined as; • How signal x(t) will look like if
x(t )  2(t  3)u (t  3)  tu (t )  2(t  2)u (t  2)  (t  4)u (t  4) x(t )  2(t  3)u (t  3)  tu (t )  2(t  2)u (t  2)  (t  4)u (t  4) ?
• Sketch signal x(t), • Step 1: Record the amplitude of all the ramp functions in table.
x(t)
Time Ranges
Signals
-3 0 2 4
2(t  3)u (t  3)

? t
 tu (t )
 2(t  2)u (t  2)
 (t  4)u (t  4)
x(t )
• Step 2: Add the amplitudes of all the signals in each column of the table to
obtain x(t).

• Step 3: Based on the table, sketch x(t).

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Ramp Function Ramp Function

• If a signal v(t) looks like the following; • What is the mathematical expression of signal v(t)?
v (t ) • Step 1: Record the amplitude of signal v(t) in table.
Time Ranges
Signals
2
-2 0 2
v (t ) 0 t+2 -t + 2 0

(-)

-2 -1 0 1 2 t
• How to obtain the mathematical expression of v(t) in terms of the • Step 2: Insert a suitable ramp function row by row until the sum of amplitudes
unit step function? in each column is zero.

• Step 3: Write the mathematical expression of each ramp function. The

mathematical expression of v(t) is the sum of all the unit step expressions.

Impulse Function Impulse Function

• It is defined as; • The properties;
• Scaling (time)
 (t  t 0 )  0, t  t 0
1
   (t  t0 )    (t  t0 )

  (t  t

0 )dt  1
1 1
|1/α|

• Its characteristics are;

• Zero value at all time t t
t0 t0
except t0.
• One unit area under the
impulse function.

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Impulse Function Impulse Function

• The properties; • The properties;
• Product • Sifting/Sampling/Convolving

x(t ) t  t 0   x(t0 ) t  t0   x(t ) t  t dt  x(t )
0 0


Suppose t0 = 2, hence x(t ) t  2  x(2) t  2  Suppose t0 = 2, hence
 x(t ) t  2dt  x(2) = 2

x(t) x(t)
1
2 2
x(2) = 2
2 2
-4 -2 t -4 -2
t t t
2 2 2 2
-2 -2

Impulse Function Rectangular Function

• Relation of Unit Step, Ramp and Impulse functions. • It is defined as;
1,  0.5  t  0.5 rect(t)
rect(t )  
r (t )
dr (t )
u (t )
0, elsewhere
1
1 dt dr (t )
u (t ) 
 dt
t t 1
1
• Its characteristics are;
• One unit width, height t
and area. -0.5 0.5
u (t )  (t )
du (t )
1 du (t )
dt 1  (t ) 
dt

t t

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Triangular Function Sinc (Cardinal Sine) Function

• It is defined as; • A result of the Fourier
1  t ,  1  t  0 Transformation of unit
rect(t)
 (unscaled) rectangular 1.2
tri(t )  1  t , 0  t  1
function. 1
0, elsewhere 1
 0.8

• It is defined as; 0.6

sinc(t)
• Its characteristics are; 0.4
• One unit height and area, t 0.2
-1 1 sin(t )
but not the width. sinc(t )  0
t
-0.2
-0.4
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
• Limiting value is at t = 0, time, t
or sinc(0) = 1.

Signum Function
• It is defined as;
sgn(t)
 1, t  0
sgn(t )  
1, t  0
1

• It is closely related to
unit step function. t

-1