Lesson 4: Basic Drafting
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
Introduction 2
Essential Questions 3
Bench Marks 3
General Notes 4
Overlook 4
Blueprint 6
Gear Up! 6
Check Up 14
Tinker Time 16
Production Time 17
Recap 17
Bibliography 18
Glossary 19
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GRADE 7/8
Basic Drafting
Introduction
Fig. 1 Tools arranged neatly on a tool rack.
It is said that every good project first had an exemplary plan. It is true even in all of the things
we see around us. From things as simple as a pen to a thing as complex as a building.
Everything came first as a sketch from the ingenious minds of the people who invented it.
Without these sketches many of the greatest inventions made by man would never exist.
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Now, what exactly is this sketch? The sketch we are pertaining to is technically known as
drafting. In this unit, you will be learning to interpret drawings which is used by all the
manufacturing companies around the globe.
Essential Questions
Bench Marks
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● Identify the different types of lines commonly used in Drafting;
● Interpret symbols and apply it in a drawing;
● Independently create a freehand sketch of a carpentry product;
● Understand the concepts of Isometric Drawing; and
● Create an Isometric Drawing of a carpentry product.
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G
eneral Notes
Overlook
Fig.2 A man conducting maintenance on an automobile.
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Good communication is the key to a successful project. This is true specially for those in the
manufacturing industry. Imagine yourself working on a handiwork, and you hav this list of
worded instructions at hand. Seems easy and helpful right? What if you are subjected to a
project with a thousand specifications that need to be done and fabricated with utmost
precision? Imagine creating a chair from scratch and you having to read everything in worded
form. It would be hard and nerve-wracking. This is why people made drafting and it has
introduced us to a set of symbols which can be used in order to represent everything in a
more conceivable and easier manner thus destroying the barrier in communication.
Blueprint
Alphabet of Lines
As we have said earlier, drafting uses different lines and symbols which helps everyone to
understand the communication that is needed to be given from one person to another. The
basic symbols used in drawings are found on the table below.
Visible Line - these are thick lines used in
order to present features, lines or edges that
are visible to a certain vantage point.
Hidden Line - t hese are thin lines that are
used in order to present features, lines or
edges that are hidden from the person’s
view.
Section line - t hese thin lines are used to
present the cutting plane of an object being
presented on a section view. They also
represent the materials in which a certain
part is made.
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Center Line - these thin lines are used to
represent symmetry or cylindricity of of an
object.
Dimension Line - these thin lines designate
the extent to which a certain dimension is
put.
Extension Line - these lines are used to
extend the edges of the features that need
dimensioning.
Leader Line - t hese thin lines are used in
order to put dimensions on circular features
(e.g., holes and shafts).
Short Break Line - t hese lines are used to
indicate a short break on an object to show
the features from inside of it.
Long Break Line - t hese lines are used to
reduce the length of an object being drawn.
Cutting Plane Line - these lines are the
reference for the exposition of the parts
being cut and presented as section drawings.
Phantom Line - t hese lines represent
movement of an object.
Table1.0 Alphabet of lines and its definition
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These are the common usage of the alphabet of lines inside a drawing.
Visible Line
Hidden Line
Section line
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Center Line
Dimension Line
Extension Line
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Leader Line
Short Break Line
Long Break Line
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Cutting Plane Line
Phantom Line
After learning the different types of lines and symbols used in Drafting, we will now start on
the application. There are many ways draftsmen communicate designs and it depends on
what the draftsman’s purpose of communicating is. If the purpose is for showing the
dimensions of the design, one must use an orthographic projection. If the purpose is for
showing the actual feature of the design, one must use an isometric projection.
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Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is the type of drafting technique used in order to present the true
and actual feature of the object as well as its dimensions. It uses mostly vertical and
horizontal lines in order to present the different views of the object. Orthographic projection
has six principal views which are: 1 Top View, 2 Front View, 3 Bottom View, 4 Rear View, 5 Left Side
View, and 6 Right Side View. At the bottom is the example of one orthographic projection.
Each of the views are the projection of what the true dimension of the object is. To simply put
it, we could say that the object is put inside a glass box. Each side of the glass box casts a
reflection of the face of the object that is parallel to the side, thus showing its true feature.
Figure 3. An example of an Orthographic Drawing
Common rules on creating an Orthographic Drawing
When creating an orthographic drawing, one must:
1. Select which face of the product to be drawn will be the front view. Consider the front
view to have the most number of features because it will be set at the center of the
paper. With this in mind, the front view occupies the greatest space which is a good
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thing for the face that has the most number of dimension.
2. Decide on how many views are needed in order to cater all the necessary features and
provide all the dimensions needed to put it up or for it to be better understood.
Typically, you need at least two principal views in order to present all details and
dimension.
3. Create projection lines from the drawn front view towards the next view you want to
draw for it to act as guide for creating a new view.
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4. Lastly, draw the dimensions. Make sure that you provide only the necessary dimension
and avoid being redundant.
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Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is used in order to present the object in three dimensions, provide its true
measurements and prevent distortions and irregularities on the drawing. Isometric projection
uses 30 degrees as the tilting angle.
Isometric Drawing is the most popular type of 3D drawing due to the fact that it shows
basically the length, width, and height without the worry of the object being distorted. You can
easily perceive the features of the object being illustrated and sketching using the isometric
drawing is easier.
Try This!
1. Basic drafting breaks what barrier on the project making process?
2. How does drafting destroy the barriers in communication?
3. At what angle is the isometric drawing tilted?
4. What are the principal views of the Orthographic projection?
5. What is the primary purpose of the Isometric Drawing?
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G
ear Up!
Sketching
Fig. 3 A man doing some sketches.
One of the downsides of drafting is that in order to complete a technical drawing, one must
allot skills, effort, and specially time. But a formal technical drawing is not always needed for
communication and brainstorming to take place. Communicating and creating on-the-spot
designs need fast yet conceivable drawings which may help the designers reduce the time,
effort for the presentation of the product. This is where sketching comes in. Sketching is the
process of creating drawings or illustrations without the strict use of drafting instruments
such as triangles, T - squares, etc. Its primary purpose is to create a rough drawing of the idea
being communicated at the present and so as to have a better view of the product being
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created. This step is prior to the creation of a technical drawing and will also act as the
reference for the said process.
Do not confuse sketching as a different thing from drafting. All sketches must follow the rules
of the technique they will use. For example, when you sketch an isometric drawing of a
cabinet, as much as possible, the tilting of the horizontal line of the object must be
approximately 30 degrees and all the vertical lines must be 90 degrees.
Try This!
1. What is sketching?
2. How is sketching different from technical drawing?
3. What materials or instruments do you need to perform sketching?
4. How does sketching help in the creation of designs?
5. What are the downsides of creating technical drawings?
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Tinker Time! Create an isometric sketch of the object presented by the orthographic
projection. Place your sketch on an A4 size paper together with your name and section.
Rubrics for Grading
4 3 2 1
The object drawn is
perfectly The object drawn is The object is
The object drawn is
Proportional proportional and proportional and neither
proportional but
ity the object is plotted placed somewhat proportional
not centered
at the center of the in the middle. nor centered
paper
Lines have been The lines are
The quality of
drawn flawlessly somewhat The quality of the
the lines drawn
Line Quality following the following the lines has minor
needs
standards of standards of inaccuracies
improvement
drafting drafting
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There are two to There are four
There is one wrong
All dimensions are three wrong or more wrong
Accuracy dimension on the
correct dimension on the dimension on
drawing
drawing the drawing
The drawing
The drawing has a
The drawing is neat The drawing has has heavy
lot of unnecessary
Neatness and free from pencil heavy pencil marks pencil marks,
construction lines
or eraser marks. and dirt eraser dirt and
drawn heavily
paper folds
The drawing is The drawing is
The drawing is
Speed submitted ahead of submitted on the
submitted late
the deadline deadline
Check Up
A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write FALSE.
1.Drafting can make the job easier because it can communicate designs better.
2.Orthographic drawings are best used for manuals of a product.
3.You can use sketching when editing some minor faults of a product.
4.It is better to use isometric drawing on assembly illustrations.
5.Sketching requires the use of drafting tools.
6.There are eight principal views of orthographic drawings.
7.Isometric drawings use 60 degrees as the tilting angle.
8.Orthographic drawing mainly uses horizontal and vertical lines.
9.It is better to put dimensions on an isometric drawing than on an orthographic
drawing.
10. The front view contains the most number of features because it is placed in the
middle of the paper.
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B. Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What type of line shows the length of a certain feature?
a. object
b. hidden
c. center
d. dimension
2. Which type of line shows the features from inside the body of a product?
a. object
b. hidden
c. center
d. dimension
3. Which type of line shows movement and displacement of a certain part?
a. section
b. cutting plane
c. phantom
d. break
4. What line is used in order to take off a piece of the product to show the inner
features?
a. section
b. cutting plane
c. phantom
d. break
5. Which lines designate the location where an object is being cut?
a. section
b. cutting plane
c. phantom
d. break
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C. Read the questions carefully. Answer each item in a detailed manner justifying each
and every concept written.
1. When is the best time to use sketching?
2. How is sketching different from the other drafting projections?
3. How does drafting help in the manufacturing process?
4. Give an example of how drafting shatters the barriers in communication.
5. Why do we need to incorporate isometric and orthographic drawings on the
product we sell to the consumer?
Production Time
Designer in You
● You are asked to create an orthographic drawing and an Isometric sketch of your
design of a chair which will be used as an exhibit for an educational symposium. Your
design should answer the basic needs of the students who will be using the chair you
have designed. Put all necessary dimensions and make sure that the drawing is
presentable and would be feasible for production.
Rubrics for Grading
4 3 2 1
The object drawn is
perfectly The object drawn is The object is
The object drawn is
Proportional proportional and proportional and neither
proportional but
ity the object is plotted placed somewhat proportional
not centered
at the center of the in the middle. nor centered
paper
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Lines have been The lines are
The quality of
drawn flawlessly somewhat The quality of the
the lines drawn
Line Quality following the following the lines has minor
needs
standards of standards of inaccuracies
improvement
drafting drafting
There are two to There are four
There is one wrong
All dimensions are three wrong or more wrong
Accuracy dimension on the
correct dimension on the dimension on
drawing
drawing the drawing
The drawing
The drawing has a
The drawing is neat The drawing has has heavy
lot of unnecessary
Neatness and free from pencil heavy pencil marks pencil marks,
construction lines
or eraser marks. and dirt eraser dirt and
drawn heavily
paper folds
The drawing is The drawing is
The drawing is
Speed submitted ahead of submitted on the
submitted late
the deadline deadline
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Recap
● Isometric Drawing uses three-dimensions in order to present the actual features of a
certain product
● Orthographic drawing uses two-dimensions in order to present the true dimensions
and features of the product.
● Sketching does not necessarily limit the draftsman to the use of drafting instrument.
● Though not accurate, it is expected for a draftsman to still follow the rules of the type of
drawing he is implementing.
● This is the table containing the alphabet of lines and their definitions:
Visible Line - these are thick lines used in
order to present features, lines or edges that
are visible to a certain vantage point.
Hidden Line - t hese are thin lines that are
used in order to present features, lines or
edges that are hidden from the person’s
view.
Section line - t hese thin lines are used to
present the cutting plane of an object being
presented on a section view. They also
represent the materials in which a certain
part is made.
Center Line - these thin lines are used to
represent symmetry or cylindricity of of an
object.
Dimension Line - these thin lines designate
the extent to which a certain dimension is
put.
Extension Line - these lines are used to
extend the edges of the features that need
dimensioning.
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Leader Line - t hese thin lines are used in
order to put dimensions on circular features
(e.g., holes and shafts).
Short Break Line - t hese lines are used to
indicate a short break on an object to show
the features from inside of it.
Long Break Line - t hese lines are used to
reduce the length of an object being drawn.
Cutting Plane Line - these lines are the
reference for the exposition of the parts
being cut and presented as section drawings.
Phantom Line - t hese lines represent
movement of an object.
Bibliography
Lowndes, W. S.(1958). ”Elementary Architectural Drawing(Part 3).” United States: International
Textbook Company.
University of Texas(2000). “Orthographic Sketch.” Accessed: December 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.me.utexas.edu/~rbarr/sketching/ortho.html
Bartel, M.(1999). “Design Concepts - Sketching - Basic Standards.” Accessed: December 2018.
Retrieved from: h ttps://www.goshen.edu/art/design/concepts.html
DepEd Bataan(n.d.)”Technology and Livelihood Teacher’s Guide, Exploratory Course on
Carpentry”. Retrieved from: http://www.depedbataan.com/resources/10/tg_in_carpentry.pdf
DepEd Bataan(n.d.).“K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module.” Retrieved from:
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http://www.depedbataan.com/resources/9/k_to_12_carpentry_learning_modules.pdf
Glossary
Alphabet of lines - it is the collective term for the set of symbols used in order to
communicate through drafting.
Center Line - these thin lines are used to represent symmetry or cylindricity of an object.
Cutting Plane Line - these lines are the reference for the exposition of the parts being cut
and presented as section drawings.
Dimension Line - these thin lines designate the extent to which a certain dimension is put.
Drafting - i t is the creation of accurate representation of an object in order to communicate
ideas and concepts before the manufacturing process.
Draftsman - A
person skilled on Drafting Technology.
Extension Line - these lines are used to extend the edges of the features that need
dimensioning.
Hidden Line - t hese are thin lines that are used in order to present features, lines, or edges
that are hidden from the person’s view.
Isometric Drawing - i s the type of drafting technique which presents the features of the
object in three dimensions.
Leader Line - these thin lines are used in order to put dimensions on circular features (e.g.,
holes and shafts).
Long Break Line - t hese lines are used to reduce the length of an object being drawn.
Orthographic Projection - is the type of drafting technique used in order to present the true
and actual feature of the object as well as its dimensions.
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Phantom Line - t hese lines represent movement of an object.
Section line - t hese thin lines are used to present the cutting plane of an object being
presented on a section view. They also represent the materials in which a certain part is
made.
Short Break Line - t hese lines are used to indicate a short break on an object to show the
features from inside of it.
Sketching - it is the process of creating a drawing which does not use most of the instruments
common to drafting such as triangles, T-squares, etc.
Visible Line - these are thick lines used in order to present features, lines, or edges that are
visible to a certain vantage point.
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