p =KI114 15 fy 2+ d ae. (2p | i @®Tan KH, NUS 129 Ton KH, NUSprobably watt atk caleulation« Deflection Control by Computed Deflection Ns Max deflection of elastic member Lo =[f—a 6=ff _* 8 =k (1/)L2= k (M/EI)L? or k= elastic deflection coefficient M = reference moment L= span length E = modulus of elasticity | = moment of inertia of section 1/t= M/El= curvature of section e.g. s.s. beam under uniform loading: 6 = (5/48)(wL2/8EI)L? 0 Deflection Calculations 0 Calculation of deflections a Method 1 (Double integration of curvatures) i 8 =, g={f[tae Se If, a Method 2 (Simplified Approach) a=xe(+] K : a constant depending on the shape of bending moment diagram ¢: effective span of member 1/r, : curvature at mid-span for supported beams, or at support section for cantilevers @Ton KH, NUS 132a O Deformation parameter (srainvcuratureotation/éeteston gg] NUS = = Cou +(1 - Coy «ay : value of parameter for uncracked condition 4 : value of parameter for fully cracked condition ur © distribution coeff. (= 0 for uncracked section) & dea, S=1-Blos,/o, 2 or C= 1—B(M,,/M)? .0 for a single short-term loading; .5 for sustained loads or many cycles of repeated loading; 6, : stress in the tension reinft. based on cracked section at 1s! cracking; , : stress in the tension reinft. based on cracked section, 9, if Mey = heen = 0.3 f,2! h-xy @fan KH, NUS \unerackest.ae — Q To account for creep, u: elasticity for concrete E. (ee cel T+ pleat) where ple, te): creep coefficient se effective modulus of [o 10 7) 60 30 49 30 20 10 lt Fig. 3.1.2) inside conditions ap ca {CSS Coots Shei aah ra a r=50% hy: notional size = 2A, /u e (ii) Long-Term curvature mw CREEP : creep coeff. @ Tan KH, NUS 136Note: Figures applicable NUS Ls only if the concrete is not — subjected to a compressive stress greater than 0.45f., (tg) at the time of loading cons 20 et soe) 20 —|— Sa Coos eof ff} ft | sof —_{ | | | __} 60 50 40 30 20 40 0100 990 S00 700 900 1109 1200 1500 elerte) ocr) Fig, 3.1 b) outside conditions - RH = 60% fan K H, NUS 137 © Tan KH, NUS 138a Q Shrinkage curvature NUS where fq: free shrinkage strain = ecg + &» (see note) dg: effective modular ratio = E, Eon s first moment of area of reinforcement about centroid of section | second moment of area of section | Note: | eq : drying shrinkage strain; which develops slowly due to drying, and is a function of migration of water through the hardened concrete fea KH, NUS : autogenous shrinkage strain; which develops during hardening of concrete, and is a function of concrete strength 139 @Tan KH, NUS u SHRINKAGE = 1 _ Curvature (Cshr) "es 140.=— Table 3.2 Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage values’. (in foc) for concrete with cement CEM Class N falfazave Relative Humidity (in) Gated 20 | 40 60 20725 0.62 0.58 0.49 “40/50 0.48 0.46 0.38 6015 | 0.38 0.36 | 0.30 [escooros rer ( va 0.30 nate. 2B Ose | s0rt05 0.27 025 | 024 Table 3.3 Values for ki in Expression (3.9) fy hy — 700 7.0 200 0.85 | 300 0.75 > 500 0.70 hg : notional size = 2A, /u Tan KH, NUS @Tan KH, NUS a2Cracking NUS Crack width calculation We = Sr.max (5m ~ &mn) . 4 Eom bo ff dsPy) & 8, =P 2062: & pe Es E, e = ston «¢, : stress in tension reinft .assuming cracked 1 /eff. tensile strength of concrete = fein fet of @, : modular ratio, E, / Eom i Ppa 1 effective tensile reintt. ratio, A, /Ac.ert tore Acatt: effective tension area (see next slide) => k, $0.6 for short term ,0.4 for long term | he loading 143 o Cracking = Surface crack width depends on: Proximity of reinforcing bars perpendicular to cracks (a) + 2 Proximity of neutral axis; Average steel strain (¢,,): a;, 1 distance to surface of nearest —_ longitudinal bar; ee &m ? average concrete strain; if -Crvin) min : Min. cover to tension steel; (h-x) h: overall member depth; and x : neutral axis depth oe b(h—x)(a'-x) : 3E,A,(d-x) © Tan KH, NUS 144Effective tension area A b) Slab an KH, NUS © Tan KH, Nus c.eft level of steel centroid effective tension area, Acai [B} - effective tension area, Acer Neer = least of 2.5(h dl), (h—x)/3, h/2 145(Ei Value of S, - BB - Neutral axis BB - Concrete tension surface [G) - Crack spacing predicted by Expression (7-14) [BD] - crack spacing predicted by Expression (7.17) | [| - Actual crack width c: cover fo longitudinal reinforcement: k; :0.8 for high bond bars; 1.6 for plain bars kg:0.5 for bending; 1.0 for pure tension 6: bar diameter [D] [Sima = 3.4 ¢ + 0.425, ky 8/ Ppt | - ky (SS NA) VarCrack control w/o direct calculation = Q By restricting bar diameter Maximum bar diameters ¢ for crack control Based on: Modification for bending: i : pepe diameter; 2 : 955 4s! [fever /2.9)(0-4M) /[2(h-a)] hy: depth of tensile zone immediately ~ prior to cracking: d : effective depth to centroid of outer layer of reinforcement, @Tan KH, NUS vas aE o Detailing Rules for Cracking = Bar Spacing Rules zB u satisfy cracking - criterion for beams in! normal exposure e conditions where a Winax = 0.3 mm a bars with diameter < : 0.45 times the maximum bar size should be ignored except for those in the side faces rules do not apply where cover exceeds 50 mm E fl B Tan KH, NUS 150Q By restricting bar spacing Maximum bar spacing for crack controlDesign of Columns NUS Braced column: lateral > stability is provided by Rigid shear walls or core walls. oon Unbraced column: lateral stability is provided by d 7 Z bending in columns and (@) No sway beams. TOT Braced = Non-sway (usually true!) | Unbraced = Sway (conservative!) eS (b) With sway @Ton KH, NUS 153 Design of short and slender columns. 0 Braced and unbraced columns @Ton KH, NUS 154a Short or slender columns NUS * Slenderness ratio n= 0, 11s LI NUILA) where é, is the effective length (height) of column i is the radius of gyration about the axis considered | is the second moment of area of section about the axis A is the cross-sectional of the column 2. = 3.46 |, /h for rectangular sections = 4.01, / d for circular sections where h= height in the direction under consideration d= diometer @KH Ton, NUS 155 Ra a Short and Slender Colum 0 effective height £, = Bf, as 156 @Tan KH, NUS aQ Effective Length £, < [ns a) k oe ae if ae Braced column: — &=035r. | wee) toe) k= 0; pinned > k= oo] A minimum value of 0.1 is recommended for both k, and ky . @ : rotation of restraining members for bending moment M El : bending stifiness of compression member |: clear height of compression member. © KH Ton, Nus 17 o For framed structures = Braced columns: lesser of lg = 6, [0.7 + 0.05 (01,5 + Ge3)] < £5 [0.85 + 0.05 o¢ min) < fo Unbraced columns: lesser of f, [1.0 + 0.15 (a1 + o1¢2)] = £, [2.0 + 0.3 a, ymin] where a, ; & a5 = E(I/£), / Z(I/2), at the lower & upper ends of column respectively, and Genin = MIN LoL, + Og} © Ton KH, NUS 158a ews * Approximate limits at ine AR Q Unbraced columns: 2 et ye “4 Dei = 10.8 / VINeg M(Ac fea I] € am * Mor Q Braced columns: ‘ Hovad Nim = (26.2 - 41.6) / VINeg NAc fea II If ACtUAl A < Aj the Column can be considered as short. @KHTan, Nus 159 Braced Unbraced f,/n<15& | @/h< 10 & fafb< 15 €/b < 10 £,Jh >15 or | £,,/h >10 or Slender Laid > 15 £,/b > 10 Short © Ton KH, NUS 160a Detailing of Columns NUS + Longitudinal reinforcement * bar diameter = 12 mm (SS NA) *Asmin = 0.10 Neg / Fyg 2 O.2%A, * Acmax = 4%A, (outside laps) ; 8%A, (at laps) * no. of bars * atleast one at each corner for polygonal cross-section; * atleast 4 for circular section @ Ton KH, NUS 161 4 Design considerations ah/bs4 a Longitudinal reinforcement amin. no, of bars: 4 (rect. col.), 6 (circular column) a size of longitudinal bar > 12 mm 5 minimum area of reinft: A,./A 5 maximum area of reinft.: Aso/e < 6% (vertically cast columns) < 8% (horizontally cast columns) < 10% (at laps) @ spacing of bars < 250 mm 8 Links (Lateral ties) diameter > % x size of largest longitudinal bar or 6 mm 5 spacing < 12 x size of smallest long. bar < b (or 300 mm) 5 arrangement of links: * every corner and alternate bars to be restrained + bars not restrained should be within 150 mm from a restrained bar 0.4% © Tan KH, NUS 142ous * Transverse reinforcement (links, loops, helical spirals) + diameter 2 % of max. diameter of longitudinal bars 26mm «spacing 20x min. diameter of longitudinal bars < lesser dimension of column $< 400 mm + max. spacing to be reduced by a factor of 0.6 * In sections within a distance equal to the larger dimension of f column cross-section above or below a beam or slab; «+ Near lapped joints of longitudinal bars > 14mm dia. @ Ton KH, NUS 163 Pi) © Tan KH, NUSAnalysis * Axial loads: assume that beams and slabs are simply supported and increase the reaction by 10% Tan k H, NUS 165 Moments and Forces in Columns a Axial loads: assume that beams and slabs are simply supported & increase the reaction by 10% a Moments obtained from subframe analysis Tan K H, NUS 166Design for axial load & bending NUS wea || a harts (BS8110) iH E | / © Tan KH, NUSExercise Q. Figure Q2 shows part of a concrete floor supported by columns. The building is braced in two orthogonal directions, The clear storey height is 4 m and the effective length factor Is 0.85. The interior column at A carries an ultimate axial load of 3200 KN from the beams which are symmetrically arranged. The exterior column at B carries an ultimate axial load of 1700 KN and a moment M, transmitted from the beam spanning between AB. Use f., = 35 N/mm? f, = 460 Nimm?, Assume a 60 mm cover to the centroid of longitudinal reinforcement, (a) Determine a square column section at A with a reinforcement ratio of about 0.02. Give your answer to the nearest 25 mm. Design the reinforcement and show the arrangement of bars and links on a sketch of the section, (7 marks) (b) Determine the design moment in column B from the simplified sub-frame in Figure Q2. The beam stiffness is 2 times of the column members. The ultimate design load on beam AB is 62 kN/m. Design the reinforcement and show the arrangement of bars and links on a sketch of the section, What is the maximum clear storey height permitted without reduction of column strength for slenderness effects? (13 marks) © Ton KH, NUS 169 © Tan KH, NUS 170@Ton KH, NUS ESINUSNUS — * Columns under biaxial bending (Simplified design method (BS 8110) for symmetrically reinf. rect. sect.) > if M,/h' > M/b’, design for M,'=M, + B{h'/b)M, where b' and h' are the effective depths; B is obtained from @Tan KH, NUS 173 a Bi-axial bending aif M,/h' > M,/b', design for M,' = M, + B(h'/b')M, 5 if M/h' < M,/b', design for M,' = M, + B(b/h')M, © Ton KH, NUS 74Design of Slender Columns oes oe mks Q Nominal Curvature Method Applicable to isolated members with constant normal force & a defined effective length Design moment: Meg = Moeg + M2 ‘Moea : 1st order moment, incl. effect of imperfections* (taken 5 Nea lp / 400). My: nominal 2*¢ order moment * Itis also possible to account for imperfections by ensuring that Moe 2 Neg (h/30} where h/30 > 20 mm. ©KHTan, NUS NUS Nominal 2"¢ order moment (additional momeni): Mo = Neg@2 Neg : design valve of axial load 11284 order eccentricity = Mn leic l/r: curvature (next slide) effective length : factor depending on the curvature cistribution* * for constant cross section, c=10(~ x). a Design of Slender Columns a Need to consider additional mt Na, a For rect./circular cols., b’ = smaller dimension of column section Ny = 0.25 fuA, Ni, =045f, +0.87f, Aye © Ton KH, NUS “Aki p= (4)Curvature 1/r seein Members with constant symmetrical cross section and reinforcement: Notes: 'N=Neg/ (Aceg) | = 1t o Nog ! value of n at max. moment | resistance (balanced failure); | the value 0.4 may be used, Wr =K,K, (Vr) OF Afys (Aca) : A,: total area of reinforcemnt Ac area of concrete cross section where | ax K,= (My-n) / (My-Meq) $1 Getaitg.? Por : effective creep ratio (slide 12) (correction factor! } Bee aie iat, 41130 Ky= 14 Bo 21 3 where reinft. is not concentrated (accounts for creep? ) on opposite sides, but part of itis Mtg = &,q/(0.45d) = (f,4/E,)/(0.450) | distributed porallel to the plane of bending, d= h/2 +i, (i, : radius d: effective depth* of gyration of total reintt,) ©KH Tan, Nus | 7 © Tan KH, NUS 178Oe Design of slab systems. Rus | Slabs are essentially flexural members | Shear is usually not critical in slabs Punching shear needs to be considered in the case of concentrated loads One-way, 2-way & Flat slab systems Design moments and shear forces from elastic analysis approximation method © Tan KH, NUS 179 Fee ee See Ta Design of slab systems. | 4 Slabs are essentially flexural members = Shear is usually not critical in slabs = Punching shear needs to be considered in the case of concentrated loads o One-way, 2-way & Flat slab systems 1 Design moments and shear forces from a elastic analysis = approximation method © Ton KH, NUS 180Detailing of slabs * Flexural reinforcement a 2bla, se bad 20.08/64 + main steel (principal reinft.) ats ek oes _ t min, & max. steel areas - same as beams lee + transverse (secondary reinft.) * at least 20% of principal reinft. (for 1-way slabs) * maximum spacing of bars * 3h < 400 mm (for principal reinft.) & 3.5h < 450 mm (for secondary reinft,) in general * 2h < 250 mm (for principal reinft.) & 3h < 450 mm (for secondary reinft.) in areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment if detailing rules are followed and slab thickness $ 200 mm, no check ] on cracking is necessary. @Tan KH, NUS ETH ay 7 feeeieeemi he) aun babs o Deflection check = Calculation using cross-beam analogies a Allowable span-depth ratio based on a Short span direction for two-way slabs = Diagonal direction for flat slabs o Cracking a clear spacing bet. bars s < 3d or 750 mm ® no further check is required if: a fy = 250 N/mm? and h < 250 mm; or a fy = 460 N/mm? and h < 200 mm; or a 100A/bd < 0.3% Otherwise, bar spacings should be limited to values in Table 3.30 @Tan KH, NUS 182a One-Way Slabs NUS + For continuous slabs with: + substantially uniform loading +G,2Q, + at least 3 spans that do not differ by more than 15% Allowance has been made for 20% redistribution of moments, @Ton KH, NUS 183 i 0.08 6Fs, -20HN JN SOSFs ; Anu o One-way slabs a Same as continuous beams = For slabs of approx. equal span, use Table 3.13 @Ton KH, NUS 184Two-Way Slabs fg NUS + Bending moments may be calculated by any valid method provided the ratio bet. support & span moments are similar to those obtained by elastic theory with appropriate redistribution. In slabs where comers are prevented from lifting, the bending moments per unit width in the two directions are: Mg = Bob? Moy = Bey? where and = coefficients depending on edge conditions (see Table on next slide) n= total design ultimate load per unit area (1.35 g, + 1.5.4) 4 = shorter span © Ton KH, NUS 185 4/8 3014 iy /8 f= 0 Two-way slabs a Max. design ultimate moments Mx = Bon? Msy = Bey? = Detailing a slab is divided into middle and edge strips a calculated max. moments apply only to middle strips a reinforcement in edge strip: min, tension reinft. a Torsion reinforcement: top & bottom layers, each with bars placed parallel to sides of slab @ Ton KH, NUS= Paps ener elas eel us ‘Ttetoe panels; Negative moment at continuous edge 0.031 0.044 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032 Positive moment at midspan 0.024 0.0% 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024 “Ghe shot edge dscontinivoa Negative moment at continuous edge 0.039 0.050 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037 Postve moment at midspan 0.029 0,038 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028 Negative moment at continous edge 0.039 0.059 0073 0083 0.089 0.037 Postive moment at midspan 0.030 0.045 0.055 0.062 _ 0.067 0.028 Negative moment at continuous edge 0.047 0.066 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045 Postive moment at midspan 0.038 0.049 0.059 0.068 0070 0.034 Note: applicable for class B or C ductility reinforcement only: x/ dis limited fo 0.25 ec serie. «9"" 187 @Ton KH, NUS Fe] © Tan KH, NUS 188* Arrangement of reinforcement (@) For span (b) For span 4, * calculated max. moments apply only to middie strips * reinforcement in edge strip: min. tension reinft. * Torsion reinft. to be provided at discontinuous comers 189 © Tan KH, NUS nica the se do yee put 1 wore Breintorcomer! ~7 Bounded Vs tree oe. | © Tan KH, Nus 190on i Flat Slabs st agNUS Offer several advantages over slab-on-beam construction: (a) simplified formwork and reduced storey heights: (b) greater fire resistance due to absence of sharp comers. 191 @Ton KH, NUS o Flat Slabs © Ton KH, NUS 192i] Analysis NUS Grillage, FEM, YLM Equivalent frame method @ flat slab structure is divided longitudinally & transversely into frames each frame is analysed using a suitable method '@ total load should be used for each direction @ Simplified method using coefficients for one-way slabs ©Tan KH, NUS Design moments and shear forces 3 Equivalent Frame Method a Simplified method using coefficients for one-way slabs Distribution of moments Column strip | Middle strip Negative = Foneh 75% 25% Positive 9 moment_| 55% 45% Ton KH, NUSDivision of panels & distribution of moments fg nus kom mye | Mile supports} Ime Column | 60-80% | 50-70% stip | (75%) | (58%) Middle | 40-20% | 50-30% strip (25%) | (45%) [A] - column strip Note: When drops of width > (#y/3) are used the column strips may be taken to be the width of drops. @Ton KH, NUS 195 196Design for punching shear ae aT | a [a oeacctan(1i2) 206° Pian Tan KH, NUS Basic control perimeter O Taken at 2d from loaded area and should be constructed to minimise its length Od=% (a +d) 197 Concentrated loads on slabs. V/(u a if v no reinft. req'd a if v>v, — provide links such that YAwsinoz “ Ce 4 3 'V ~ vo JU 5 5(0.7v- yud TAqsinaz 087Fy, (L.6v,< vs 2v,) © Tan kH, NUS 7" "critical Section, u Abd) toads 4 198Q Punching shear calculations pus cern ee Q Check abocrng shear stress at column face: Vea = BVeq/Uod $ Veesmex = 0-5 Vfeq [Note: v = 0.6(1 ~fex / 250)] Check punching shear resist. at basic control perimeter u,: Vea £ Veae > NO punching shear reinft. required Vea> Vege > provide punching shear reinft. Q Control perimeter at which shear reinft. is not longer needed: Vout = B Veal VracA) Note: p= Way Ay) $0.02 taken over c+2x3d width Tan KH, NUS © Tan KH, NUSQ Punching shear reinforcement Vedes = 0,75 Ved + 1,5 (AlS;) Asw fyudet (1/(usd)) sina | where — Vcc = (0.18/72) k (100 fox) 9 2 0.035K9? fg 2] ‘Asw is the area of one perimeter of shear reinforcement around the column [mm?} s; _ is the radial spacing of perimeters of shear reinforcement [mm] fywes_is the effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement, according to raat = 250 + 0,25 d 5 fyya [MPa] d is the mean of the effective depths in the orthogonal directions mm} a _ is the angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of the slab U, is the length of basic control perimeter OQ minimum area of a link leg, Ayymin. is given by Aswmin: (1.5 sin a+ COs a / (5,+5;) 2 (0.08 Vex) / fg 5, : spacing of shear links in the radial direction 5, : spacing of shear links in the tangential direction Tan KH, NUS 201 ae Ton KH, NUS 202section AA. © Ton k H, NUS ute control NUS Should be provided between the column face and kd inside the oulside perimeter where shear reinft. is no longer required. kis 1.5, unless outer control perimeter is less than 3d from column face. In this case, reinft. should be placed in the zone 0.3d to 1.5d from the column face. There should be at least two perimeters of shear links. The radial spacing of the links should not exceed 0.75d. The tangential spacing of the links should not exceed |.5d within 2d of the column face, and 2d for any other perimetere The distance between the face of the column and the nearest shear reinfl, should be less than 0.5d. 203 o provide links on at least two perimeters: = Ist perimeter - at 0.5d from face of loaded area; to contain at least 40% of req'd links = spacing bet. perimeters of reinft. < 0.75d a spacing of links around © perimeter < 1.5d a links to be anchored round tension reinft. a check on successive perimeters at 0.75d intervals @Ton KH, NUS| Design of foundations (footings) NUS + Prescriptive Method = size (area of footing) is determined ensuring that bearing pressure does not exceed the allowable (safe) value at SLS (p,.4. < Pp) — detailed structural design (for B.M. & S.F.) based on ULS © Ton k H, NUS 205 Design of foundations (footings). o Size » area determined from characteristic loads & safe bearing pressure of soil u thickness determined by shear requirement o Bending 8 critical section at face of column # closer reinforcement spacing near column a Shear a vertical shear across width = punching shear © Tan KH, NUS 206where: ¥s, 3B a. @ ee * © @Tan KH, NUS ee Ton KH, NUS 208SAE EE EY Procedure a 1. Calculate the plan size of footing using the allowable bearing pressure and the critical loading arrangement for SLS. 2. Calculate the bearing pressures associated with the critical loading arrangement at ULS. 3. Assume a suitable thickness (h] and effective depth (a). Check that the shear force at column face is less than 0.5 vif.qud (see lecture on punching shear). 4. Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending. 5. Check for shear at critical sections (next slide). 6. Check for punching shear. 7. Check for detailing of reinforcement (i.e., bars should extend full tension anchorage length beyond critical section of bending). @ Ton KH, NUS 209 ay o Design for Bending © Tan KH, NUS 210NUS Maximum: shear Mf [eeeeaeee omy: h ] d + N Punching shear perimeter 0d at : ae = column perimeter + 4nd a oe eet Shear Bending 4 © Tan KH, NUS Ee o Design for shear = Punch a Vertical shear 8 Critical perimeter: acheck that v sv, shear =2(c,+0,)+8x1.5d = Punching shear: 212© Ton KH, NUS = | against blinding NUS LD “| Use C30/37 & above | c275 mm if cast against ground; 250mm if cast @Ton KH, NUS & 214Retaining walls. o Types Coureror Z , Se a ‘cos Secton Pon Counterort walls Gravity walls aq eben .. » © Tan KH, NUS Cantilever walls oe { 216 @ Ton KH, NUSO Analysis & Design = Stability - ULS a Bearing pressure analysis - SLS a Member design & detailing - ULS & SLS © Tan KH, NUS 27 © Tan KH, NUS 218Reinforced concrete detailing. SINUS Detailing of Beams + Longitudinal reinforcement + min. & max. areas Asin = 0-26 (fete/ fy) xd 20.13%b,d . [bg width of tension zone] | Curtailment of reinforcement Asmox = 0.044. ‘Bending moment éagram c A + Minimum clear bar spacing ( j )) + Largest of (a) max. barsize; |, = a (b) 20 mm; & (¢) max. aggregate size+5mm + Maximum clear bar spacing + based on crack control Ton KH, NUS 219 Reinforced concrete detailing. o Curtailment of Bars @Ton KH, NUS 220Envelope of Mewz acting tensile force F5 resisting tensile force © Tan KH, NUS © Ton KH, NUS | Ma — Members w/o shear reinft.: a=d Members with shear reinft.: A= Z(cot A- cot a/2 Note: for @ =90° & z=0.9d, 4, = 0.45d cot 8 <1.125da Simplified rules for curtailment of bars oll @ Ton KH, NUS Simply supported 20,251 €=0.15t| ce 459 NUS 223 @ Tan KH, NUS 224Prestressed Concrete Design o Basic concepts of prestressing. a Materials and prestressing systems. a Prestressed losses and time dependent deformation. o Behaviour & design of members subject to a Flexure, = Shear, and = Combined axial and bending action. © Ton KH, NUS 225 © Tan kH, NUS 226Basic concepts of prestressing. @ Ton KH, NUS 227 @Ton KH, NUS 228Materials and prestressing systems. o Materials a Bars [BS 4486 : 1980] « diameters: 20, 25, 32, 40 mm 4 Wires [BS 5896 : 2012] « diameters: 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7mm @ Strands [BS 5896 : 2012] «a group of wires spun in helical form around a longitudinal axis «© popular sizes: 12.9, 15.7 mm ' vt Smt @ Tendons SS 475 Parts 1-5 : 2000 - Steel «Cables (Ropes) for the prestressing of concrete © Tan ki, nus 29 © Tan KH, NUS 230NUS Idealized and design stress-strain relations Prosuassing sol Swain Fuh ——————— 0.1% 0.2% bee Se @Ton KH, NUS 232 Tan KH, NUSo Prestressing systems (© Tan KH, NUS os © Tan KH, NUSw Anchorage systems © Ton KH, NUS © Tan KH, NUSPrestressed losses and time dependent deformation. @ Tan kH, NUS 237 © Ton KH, NUS 238Elastic shortening of concrete a aft (pre~tensioned) om Ae) (ost —tensioned) tea, Af 1424 15050, 40{ 144 aa | i: A a « Creep of concrete under sustained compression 2 a creep strain a Relaxation of steel under sustained tension a Shrinkage of concrete AP = 64E Ay @ Friction in ducts (post-tensioning only) P=Pe* (straight) P,=Re™"* (curved) @ Tan KH, NUS 239 @ Tan KH, NUS 240Behaviour and design of members subject to flexure LOAD lass IZ ~Normal RC, Class @ ~ Cracks dass 20 ~ tensile stress Deflected tendons or varying F, =» Debonded tendons v Can A - m ee weep on i te / eee io om toe ays oi | tint zone 7 7 Se | q | | and losses. A g | i F= constant bag! oat | oan — @= constant @ Ton KH, NUS 253 © Tan KH, NUS 254b E. ae. aca P : final prestress force; testing, i 1 pee | —__—2s__ ‘tp = 0.9 for P erect ), O9P/AnEp | | fox Epstps$ fronds | [EF=O=> Aptos + A= C | LOP[A te 2/N/Ee | | f= x65 $ halts IM=0 M = Agsfosl lp, — * 80+ Gu [Ips | ! Xe) + ASG (, — Xe) = £6, (A, - x) /x ee Be Method of Strain Compai @Tan K H, NUS 255 | EFS0 = — Agcfog + Af, = 0.45f,,b(0.9x) EM=M => — M, = Apcfr(dp, — 0.45x) + Acf(d, ~ 0.45x) @ Tan KH, NUS 256Shear Strength Vege NUS Flexure- Web-shéar shear crack crack fy < fora (= fendtte) > section unctacked in flexure Fy, 2 fora (= fet/Y¥c) > section cracked in flexure Vea.e = smaller of values based on above 2 assumptions fy Note: fay =0.21f42 Ton KH, nus 257 Shear a Inclined (diagonal) cracking & effect of prestress Flexure- shear crack Web-shear crack © Tan KH, NUS 258* Section cracked in flexure k A b, op Vn? : shear force required to produce web-shear cracks = Vio c= [124100 2,/4)° +0.150, hud | 2fo.03se? fy! +0505. | = 1+ (200/d)'? <2;dinmm; = Ay/byd < 0.02: = area of tensile reinft. that extends beyond section considered by at least £4 + a; = smallest width of section in the tensile area = axial stress in section due to prestress (ypnPo/Ac) <0.133f ey © Tan KH, NUS NEI a Inclined cracking load Ve = min (Veo, Ver) [BS 8110] c cr} where +F, sin B V,, : shear force required to produce flexure-shear cracks | Note: V,o? = Veo + Fe sin B © Tan KH, NUS NUS 259* Section uncracked in flexure Dy 2 ee Oe (4y) Ocp = axial stress in section due to prestress (ypnPo/A.): ost, | fog = design tensile strength of concrete = fey/y 0.1 vib, cu! fn = effective prestress < 0.6f pu design concrete shear stress (as in RC); effective depth of tendons; decompression moment producing zero stress in extreme tensile fibre (= 0.8f,l/y,); V, M = design shear and moment at section @ Tan KH, NUS 262.Design considerations fp NUS (based on variable-angle truss analogy) ~~ "~~ + Diagonal compressive strut & angle 8 (with a= 90°) 7 cot 6 +tand where Oey = 1+ 1.500 I fox for 0< op $ 0.167 Fe 25 for 0.167 fe < Gap $0.33, 5 (1- 1.505 / fey) for 0.333F4 < Gop $ 0.667F cx Gop = Mean compressive stress (+) in concrete due to prestress force (=0.9P / A.) and ees eae eee © Ton KH, NUS 263 o Design procedure @ Check that V/bd < 0.8\f,, or 5 N/mm? a Calculate the shear resistance of sections (assuming cracked and uncracked) along length of member w V, = lesser of V., and (V.. + P sin B) «If V< 0.5V,, no shear reinforcement is required a If 0.5V,V,+ 0.4bd, provide ae 3, 087 fd, Tan kH, NUS 284NUS — + Transverse reinforcement (vertical links) | 5 0.78df,, cot + Additional longitudinal force [AF,, = 0.5V,, cot =0.87f,,A4,] oo ty | Z © Tan KH, NUS 265 | © Ton KH, NUS 266Combined axial and bending action. © Ton KH, NUS LAD Aps= L(Aps)i n=E/E. 267 @ Tan KH, NUS 268© Tan KH, NUS 269 Ton KH, NUS 270Further Questions? A Request.. PE exam questions © Ton KH, NUS email: [email protected] © Tan KH, NUS 272Preparatory Course for PE Fundamentals of Engineering Examination (Civil Engineering) CE201 Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete Structures Professor TAN Kiang Hwee Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering National University of Singapore Biography Professor Tan Kiang Hwee is a faculty member at the National University of Singapore (NUS) since 1981. He obtained his doctoral. degree from the University of Tokyo in 1985. He specializes in structural concrete and composites and has taught courses in reinforced and prestressed concrete design at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He has carried out extensive research on structural concrete and fibre- reinforced polymer (FRP) systems, and has published more than 280 refereed technical papers, and a book titled "Beams with Openings: Analysis & Design". He is a Fellow of IES, and a registered professional engineer in Singapore. © Tan KH, NUS 2Reinforced Conctete Design o Simple beam design 0 Two-way slab o Column design o Footing design (c) Tan KH, NUS Note: Top (odd-numbered) slides follow EC provisions; Bottom (even-numbered) slides follow BS8110/CP65 provisions. © Tan KH, NUSa] Example 1- Simple Beam: NUS (a) Design for ultimate strength — aE u.d,), Exposure: XS-1;Fire resistance: 2 hours f, = 500 MPa (alll reinforcement); f, = 40 MPa Max. B.M. = 216 kNm Max. S.F. at face of support = 140 kN (Shear at d from face of support = 116 kN Shear at 2d from face of support = 96 kN) (©) Tan KH, NUS 5 Example 1(a) — Simple Beam: Design for ultimate strength Lc .d.I. Exposure: Severe; Fire resistance: 2 hours £, = 460 MPa (all reinforcement); f., = 40 MPa Max. B.M. = 216 kNm Max. S.F. at face of support = 140 kN (Shear at d from face of support = 116 kN Shear at 2d from face of support = 96 kN) (©) Tan KH, NUS 6