k¾;kh

w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

6 fYa%Ksh

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj
www.nie.lk
[email protected]

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

k¾;kh
6 jk fY%aKsh
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
^2015 isg l%shd;aul fõ&

m%:u uqøKh 2016

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ISBN

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

uqøKh ( uqøKd,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

 wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska

ldf,daÑ; j úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk w;r ta ta úIhhkag wod< j
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a iïmdokh tys tla m%;sM,hls'

ta wkqj 6 isg 13 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY mka;s ldurh ;=<
id¾:l j ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a
iïmdokh lr we;'

w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a uÕsska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< WoaOD; .=re YsIH fomd¾Yajh
fj; iemhSfuka wod< úIh Odrdj myiqfjka wOHhkh lsÍug myiqlï ie,fikq we;s
nj wmf.a úYajdih hs'

fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a mßYS,kh fldg bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

id¾:l lr .kakd f,i .=re Nj;=kaf.ka o" isiq ore ±ßhkaf.ka o b,a,d isáñ'

fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lsÍu i|yd Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh iemiQ
wdh;ksl ld¾h uKav,h iy ndysr úoaj;=ka fj; udf.a lD;{;dj ysñ fõ'

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

i
 ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh

bf.kqu ksr;=re j we.ehSu iu. iïnkaO l< yels h' by< we.ehSï idOkhla
i|yd w;a±lSu mq¿,a úh hq;= h' úyso .sh mq¿,a mrdihla iys; by< we.ehSul ysñlu
ieug u Wmßu i;=gla Wreu lrhs' ta i|yd fiajkhg wod< mqoa.," ia:dk" jia;=" isoaê
nyq, ùu wjYH h'

tfia bf.kqï w;a±lSï mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd;a ilia lsÍug
yelsùu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg i;=gls' ta i|yd lem ù ls%hd l< ieug wmf.a
ia;;
= sh msßkefï'

YsIH m%cdj fuu w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd; mßyrKh lrñka tuÕska bÈßm;a lrk
fjk;a ±kqï uQ,hka o ióm lr .;fyd;a by< idOkhla fj; <Õd ùug yels ùu
ksiel h' tneúka YsIH" .=re fo.=re" ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' fuu w;sf¾l
iïm;a fmd;a ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug Wla; ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu o wm úiska
wfmalaId flf¾' wod< hï lreKla fjf;d;a wm ±kqïj;a lrk f,i b,a,d isák w;r
±fha ¥ orejkaf.a bf.kqï mrdihka mq¿,a fjñka wNsudkj;a ±hla f.dv kefÕa jdz hs
m%d¾:kd lrñ'

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
NdId udkj Ydia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

ii
 ye¢kaùu
YS% ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< yr fyj;a m%Odk úIhhka f,i ms<s.;a ujqni"
.Ks;h" úoHdj jeks úIhhka i|yd fndfyda lf,l isg úIh ks¾foaYhg iu.dó j .=re
ud¾f.damfoaYhg ^Teacher Guide& wu;r j fm< fmd;a ^Text books& Ndú;fha mj;S' ta
wkqj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY .=rejrhdg o" fm< fmd; isiq mßyrKhg o ,nd foñka isiqka
;=< keK myka b;d Wiia f,i o,ajkakg iefjdu ls%hd;aul fj;s'

wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s uÕska ;ju;a yr úIhhla f,i fkd ms<s.;a fi!kao¾h

úIhh iqNdIs; l;= lS f,i zz.=K keK fnf,ka hq;= mq;= u h b;d .reZZ hk fmfoys
z.=KZ jvkg fokq ,nkqfha woaú;Sh odhl;ajfhls' keK jefvkqfha úIh noaO ±kqu
yd yelshd jevqu uq,a fldg h' ñksid .=Kj;a kï udkj hymeje;aug" mßirhg fidnd
oyug ixfõ§ mqrjeisfhla nj fya p¾hdfjka u m< lrhs' z.=KZ m<uq fldg o" keK
Bg iß,k muKska o hq;= jQ mqrjeishl= wo fufoig jvd;a wjeis h' ta .re lghq;=
mqrjeishd ;ekqug kï fi!kao¾h úIhhka yr úIh l=,lfhys ;nkq jà' ta neõ
fndfyda lf,l isg y÷kd fuu úIh lafIa;f % ha keÕ=u Wfoid fjfyfik wms fuf;la
ms<s.ekqug ,laj we;s yr úIhhkag fia u óg o isiq le, i|yd fm< fmd;a
ksmoùfuys w.h fmkajd ÿkafkuq' wms ;j u;a zzyrZZ fkdjk neúka Bg bvlvla fkd
,o uq;a .=rejrhdg b.ekaùug Wmldrl w;afmd;la f,i fujka fmd;la moaO;shg
ms<s.ekaùug kï bv m%ia;dj ,Èuq' ñka bgq jkqfha fm< fmdf;ys ld¾hNdrh u fkd
jk uq;a fuh isiq mig o" .=re mig o" buy;a Yla;shla yd cd;sl jYfhka iïu;"
iumd; njla we;s lsÍug fkdu| M,odhl iïm;la jkq we;'

mka;sldurhg yrj;a jQ fuu bf.kqï iïm; fyg ojfia moaO;s .; lsÍfuka

wm imqrd .kakg wfmalaIs; iqúfYaI M, fufia fõ'

1' .=r ejrhdg w;HjYH úIh lreKq tl f.dkq jla fldg imhd §fuka .=r e
ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu'
2' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a fkd flfrk úIh wka;¾.;h
fuu fmd; weiqßka ,nd§u'
3' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh m%udKfhka msgq úYd, .Kklg hdu je<elaùu yd Bg w;HjYH
u lreKq muKla we;=<;a lsÍu'
4' u;fNaohkag ;=vq fok úIh lreKq fjf;d;a ta ms<sn| cd;sl jYfhka talu;sl
Ndjhla we;s lsÍug wjYH ksYaÑ; lreKq$;¾l iïmdokh lsÍu'
5' úIh lreKqj, iu;=,s; nj yd iSud ks¾Khkays m%ñ;s .; nj we;s lsÍfuka we.ehSï
ld¾h myiq lrùu'
6' .=rejrhdf.a ±kqu ks¾foaYfhka u|la Tíng m%idrKh lrñka úIhdkqnoaO ±kqu
ms<sn| úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'
7' .=re isiq fomsßig u bf.kqï$b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh rij;a yd yrj;a w;a±lSula njg
m;a lsÍu'

ta id buy;a iïm;la f,i fuu fmd; wm foi ore le,f.a hy .=K keK
jvkakg fuka u rij;a bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .kakg .=re Tng msysg jkq
we;' .=re Tfí ls%hdYS,S nj yd ±kqïj;a nj ñka ;j ;j;a jefâ jd! tfuka u j;auka
ore le,g fi!kao¾h úIhh bf.kqu rij;a yd yrj;a Ôú; w;a±lSula fõ jd! hs uu
m;ñ'

Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxy

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je$n&
úl,am wOHdmk yd .=re wOHdmk mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

iii
 úIhud,d lñgqj

WmfoaYl;ajh yd
wkque;sh ( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wëlaIKh ( Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxy

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a ^je' n'&
úl,am wOHdmk yd .=re wOHdmk mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh wëlaIKh ( tia' j¾Kisxy

wOHlaI ^je' wd'&
fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

jHdmD;s kdhl ( î' uÍkd Ysrdka;s o fidhsid

lÓldpd¾h" fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

f,aLl uKav,h
wNHka;r ( tia' j¾Kisxy - wOHlaI ^je' wd'&
nqoaê l,HdKs uq;=l=udrK - fcH' lÓldpd¾h
î' uÍkd Ysrdka;s o fidhsid - lÓldpd¾h

ndysr ( .=Kfiak rdcmlaI - fcH' lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&

isß,a ó.u - fcH' lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&
fi!kao¾h wOHdmk .=re úÿy," .srd.u
iuka fmf¾rd - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - le,Ksh
fla iqika; .=Kj¾Ok -iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - fokqjr
wOHdmk l,dmh
u,a,sld l=,iQßh -iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI - fydrK
wOHdmk l,dmh
hQ' Ô' fma%ur;ak- iyldr wOHdmk wOHla I - y,dj;
wOHdmk l,dmh ^úY%dñl&
oïñ;a m%kdkaÿ - .=re WmfoaYl yd úIh iïnkaëldrl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - l¿;r
pkaøsld ueKsfla - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ñkqjkaf.dv

fla' t,a'ta' Orau,;d ñh'.=re WmfoaYl- l,dm wOHdmk

ld¾hd,h - foys´úg'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

iv
 fÊ'tï'ã' YHdud - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ñkqjkaf.dv
tï' fyajdú;drK
.=re fiajh - n'm' úoHdlr nd,sld úoHd,h - uyr.u
ta'tï' ìhxld tï' wfíisxy
.=re fiajh - n'm' O¾umd, úoHd,h - mkaksmsáh
tï'tï'tia'mS'fla' udrisxy
.=re fiajh - yxje,a, rdcisxy u'u' úoHd,h - yxje,a,
tÉ't,a' iuka l=udr
.=re fiajh - om$.d$YS% foajdkkao u' úoHd,h
wïn,kaf.dv

úIh ixialdrl
uKav,h ( fcHIaG uydpd¾h uqÈhkafia Èidkdhl
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h úl%uisxy nKavdr
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h wfidald Èidkdhl
wdpd¾h Ys%hdks rdcmlaI
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h iqks,d rEmiair
fi!kao¾h l,d ú'ú' - fld<U 07

NdId ixialrKh ( uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x. - úY%dñl

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
tia'´' m%kdkaÿ - wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&" cd'w'wd'
YS%kd;a .fKaj;a; - NdId ixialdrl

lxpql ks¾udKh ( B't,a'ta'fla' ,shkf.a uy;d

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl joka ieliqu( ã'iS' chfldä uy;añh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úúO iydh ( §md YsfrdauKS fufKúh

fla'Ô' fmf¾rd uy;d
fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

v
 mgqk

msgj
q

wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjvq h i

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjv
q h ii
ye|skaùu iii
f,aLl uKav,h iv-v
mgqk vi

1 mrsÉfþoh
1'0 mßirh weiqre lr.ksñka k¾;k ks¾udKh 1

2 mrsÉfþoh
2'0 k¾;k m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh 16

3 mrsÉfþoh
3'0 idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK 44

4 mrsÉfþoh
4'0 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkdj, miqìu 51
yd .dhkh

5 mrsÉfþoh
5'0 YS% ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd 53
ixialD;sl miqìu

6 mrsÉfþoh
6'0 l,dx.j, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï 59

7 mrsÉfþoh
7'0 w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka m%dix.sl l,dx. 73
ks¾udKh

wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh 79

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

vi
 1 mßÉfþoh

1'0 mßirh weiqre lr.ksñka k¾;k ks¾udKh

• mßirh y÷kd .ekSu

mßirh ms<sn| wjfndaOh tys fi!kao¾h we.hSug Wmldrs fõ' wmg ióm
mßirh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § tys úúOdldr iajNdjhka ±l .; yels h' fufia iqkoa r;ajh
w.hk ksÍlaIKh" úúO ks¾udK lsÍug ukd msájy,la fõ' w;S;fha ñksid mßirfha
olakg ,efnk iajdNdúl jia;= foaj;ajfhka ie,l=fõ" tys w.h ms<n
s | ukd jegySulsks'
Tjqka úiska br y|" .ia je,a" ;drld" fmdf<dj hkdÈ jia;+ka i|yd úúO wdldrfhka
mQcd mj;ajkq ,enQ njg o úYajdihla mj;S' ta nj .eñ ck lúj, o i|yka h'

br foúhkaf.a br., .djd

i| foúhkaf.a i| ., .djd
.K foúhkaf.a fldaú, .djd
wms;a lshuq lú f.dúm< .djd

ñksid iy mßirh w;r iïnkaO;dj - ñksidf.a mßKduh ;rï u merKs jQjls'

ovhlalrejl= yd wdydr tla/ia lrkakl= f,i Ôj;a jQ ñksid tl, mßirfha u
fldgila úh' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka tl, ñksid mßirhg ydkshla fkd jk mßÈ
th m%fhdackhg .;a nj hs'

fuf,i udkj j¾.hdf.a ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ u ñksid yd mßirh w;r we;s

iïnkaO;dj fjkia jkakg úh' tod mßirhg wkq.; j Ôj;a jQ ñksid miq j mßirh
ch .ekSug úúOdldr idOl Wmfhda. lr .;af;a h'

WodyrK f,i ud¾. ;ekSu" ckdjdi bÈ lsÍu" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd jeõ
yd c, iïmdok l%u f.dvkeÕSu" l¾udka;Yd,d" Lksc iïm;a ,nd .ekSu wdosh oelaúh
yels h' fï fya;=fjka úúOdldr mdßißl .eg¨j,g uqyqK mdkakg;a" úúO mßir
ixrlaIK ls%hdud¾. f,i jk j.dj we;s lsrSu" rlaIs; wNhN+ñ msysgqùu iy mßirh
iq/lSfï mk;a jeks foa ls%hd;aul lsrSug;a isÿ úh'

úfoaY ixpdrlhka mjd YS% ,xldfõ mßirh ri ú£u i|yd meñfKkafka mßirfha
we;s iqkaor;ajh fya;=fjks'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

1
 YS% ,xldfõ tla tla m%foaYj, úúO jeo.;alñka hq;a úIu;d iys; .iaje,a
olakg ,efí' fuu .iaje,aj,ska ñksid ,nk m%fhdack úúOdldr h'

• wdydr imhd .ekSu

• wdhq¾fõo fnfy;a j¾. imhd .ekSu
• ±j wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu
• or imhd .ekSu
• .iaj, m;% uÕska msg lrk c,jdIam ksid we;s jk j,dl=¿ uÕska
j¾Idj ,nd .ekSu hkdÈh i|yka l< yels h'

YS% ,xldfõ úYd, jkdka;r jk isxyrdc" iuk, lkao" msÿre;,d., wdÈfhys

yd wfkl=;a jkdka;rj, fkdfhl=;a j¾.fha .iaje,a olakg we;' tajd wmg fijK
,nd fok w;r" WIaK;ajfhka wm wdrlaId lr isis,i o ,nd fohs'

• fi!kao¾h yd ßoau rgd

wm wjg mßirh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § olakg ,efnk .iaje,aj, iqkaor;ajfha

meje;aug úúO idOl n,md we;'

mßirh

j¾K yev;, p,k kdo

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

2
 mßirfha we;s úúO;d uÕska tys fi!kao¾hh u;= fjhs' iEu .ila u thg
wdfõKsl ,laIKj,ska hqla; jk w;r" tajdfha yev;, úúOdldr h' .y fld<j,ska
msreKq mßirh ukig ;Dma;shla ,nd fok w;r" .;g isis,ila o f.k fohs' hï
ßoauhlg wkqj w;= ßls,s" fld< iq<Õg fi,fjk wdldrh" tfuka u úúO j¾.fha
.iaje,aj, m;% úúO yev;, rgdj,ska ieliS ;sîu wdÈfhka o mßirhg iqkaor;ajhla
,efí'

fndfyda úg .iaj, m;%" fld< meyefhka hqla; h' o¿" <d meyefhka hqla; jk
w;r" fïrE m;% ;o fld< meyefhka o" bÿKq m;% ly fyda r;= meyefhka o hq;= fõ'
iq<Õ yuk úg bÿKq m;% ìug jefgk whqre ksÍlaIKh l<fyd;a lsishï ßoauhlg
wkqj p,kh jk wdldrh o ±l .; yels h' th iq<fÕa iajNdjh wkqj fjkia fõ'
fuu p,kh ksid we;s jk Yío úúOdldr fõ'

iajdNdúl mßirfha Ôj;a ùug wdYdjla we;s jkafka yev;," ßoau rgd" j¾K"
kdo yd Yío wdÈfhka th w,xldr ù we;s ksid h'

WodyrK (
.x.djla wdrïN jkafka l÷ uqÿkl isg h' l=vd c, myrla f,i wdrïN ù th
flfuka m%udKfhka úYd, fõ' my<g weo yef,k c,h .,a ;,d ueÈka .,d
nisoa§ fld;rï pu;aldr ckl o@

.,al=¿ w;r yefmk c,l| ishqï y~la kxjñka iqÿ fmK ms~q u;= lrñka
,;djlg fuka u ßoauhlg wkqj .,d nisk wdldrh fld;rï ukialdka; jkafka o@
l÷ uqÿfka isg úúO yev;, Tiafia .,d tk c,h ;eks;,d m%foaYfha § b;d u fifuka
.,dhkakg mgka .kS' fufia .,k c,h yuk iq<Õg uqiq fjoa§ /<s kxjk wdldrh
b;d u pu;aldrckl h' fuys § úúO ßoau rgd u;= lrkafka tys fi!kao¾hd;aul
jákdlu wmg fmkajd foñks'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
3
 .x bjqr fomiska we;s .iaj,ska jßka jr jefgk ly" oï" iqÿ" ks,a" r;= mdg u,a
ysñysg .,k c,hg tl;= ù my<g we§ hkafka mdjdvhla fia h'

fufia .,d tk .x.d c,h" uqyqog jefgk ia:dkfha ^.x fudah& ksy~ j /£
mj;S' wjáka yuk isis,a iq<Õska isyska /<s kxjñka úúO Yío yd kdo u;= lrñka
ßoauhlg wkqj p,kh jk wdldrh iqkaor o¾Ykhla ujd mdhs'

fujka mßirhla ;=< wmg wefik úúO Yío yd kdo lsysmhlg WodyrK (

• c,h .,d nisk Yíoh

• jeis wjia:djl we;s jk Yío yd kdo
• iq<Õ ksid .iaje,a tlg .eàfuka yd weUÍfuka we;s jk Yío
• úúO i;=kaf.a Yío yd kdo
• ñksiqkaf.a úúO Yío yd kdo
• l¾udka;" jdyk jeks ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o foa uÕska
we;s jk Yío yd kdo

ls%hdldrlu ( mßirh y÷kd .ekSu

fhdað; lsh
% dldrlu i|yd Wmfoia

1' Tn ÿgq mßirfha wisßh ms<sn| lú" .S; ke;fyd;a is;=jula ks¾udKh lrkak'
2' mßirfha fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï ms<sn| j l;djla lrkak'
3' my; ±lafjk ls%hdldrlï p,k udOHfhka bÈßm;a lrkak'
• .iaje,a fi,ùu yd weUÍu
• we<fod< .x.d .,d neiSu
• weú§u" Èùu" mekSu

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

4
• mßirfhka ,efnk w;a±lSï uÕska ks¾udK lruq

iajdNdúl mßirh ;=< olakg ,efnk uqyqo fi!kao¾hd;aul ,laIKj,ska

wkQk h' ßoaudkql+, j p,kh jk wE; uqyqfoa we;s ksi, c, l| wkql%ufhka úYd,
fjñka biais biaiS /<s kxjñka fjr< lrd .uka lrhs' fjrf<a yefmk c,h kej;
uqyqog .,d hhs' fuu wjia:dj ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § iqÿ mdg fmK f.dnhla Wvg u;=
jkakd fia fmfka' iq<fÕa iajNdjh wkqj kefÕk uyd r<f.ä tlsfkl .efgk úg
we;s jk f>daIdj wjg mßirfha pu;aldrh úoyd mdhs'

i;a;aj pß; ksrEmKfha § ta ta pß;j,g wkkH iqúfYaI ,laIK ^wYajhd"

bínd" ydjd" w,shd jeks i;a;aj pß;& weiqre lr .ekSu;a" ta ta pß;hg wkqj ;d, yd
ßoau wkq.ukh lsÍu;a úúO Ndjhka ksrEmKfha § b;d jeo.;a fjhs'

i;a;aj pß; muKla fkdj úúO ñksia pß; o mßirfha olakg we;' zmqyq,a
fydrd lfrka ±fkhsZ l:dfõ mqyq,a fydrdf.a pß;fhys my; i|yka ,laIK biau;=
fjhs'

• úuis,su;a j .uka lrk wdldrh ^fyñka fyñka jgmsg n,ñka&

• keuqK isrerla iys; ùu
• WmlrK Ndú;h ^msysh&

ls%hdldrlu ( úúO p,k ks¾udKh lruq'

fhdað; lsh
% dldrlu i|yd Wmfoia

1' iqúfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .ksñka ñksia yd i;a;aj pß; lSmhla ksrEmKh lrkak'
2' tla tla pß; i|yd fhdod .; yels w,xldr mo lSmhla f.dvkÕkak'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
5
• pß; ksrEmKfha § i;=g m%o¾Ykh lsÍu

mßirfha iqkaor;ajh w.h lrk ñksid ksrka;rfhka i;=gg m;a jkafka tys
we;s iqúfYaI ,laIK wkqj h' u,aj;=" tajdfhys ta fï w; mshdUk iuk<hka fuka
u" l=re¨ kdo ksid mßirfha iqkaor;ajh ;j;a jeä fõ' tajd wdiajdokfhka isf;a we;s
jk mS%;sh ksrEmKh jkafka uqyqfKa yd YÍrfha úúO bßhjq u.sks'

i;=g m%o¾Ykh ùug isf;a we;s jk is;sú,s n,mdhs' m%ikak nj fuka u

úfkdaoh ±kùfuka i;=g m%o¾Ykh fjhs' fuys § YÍrfha wx. - Wmdx.j, ,laIK
krUkak' weia" weys neu" lg" fof;d,a wdÈfhys yeisrùu krUkak' fujeks wjia:d
mßirfha § ±lsh yels h' k¾;kh lsÍfï § m%ikak nj w;HjYH fõ' k¾;kfhka
krUkakdf.a isf;ys i;=g úfkdaoh cks; jk w;r" ta i|yd k¾;k Ys,amSka ;u
uqyqfKka i;=g m%o¾Ykh lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls'

ì;= is;=jï" uQ¾;s yd Ñ;% wdÈfha o i;=g fmkajk wjia:d olakg we;' tys
iqúfYaI;d wOHhkh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

6
• i;=g ksrEmKh lrk whqre y÷kd .ksuq

fuu rEm fol ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

1 rEmh 2 rEmh

1 rEmhg jvd 2 rEmfha fjkialï

2 rEmfha weysneu by<g .sh nj fmfka'
2 mska;+rfha weia m%dKj;a njla we;'
tys f;d,a fol fomig úys§ we;'
lïuq,a by<g biaiS we;'

±ka Tng 1 rEmfha yd 2 rEmfha fjki y÷kd .; yels h' ñksid Ôú;fha iEu
wjia:djl § u úúO Ndj ^uqqyqfKa iajNdjhka& ksrEmKh lrhs' i;=g ksrEmKh
lrk whqre yd tajd k¾;kfha § Ndú; lrk wdldrh by; f;dr;=re uÕska meyeÈ,s
lr.; yels h'

ls%hdldrlu ( i;=g ksrEmKh

fhdað; lsh
% dldrlu i|yd Wmfoia

1' Èk pßhdj ;=< i;=g ksrEmKh jk wjia:d lSmhla kï lrkak'

2' bka wjia:d 2la ksrEmKh lrkak'
3' ta wjia:d fhdod f.k isoaêhla bÈßm;a lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

7
• .eñ kegqï ms<n
s | ye¢kaùu

f,dalfha ieu rgl u ;u ixialD;sh yd ne÷Kq kegqï iïm%odhla we;' tfuka

u tu rgj, .eñ ck;dj úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o yd Tjqka w;r Ndú; jQ kegqï
úfYaIhla o fjhs' tajd .eñ kegqï f,i ye¢kafõ' rgl wkkH;dj o .eñ kegqï uÕska
fmkakqï lrhs' .eñ ck;djf.a is;=ï me;=ï" weoys,s" wd.ï" Ôjk jD;a;Ska" w;a±lSï yd
úYajdi wdÈ lreKq rdYshla .eñ kegqï uÕska ms<sìUq fõ'

fndfyda .eñ kegqïj,g miqìï ù we;af;a iudcSh miqìu" Ôjk jD;a;s yd

úfkdaodiajdoh hs' Bg wod< .eñ kegqï lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

• ,S fl<s
• l<
• l=¨
• ijrka
• m;=re
• pdur
• fõje,a
• f.dhï
• fuda,a.ia
• rnka
• lvq

• .eñ kegqïj, olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIK

• ir, nj
• iduQysl nj
• WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu
• .dhkh iys; ùu
• tulu
• úfkdaoh

• ir, nj

.eñ kegqu i|yd ir, p,k Ndú; lrhs' k¾;kh ms<sn| úêu;a mqyqKqjla fkd
,enQ flfkl=g jqj o iyNd.s úh yels whqßka ir, p,k Ndú; lr k¾;k
ks¾udKh l< yels h' ir, rx. jia;%" ir, ;d, yd ne¢ kdoud,d yd ir,
NdIdj we;=<;a ù ;sîu iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

8
 • iduQyl
s nj

.eñ kegqï bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fndfyda fofkl=f.a iyNd.s;ajh wjYH fõ'
lKavdhï jYfhka keàu fuys úfYaI;ajhls' tlsfkld w;r iïnkaO;d
mj;ajñka mo k¾;kh isÿ fõ'

• tulu

.eñ kegqul § WmlrK Ndú; lrk w;r tu WmlrK yd ne¢ ls%hdjka kegqu
uÕska bÈßm;a lsÍu .eñ kegqfï iajNdjh hs'

Wod ( •l< kegqu l<fhka flfrk ls%hdjka yd nef|a'

•l=,af,ka lrk ls%hdjka wx. p,k Tiafia ks¾udKh lsÍu l=¨
kegqfï § olakg ,efí'
fuu ,laIK .eñ kegqfuys olakg ,efnk tulu f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

• úfkdaoh

.eñ kegqulska úfkdaodiajdoh ,eîu tla wruqKls'

• ,S fl<s kegqu yd l<f.ä kegqu ms<n

s | wjfndaOh

• ,S fl<s kegqu

zzfl<sZZ hk jpkfha woyi jkafka zzlS%vdjZZ hkak hs' fuh merKs

ld,fha lS%vdjla f,i o Ndú; lrkakg we;' tfy;a ,S fl<sh úfkdao kegqula
f,i fÊ'B' fiaoruka uy;df.a Wvrg kegqï l,dj lD;sfhys olajd we;' ,S
fl<s lKavdhï" úfõl ld,hkays § úydr u¿fõ yd j,õjl ñÿf,a kegQ nj
o tu lD;sfha u i|yka fõ'

j¾;udkfha ,S fl<s kegqu .eñ kegqï w;r b;d ckms%h;ajhg m;a j

we;' fuu k¾;kfha § Ndú; lrkq ,nk lú ,S fl<s lú f,i ye¢kafõ'
fuu lúj, wka;¾.;h foi ne,Sfï § thg wd.ñl ,laIK o we;=<;a ù we;s
nj fmfkhs'
zz fnda m;a;sks ug wjir fokafka ZZ
zz i;r jrï foú i;r fokdghs ZZ
br y|" .iaje,a foaj;ajfhka ie,lSu" foúhkaf.ka wjir .ekSu" l=, foúhkag
mska §u" kuialdr lsÍu tod .eñhd wu;l fkd l< w;r Tjqkaf.a weoys,s yd
úYajdi fuu lúj,ska meyeÈ,s fjhs' tfia u zz,S u,a,shZZ Ndú; lsÍu ,S fl<s
kegqfï úfYaI;ajhls' ta ms<sn| j lshefjk ,S fl<s .dhk o we;'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

9
 ,S fl<s kegqfï § lKavdhï follg fn§ ,S folla /f.k fofokd
ne.ska isg ,S .iñka rx.kh lsÍu fndfyda úg olakg ,efí' weïnelafla
foajd,fha ,S nd,alhl olakg we;s ,S fl<s kegqfï o¾Ykh fuys fm!rdKsl
njg lÈu idOlhls'

• weïnelafla foajd,fha ±j leghu

j¾;udkfha b;d w,xldr f,i ks¾udKh lr .kakd ,o ,S fl<s kegqï

wmg úúO wjia:dj, § ±l .; yels h' lKqjla ueog f.k ta jgd k¾;kfha
fhfoñka f.;a;ula lr kej; th ,syd ±óu ,S oÕh iys; u,a,shla f,i
jHjydr flf¾' fï nj Wvrg kegqï l,dj lD;sfha olajd we;af;a wgu,a,sh
yd ,KqoÕh f,i h'

,S fl<s lú

ud;%d 2 ;ks ;s; ;d,h

1' tl m÷frka ,S ihla lmd f.k

tl Wi we;s ifofkla f;dard f.k
.=reka w;g § ,S fnojd f.k
wms;a fl<suq ,S foms, ie§ f.k

2' fnda w;a;g je| isri kukafka

wdmiaig je| uqk fmr<kafka
ta me;af;a wh wm y÷kkafka
fnda m;a;sks ug wjir fokafka

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

10
 3' wyfia foúfhda /ia j isákakhs
fmdf<dfõ foúhka ìu jeo.kakhs
i;r jrï foú n,d isákakhs
wo ,S fl<sfhka wm Èkjkakhs

ud;%d 3 ;ks ;s; ;d,h

1' brg Tìh br uqÿfka isáhd

i|g Tìh i| jg ;re isáhd
,shg Tìh iqÿ fia,h fkßhd
wmg Tìh in ueo ,S fl<shd

ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ;d,h

1' rg,ska wer,d má f.kakd,d oÕfrg ou,d f.d;k rfÕa

,S f.kakd,d oE;g §,d fma<sh ieÈ,d .ik rfÕa
fnr f.kakd,d iqr,;a od,d ;df, jÈk fldg kgk rfÕa
fufyu;a úia;r n,kak ;snqK ¨ fmdr u~f,a ,S fl<sh jf.a

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

11
 lú mo m%ia;dr lsÍu

$ $ $ $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
t l m ÷ frka - ,S -
i hla - l md - f. k
t l W i we ;s i fo
fkla - f;da - rd - f. k
.= reka - w ; g § -
,S - fn o jd - f. k
w ms;a - fl <s uq ,S -
fo ms , ie § - f. k

fyda

fnda - w;a - ; g je |
is r i k uka - fka -

• l<f.ä kegqu (

.eñ ldka;dj úiska ffoksl j isÿ lrkq ,nk ls%hdldrlula weiqre lr

.ksñka ks¾udKh ù we;s l<f.ä k¾;kh i|yd .dhkh lrkq ,nkafka
l<f.ä lú h' ir, kdo ud,d fuka u ir, ;s;a rEm l<f.ä lú .dhkh
i|yd fhdod f.k we;' Èhg hk ldka;djkaf.a .eñ ,d,s;Hh fuu lú
uÕska bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí'

l<f.ä k¾;kh ±lsh yels wjia:d (

• fmryerj, §
• wjqreÿ W;aijj, §
• ksoyia W;aijfha §
• úúO m%ix.j, §

l<f.ä lú

1' fma<s ie§ wÕfkda ieriS,d

kS, jr, l=iquka .jid,d
flda, fkdù in ueog je§,d
nd, ,sfhda l< msô;s ie§,d

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

12
 2' cf,a fid|hs nei,d mSkkakg
úf,a fid|hs u,a .en fudarkakg
ñf,ag j;a l< §,d .kakg
lf<a fid|hs fï <|g msôkakg

3' ,;a muKg ueá bÈ lrjd f.k

m;a ì|,d l<f.ä iojd f.k
w;a kEr u l<f.ä f;dard f.k
is;a if;diska l< msôuq ie§ f.k

$ $ $ $
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
fma - <s ie § - w Õ - - - -
fkda - ie r iS - ,d - - - - -
kS - , j r , l= iq - - - -
uka - . j id - ,d - - - - -
flda - , fkd ù - i n - - - -
ue o g je § - ,d - - - - -
nd - , ,s fhda - l < - - - -
ms ô ;s ie § - ,d - - - - -

.eñ kegqï ks¾udK

• ,S fl<s k¾;k ks¾udK

• ,S fl<s kegqula ks¾udKh lsÍu'

,S fl<s kegqula ks¾udKh lsÍfï § .dhkh lrñka ;d,hg wkqj mo

^ud;%d& ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' mo ks¾udKfha § ir, p,k Ndú;hg .ekSu;a
tu p,k" fhdod .kakd fuj,ug .e<fmk mßÈ ilia lsÍu;a k¾;kh
w,xldr ùug fya;= fõ'

,S fl<s kegqfï § ,S yeisrùu úúO wdldrhg lrkq ,efí' ,S .eiSu

fuys m%Odk jk w;r" tlsfkld w;r ,S .eiSfuka k¾;kh w,xldr fjhs'
yia;" mdo p,k ;d,hg wkqj Ndú;hg .kakd kuq;a wx.ydr iunr lr
.ekSu o jeo.;a fõ' tfuka u YÍrfha wfkl=;a wx. Wmdx. ksis mßÈ Ndú;hg
.; hq;= h' rx. rgd" yev;, yd ;, Ndú;h wdosh ksis f,i lsÍfuka kegqfï
w,xldrh fuka u úêu;aa nj o ;Sj% fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

13
 ,S fl<s kegqu ilia lr .ekSfï §"
• mka;sfha isák YsIH ixLHdj wkqj lKavdhï ilia lr .; yels h'
• .dhkh lrñka ,S .eiSu l< hq;= fõ'
• w,xldr mo ^ud;%d& ks¾udKfha § ir, p,k Ndú;hg .; hq;= w;r fhdod
.kakd fuj,u myiq f,i yeisrùug yels mrsÈ mo ks¾udKh ùu jeo.;a fõ'
• lKavdhfï ish¨ fokd u kshñ; wx.ydr iys; j k¾;k l< hq;= h' ta i|yd
iqÿiq ud;%d ks¾udKh ùu jeo.;a fõ'
• rjqï f,i" ;sria f,i fyda isria f,i fyda fma<sh Ndú;hg .ekSu" óg wu;r
j úúO rgd Ndú;hg .ekSu o l< yels h'
• ,S .eiSfï § ixhufhka hq;= j iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l< hq;= w;r" fnr
jdokhg wkqj keàu l< hq;= fõ'
• fuys § i;=g" úfkdaoh we;s jk wdldrhg k¾;kh l< hq;= fõ'

l<f.ä k¾;k ks¾udK

• l<f.ä k¾;k ks¾udKh i|yd Wmfoia

ldka;d ,d,s;Hh u;=lr ±lafjk k¾;khla f,i l<f.ä kegqu

ye¢kaúh yels w;r" ,diH ,laIKh$,d,s;H u;= lr ±laùu iqúfYaI;ajhls'
ldka;djkag iqúfYaI k¾;khls' bK" w;" Wrysi" ysi wdÈ ia:dkj,
l<f.äh ;ndf.k k¾;kh l< yels h' Èh kEu" Èh f.k hEu wdÈ wx.
k¾;k ks¾udKfha § Ndú; lr .; yels h'

• l<f.ä kegqu ks¾udKfha § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq"

• .e<fmk m%udKfha l<hla Ndú; lsÍu'

• fï i|yd l<hla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu'
Wod ( ne¨kh u; fld,dÊ l%uh Ndú;fhka l<hla ks¾udKh lsÍu'
• úúO rx. rgd yd ;, Ndú;h
• iduQysl nj olakg ,eîu'
• l<f.ä kegqu yd ne¢ .dhk fhdod .ekSu'
• Ndú; lrk l<h ksis mßÈ w,a,d .ekSu'
• l<h iqug f,i yeisrùu'
• k¾;kh lsÍug myiq jk mßÈ l<h yiqrejd .ekSu'
• bßhjq w,xldr f,i mssysgqjd k¾;kh lsÍu
• m%dix.sl j k¾;k wx.h bÈßm;a lsÍu'
• mo ^ud;%d& ks¾udKfha § ir, p,k Ndú;hg .ekSu'
• tlsfkld w;r mr;rh" iunr;dj we;s jk whqßka wx.ydr Ndú;hg
.ekSu'
• iyfhda.S j lKavdhula f,i úfkdaofhka k¾;kfha fh§u'
• rx. jia;% YÍrhg myiq jk mßÈ Ndú;hg .ekSu'
• is;a .kakd iq¨ j¾Kj,ska rx. jia;% ilia lr .ekSu'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
14
 • .eñ ldka;djlf.a iajrEmhg .e<fmk mßÈ wdNrK ilid .ekSu'
• ukd mqyqKqjlska hq;= j k¾;k bÈßm;a lsÍu yd ta i|yd wNHdifha
fh§u'
• lKavdhfï ish¨ fokdg u k¾;kh l< yels ir, ud;%d ^mo& ks¾udKh
lsÍu'
• .dhkh lrñka fnr moj,g wkqj k¾;kfha fh§u'

ld¾h m;%sldj

my; i|yka lshuka yß kï ^ & ,l=K o jerÈ kï ^ & ,l=K o bÈß fldgqfõ i|yka
lrkak'

1' .eñ ck;djf.a is;=ï me;=ï weoys,s yd úYajdi .eñ kegqï ks¾udKh
i|yd n,md ;sfí'

2' zz fnda w;a;g je| isri kukafka ZZ hk lúh l<f.ä lúhls'

3' ,S fl<s kegqul wjia:djla leghï lr we;af;a weïnelafla

foajd,fha h'

4' tulu .eñ kegqïj, olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

5' ,S fl<sh ms<sn| j i|yka jkafka fÊ'B' fiaoruka uy;df.a Wvrg kegqï
l,d lD;sfhys h'

6' ir, p,k jqj o ks¾udKd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍu .eñ kegqul úÑ;%;ajhg
fya;= fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

15
 2 mßÉfþoh
2'0 k¾;k m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh

• k¾;khg fmr YÍr wx. yev.iajd .ekSu

ksis f,i ls%hdldrlï lsÍug wjYH kuH;dj i|yd YdÍßl wNHdi jeo.;a
fjhs' k¾;kfha § fuh b;d jeo.;a jkafka k¾;khg wjYH YdÍßl yev;,
ks¾udKhg isref¾ kuH;dj jeo.;a jk fyhsks' k¾;kfha § isref¾ fldgia
úúOdldrhg p,kh ùu isÿ fjhs'

k¾;kh i|yd wjYH iunr;dj" ieye,a¨j" ord .ekSu" bßhjq mEu wdÈh
ksjerÈ lr.ekSu i|yd wNHdi jeo.;a fõ' ta ta k¾;k iïm%odhg wjYH ksjerÈ
wx.ydrhka ilia lr .ekSug kuH;d wNHdi bjy,a fõ'

• isref¾ kuH;dj
• úúO yev;, ks¾udKh
• ßoauhlg wkqj wNHdi lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

• YdÍßl kuH;d i|yd p,k wNHdi

1' ksoyfia weú§u" ksoyfia mksñka hEu" Èùu" fmr<Su" nv.Eu" ßx.Su'''''''''
2' tl ;ek Wv mekSu" tl ;ek Èùu" bK lerleùu" YÍrh yels<Su''''''

fuys wxl ^1& hgf;a olajd we;s ls%hdldrlï ixpdß p,k kñka o wxl ^2& hgf;a
olajd we;s ls%hdldrlï iaÓ;sl p,k kñka o ye¢kafõ' fuu p,k j¾. folg
u .e<fmk f,i ls%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' by; p,k j¾. fol
i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï folla my; ±lafõ' fujeks ls%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lr
.ekSug yelshdjka o ;sìh hq;= h'

ls%hdldrlu 01

• idudkH .uka lsÍu" weÕs,s ;=vqj,ska weú§u" jus ll=, jug iy ol=Kq ll=,
ol=Kg yrjd weú§u wdÈ iEu weú§ul § u bÈßhg iy miaig weú§u l< yels h'

• idfjda rxpqjla ksoyfia mek mek hñka" jgmsg n,ñka" W÷msh,sh l;s' bka miq
wi, we;s Èh lä;a;lska j;=r î" .ila hgg ù ks|kakg fj;s' kßhl=f.a
Yíohla weiS ìh jqKq idfjda fõ.fhka ÿjkakg mgka .ks;s'

ls%hdldrlu 02

• fldaÉÑfha .uka iajNdjh wkqj meoa§u" YÍrh by< hdu" YÍrh yels<Su jeks
p,k i|yd o l=vd ls%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lr .; hq;= h'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
16
 wxl ^1& hgf;a we;s ls%hdldrlï lS%vdjla f,i;a" jHdhduhla f,i;a ±laúh yels
jqj o" th ;d,hg ßoauhlg lsÍfuka Bg;a jvd pu;aldrhla ±kùug yels fõ'

fï ls%hdldrlï fnr mohg wkqj ls%hd;aul lruq' fuys È ud;%d 2 + 2" ud;%d
2 + 3 iy ud;%d 4 + 4 ;d,j,g wh;a fnr mo Ndú; lr .; yels h'

fnr moh fjkia lsÍfuka ls%hdldrlu o fjkia l< yels h'

WodyrK ( weú§u lrk w;r fnr mofha fjki iuÕ Èùu" mekSu" fmr<Su"
ßx.Su wdÈ úúO ls%hd o isÿ jk w;r" ;d,fha úúO;ajh yd fnr mofha úúO;ajh
±kùfuka tu wNHdi i;=áka yd úfkdaofhka l< yels h' fï uÕska udkisl i;=gla
o ,efí' fujeks ls%hdldrlï ;d,hg" ßoauhg wkqj lsÍfuka i;=g" udkisl iqjh we;s
fõ' th udkisl fi!LHhg fnfyúka u n,mdkq we;'

;j o fujeks ls%hdldrlï lsÍfuka YdÍßl iunr;dj o" bjiSu" iuÕsh jeks

.=Kdx. o j¾Okh fõ'

• kuH;d wNHdi lsÍfï jeo.;alu

• k¾;khg wjYH bßhjq ^yev;,& ksjerÈ lr .ekSu'

• hym;a fi!LH iïmkak kSfrda.S mqoa.,hl= ùu'
• mS%;su;a j" kuH;d wNHdij, fh§u ksid udkisl iqjhla we;s ùu'
• wNssfhda.j,g uqyqK §u yd ord .ekSfï yelshdj we;s ùu'
• YdÍßl m%ikak nj we;s ùu'
• k¾;khg WÑ; ldhsl j¾Okhla we;s ùu'
• lKavdhï yeÕSfuka hq;= j lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh ùu'

• kuialdrh y÷kd .ksuq

kuialdrh hk jpkh iudch ;=< úúO wjia:dj, § úúO wdldrfhka w¾:

.ekafõ' tkï wdpdr lsÍu" .re lsÍu" ms<s.ekSu jeks wjia:d h' nqÿoyfï § ;=kqrejka
je£u i|yd kuialdr mdGh ;=ka jrla y~ kÕd lshkq ,efí'

k¾;kfha § kuialdrh fï ish,a,g u jvd iqúfYaI h' tys § Bg u wdfõKsl

ksjerÈ úêl%u Ndú; lrñka kuialdrh isÿ lrkq ,efí' foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhhka
jk Wvrg$my;rg$inr.uq hk k¾;k iïm%odhhka ;=fkys u fuu kuialdrh hk
moh Ndú; lrkq ,efí' k¾;khla wdrïN lsÍug m%:u fuu kuialdrh isÿ lsÍu
idïm%odhsl ,laIKhls'
kuialdrh lsÍug m%:u udkisl tald.%;dj ^uki tla;eka lsÍu& we;s lr .ekSu
b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfuka u ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j th isÿ l< hq;= hs' fufia ksjerÈ
úêl%u wkq.ukh lrñka ixhuhlska hq;= j kuialdrh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

17
 Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk iïm%odhhka ;=fkys kuialdr mofha fjkia ,laIK
olakg we;'

• Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha kuialdr moh (

f;hsh;a" f;hsh;a" f;hsh;a ;dï $$$

kuialdrh lsÍfï § fnr jdokh isÿ fkd lrk w;r" by; moh y~
kÕd ksjerÈ j lsj hq;= h' fuu mohg wkqj YsIHhd fyda Ys,amshd fyda
ksrEmKh lrk m%ldYkd;aul p,khkays .eí jQ jákd woyila we;'
tkï"

• kuialdrfha woyi (
1' fodfyd;a uqÿfka ;nd je£u
m<uq je÷u - uu ;s%úO r;akfha msysg wdrlaIdj m;ñ
2' fodfyd;a k<,; ;nd je£u
fojk je÷u - uu yoj;ska u foúhka j¢ñ$uu
ish¨ u foúhkaf.a msysg m;ñ'
3' fodfyd;a mmqjg ;nd je£u
;=kajk je÷u - uu yoj;ska u ujqmsh" .=rejre j¢ñ$uu
.=rejr foujqmshkaf.ka yd infhka o
msysg wdrlaIdj m;ñ'

• my;rg iïm%odhfha kuialdrh (

.oaÈßlsg" .=xÈßlsg" .;a;ï" .;ï fodï .;a oeysx$$$

óg wu;r j my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhfha flá kuialdr mo o we;'

1' .oaÈßlsg" .=xÈßlsg" .;a;ï" .;ï fodï$$$

fr.;a;ï .;ï fodï $$$
wdÈ jYfhks'

• inr.uq iïm%odhfha kuialdr moh (

f;hs ;d .;;a$$$
f;hs f;hs f;hs ;
f;hsh;a ;dï
f;ahs;dï

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

18
 • kuialdrh lsÍfï wfmalaId

• ixialD;sl Wreuhla f,i f.dvkeÕ=Kq k¾;k l,dfõ f.!rjh yd

.=re isiq in|;dfjys iodpdrd;aul w.h wdrlaId lsÍu'
• k¾;kh wdrïN lsÍug fmr hym;a udkisl;ajfhka hq;= m%úIaghla
,nd .ekSu'
• isref¾ fldgia ksjerÈ bßhjqj,ska hqla; j msysgqjd .ekSug wjldYh
ie,iSu'
• k¾;kh i|yd wd.ñl jYfhka wdYS¾jdoh ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a nj
wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

uKaäh ilid .ksuq

uKaäfha uQ,l
s ,laIK

• k¾;kfha § uQ,sl bßhõj uKaäh f,i ye¢kaùu'

• uKaäh i|yd ú¨ï fol w;r mr;rh ñáßhkla ùu'
• mdoj, weÕs,s iy oKysia fol fomig úys§u iqúfYaI ùu'
• uq¿ isrer iDcq j ;nd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

md irU ^Wvrg&

m<uqfjka fï moh ;d, ;nñka lsj hq;= h' fuys § ;d, ;eîu i|yd
;d,ïmgla Ndú; lrkak' fufia ;d, ;nñka moh lshoa§ kshñ; bßhõjl
isg ;d,ïmg ksjerÈ j w,a,d f.k ksje/È j y~ u;=jk mßÈ jdokh l<
hq;= h' iu.=K iy fo.=K hk ,h folg irUh wNHdi l< hq;= fõ'

m<uq md irUh ^Wvrg&

irU kduh ( wäh

irU moh ( f;hs
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - -

fo.=K f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs -

ksjerÈ wx.ydr y÷kd f.k mdo by<g biaiSfï § ksjerÈ wx.ydr

Ndú; lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

19
 fojk md irUh

irU kduh ( oEäh

irU moh ( f;hs lsg f;hs ;dï
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 g ^uy ;ks;s;&

ksjerÈ wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka irU wNHdi l< hq;= h' iu.=K iy
fo.=K hk ,hj,g md irU k¾;kh l< hq;= hs'
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - - - ls - g - f;hs - - - ;dï - - -

fo.=K f;hs - lsg - f;hs - ;dï - f;hs - lsg - f;hs - ;dï -

;=kj
a k md irUh

irU kduh ( ;=ka wäh

irU moh ( f;hs lsg f;hslsg f;hslsg f;hs ;dï
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 g ^uy ;ks;s;&
$ $ $ $
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - - - ls - g - f;hs - - - ls - g -

f;hs - - - ls - g - f;hs - - - ;dï - - -

fo.=K f;hs - ls g f;hs - ls g f;hs - ls g f;hs - ;dï -

yudr lsÍfï moh

iEu md irUhla u kgd wjidkfha zzyudr mohZZ kñka mo fldgila

kgkq ,nhs' fuu moh iEu md irUhlg u fmdÿ h' ta wkqj iEu md irUhla
wjidkfha u fuu yudr moh keáh hq;= h'

yudr moh ( ^ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s;& ^uy ;ks ;s;&

f;hsh;a" f;hsh;a" f;hsh;a ;dï

f;ahs ;dï
f;hs f;hs ;;a ;;a ;dï

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

20
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
f;hs - h;a - f;hs - h;a - f;hs - h;a - ;dï - - -

f;hs - - - ;dï - - f;hs - f;hs - ;;a - ;;a -

;dï

my;rg k¾;k iïm%odh

• my;rg md irU
m<uq md irUh

m<uq md irU moh ksjerÈ j ;d, ;nñka fyd¢ka lshñka tu

moh yqre lr .; hq;= hs' fnr jdokfhka f;dr j lshd f.k irU keàu l<
hq;= h' ;d,h ;eîug ;d,ï mg Ndú; l< yels h'

fuu moh uÕska ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j mo mE.Su jeo.;a fõ'

moh ( f;hsh;a f;hs

;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - h;a - f;hs - - - f;hs - h;a - f;hs - - -

fo.=K f;hs h;a f;hs - f;hs h;a f;hs - f;hs h;a f;hs - f;hs h;a f;hs -

fojk md irUh

moh ;d, ;nñka fyd¢ka lshjd yqre úh hq;= hs'

moh ( f;hs lsg f;hs ;d

;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - ls g f;hs - ;d - f;hs - ls g f;hs - ;d -

fo.=K f;hs lsg f;hs ;d f;hs lsg f;hs ;d f;hs lsg f;hs ;d f;hs lsg f;hs ;d

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

21
 ;=kj
a k md irUh
moh ( f;hs lsg f;hs fodï
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - ls g f;hs - fodï - f;hs - ls g f;hs - fodï -

fo.=K f;hs lsg f;hs fodï f;hs lsg f;hs fodï f;hs lsg f;hs fodï f;hs lsg f;hs fodï

my;rg iïm%odhfha md irU yudr lsÍfï moh

moh ( f;hs f;hs ;d lsg f;hsh;a ;d

;d,h ( ud;%d 4 + 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

f;hs - f;hs - ;d - ls g f;hs - h;a - ;d - - -

fuu yudr moh lSm j;djla u fyd¢ka ;d, ;nñka ksjerÈ j Yío kÕd
lsj hq;= hs' wk;=re j moh ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j wNHdi l< hq;= hs'

inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh

• inr.uq iïm%odhfha uKaä mo

inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha md irUj,ska ^ zzuKaä moZZ& flfrkqfha

úúO mdo p,k yqre lrùu hs' m%dfoaYSh fuka u úúO .=rel=, w;r fulS irU
lÜg, .Kkdjla Ndú; fõ' .=re mrïmrd w;r ±lsh yels irUj, fjkialï
±lsh yels jqj o fuhska isÿ lrkqfha mdo p,k k¾;khg WÑ; mßÈ l%udkql+,
j mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍu hs' uKaäfha isg l%udkql+, j yrnr f,i p,k yqre lsÍu
ksid fuh uKaä mo f,i jHjydrfha mj;S' oKaä l| Wmfhda. lr .ksñka
tlS irU yqre ùu iïm%odhfha ±lsh yels h'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

22
 m<uq uKaä moh

mo lshñka ksjerÈ f,i uKaäfha isg zzf;hsZZ hk moh mdo yqre lr

.ekSu i|yd m<uq j kgkq ,efí' ksjerÈ f,i mdo p,kh lrñka wNHdifha
fhfoñka m<uq uKaä moh m%.=K lrkq ,efí'

moh ( f;hs
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;d,h ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K
f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - -
fo.=K
f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs -

fojk uKaä moh

f;hs ;l

fuh fojk uKaä moh fõ' m<uq mofha § uq¿ mdoh u fmdf<djg m;s;
jk fia f;hs hkqfjka ;nkq ,efí' fojk irUfhka weÕs,sj,g yqrejla
,efnk wdldrhg mdo msysgqjk wdldrh;a ±lsh yels h'

moh ( f;hs ;l
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ;d, ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

iu.=K f;hs - - - ; - l - f;hs - - - ; - l -

fo.=K f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

23
 ;=ka jk uKaä moh

moh ( f;hs ;l$$$ f;hs

;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

iu.=K f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l f;hs - - -

fo.=K f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs - f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs -

f;hs ;l$$$ f;hs

;=ka jk uKaä moh fuh fõ' mdofha ú¨U fldgi fmdf<djg m;s;
jk fia f;hs hkqfjka ;nkq ,efí' ;"l hk mo fol mdo fofla uq¿ mdoh
u fmdf<djg m;s; jk fia ;nkq ,efí'

• 6 jk fYa%Ksh .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha ;=ka jk uKaä moh fuf,i ixfYdaOkh

úh hq;= hs'

uKaä mo yudrh (
f;hd" f;hd" f;hd" f;hd" f;hd
f;hs ;dï - f;hsh;a ;dï

ld¾h m;s%ldj

m%Yak wxl 1 - 4 olajd ysia;ekg iqÿiq moh f;dard iïmQ¾K lrkak'

1' md irU$uKaä mo keàfï § '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''tys iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

^fnr jdokhg wkqj keàu$láka mo lshd keàu&

2' iEu md irUhla$uKaä mohla wjidkfha § u kgkq ,nk mo fldgi

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' kñka ye¢kafõ' ^lia;sru$yudr moh&

3' md irU$uKaä mo keàfï § ;d, ;eîu i|yd ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fhdod .kS'

^;d,ïmg$fnrh&

4' irU wNHdifha § k¾;k Ys,amshd isák uQ,sl bßhõj'''''''''''''''''''''''' kñka y÷kajhs'
^oKaäh$uKaäh&

5' Wvrg$my;rg$inr.uq m<uq yd fojk md irU ;d, ;nd lshkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
24
• irU wNHdifhka ksjerÈ wx.ydr m%o¾Ykh lrhs

Wvrg f.dv irU$my;rg b,x.ï irU$inr.uq fodôk mo

Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq hk iïm%odhj, § mdo yqre lr .ekSu i|yd

irU wNHdi Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tajd Wvrg yd my;rg iïm%odhfha md irU
f,i;a" inr.uq iïm%odhfha uKaä mo f,i;a Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tu irU
12la wjidkfha § yia; yd mdo iïm%odhhg iqÿiq mßÈ p,kh lsÍu i|yd
;j;a irU wNHdi 12la lrkq ,nhs' tajd Wvrg iïm%odhfha § f.dv irU
fyj;a w;a irU f,i;a" my;rg iïm%odhfha § b,x.ï irU f,i;a" inr.uq
iïm%odhfha § fodôk mo f,i;a ye¢kafõ' Wvrg iïm%odhfha irU kdu
;snqK o my;rg iy inr.uq iïm%odhj, irU kdu fjkqjg m<uq irUh"
fojk irUh wdÈ jYfhka Ndú; flf¾'

md irUj, § tl yudr mohla Ndú; l< o f.dv irUj, § mohla

wjidkfha § lia;sru o b,x.ï irU mohla wjidkfha § brÜáh o Ndú;
lrhs' inr.uq iïm%odhfha fodôk mo 12 kgd wjidkfha yudr moh keàu
iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

• f.dv irUh y÷kd .ksuq

1' irU kduh ( wäh

fnr moh ( fodñ lsg lsg fodï
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&
lia;sru ( ;;a ð;a f;dx kx ;d
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

fod ñ ls g ls g fod ñ fod ñ ls g ls g fod ñ

fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsgfodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ

/ / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

;;a - cs;a - f;dx - kx - ;d

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

25
 2' irU kduh ( oEäh
fnr moh ( fodñ lsg lsg fodï
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ^uy ;ks ;s;&
lia;sru ( ;;a cs;a ;l cs;a ;;a cs;a f;dx kx ;d

/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

fod ñ ls g ls g fod ñ fod ñ ls g ls g fod ñ

fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsgfodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ

/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

;;a - ð;a - ; l ð;a - ;;a - ð;a - f;dx - kx -

;d

• k¾;kh lsÍug m%:u fnr moh fyd¢ka ;d, ;nd lshkak'

• fnr jdokh;a iuÕ fnr moh ;d, ;nd lshkak'
• ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j uKaähg isákak'
• m<uq irUh keófï § ol=Kq mdoh bÈßhg ;eîfuka wdrïN lsrSu iqúfYaI
fõ'
• fojk irUh keàfï § mdoh msgqmig ;eîfuka wdrïN ùu isÿ úh
hq;= h'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

26
 b,x.ï irU

1' m<uq b,x.ï irUh

/ / / /
1 2 3 moh4 1 - f;hs
2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - -

f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs -

brÜáh - ls"g" ;d
/ /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

ls - g - ;d - - -
-
brÜáhg kshñ; wlaIr ;=kg yia; p,k yd mdodx. úê ;=k m%o¾Ykh
úh hq;= h'

2' fojk b,x.ï irUh

yia; p,k yd mdodx. iu. l|" ysi" fk; wdÈ Wmdx. p,kh lsÍug
yqre ùu fuu irUh keàfuka wfmalaId flf¾'

È;a ;d (

/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

È;a - - - ;d - - - È;a - - - f;hs - -

È;a - ;d - È;a - f;hs - È;a - ;d - È;a - f;hs -

brÜáh ( È; .=| ;d

/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

È - ; - .= - | - ;d - - - - - - -

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

27
inr.uq fodôk mo
 1'm<uq fodôk moh

f;hs

/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - -

f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - - f;hs f;hs - - f;hs f;hs - - f;hs

ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j uKaähg isg oE;a inr.uq iïm%odhg wkqj yeisrúh
hq;= fõ' tkï mmqj bÈßfha jl% wdldrhg .kakd w;a fofla jï w; w,a,
Ys,amh
s d foig;a ol=Kq w; w,a, bÈßhg;a isák f,i;a ;eìh hq;= h' ju" ol=Kq
fjka fjka jYfhka w; yerùu fuys § isÿ flf¾'

2' fojk fodôk moh

f;hs ;l

/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l f;hs - ; l

f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l f;hs ;l

tla w;la ;ukaf.a me;a;g yd bÈßhg yerùu fuys § isÿ flf¾' mdodx.
iu. l|" ysi wdÈ Wmdx. p,kh lsÍug yqre ùu fuhska isÿ flf¾'

fhdað; ls%hdldrlu i|yd Wmfoia

1' m<uq$fojk irU moh" lia;sru ;d, ;nd lshkak'

2' ksjerÈ wx.ydr Ndú; lrñka fnr jdokhg wkqj k¾;kfha
fhfokak'
3' fnr jdokhg wkqj m<uq yd fojk irU mo k¾;kh lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

28
• isref¾ uQ,l
s dx. y÷kd .ekSu

YdÍßl ir, ixp,k weiqßka lrk ,o ks¾udK mqrd;kfha isg k¾;kh

jYfhka bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' tfia u YdÍßl ßoauh iuÕ kdo ßoauh tl;= lrñka tajd
;j;a w,xldr rx.k njg m;a lr .ekSug o yels ù we;' wka ish¨ l,djkag jvd
k¾;kfha we;s úfYaI;ajh kï YÍrfha ysi isg mdodka;h olajd ish¨ fldgia Ndú;hg
.efkk l,djla ùu h' k¾;k ls%hdj,sfha § isÿ jkafka uQ,sl jYfhka úúOdldr
p,kj,ska YÍrh yeisrùuls'

YrSrfha m%Odk fldgia f,i ysi" oE;a" bÕáh ^Wl=<& mmqj" fomd" n| jYfhka
fldgia 6ls' fuu m%Odk wx. Tiafia woyia f.k yer ±laùula flfrk w;r fïjd
YÍrfha m%Odk wx. f,i ye¢kafõ' óg wu;r j isref¾ wfkl=;a fldgia o p,kh ùu
isÿ jk w;r tajd m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. f,i y÷kajhs' k¾;kh lrk flfkl= ;=< olakg
,efnk ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka fuh meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h' w;a yd mdo p,kh"
keóu" È. yeÍu" weÕs,sj,ska lrkq ,nk p,k" ysi keóu È. yeÍu" uqyqfKka bÈßh
n,k whqre ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fuys § jeo.;a fõ'

Bg wu;r j YÍrh úúO whqßka yiqrejk whqre ksÍlaIKh lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ'
b| .ekSu" mekSu" u|la my;a ùu" my;a ùu" Wv mekSu jeks ls%hdldrlï i|yd YÍrfha
úYd, fldgia fuka u l=vd fldgia o Ndú;hg .ekSu isÿfjhs' YÍrfha fldgia wx."
m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. f,i ye¢kafjhs'
wx. ( ysi" l| w;a" mdo
m%;Hx. ( je<ñg" weÕs,s" fn,a," oKysi''''
Wmdx. ( weys neu" lïuq,a" f;d,a" weiafnda,h

YÍrfha úúO fldgia ßoauhlg$;d,hlg p,kh lsÍu kegqula fyj;a k¾;kh

lsÍula f,i ye¢kafjhs' ;d,h yd ßoauh wkqj isÿ ùu úfYaI;ajhls' tfuka u
;d,hg" ßoauhg wkqj fuu m%ldYkhka lsÍug YÍrfha wx." m%;Hx." Wmdx. Ndú;hg
.; yels fõ'

k¾;kfha pu;aldrh jvd;a ;Sj% jk f,i bÈßm;a lsÍug kï wx." m%;Hx. yd

Wmdx.hkays iudfhdackh b;d jeo.;a fõ'

foaYSh k¾;k l,dj yeoEÍfï § wdOqksl Ys,amshl=g uQ,sl irU wNHdi lsÍug
fmr kuH;d wNHdi lsÍfuka wx." m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. k¾;khg wjYH mßÈ isrer
yiqrejd .ekSfï l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr.ekSug yels jkq we;' Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq
k¾;k iïm%odhj, ta ta iïm%odhg wdfõKsl wx. ,laIK olakg we;' yia;" mdo
yeisrùfï úê l%u iïm%odhfhka iïm%odhhg fjkia fõ' tfuka u pß; ksrEmKhka
bÈßm;a lsÍu" .S;hlg wkqj k¾;k ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍu jeks wjia:d .ek wjOdkh
fhduq lruq' pß; ksrEmKhl § pß;fha yeisÍï rgdj" .ufka ßoauh" yevh .S;hkag
k¾;k bÈßm;a lsÍfï § .S;fha ßoauh" woyi ^Ndjd;aul yeÕSu& wx. m%;Hx. Wmdx.
ksjerÈ j yeisrùu uÕska id¾:l ks¾udKhla f.dvkÕd .; yels h'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
29
ls%hdldrlï (

• wx. m%;Hx. Wmdx.j,g wh;a fldgia fjka lr olajkak'

• f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo tlla k¾;kh lrkak'
• ksjerÈ wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka w,xldr ud;%hla ks¾udKh lr bÈßm;a
lrkak'
• .Shlg wkqj k¾;khla ks¾udKh lr m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• w,xldr mo k¾;kfha jeo.;alu

Ôj;a jk mßirfha we;s .iaje,a w,xldr ù we;af;a tys we;s úúO jia;=j,
yevh yd j¾K wkqj h' tfuka u fkdfhl=;a yevfhka yd j¾Kj,ska hqla; we÷ï
me,÷ï yd wdNrKj,ska YÍrfha ndysr fmkqu w,xldr lr .; yels h' Ôú;hg b;d
jeo.;a jk YÍr fi!LHh b;d hym;a f,i mj;ajd .ekSug;a" YÍrfha yevh mj;ajd
.ekSug;a WmldÍ jk ;j;a tla idOlhla jkafka k¾;kh hs'

u,aj,g fm;s tl;= ùfuka uf,ys iqkaor;ajh jeä jkakd fia W.;a irUj,g
mekSu" lerlSu" jdä ùu jeks úúO p,k tl;= fldg mo ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'
thska k¾;kfha w,xldrh ;j ;j;a jeä lr .; yels fõ'

W.;a irU mo lSmhla weiqfrka fyda fjk;a idïm%odhsl p,k tl;= lsÍfukq;a
úúO w,xldr mo ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'

w,xldr mo ks¾udKfha § fnr jdokhg wkqj ksjerÈ wx.ydr mj;ajd .ksñka

k¾;kfha fh§u l< hq;= fõ'

fuys § ,eî we;s bv m%udKh ksishdldr j m%fhdackhg .ekSu flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu jvd jeo.;a h' ks¾udKh lr.;a w,xldr mo ksrka;r wNHdifha fh§fuka
m%dfhda.sl l=i,;dj j¾Okh fõ'

tla tla k¾;k iïm%odhhkag wdfõKsl p,k weiqßka lrkq ,nk w,xldr mo
ks¾udKfha § YsIH YlH;d ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= fõ' tfia fmdaIKh lr .;a yelshd
fjk;a k¾;k ks¾udK lsÍfï § Wmfhda. lr .; yels fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

30
 fhdað; ls%hdldrlu i|yd Wmfoia

mka;s ldurfha § fyda fjk;a wjia:dj, § Tn weiqre lr .;a idïm%odhsl p,k weiqßka
my; i|yka ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'

• W.;a f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo weiqre lr .ksñka tal, fyda iuQy fyda
jYfhka w,xldr mo ks¾udKh lr bÈßm;a lrkak'

• w,xldr mo ks¾udKh i|yd Ndú; l< úê l%u kï lrkak'

• zzjkakï .hñka kguqZZ

• Wvrg - ykqud jkaku

• my;rg - ykquka;d ;d,h iskaÿ jkaku
• inr.uq - wks,d jkaku

jkakï hkq Wvrg$my;rg$inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhka ;=kg u fmdÿ idïm%odhsl

k¾;k úfYaIhls' Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhhg wh;a jkakï bf.k .ekSfï § .dhkhg"
k¾;khg yd ;d, ;eîug myiq u jkaku f,i ykqud jkaku ye¢kaúh yels fõ'
ykqud jkaku bf.k .ekSfï § m<uqfjka u tys ;d, rEmhg wkqj fnr moh ;d, ;nd
lSfuka jkakfï ;d, rgdj uekúka .%yKh lr .ekSug yelshdj ,efí' ta wkqj ud;%d
2 ;ks ;s;g fodñ$lsg$lsg$fodñ ke;fyd;a l=|$.;$.;$fodï fnr moh lshñka ;d,
;eîfï § fnr jdokh o Bg tla lr .ekSu jvd;a id¾:l fõ'

ykqud jkaku k¾;kh lsÍfï § ol=Kq mdoh bÈßfhka ;nd tkï .S uKaäfha
isg ;dkug wkqj yia; p,k lrkq ,efí'

;dkfï § w,xldr mo keàu isÿ flf¾' ms<sfj<ska m<uq w,xldr moh kgd .S
uKaäfha isg lú mohg wkqj yia; p,k muKla isÿ flf¾' fï wdldrhg lú mo 4la
iy w,xldr mo 5la kshñ; wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka k¾;kfha fhÈúh yels h'
wjidkfha lia;sru" iSreudrej" wvõj k¾;kh lsÍu isÿ fõ'

;j o jkakï keàfï § lú .dhkh i|yd lrkq ,nkafka ir, fnr jdokhls'

mo keàfï § w,xldr fnr jdokhla lsÍu Wvrg jkakï k¾;kfha § ±l .; yels
iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

31
 ykqud jkaku

;s; ( ud;%d 2 ;ks ;s; ^iq¿ ;ks;s;&

;d, rEmh ( $ $ $ $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
fnr moh ( l=o .; .; fodï

;dku ( ;kï ok;a ;ï ok;a ;kïok

;kï ok;a ;fkkd - f;hs'
;kï ok;a ;ï ok;a ;kïok
;kï ok;a ;fkkd

lúh ( .sfrka .srg mek ,e.=ï fidhd mqnqÈñka

wreK l< ud - f.dr
foñka kej; jgmsáka n,;s fkl
Wiq¿ úiq¿ mqÿud

;dku ( ;kï ok;a ;ï '''''

lúh ( thska kej; m,;=ßka ;=rg mek

u,ska m, o o¿ ud - w;
foñka /f.k lg fldkska nqÈ;s jg
msáka ìhe;s ne¨ud

;dku ( ;kï ok;a ;ï '''''

lúh ( ÿáka wfhla igmáka mekqï /<s

fmdáka fkrd fijqud - nh
ÿáka túg w;=m;ska jid uqj
b;ska kef;hs fmkqud

;dku ( ;kï ok;a ;ï '''''

lúh ( u;ska WvÕ= is; .;ska jeä j fmr

me;=ï ú,i ±reud - keK
hlska fuf,i bisu;ska fhÿj fmr
fujka jreK ykqud

;dku ( ;kï ok;a ;ï '''''

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

32
lia;sru ( rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a
;d.a. ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a
rex;l ðx;l ;ßlsg l=xo;a ;d ^ke;fyd;a §¾> lia;sru&

lia;sru keàug fmr by; olajd we;s lia;sru ;d, ;nd lSfuka miq
k¾;kfha fh§u jeo.;a h'

;ks ;ks j yd iduQysl jYfhka lrkq ,nk mqyK

q q ùfuka ykqud jkaku
keàfï l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr .; yels h'

my;rg iskaÿ jkaku - ykquka;d ;d,h

Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhfha fuka my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhfha o jkakï

olakg we;' tajd zziskaÿ jkakïZZ f,i ye¢kafõ' úh;a NdIdjlska my;rg
jkakï rpkd lr we;' my;rg iïm%odfha tk ykquka;d ;d,h iskaÿ
jkaku rpkd lsÍfï § iajNdj O¾ufha Wmud" w,xldr f,i fhdod f.k
we;' fuh ud;%d 2 iq¿ ;ks;s;g k¾;kh flf¾'

my;rg iskaÿ jkakï k¾;kfha § ;dkug;a lúhg;a hk wx. folg u

w,xldr ud;%d k¾;kh lsÍu úfYaI fõ' ta i|yd my;rg ir, w,xldr mo
fhdod .ekSu iqÿiq h' jkakfï mo fldgia k¾;kh lsÍfï § kshñ; wx.ydr
wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a h' ish¨ mo fldgia kgd wjidkfha brÜáh keàu
isÿ flf¾'

my;rg ykquka;d ;d,h isxÿ jkaku

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

33
;s; ( ud;%d 2 ;ks ;s;
fnr moh ( .;slsg .;fodx .=Èlsg .; fodx
;dku ( f;fkkï f;k f;fkkd f;kïf;k
f;fkkï f;k f;fkkd

lúh ( i;rlsfka w;a w;= fid¢fka È,s rka ;,sfka

kj m¨ ú,fia
fk;rlsfka m;a l=iqu frdfka .;a ìÕ= f,isfka
ñKs nrK Èfia
ks;r rfka .;a is; fid¢fka úialï iqßf|a
.;a ;=Õ= m,fia
i; f;Èfka foõrc isßfka ish l=, forfKa
jeä iqr ;=r fia

brÜáh ( .;slsg .;fodx .=.=|;ß

;;aÈ;a f;dx kx .=ys;s.Èßlsg .;a;;a
fodï;l Èl= |l ±ysï

wks,d jkaku

Wvrg my;rg k¾;k iïm%odhj, fuka u inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhfha o

jkakï olakg ,efí' inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhg wh;a jkakï w;=ßka
wks,d jkaku .dhkh fuka u k¾;kh l< hq;= h'

ud;%d 2 ;ks;s;g ðñ$; l=$od -$fodï - ojq,a moh lshñka ;d, ;eîfï §
ojqf,ka th jdokh lsÍu jvd;a id¾:l h'

inr.uq jkakï k¾;kfha § ;dkug iy lú moj,g yia;mdo p,kh

lrñka w,xldr mo kghs' ta i|yd ud;%d mfya w,xldr mo" msg ud;%d mo wdÈh
weiqre lrñka iqÿiq w,xldr mo ie,iqï lr .; yels h' jkakfï mo fldgia
kgd wjidkfha l,diu yd wvõj kgkq ,efí'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

34
 wks,d jkaku

;s; ( ud;%d 2 ;ks ;s;

$ $ $ $
;d, rEmh ( 1 2$ 1 2$ 1 2$ 1 2

ojq,a moh ( ðñ; l= |d fodx

;dku ( ;fkkd ;k ;dk ;kïok$$$

;fkkd ;k ;ïok ;dkd

lúh ( tl,d uyrdc krdÈm - jev,d b| isxydik msg

wks,d y~fok fuka .=jk; - lsh,d hk kdo wid isg
±l,d lsõ k¿fjda jev isg - tl,d lS jkaku uq,a fldg
wks,d jkaku wK uq,alr - mjka fõ.fhka lSfõ fuf,ig

l,diu ( ðñlsg lsá;l ;ßlsg lsá;l$$$

.;s; l=¢;a;;a

ld¾h m;s%ldj

1' Wvrg ykqud$my;rg ykquka;d$inr.uq wks,d"$jkaku$ iskaÿ jkaku k¾;kh

lrkqfha ud;%d ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;s;g h'

2' Wvrg ykqud$my;rg ykquka;d ;d,h iskÿa jkaku$inr.uq wks,d $ jkaku$iskÿa

jkaku i|yd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fnr moh$ojq,a moh fhdod .efka'

3' ksjerÈ kdoud,djg wkqj jkaku$iskaÿ jkaku ;d, ;nd .dhkh lrkak'

4' wod< jkaku$iskÿa jkaku i|yd mo lsysmhla fhdod .ksñka k¾;kfha fhfokak'

5' jkaku$iskaÿ jkaku k¾;k i|yd Ndú; l< lia;r

s u$brÜáh$l,diu ,shkak'

6' iduQysl k¾;khla f,i jkaku$iskaÿ jkaku úúO m%ix.hg bÈßm;a lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

35
• m%ia;dr lsÍfï úê l%uh

;d,h

wurfldaI kï .%ka:fha i|yka jkafka zzls%hdfõ ld,h uekSu ;d,hZZ

njhs' fuys § ls%hdj hkq k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokj, ksr; ùu hs'

k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokh wjia:dj, § ;d, ;eîu i|yd fhdod .kq

,nk WmlrKh ;d,ïmg kï fõ' w;S;fha ;d,ïmg ye¢kajf Q ha ffl;d,u
hkqfjks' ffl hkq øúv jpkhls' tys w¾:h zzw;ZZ hkakhs' w;af,ka w;a,
;e,Sfï úl,amhla jYfhka ;d,ïmg ks¾udKh jQjd o hkak is;sh yels h'

óg wu;r j ;d,h ;eîug w;añKsh" mkaf;arej" f.Êð" ryq" is,ïnq"

.s.sß j<¨ jeks f,day NdKav úfYaI o fhdod .efka'

Tn ;d,ïmgla w;g f.k jdokh lrkak' túg ;d,ïmg úúO wdldrhg

jdokh l< yels nj Tng jgyd .; yels h' tu y~g fyd¢ka lka§ug
wjia:dj ,nd .kak' túg tla y~la úys § hk nj;a" ;j;a úfgl y~
laIKfhka we;s ù ke;s jk nj;a wikakg ,efí'

;d,ïmg mshka fol tlg jid kdo lrk úg ksl=;a jk Yíoh zz;s;aZZ
Yíoh nj;a" laIKfhka úys § hk fia ;d,ïmfÜ mshka fol tlsfklg
,siaid jdokh lsÍfuka WmÈkafka zzf;hsZZ hk y~ nj;a fmkS hhs'

ud;%d
• iqÿ r;= ly u,a
• wr f.k mka i,a

Tn by; mo fm< ;d,ïmg /f.k tla jpkhlg tla ;e<Sula muKla

lrñka ls%hdfõ fhfokak' tu jpkj, § ;d,ïmg jÈk wlaIrh rjqï lr
.kak' tu rjqï lrk ,o wlaIr wxl ^1& f,i kï lr b;sß wl=rej,g wxl
^2& hkdÈfhka kï lrkak'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
36
 $ $ $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
iq ÿ r ;= l y u ,a

wd>d;h

hï lsis jia;= folla tlg .eàfï wjia:dj wd>d;h jYfhka fmkajd

Èh yels h' k¾;kh" .dhkh" jdokh hk wjia:dj, § fï i|yd ;d,ïmg
fhdod .kq ,efí' ;d,ïmfÜ ;s;a iy f;hs f,i jÈk wjia:djka wd>d;
ia:dk jYfhka y÷kajd Èh yels h'

tla ud;%d leáhla i|yd tla wd>d;hla fhdokq ,efí' ud;%d 2" ud;%d 3"
ud;%d 4 wdÈ ;d, i|yd tla wd>d;hla fhoSu isÿ fõ'

Wod ( $ $ $ $
1 2 $ 1 2 $ 1 2 $ 1 2

tl ^1& hk i,l=K ;=< wd>d;h ;eîu ksjerÈ l%uhhs'

$ $ $ $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
iq ÿ r ;= l y u ,a

by; m%ia;drlrKfha § olakg ,efnk zziqÿZZ hk jpkfha ud;%d 2l

ld, iSudj .;a úg úNd.hla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yels h' tu m%ia;drfhka
zziqÿZZ zzr;=ZZ zzlyZZ zzu,aZZ jYfhka úNd. 4la fmkajd fokq ,efí'

ix{d i,l=Kq

m%ia;drlrKfha § Ndú; lrkakd jQ thg u úfYaI jQ ix{d fyj;a

ixfla; my; ±lafõ'

;s;a - ^
f;hs - $
wefok wlaIrhka ±laùu - - -
ksYaYío;ajh - +
wlaIr leá lr ±laùu -

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

37
 m%ia;drlrKfha § ixfla; Ndú; lrk wjia:d i|yka WodyrKhla
my; ±lafõ'

^ $ ^ $
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

W v f. o r iq ÿ md - g

lúh
/ / / /
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
+ .s ßka .s r g me k

,e .=ï - fid hd - mq nq

;ks ;sf;a fnr mo" lú mo" rnka mo m%ia;dr lsÍu

;ks ;sf;a m%fNao (

;ks ;sf;a m%fNao fldgia 03hs

iq¿ ;ks ;s; ueÿï ;ks ;s; uy ;ks ;s;

ud;%d 2+2 ud;%d 3+3 ud;%d4+4

Wod ( Wod ( Wod (

lúh lúh lúh
iqÿ r;= ly u,a boao iuka msÉp f;,au,a wrf.k
lel=¿ wms huq mkai,a

iq¿ ;ks ;s;g wh;a fnr mo m%ia;dr lsÍu ^ud;%d 2+2&

/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Wvrg fnr mo fod ñ ls ; ls ; fodï -

my;rg fnr mo re | ls g . ; fodï -

inr.uq ojq,a mo ð ñ ; . ;d - l= |

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

38
 ud;%d 2 + 2 ;d,hg ^iq¿ ;ks ;s;g& wod< rnka mo m%ia;dr lsÍu
/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Wv m, .;a ;;a jÜ gla ld -

ìu m, .;a ;;a jÜ gla ld -

Wv m, .;a ;;a ìu m, .;a ;;a

mq x Ñmqx -Ñ f.ä jÜ gla ld -

ud;%d 2 + 2 ;d,hg ^iq¿ ;ks ;s;g& wod< ,S fl<s .dhkhla m%ia;dr lsÍu

/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t l m ÷ frka - ,S -
i hla - l md - f. k
t l W i we ;s i fo
fkla - f;da - rd - f. k
.= reka - w ; g § -
,S - fn o jd - f. k
w ms;a - fl <s uq ,S -
fo ms , ie § - f. k

ud;%d 3 + 3 ;d,hg ^ueÿï ;ks ;s;& wod< ,S fl<s .dhkhla m%ia;dr lsÍu
/ / / /
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
+ br g T ì h b r uq ÿ fka -
+ is á hd - - - - - - - -

ud;%d 4 + 4 ;d,hg ^uy ;ks ;s;& wod< ,S fl<s .dhkhla m%ia;dr lsÍu
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

+ rg ,ska - we r ,d - m á f.ka - kd - ,d -
+ oÕ fr g o u ,d - f.d ; k r f.a - - -

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

39
• jkakï m%ia;dr
Wvrg ykqud jkaku

;d, rEmh ud;%d 2+ 2 ;ks ;s; ;d, rEmh

/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

l= | . ; . ; fodï -

;dku + ; kï o k;a - ;ï -

o k;a - ; kï - o k

+ ; kï o k;a - ; fk

kd - - - - - f;hs -

+ ; kï o k;a - ;ï -

o k;a - ; kï - o k

+ ; kï o k;a - ; fk

kd - - - - - - -

lúh + .s ßka .s r g me k

,e .=ï - fid hd - mq nq

+ o ñka w re K l <

ud - - - - - f.d r

+ fo ñka ke j ; j g

ms áka - n , ;s fk l

+ Wiq ¿ ú iq ¿ mq ÿ

ud - - - - - - -

lia;sru rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a

;d.a -. ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a

rex ;l ðx ;l ;ß lsg l=x o;a

;d -

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

40
 my;rg ykquka;d ;d,h isxÿ jkaku

;d, rEmh 2 + 2 ;ks ;s; ;d, rEmh

/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

fnr moh . ;s ls g . ; fodï -

.= ¢ ls g . ; fodï -

;dku f; fk kï - f; k f; fk

kd - - f; kï - f; k

f; fk kï - f; k f; fk

kd - - - - - - -

lúh i ; r ls fka - w;a -

w ;= fid ¢ fka - È ,s

rka - ; ,s fka - k j

m ¨ ú , fia - - -

brÜáh . ys ;s - . ; fodx -

.= .= | ; ß - - -

;;a - È;a - f;dx - kx -

.=ys ;s. Èß lsg .;a - ;;a -

fodï - ; l È l= | l

±ysï -

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

41
 inr.uq wks,d jkaku m%ia;drlrKh

;d, ( 2 + 2 ;ks ;s; ;d, rEmh

/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

ojq,a moh ð ñ ; . ;d - l= |

;dku ; fk kd - - - ; k

;d - k ; kï - o k

; fk kd - - - ; k

;ï - o k ;d - kd -

lúh t l ,d - - - u y

rd - c k rd - È m

je v ,d - - - b |

isx - yd - i k ms g

w ks ,d - - - y ~

fo k fuka - .= j k ;

ls h ,d - - - h k

kd - o w id - is g

l,diu ðñ lsg lsá ;l ;ß lsg lsá ;l

ðñ lsg lsá ;l ;ß lsg lsá ;l

ðñ lsg lsá ;l ;ß lsg lsá ;l

. ;s ; l= È;a - ;;a -

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

42
• wks,d jkaku i|yd my; i|yka ojq,a moh o Ndú; l< yels h'
ðx; ðñ;a;la ;lalsg lsá;l$$$
ðx; ðñ;a;la ;s;a f;hs

ld¾h m;s%ldj

iqÿiq ms<s;=r fhdod ysia;eka mqrjkak'

1' ;ks ;sf;ys m%fNao ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ls'

2' ud;%d 2la leá ùfuka ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;ks ;s; iEfoa'

3' ;d, ;eîu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;eîu hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs'

iqÿiq ms<s;=r 4 isg 8 olajd m%Yakj,g B fldgiska f;dard hd lrkak'

A B

4' ;s;a $

5' wefok wlaIrh ±laùu

6' f;hs ^

7' ksYaYío h;sh - -

8' ud;%d leá lr ±laùu +

9' l=| .; .; fodx fnr moh ud;%d 2 + 2 ;d,hg m%ia;dr lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

43
 3 mßÉfþoh

3'0 idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK

• idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav

Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhkag wdfõKsl jQ jdoH NdKav idïm%odhsl

jdoH NdKav f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' .egfnrh" my;rg fnrh" ojq," ;ïueÜgu"
Wvelalsh" w;a rndk" ;d,ïmg fï .Khg wh;a fõ' fuu NdKav jdokh lsÍfï § thska
ksmofjk wlaIr úúO fõ' idïm%odhsl jdok NdKav ieliSfï § iïu; l%u Ys,am
wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ' jdok NdKavh ieliSug .kakd ±j j¾." iï j¾." È." m<,
mrsudKhka" fnr wefiys úIalïNh ksYaÑ; mßÈ fhdod .efka' jdok NdKavfha èjks
^Yío& .=Kh r|d mj;skafka ta wkqj h' jdoH NdKavfha jHQyh o fï i|yd n,mdhs'

.eg fnrh fofjd,a fnrh

ojq, ;ïueÜgu
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
44
 Wvelalsh rndk

;d,ïmg fydrKEj

• idïm%odhsl jdok NdKav jdok wjia:d

• mkai,a - úydr - foajd,j, f;ajd fyaúis jdokhg ojq," ;ïueÜgu fydrKEj

fhdod .efka'
• foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhj, m%Odk jdoH NdKav f,i .egfnrh" my;rg
fnrh ^fofjd,a fnrh& iy ojq, Ndú; fõ'
• Wvelalhs /f.k jdokh lrñka Wvelals k¾;k ks¾udKfha fh§u idïm%odhsl
Wvrg k¾;kfha ,laIKh hs'
• k¾;k iïm%odhhkays ;d, ;eîu i|yd ;d,ïmg Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• rnka k¾;kfha § w;a rndk jdokh lrñka k¾;kfha fhfokq ,efí'
• ;d, ;eîu i|yd ;d,ïmg Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• fmryer yd úúO W;aijj, jdokh iy k¾;k ks¾udK i|yd WÑ; mßÈ
by; i|yka NdKav jdokh olakg yels h'
• wd.ñl yd iudÔh W;aij wjia:dj, § fuu idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav .dhk"
jdok yd k¾;k i|yd Ndú; fõ'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
45
• úl,am jdoH WmlrK

mßirfhka ,nd.;a øjH yd ks¾ñ; øjH Ndú; lrñka úl,am jdoH WmlrK
ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' WodyrK ( tlaiaf¾ rndk" áka fnrh" o~q fnrh ^WK ,S
fnrh& fgdksla mshka j<,a," .ia,nq ng k<dj" f.dma fld< k<dj" mkd k<dj" ,S
len,s wdÈh fõ' tu úl,am jdoH WmlrK ieliSfï § úúO Ys,am l%u Ndú; l< yels
h' ta i|yd wjYH jkafka ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh uÕska fufyhjk m%dfhda.l
s lrKfha
fh§u h' ta wkqj úl,am jdoH WmlrKj,ska y~ Wmojd .ekSug we;s,a,Su" fi,ùu"
;Ügq lsÍu$;e<Su yd msöu wdÈ úúO l%u Ys,am Ndú; l< yels fõ'

we;s,,
a Sfuka - • áka mshka m;a folla tlg we;s,a,Su
• .,a folla tlg we;s,a,Su
• áka tlla ìu we;s,a,Su
• ßðf*daï len,s folla tlg we;s,a,Su

fi,ùfuka - • áka tllg .,a leg$je,s oud fi,ùu'

• úúO m%udKfha tlaiaf¾ fld< fi,ùu yd is,s ljr
fi,ùu ^fmd,s;Ska nE.a&
• fmd,af.äfha uoh bj;a lr thg .,a leg oud fi,ùu'
• fgdksla mshka j<,a, fi,ùu'

;Ügq lsÍfuka$- • ,S folla tlg ;Ügq lsÍu$;e<Su

;e<Sfuka • tlaiaf¾ fld<hlg ;Ügq lsÍu
• ,S fmÜáhlg fyda ldâfndaâ fmÜáhlg fyda ;Ügq lsÍu
ke;fyd;a ma,diaála lEkaj,g ^nQ,sj,g& ;Ügq lsÍu'

;e<Su • l=vd ùÿre fnda;,aj,g úúO m%udKfhka c,h oud f,day

l+rlska fnda;,hg ;Ügq lsÍu'

msöfuka - • .ia,nq oKafâ uq,a fl<jrg bmshla oud msöu'

• tiaf,daka nghl isÿre ilid ngk<djla fuka ilia
lr msöu'
• .iaj, fld< j¾.j,ska k<d ieliSu'

jdok NdKav ks¾udKh lr .ekSug WodyrK lSmhla

fnrh (

fnrh fjkqjg ilia lr .; yels NdKav rdYshls' th úúO whqßka ilid

.; yels h' fnrfhys f>daIdldÍ y~ biau;= jk wdldrhg fuh ilid .;
yels h' f,dl= ma,diaála n÷klg fldagqjlska .eiSfuka úYd, Yíohla ksl=;a

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

46
 fõ' fuu fldgqfjys uq,a fldgi frÈ má t;Sfuka Yíoh úêu;a fõ'
fuf,i úúO m%udKfhka hq;a ma,diaála n÷ka jdokh i|yd fhdod .;
yels h'

úúO Yío we;s jk mßÈ jdokh

l< yels ia:dk n,kak' ^x ,l=Kq
fhdod we;s ia:dk&

áka fnrh (

áka fnr Yíoh ;shqKq h' th fldagqjlska fyda weÕs,sj,ska fyda jdokh l<
yels h' óg wu;r j úúO Yío we;s jk mßÈ jqj o ilia lr .; yels h'

áka tlla fyda fjk;a ljdldr l=yr iys; n÷kla fyda f.k tys fome;a;g
lmd .;a ne¨khlska fnr weia ilia lr .; yels h' my; i|yka mska;+rh
n,kak'

idok l%uh (

áka tflys fyda fjk;a l=yr iys; n÷fkys fyda fome;a; ysia j ;sìh hq;=
h' ne¨ka folla f.k tys uq,a fldgi lmd ljdldr fldgi" ilia lr .;a
n÷fkys fome;a;g fhdod uQK; rn¾ máhlska fyda kQ,lska ;o lr n¢kak'
fuh fldagqjlska fyda w;ska fyda jdokh l< yels h' jdoH WmlrKfha rn¾
ojgkh ueÈka weo" w;yeß úg Yíohla ksl=;a fõ' ^x i,l=K n,kak'&
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
47
 tlaif
a ¾ fnrh (

tlaiaf¾ fld<j,ska ilia l< yels rndkls' fï i|yd rjqï ke;fyd;a y;/
ia wjldYhla wjYH fõ'

idok l%uh (

wÕ,a 2-3 olajd jQ ljdldr fyda y;/ia fyda wjldYhla ilid .; hq;= h' ,S
lene,s lSmhla ta i|yd wjYH fõ' mska;+rfha mßÈ ilid .kak'

fojkq j th u;g tlaiaf¾ fld<hla ;nd ,S l| u; l=vd weK .id ;o lr

.kak' fuys § tlaiaf¾ fld<h ;og isák mßÈ ilid .; hq;= h'

fid,jkh (

áka tllg fyda ma,diaála n÷klg fyda l=vd .,a lSmhla oud .ekSfuka fuh
ilid .; yels h' Bg wu;r j me;,s Ndckhlg ^áka$ma,diaála& .,aleg
oud o ilia lr .; yels h' thg ;Ügq lsÍfuka Yío ksl=;a fõ'

úêu;a Yío ksmoúh yels NdKav

1' l=vd .ï fnda;,a lsysmhla f.k thg úúO uÜgïj,g j;=r mqrjd msöfuka
Yío bmoúh yels h' fuh isiqka lSm fofkl=g § úêu;a úúO Yío bmoúh
yels h' Bg wu;r j msôk .uka fnda;,h ;o lsÍfuka yd nqre,a lsÍfuka
Yíoh Wia my;a fõ

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

48
 2' áka tlla ^ieuka ke;fyd;a lsß áka & f.k tys tla
me;a;la újD; j wfkla me;af;a wäh ueo l=vd isÿrla lr
.kak' miq j tu isÿr ueÈka l=vd yK ,Kqjla fyda ;rula
úYd, kQ,la fyda oud w. .eg .id my<ska t,af,k fia .egh
ilia lr .kak' kQ,g N+ñf;,a iaj,amhla oud weÕs,s
follska my<g wÈkak' Yío ksl=;a fõ'
 weÕs,sj,ska
kQ, my<g
w¢kak

3' wÕ,a 1$2lska hq;a È. wä 2 - 3 olajd jQ

nghla j;=r Ndckhlg oud ngh uqLh u;
;nd f;d,aj,ska msöfuka Yío ksl=;a fjhs'

• iuQy jdok ks¾udKh

idïm%odhsl yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK Ndú; lrñka iuQy jdokhla ks¾udKh

lsÍfï § Ndú;hg .kakd jdoH NdKavhkays y~ yd jdok lrk wdldrh ms<n
s | wjfndaOhla
,nd .; hq;= h'

f;audjla wkqj iuQy jdokhla ks¾udKh lrkafka kï" tys úúO wjia:d ms<sn|
wjfndaOh wjYH fõ' WodyrK f,i fldaÉÑh f;aud lr .ksñka jdok NdKavj,ska
jdokh lsÍfï § fldaÉÑfha k<d y~" fifuka .uka lsÍu" fõ.fhka .uka lsÍu" ;sßx.
;o lsÍu wdÈ Yío ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h' tfuka u ta ta wjia:dj, Yío yd
kdo ud¾.fhka y~ ksmoùu i|yd iqÿiq jdoH NdKav f;dard .; hq;= h'

m%dix.sl wx.hla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ÿïßhfmd<ska uÕSkag ,nd fok mKsúv
jqj o jpkfhka lSfuka miq jdokh wdrïN l< yels h' ^Wod ( ;=ka jeks fõÈldfõ
kj;d we;s ÿïßh y,dj; n,d msg;a fõ' ÿïßh kj;ajkafka urodk" rd.u" cd we<"
lgqkdhl" ó.uqj hk ÿïßh ia:dkj, muKs'&

iuQy jdokh NdKavj, Yío yd kdo wkqj j¾. l< yels h' WodyrK ( fnr j¾."
áka fid,jk" k<d j¾.& jdokfha § ;d,h" ßoauh" fõ.h yd Yío kdo md,kh ms<sn|
wjfndaOh jeo.;a fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

49
 ld¾h m;s%ldj

ksjerÈ ms<s;=re imhkak'

1' idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav 4la kï lrkak'

2' idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav ieliSfï § tys èjks .=Kfha r|d meje;aug Wmldr lr
.kakd oE kï lrkak'
3' idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav jdokh lrk wjia:d kï fldg ta i|yd Ndú; lrk
jdoH NdKav fjk fjk u ,shd olajkak'
4' úl,am jdoH WmlrK fláfhka y÷kajkak'
5' úl,am jdoH WmlrK 5la kï lr" bka folla idod .kakd wdldrh úia;r
lrkak'
6' tlaiaf¾ fld<hla" ,S má" weK fhdod ilia lr .; yels úl,am jdoH WmlrKhl
rEm igykla w¢kak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

50
 4 mßÉfþoh

4'0 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkdj, miqìu yd .dhkh

• ,S fl<s lú .dhkd

.eñ ck;dj ;u úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd ,S fl<s lú .dhkh lrñka k¾;kfha

fh§ we;' .eñ Ôjk rgdj ;=< .eí j ;snQ weoys,"s úYajdi yd Tjqka ;=< ;snQ idrO¾u;a"
tluq;=lu yd iduQysl;ajh;a ,S fl<s lú uÕska úoHudk fõ' fï i|yd .eñhd ;u
woyia m%ldY lsÍug ir, nia jyrla fhdod f.k we;' tfia u" .dhkh i|yd ir, kdo
rgd yd ir, ;d, fhdod f.k ;sfí'

1' tl m÷frka ,S ihla lmd f.k

tl Wi we;s ifofkla f;dard f.k
.=reka w;g § ,S fnojd f.k
wms;a fl<suq ,S foms, ie§ f.k

2' Wohg mdhk ysre foúhka ghs

ijig mdhk i| foúhka ghs
udf.a .=rejr foudmshka ghs
je| je| mskafoñ ksjka olska ghs

3' wyfia foúfhda /ia j isákakhs

fmdf<dfõ foúfhda ìu je| .kakhs
i;r jrï foú n,d isákakhs
wo ,S fl<sfhka wm Èkjkakhs

4' brg Tìh br uqÿfka isáhd

i|g Tìh i| jg ;re isáhd
,shg Tìh iqÿ fia,h fkßhd
wmg Tìh in ueo ,S fl<shd

l<f.ä
•k¾;kh 6 fYa%Klú .dhkd
sh - w;s f¾l lshùï fmd;
51
 úfkdaodiajdoh Wfoid ks¾udKh ù we;s lú úfYaIhla f,i l<f.ä lú
ye¢kafõ' fuu lúj,ska ldka;djka l<h /f.k Èhg hEu " ldka;d yevrej yd rEm
iajNdjh" Tjqka iakdkh lrñka Wiq¿ úiq¿ lsÍu' l<h ks¾udKh lr .kakd wdldrh
tys we;s jákdlu" iduQysl;ajh yd wfkHdakH iqyo;ajh wdÈh ms<sn| j lshefõ'

fuu lú l<f.ä kegqu i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r" tajd b;d ir, kdoud,dj,ska"
;d,rgdj,ska yd ir, nia jyrlska hqla; fõ'

1' wyig msôkd trka lf<ahd

fmdf<djg msôkd nQ+ñ lf<ahd
rkauiq oyila ják lf<ahd
fkdì¢ka kEfkda uf.a lf<ahd

2' cf,a fid|hs nei,d mSkka g

úf,a fid|hs u,a .en fudarkak g
ñf,ag j;a l< §,d .kak g
lf<a fid|hs fï <|g msôkak g

3' ,;a muKg ueá bÈ lrjd f.k

m;a ì|,d l<f.ä iojd f.k
w;a kEr u l<f.ä f;dard f.k
is;a if;diska l< msôuq ie§ f.k

• jkakï .dhkh

zzjkakïZZ hkq ( Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhka ;=kg u fmdÿ jQjls'
fïjd rpkd ù we;af;a .dhkh i|yd jqj o" miqld,Sk j k¾;kh i|yd o fhdod f.k
we;' Wvrg yd inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhj, § jkakï hk kñka o" my;rg k¾;k
iïm%odfha § ziskaÿ jkakïZ hk kñka o fïjd y÷kajkq ,efí'

Wvrg jkakï uykqjr lúldr uvqj o" my;rg iskaÿ jkakï fojqkaor Wmq,ajka
foajd,h o" inr.uq jkakï iuka foajd,h o wdYs%; j ks¾udKh ù we;'

ta wkqj" tla tla k¾;k iïm%odhh wkqj jkakïj, kdoud,d ieliS we;' iEu
jkakul u kdoud,dj zz;dkuZZ uÕska ms<sìUq fõ' tla tla jkakï i|yd idïm%odhsl
fnr mo we;'

^msgq wxl 32 isg 35 olajd we;=<;a lr we;s jkakï .dhkd Ndú;hg .kak'&

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

52
 5 mßÉfþoh
5'0 YS%S ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd ixialD;sl
miqìu

• .=re f.or ms<n

s | f;dr;=re

w;S;fha .=re f.or" .%dóh wOHdmkfha flakaøia:dkh úh' tod .=rejrhd <Õg f.dia
bf.k .;a ld,h mßj¾;kh ù we;af;a fudk ;rï fjkia wdldrhg o@

wOHdmkh yeoErùug .=rejrhdf.a f.org f.dia ;u orejd Ndr fok foudmsfhdaa

orejdg .=rejrhdf.a ish¨ jev lghq;=j,g iyh fjñka wOHdmkh m%dfhda.sl j
w;aú£ug wjia:dj ,nd ÿkay' ta uÕska jrog o~qjï ,eîu" wKg lSlre ùu" ms<f
s j<lg
jev lsÍu wdÈ fndfyda hym;a Ôjk w;a±lSï Tyqg ,nd .; yels úh'

.=rekakdkafia iuÕ fnrh lf¾ ,d f.k miqmiska .uka .kakd f.da,hdg fnrfha
,lnqre, wkqj jdokh yqre lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| yi< ±kqula ,nd .ekSug ms<sjk'
tfia u" Ydka;sl¾u ieris,sj, § f.dmafld< we,a,Su" ishqï leghï lemSug fm,Uùu
wdÈ w;a±lSï uÕska wdOqksl Ys,amshd fyd| mkakrhla ,nd .kS' fufia l,la .;ùfuka
miq wdOqkslhd ish¨ Ydia;% m%.=K lr.;a Ys,amshl= njg m;a fõ'

.=re jkaokd .dhkd

1' jk.f;a msms u,a folla fuka

fu wm we;s l< ujq mshka
úydfrg ;enq rka fld;la fuka
Ys,am ÿka uf. .=re ;=uka

2' jg;a isákd ish¨ uy;=ks

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
53
 ÿg;a jrola iudjka
wo;a fuu fk¾;hg m<uqj
j¢ñ uu uf. .=re ;=uka

• .=re f.or yd ine|s k¾;k wOHdmkfha pdß;%

• .=re f.org foudmshka iuÕ f.dia nq,;a yqre,a,la § k¾;kh yeoErùug

orejd .=rejrhdg Ndr§u'
• .=re kuialdrh ^.=re jkaokd .d:d&
• oKaä l|g kuialdr lsÍu
• jeäysáhkag .re lsÍu
• jdoH NdKav iy rx. jia;%dNrKj,g .re lsÍu
• jeäysá wkqms<sfj< wkqj Ys,amSkag .re lsÍu'

.=re f.or wOHdmkh yd ine|s pdß;%" idrO¾u fndfyda úg foaYSh ixialD;sh yd

YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

mka;s ldurfha § f;rejka keu£u" fkd tfia kï wd.ug uq,a ;ek § lghq;=
lsÍu fuka u fjk;a ´kE u ld¾hhl § úfYaIfhka k¾;k$Ydka;sl¾u wdrïNfha §
tu idrO¾u tla lr .ekSu uÕska wd.u oyug <eÈhdjla we;s mqoa.,hl= f,i lghq;=
lsÍu ixialD;sl w.hla f,i ±laúh yels h'

mdjyka .,jd mka;s ldurhg m%fõY ùu" rÕuv,g m%fõY ùu wdÈ jYfhka ta
W;=ï ia:dk mdo iam¾Y lsÍu uÕska ta ta mú;% ia:dkj,g .re lsÍug mqreÿ mqyqKq ùu
jeo.;a fõ' .=re f.or § .=rejrhd keu| Tyqf.ka wdYs¾jdo ,nd f.k Ys,am wdrïN
lsÍfuka ´kE u hym;a ls%hdjl § jeäysáhka f.ka wdYS¾jdo ,nd f.k lghq;= lsÍug
fm,fUkq we;' .=re f.or § tfuka u mka;s ldurfha § fyda iudcfha § fyda jeäysáhkag
.re lrñka ta whf.a wdYS¾jdoh u; ;u lghq;= i|yd Ñ;a; ffO¾h we;s lr .kS'
ksr;=re k¾;kfha fhfok Ys,amshd mdif,a §" mka;s ldurfha §" iudcfha § m%cdj iuÕ
lghq;= lsÍfï § iduQysl yeÕSfuka hq;= j kdhl;ajhg .re lrñka lghq;= lrhs' tfia
u" YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj wdrlaId jk mßÈ ixialD;sldx. wdrlaId lsÍug o fya fm,fò'

we.hSï ld¾h m;s%ldj

1' .=re f.or wOHdmkh uÕska Tn W.;a pdß;% 2la yd idrO¾u 2la kï lrkak'
2' .=re jkaokd .dhkhla ksjerÈ kdoud,djg wkqj .dhkh lrkak'

• foaYh
S k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine¢ f;dr;=re

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

54
 foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhfhda

foaYh
S k¾;k iïm%odhhka jYfhka y÷kajkafka Wvrg k¾;kh" my;rg
k¾;kh yd inr.uq k¾;kh hs' fuu k¾;k iïm%odhhka m%p,s; m%foaY"
Ndú; lrk rx. jia;%dNrK" jdokh lrk NdKav wdÈh tlsfklg fjkia
iajrEmhla .kS' th fufia j.= .; lr ±laúh yels h'

k¾;k iïm%odhh m%p,s; m%foaY m%Odk we÷ï lÜg, m% O dk jdµ

w;=ßka tlla NdKavh
uykqjr"
Wvrg k¾;k l=reKE.," lE.,a, fjia we÷ï lÜg,h .egfnrh
iïm%odhh ''''''''''
.d,a," ud;r" f;,afï$fofjd,a$ fofjd,a fnrh
my;rg k¾;k ;x.,a," fnka;r" jä.mgqk we÷ï ^my;rg fnrh"
iïm%odhh fydrK'''''''''' lÜg,h hla fnrh&

r;akmqr" l=reúg mn¿ we÷ï lÜg,h ojq,

inr.uq k¾;k l,jdk u,amoh we÷ï
iïm%odhh n,xf.dv'''' lÜg,h

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

55
 f;,afu we÷ï lÜg,h
fjia we÷ï lÜg,h
^my;rg iïm%odhh&
^Wvrg iïm%odhh&

mn¿ we÷ï lÜg,h

^inr.uq iïm%odhh&

• foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhhka m%j¾Okhg odhl jQfjda

foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhhka m%j¾Okhg odhl;ajh

foaYSh k¾;k iïm%odhhka jk Wvrg k¾;k iïm%odhh" my;rg k¾;k

iïm%odhh iy inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhh hk k¾;k iïm%odh ;s%;ajfha
k¾;k wx. Ydka;s l¾u u; mokï ù we;' tu Ydka;s l¾uj, .eí jQ
idïm%odhsl k¾;k wx. ta whqßka wdrlaId lr .ksñka yd ixj¾Okh lrñka
tajd bÈß mrïmrdjg odhdo lsÍug wfma merKs m%ùK k¾;k Ys,amSka buy;a
fjfyila ord we;'

ks ;;
a fj, .=Khd
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
56
 1906 § Wm; ,o ks;a;fj, .=Khd .=re;=ud" Wvrg kegqu m%N+ iudcfha
wjOdkhg ,la fkdù ;snQ hq.hl th iudcfha wjOdkhg ,la l<d fia u"
idïm%odhsl Wvrg k¾;kh m%dix.sl fõÈldjg iqÿiq f,i ilia lsÍfï
mqfrda.dñhd o úh' tfia u" cd;Hka;r ;,hg Wvrg k¾;kh f.k hEug
lghq;= lf<a h' ks¾udKlrKhg Wr foñka jkakï 18g wu;r j iuk<
jkaku ks¾udKh lf<a h' fï wdldrhg bgq l< udyeÕs fiajh w.hñka
1950 jif¾ § t;=udf.a rej we;=<;a ;eme,a uqoaorhla ksl=;a lr we;'

tka' ta' isßfndaydñ

inr.uqfõ me,auvq,a," ikakia.u Ôj;a jQ fu;=ud inr.uq uvq iïm%odhfha"

ojq,a jdokhg yd .dhkhg w;s olaI weÿre;=fuls' inr.uq k¾;kh b.ekaùug
l,dh;khla mj;ajd f.k hñka tuÕska ;ukaf.a orejkag;a wfkl=;a ore
le,g;a inr.uq k¾;kh ms<sn| ±kqu yd m%dfhda.sl l=i,;dj ,nd §ug .;a
W;aidyh m%YxikSh fõ' foaYmd,ksl n,j;=kaf.a wdOdrh /f.k úhelS hk
inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh mdi,a moaO;shg we;=¿ lsÍug mjd mqfrda.dó jQ
ks¾jHdc l,dlrefjls' Ydka;sl¾uj,g iSud ù ;snQ inr.uq k¾;k l,djg
l,t<shla ,nd foñka rislhkaf.a riúkaokhg md;% lrùug fjfyi ±rE
fu;=ud inr.uq kegqu W.;=kaf.a yd úpdrlhkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq lsÍfï
;;a;ajhg f.k taug iqúYd, fufyhla bgq lf<a h'

fu;=ud k¾;khg fia u ojq,a jdokhg o w;solaI" yd Ydka;s l¾u ms<sn|

yi< ±kqula we;s weÿre;=fuls' Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd inr.uq k¾;k
iïm%odhh m%j¾Okhg uy;a W;aidyhla .;af;a h' rcfha kegqï yd uqødkdgH
úoHd,hfha ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i o fu;=ud lghq;= lf<a h' inr.uq
k¾;kh wo m%dix.sl fõÈldfõ mjd w;HjYH wx.hla ù ;sîfï f.!rjh
fu;=udg ysñ úh hq;= h'

tia'tÉ' iõßia is,ajd uy;d

iqj| yekakeÈf.a iõßia is,ajd uy;df.a Wmka .u ;x.,a, hs' 1896 j¾Ifha
Wm; ,o fu;=ud isxy," md,s" ixialD; NdId ms<sn| j o yi< ±kqula we;af;ls'
my;rg kegqï ms<sn| olaI k¾;k Ys,amsfhls' m%ùK .=rejrfhls' my;rg
k¾;k l,dj m%p,s; lsÍug;a" m%dix.sl l,djla f,i kQ;k fõÈldjg
f.k taug;a lghq;= l< fu;=ud" rcfha l,dh;kfhys ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl=
f,i o lghq;= lf<a h'

1948 § chka;s l,dh;kh ìys lrñka isiqkag ismai;r ,nd ÿkafka h' 1958

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

57
 fojk t<sifn;a /ðk ,laÈjg meñKs wjia:dfõ meje;a jQ m%ix.fha m%Odk
k¾;k Ys,amshd jQfha o fu;=ud h' fu;=udf.a lD;s"

1965 - my;rg kegqï ^my;rg kegqï ms<sn| m%:u isxy, .%ka:h&

1971 - iQkshï Ydka;sh

1982 § wNdjm%dma; jQ fu;=udf.a k¾;k rx. jia;%dNrK lÜg,h ±kg cd;sl

fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a fldg we;'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

58
 6 mßÉfþoh

6'0 úúO l,dx.j, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï

• uy iuka foajd, fmryer

uy iuka foajd,h msyg

s d we;af;a r;akmqr k.rhg kqÿßka foajdf,a.u kï .%dufha
h' inr.uq m<df;a mQckSh ia:dkh jQ fuh wdrïNfha § isßmd u¿fõ msysá njg
idlaIH ;sfí' fuu foajd,fha jd¾Isl j mj;ajkq ,nk m%Odk;u W;aijh f,i wei<
fmryer ±laúh yels h'

iuka foajd, fmryer yd ne¢ pdß;% (

fuu pdß;% m%Odk jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fnod ±lafõ'

1' Èkm;d mj;ajk pdß;%
2' i;sm;d zz zz
3' jd¾Isl j zz zz

Èkm;d mj;ajk pdß;%

1' w¨hï OQrfha f;ajdj
2' ys,au f;ajdj
3' uy f;ajdj ^oyj,a&
4' fnd,meka f;ajdj
5' yeka±ÿrfha f;ajdj
6' uy f;ajdj ^rd;s% ld,h&

i;sm;d mj;ajk pdß;%

1' nodod yd fikiqrdod mj;ajk mQcd

jd¾Isl mQcd
1' w¨;a iy,a ux.,Hh
2' w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh
3' b,auy ld¾;sl W;aijh
4' wei< fmryer W;aijh

• iuka foajd, fmryer yd ne¢ k¾;k jdok wjia:d

wei< udifha meje;afjk inr.uqfõ iuka foajd, fmryer l=U,a fmryer"

fofõf,a fmryer yd rkafoda,s fmryer hkqfjka fmryer ;=klska iukaú; fõ' Èk
15la mqrd wei< fmryer meje;afõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

59
 fmryer meje;aùu i|yd kele;a ilia lsÍu" lma isgqùu" kdkquqr ux.,Hh jeks
uQ,sl pdß;% m<uqfjka isÿ lrkq ,efí'

msß;a iÊ®dhkd lsÍfuka fmryer pdß;% wdrïN lrkq ,efí' bka miq j
fmryerg iïnkaO jk ish¨ fokd u k¾;k Ys,amSka yd fm<.eiS fmryerg iQodkï
fj;s' fmryer msg;a ùu i|yd wKfok fjä,a, m;a;= lrhs'

fmryef¾ uq,ska u .uka lrkafkda lilrefjda yd .sksfnda,lrefjda h' bka miq

mqrdK pdß;%hla jQ uynUd /f.k hEu ^uynUd flda,u& j¾;udkfha o ±l .; yels h'
fuh iuka foajd, fmryef¾ olakg ,efnk úfYaI u wx.hls' uynUd flda,u
fmryef¾ uq,ska u .uka lrùfuka" isÿ jk ish¨ úm;a ÿre jk njg úYajdihla
ck;dj ;=< f.dvkeÕS we;'

fmruqfKa rd, yd fyaúis jdolfhda" k¾;k Ys,amSyq" w,s we;=ka iys; o<od lr~qj
/.;a yia;s rdchd Bg msgqmiska .uka lr;s'

bka miq m;a;sks fmryef¾ ldka;dfjda iqÿ jia;% we| foda,dj wi,ska .uka lr;s'

iuka foú fmryef¾ iuka foaj wdNrK" foda,dj yd l=udr r:h wdÈh /f.k hkq
,efí' th ìfida fmryer" l=udr fmryer" iuka foõ rc fmryer hkqfjka y÷kajkq
,efí' fuys § o fyaúis jdolfhda iy inr.uq k¾;k Ys,amSyq iyNd.s fj;s' fufia
fyaúis jdok lKavdhï fmrgq j inr.uq k¾;k we÷ï lÜg,fhka ieriqKq k¾;k
lKavdhï o iuka foajd, fmryerg iyNd.s jk w;r" Wvrg fjia kegqï" mkaf;are yd
Wvelals k¾;k lKavdhï fuka u úúO ck kegqï wdÈh o ±l .; yels h' tfia u"
my;rg f;,afu" fofjd,a" jä.mgqk wdÈ k¾;k yd úfYaIfhka fmryer wjidkfha
ks, we÷ñka ieriqKq ks,Odß uKav,h .uka lsÍu mqrdKfha isg mej; tk isß;ls'

rkafoda,s fmryer wjidk Èkhg miq Èk" oyj, Èh lemSfï pdß;%h isÿ lrkq
,efí' fmryer W;aijh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksud jkafka .rdhl=u keàfuks'

w;S;fha fuu fmryer iufha § foajd,fhys meje;afjk pdß;% w;ßka ;j;a

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

60
jeo.;a pdß;%hls" È.af.hs kegqu' fï i|yd iyNd.s ù we;s lkHdjka y÷kajd we;af;a
udKslH uyf.,d kñks' fuh ,diH k¾;khls' tfuka u .dhkdjkag wkqj kgkq
,nk k¾;khla f,i o ±laúh yels h'

fufia n,k l," YS% ,xldfõ meje;afjk fmryer w;r iuka foajd, fmryerg
iqúfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ'

ld¾h m;s%ldj

my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

1' inr.uq iuka foajd, fmryef¾ uQ,sl pdß;% úê 3la kï lrkak'

2' uynUd flda,u fmryef¾ /f.k hEfuka wfmalaId lrkafka l=ula o@
3' iuka foajd, fmryer .uka lrk wkqms<sfj< fláfhka olajkak'
4' iuka foajd,h yd ne¢ pdß;% úê j¾. fldg" bka tlla úia;r lrkak'

• øúv .eñ kegqï ms<n

s | ye¢kaùu

1' fiïnq 2' flda,dÜgï

.eñ kegqï f,dalfha iEu rgl u ±lsh yels h' .eñ ck;djf.a úúO Ôjk
jD;a;Ska yd w;a±lSï wkqj .eñ kegqï ks¾udKh ù we;' ta ta rgj,g wdfõKsl ,laIK
miqìï lr .ksñka .eñ kegqï ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'

ir, nj" iduQysl iyNd.s;ajh" tulu wdos iqúfYaI ,laIK fuu l,dx.hg fmdÿ
h' úúO cd;Ska w;r úúO .eñ kegqï ±lsh yels jqj;a" øúv ck;djf.a .eñ kegqï yd
isxy, ck;djf.a .eñ kegqï ta w;ßka úfYaI fõ' ljr fyhska o h;a isxy, .eñ
kegqïj,g iudk;d we;s øúv .eñ kegqï we;s neúks' ta w;ßka fiïnq yd flda,dÜgï
m%Odk fõ'

fiïnq" isxy, .eñ kegqïj, l< kegqug o" flda,dÜgï ,S fl<s kegqug o
iudk;d olajhs' fuu .eñ kegqï i|yd øúv .dhkd Ndú; lrhs'

fiïnq kegqï

• ldka;djka i|yd jQ kegqï úfYaIhla ùu'

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha mßyrKh lrkq ,nk fiïnqj fï i|yd Ndú; lsÍu'
• j;=r f.k tau" j;=r biSu jeks ir, ls%hd wdY%fhka fuu k¾;kdx.h
ks¾udKh lr f.k ;sîu'
• ir, .S; fhdod f.k ;sîu'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

61
 • øúv ixialD;shg .e<fmk f,i rx. jia;% ks¾udKh ù ;sîu'
• ir, rgd Ndú; lsÍu'
• úfkdaodiajdoh

fiïnq kegqulg fhdod .; yels ir, mo 2la ks¾udKh lsÍu

• isiqka ixLHdj wkqj tla lKavdhula fyda

lKavdhï lsysmhla iefokak'
• .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh iuÕ .S;h ;d, ;nñka
lsysm jdrhla .dhkh lrkak'
• fiïnqj Wrysfia fyda ysfia fyda ;nd f.k
w;ska th w,a,d f.k ;d,hg .uka lrkak'
^lKavdhu rjqul wdldrhg o .uka l<
yels h'&
• tla tla f lkd w;r ÿr m% u dKh iu
;;a;ajhlg mj;ajd .ekSug ie,ls,su;a
jkak'
• .e<fmk ;j;a p,khla ks¾udKh lsÍug lKavdhï yd tla fiïnq j ;= lrkak'
j lghq
• fï wdldrfhka .e<fmk p,k lKavdhï w;ßka u ks¾udKh jkq we;'
.=re;=udf.a iyh fï i|yd m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
• fï wdldrfhka rx. rgd ;=< yeisfrñka iqÿiq p,k lsysmhla ;=<ska ksudjla
we;s fiïnq rx.khla ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'

flda,dÜgï

• merKs .eñ k¾;k

wx.hla jk w;r"
ldka ; dfjda fuu
kegq u g iyNd.s
fj;s'
• ,S folla ;d,hg
.iñka b;d u ir,
mo fhdod .ksñka
k¾;k ks¾udKh
lrkq ,efí'

• fï yd iïnkaO j
flda,dÜgï

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

62
 m%nkaO jQ ir, .S; fhdod .ekSu iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'
• ir, rgd Ndú; lrñka w,xldrj;a whqßka ,S fol yiqrejñka k¾;k ks¾udKh
lrkq ,efí'
• øúv ixialD;shg .e<fmk f,i rx. jia;% ks¾udKh ù we;'

• mskak,a flda,dÜgï
hkqfjka o ;j;a k¾;k
wx.hla olakg ,efí'
• lKqjlg n¢k ,o
,Kq má ,Shlg
iïnkaO lrñka
lKqj jfÜ rgd
fudaia;rhla úhñka
rÕ ±laùu fuys
úfYaI;ajhhs'
• úfYaIfhka
ff;fmdx.,a jeks
wd.ñl W;aijhkays mskak,a flda,dÜgï
fuh olakg we;s w;r" wo úfkdaoh wruqKq lr .;a
iudc W;aijhkays § o Ndú; flf¾'

flda,dÜgï kegqulg fhdod .; yels ir, mo 2la ks¾udKh lsÍu'

• isiqka ixLHdj wkqj tla lKavdhula fyda lKavdhï lsyms hla fyda iEfokak'
• .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh yd tla j .S;fha ;d, rEmh yd kdoud,dj y÷kd .kak'
• lsysm jdrhla .S;h fyd¢ka .dhkh lrñka mqyqKq jkak'
• m<uq j .S;fha kdoud,djg wkqj ,S w;g .;a oE; bk u; ;nd f.k rjqulg
.uka lrkak' ^m<uq j ú¿U fmdf<djg ;eîu;a" Wrysi bÈßhg" ol=Kg"
jug jYfhka yeÍu;a iys; j&
• l%ufhka ,S .iñka rjqfï hkak' fuys § my<g yd by<g jYfhka ,S .iñka
hEfuka rx.kh jvd;a w,xldr jkq we;'
• rjqu ;=< u ;j;a rgdjla ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' fuh o b;d u ir, h'
fuys § rjqï folla f,i ilia ù tla lKavdhula p,kh lrñka rjqfï tla
me;a;lg .uka lsÍu;a" wfkla lKavdhu rjqfï wfkla me;a;g;a ;d,hg
mdo ;nñka m<uq wdldrfhka u ,S .iñka ;d,hg .uka lsÍu'
• fuys § o tlsfkld w;r ÿr m%udKh iu j ;nd .ekSu ;=<ska ks¾udKh
jvd;a w,xldr jkq we;'
• .e<fmk ;j;a p,k lsysmhla u fï whqßka b;d ir, j ks¾udKh lr
.ekSug Tng yels jkq we;'
• fï i|yd .=re;=udf.a$.=re;=ñhf.a iydh jeo.;a jk w;r" ta ;=<ska jvd;a
w,xldrj;a k¾;k ks¾udKhlg iyNd.s ùug yels jkq we;'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
63
 Tng Ndú;hg .; yels ir, rgd lsysmhla

1' lKavdhï fol A yd B jYfhka is;uq'

2' A lKavdhu rjqfï tla ÈYdjlg;a" B lKavdhu rjqfï wfkla ÈYdjg;a
;d,hg .uka l< yels h'

1' tla lKavdhula rjqfï we;=<g .uka lsÍu'

2' wfkla lKavdhu rjqfï isg msg;g .uka lsÍu' fuh lKavdhï folla tl
úg l< yels h'

1' A lKavdhu fma<sfha tla me;a;lg;a

2' B lKavdhu fma<sfha wfkla me;a;g;a ,S .iñka fyda l< /f.k fyda ;d,hg
.uka lsÍu'

óg wu;r j fjk;a iqÿiq rx. rgd yd fudaia;r ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'

• fjila W;aijh ye¢kaùu

nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a Ôú;fha jeo.;a isÿ ùï ;=k jk bm§u" nqÿ ùu iy

msßksjka mEu hk f;uÕ=, isysm;a lsÍu i|yd fn!oaO ck;djg fjila fmdfyda Èkh
jeo.;a fõ' iEu jirla mdid u wfma rfÜ fuka u f,dalfha ;j;a fn!oaO rgj,a jk
cmdkh" ;dhs,ka;h" nqreuh ^ñhkaudrh& jeks rgj, o fjila fmdfydh w;sW;al¾Ij;a
f,i nqoaOd,ïnk mS%;sfhka iurk iqúfYaI wd.ñl W;aijhls'

bm§u

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

64
 nqÿ ùu

msßksjka mEu

ieu jirl u uehs udifha § fjila fmdfyda Èkh fhfohs' fuu ld,fha § .ia je,a
u,ska m,ska nr ù mßirh o buy;a isßhdjlska Èia fjhs'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

65
 fjila W;aij Èkhkays § Tn ±l we;s úúO wjia:djka u;lhg .ksñka my;
i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak' fuys § j.= .; f;dr;=re i|yd tlÕ fõ kï yrs ;Srfha
o tlÕ fkdfõ kï jerÈ ;Srfha × i,l=Kq fhdokak'

yß jerÈ

1' fjila W;aijfha § ieris,s ks¾udKh lsÍu jeo.;a

wx.hls'

2' fjila Èkj, § wd.ï fNaofhka f;dr j wi,ajdiSyq

kEoE - ys;ñ;=frda talrdYs ù fjila isß krU;s'

3' fn!oaO ne;su;ayq muKla fjfyr úydr jkaokdudk

lsÍug pdßldjkays fhfo;s'

4' ish¨ fokdf.a iyfhda.fhka fmryer yd úúO

mskalï wdÈh mj;ajkq ,efí'

5' mdif,a fyda mkaif,a fyda YS, jHdmdrj,g iyNd.s

fj;s'

6' fjila W;aijh i|yd okai,la ixúOdkh lsÍu

jeo.;a wx.hls'

7' fjila Nla;s .S; .dhkh b;d jeo.;a ixialD;sl

wx.hls'

• fjila W;aijh yd ine¢ l,dx. ks¾udK

fjila W;aijh yd ine¢ ieris,s

úfYaIfhka fjila Èkfha § fkdfhla yevhg ilia l< w,xldr myka l+vq ieu
ksjil u o,ajkq ,efí' tÈkg úydr ìu msßisÿ fldg fn!oaO fldäj,ska irikq ,nk
w;r k.rfha ùÈj, o fn!oaO fldä t,a,kq ,efí' ieu ksjila u" ùÈhla u yd
k.rhla u rd;s% ld,fha § úÿ,s myka yd úÿ,s nqnq¿je,a wdÈfhka wdf,dalj;a lrkq
,efí'

;j o" myka l+vq ;r. meje;aùu isÿ lrk w;r" cd;l l;d iy nqÿ isß; miqìï
lr .ksñka o¾YkSh f;drK ks¾udKh lrkq o ±l .; yels h' fuu f;drK m%o¾Ykh
lrk ia:dkj, § úßÿ yd lú .dhkh o iqúfYaI wx.hls'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
66
• fjila W;aijh yd ine¢ k¾;k" .dhk" jdok wjia:d

fuu fmdfydh ksñ;s fldg mj;ajk ;j;a úÑ;%j;a wx.hka f,i Nla;s .S;
ikao¾Yk" fjila kdgH" mdi,a" oyï mdi,a iy úúO wdh;k uÕska ixúOdkh flf¾'

• fjila W;aijh yd ine¢ idrO¾u

fjila isß keröug hk ck;djg wdydrmdk wdÈh ,nd §u i|yd okai,a

ixúOdkh lsÍu iqúfYaI mqKH ls%hdjla f,i ±laúh yels h' óg wu;r j mqxÑ orejka
úiska u,a okai,a mj;ajkq ,nhs' weia fmkSu
ÿ¾j, wh i|yd weia lKaKdä ,nd §u" wdndê;
whg frdao mqgq yd lsy,
s l
s re jeks wdOdrl m%odkh
lsÍu yd f,a oka §u jeks mskalï o fuÈk
fkdfhl=;a ixúOdk uÕska isÿ flf¾'
hy¿ - fhfy<shka fuka u kEoE ys;
ñ;=rka iuÕ iqyo;ajh f.dvkeÕSug fjila
iqnme;=ï yqjudre lsÍula isÿ jk w;r" th
iudc iyÔjkh f.dvkeÕSug o fya;= fjhs'

w,xldr myka l+vq yd f;drK wdÈ

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
67
l,dx. ks¾udKh fldg m%o¾Ykh lsÍu uÕska krUkakkag o uy;a wdiajdohla ,nd foa'

fuf,i fn!oaOhkag jeo.;a jQ fjila W;aijh w¾:j;a f,i iurkq ,efí'

tfia u fjila iuh wkH wd.ñlhkag o i;=g" úfkdaoh" Nla;sh we;s lrjk ld,hls'

zzffjYdLH ux.,HhZZ kñka y÷kajk fuu fjila W;aijh fn!oaO ck;djf.a

w;sW;al¾Ij;a b;d jeo.;a wd.ñl W;aijh fõ'

• ysreg l<.=K olajk ff;fmdx.,a

iuia; Ôùkag ;u Ôú;h wdrïN lsÍug;a Ôjh mj;ajd f.k hEug;a ysre
foúfhda Wmldr fj;s' ysre ^Èks÷& iajNdj O¾uhdf.a wmQ¾j ueùuls' iajNdj O¾uhdf.a
wmQ¾j ueùula jQ ßú u~,g ^ysre u~,g& mQfcdamydr olajk yskaÿkaf.a úfYaI Èkhla
f,i ff;fmdx.,a Èkh ye¢kaúh yels h'
lDIs l¾udka;fhka Ôj;a jk f.dùka ;u f.dú;ek ireidr lr .ekSug;a
jvd;a M,odhS wiajekakla ,nd §ug;a
ufyda m ldr jQ ys r e foúhka g fuu
W;aijfha § m%:ufhka mQfcdamydr olajkq
,efí' fuys § ;uka fk<d .;a
wiajekafka w.%Nd.h ^uq,a fldgi& iQ¾h
foúhka wìhi lsß W;=rejd lsßn;la iod
mqokq ,efí'

fuu Nla;s mQ¾jl wjia:dj uÕska

is ÿ jka f ka ys r e foúhka g lD;.= K
ie,lS u ls ' ys k a ÿ ixia l D;s l W;a i j
wj ia:djla jk fuu W;ai jh
ff;fmdx.,a kñka y÷kajhs'

• ff;fmdx.,a hkq (

wjqreoafoa uq,a udih jk ckjdß

udih zff;Z udih kñka y÷kajhs' ckjdß 15 Èkg fuu Èkh fh§ we;' lDIsl¾udka;fha
§ f.dùka w¨;a wjqreoafoa ;u Èúh wdrïN lrk Èkh fuka u jev wdrïN lrk Èkh
o fõ' lDIsl¾uhg ke;fyd;a f.dú;ekg Wmldr jk iajNdj O¾uhd jkaokdudk
lsÍug yska¥ka wjia:dj lr .kafka fuu ff;fmdx.,a Èk W;aijh hs'
• ff;fmdx.,a W;aij ieris,s (

ff;fmdx.,a Èkfha ksjeisfhda WoEikska u wjÈ fj;s' iakdkh fldg msßisÿ

ù ish ksji o mú;% fldg ysre foúhkag ;u ksjig meñfKk f,i lrk weßhqula
f,iska úÑ;%j;a f,i ieris,s lr;s' j¾Kj;a l< iy,a msá" lyl=vq fhdod .ksñka iqÿiq
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
68
ia:dkhl zflda,ïZ kï úÑ;%j;a rgd fmdf<dj u; ks¾udKh lr;s' fuu rgd ueo mqka
l,i" fmd,af;,a yd myka ;n;s' tfuka u ieris,s i|yd wU fld<" fldfydU fld<"
f.dma fld< hkdÈh o fhdod .ks;s' fmd,af;,a mykska ksjfia ish¨ ÿlaLfodaIdkaOldr
ksud ù f.dia kj wdf,dalhla Wod ùu;a" mqka l,iska ish¨ hi biqre <Õd ùu;a
ixfla;j;a flfrhs' fuu N+ñfha Wla .ia isgqùula o isÿ flf¾'

• W;aij yd ne¢ pdß;% (

ysre Wod jk fudfyd; ff;fmdx.,a Èkfha iqúfYaI kel; hs' ta fudfydf;a

ksjfiys fodrgqj wi, kef.kysr foig uqyqK ,d ;ekQ <smla u; lsß b;srùu flfrhs'
lsß W;=rejk wjia:dfõ w¨;a
yd,a uq Ü áhg ouk w;r"
ñksii a q iQ¾h foúhka foi n,d
;u ¥ o rej ka i uÕ
zzfmdx. f,da " fm dx., aZZ
hkqfjka Nla;sfhka hq;= j
iQ ¾ h jka o kfhys fhfo;s '
fmdx.,a n; fuu pdß;% -
jdß;% w;r iqúfYaI jQjls' uqx"
;," yl=re" iQlsß iy t<lsß
fhdod b;d rij;a j msi.kakd
fuu n; ilia lrkq ,nkafka
ksjiska msg; § h'

fufia iQ¾h jkaokdj ksud jqj;a miq Èk zzudÜgqmafmdx.,aZZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjk

;j;a W;aijhla ;u f.dú;ekg wdOdr Wmldr jk i;=ka Wfoid mj;ajkq ,efí' fuu
W;aijh yska¥ka úiska b;d by<ska mj;ajkq ,efí' zudvqZ hkq øúv niska iïm; hkak
hs' oñ< ixialD;sfhys .jhd iïm;la fia i,lkq ,nhs' fuÈk .jhka" t¿jka jeks
f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g Wmldr jk i;=ka kyjd w,xldr lr;s' mQfcdamydr mj;ajkq
,nkafka yjia hdufha § .jy,a
yd t¿ .d,aj, h' tu ia:dk
fyd¢ka Y=oO
a mú;% lr f.du msßhï
lr iqÿ yqkqj,ska rgd is;a;ï lr
w,xldr lr;s' w¨;a <smla ne|
kejq ï uq Ü áhl ls ß W;= r jd
lsßn;la msi .ks;s' tys § lsß
b;sfrk úg zzwdgqma fmdx.,a udÜgq
fmdx.,a fmdx.f,da fmdx.,a Z Z
hkq f jka hÈñka mQ f cda m ydr
mj;aj;s'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

69
mQfcdamydr mj;ajkq ,nkafka yjia hdufha § .jy,a yd t¿ .d,aj, h' tu ia:dk
fyd¢ka Y=oaO mú;% lr f.du msßhï lr iqÿ yqkqj,ska rgd is;a;ï lr w,xldr lr;s'
w¨;a <smla ne| kejqï uqÜáhl lsß W;=rjd lsßn;la msi .ks;s' tys § lsß b;sfrk úg
zzwdgqma fmdx.,a udÜgq fmdx.,a fmdx.f,da fmdx.,aZZ hkqfjka hÈñka mQfcdamydr mj;aj;s'

bka miq lsßn;a flfi,af.ä wdÈh ljd tu i;=ka i;=gq lrjk w;r" wi,ajdiSka
o fuu wjia:dj i|yd tla lr .ks;s'

we;eï .ïj, fuu .jhka lr;a;j, ne| zzfmdx.,a fmdx.,aZZ lshñka .fï
ixpdrh lrkq ,efí' mÜá fmdx.,a hkqfjka y÷kajkafka tu ixpdrh hs'

zzudÜgq fmdx.,aZZ Èkhg miq Èkh zz;kaks fmdx.,aZZ Èkh fõ' fuh YS% ,xldfõ
olakg ke;;a ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ olakg ,efnk W;aijhls' tu Èkfha § Wia my;a
fNaohlska f;dr j tlsfkld uqK .eiS ÿl iem úuiñka i;=g fnod .ks;s' tfuka u
wm ÈkQ iïm; Èfka jd hk oñ< ixialD;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSug ljqre;a fï Èkfha §
tlsfkldg wdYS¾jdo lr .ks;s' ;u ksfjiaj,g lsß b;sf¾ jd hkak o m%d¾:kh lr;s'
;uka fj;g hula b,a,d f.k tk ish¨ fokdg u hula §u;a" kEoE ys;ñ;=rka w;r
lEu îu wdÈh § i;=gq lsÍu;a fuÈk isÿ fõ'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

70
 ld¾h m;s%ldj

my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

1' ff;fmdx.,a W;aijh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' foúhkag mQfcdamydr i|yd meje;afõ'

2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' rgd ks¾udKh ff;fmdx.,a W;aijfha olakg ,efí'

3' ff;fmdx.,a ieris,s i|yd fhdod .kakd wuqøjH 3la kï lrkak'

1'
2'
3'

4' ff;fmdx.,a W;aijfha wjia:d 2la i|yka lrkak'

1'
2'

• k;a;,a W;aijh

k;a;,a W;aijh ls;= Wm; isysm;a lrkakls' ls;=kq ne;su;=kaf.a f.!rjdkaú;

Ydia;DjrhdKka jQ o" idufha mKsúvh f.k f,djg my< jQ foúhka jykafiaf.a
mq;%hdKka jQ o fÊiq iajdñ orejdKka f.a fyj;a ls%ia;=ia jykafiaf.a Wm; ksñ;s fldg
f.k k;a;,a W;aijh f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, fuka u YS% ,xldfõ o b;d W;al¾Ij;a
wkaoñka mj;akq ,nhs' fuh wd.ñl W;aijhla f,i meje;aùu m%Odk wruqK jqj o
ixialD;suh yd iudÔh jYfhka o jeo.;a jkakd jQ W;aijhls'

• k;a;,a W;aijh yd ine¢ wd.ñl j;ams<sfj;a (

lf;da,sl ne;su;=kaf.a wd.ñl W;aijhla f,i i,lkq ,nk k;a;, foieïn¾

ui 25 Èk uOHu rd;s% 12 g iurkq ,nhs' fuÈk b;d u w,xldr we÷ïme,÷ïj,ska ieriS
foõ ue÷re lrd f.dia foaj fufyhg iyNd.s ù fÊiq ;=ukaf.a W;am;a;sh iurñka"
jkaokdudk lsÍu" hdÉ[d lsÍu yd mQcl;=uka,df.a foaYkj,g ijka §u hkdÈh isÿ
lrkq ,efí'

fuÈk tlsfkldg iqn m;ñka ;E.s fnda. ,nd § pdß;% bgq lsÍfuka o" lf;da,sl
ne;su;=kaf.a Ydia;DjrhdKka jk fÊiq ;=ukaf.a o¾Ykh w.h lsÍu;a w¾:j;a lsÍu;a
isÿ lrkq ,efí' ;j o iduh" iu.sh" tluq;=lu yd l<.=K ie,lSu hkdÈh ;yjqre
flfrk iqúfYaI wjia:djla f,i k;a;,a W;aijh i|yka l< yels h'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

71
• k;a;,a W;aijfha ±lsh yels iqúfYaI ieris,s yd ls%hdldrlï (

k;a;,a W;aij iufha ls;k

= q ne;su;ayq ;u ksfjia yd wjg mßirh ;=< k;a;,a
.ia iy .jf,ka ilia lr úúO ieris,sj,ska w,xldr lr;s'

.j f,k k;a;,a .i
tfuka u k;a;,a .S .dhkh k;a;,a W;aijfha § iqúfYaI jQjls' lefrd,a .S
f,i y÷kajk fuu .S; ,xldfõ wdrïN ù we;af;a mD;=.Sis hq.fha § nj i|yka jk
w;r" fuu .S; idys;Hh wdrïN lsÍug lghq;= lr we;af;a bkaÈhdkq cd;sl zzcdfldafï
f.dkaid,afõiaZZ msh;=ud h'

Wod ( lefrd,a .S;

? ;re nn<kjd'''' - u,a msms,d jdf.a''''
t<sfhka keyefjkjd'''' - u,a jeye,d jdf.a''''

/õ ms<s/õ fokjd'''' - .S; kdo jdf.a''''

ì,s|l= yskefykjd'''' - uqyqol /,s jdf.a''''

k;a;f,a ;j;a iqúfYaI pß;hla jkafka k;a;,a iShd h' iqúfYaI we÷ulska
ieriS isák fudyq l=vd orejkag yd <ud <mákag ;E.s fnda. § i;=gq lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
fuh ;=¾lsfha úiQ Ydka; ksl,ia msh;=ud úiska wdrïN l< nj i|yka fõ'

ld¾h m;s%ldj

1' fjila$k;a;,a$fmdx.,a wdisß m;la ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' fjila$k;a;,a$fmdx.,a ieris,a,la lrkak'
3' Nla;s .S$lefrd,a .S;$ff;fmdx.,a .S;hla .dhkd lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

72
• .S;hg ijka § tys iqúfYaI7;d mßÉfþoh
ms<n
s | woyia ±laùu

Wfoka u mdi,a hk úg uqK.eiqK hy¿jka fofokl= w;r isÿ jQ l;dnyla'

rx.s ( fudlo Thd wo Wfoka u yß i;=áka jf.a@

wuß ( t*a'tï' tll fyd| iskaÿjla .shd fk'
rx.s ( fudlla o ta iskaÿj@
wuß ( mdkaoßka <uhs biafldaf,a .sh yeá .ek lshk iskaÿjla
rx.s ( wd''''' tal o' ud;a weyeõj fk ta jf.a u ,iaiK iskaÿjla' uu;a
ys;ys;d ysáfh tal .ek u ;uhs'
wuß ( wdfka''''' b;ska lshkakflda fudkjd .ek o lsh,d''
rx.s ( Wfoka u wmg jgmsgdfõ olskak ,efnk foaj,a .ek ;uhs ta iskaÿfjka
lshkafk' Thdg mq¿jka kï lshkakflda fudkjd .ek o lsh,d@
wuß ( fudkj o@ uÕ È wms olsk fohla .ek o@
rx.s ( Tõ" Tõ' ta jf.a fohla .ek ;ud
wuß ( l=re,a,ka .ek o@ ke;akï u,a .ek o@
rx.s ( álla yß" tfyu tlla ;ud
wuß ( tfyu kï b;sx lshkakflda n,kak'
rx.s ( ta iskaÿj ;uhs uf.a fmdä hd¿ fk<uq o ´¿ lshk iskaÿj
wuß ( uu wymq iskaÿj biafi,a, lshkakïfld

.S;h .dhkh lrhs'

mdkaoßka biafldaf,g

mdkaoßka biafldaf,g gekagq lr;af;ka

mq,a,s f.dkd biairyska ux msámiafika
yKs yKslg WU hk fldg$$
mdr lshkakE f;dafkka - mdr lshkakE flúfgka

mqxÑ ldf,a WUg fndkak - tßÉp lsß ìõj ¨ ux

j;a; my< Wfò uQK ±lal u yskeyqKd¨ ux
,dvx ke;s kqfU md l=r - .,a lkafo È ßfok ;rï
kqfò lÿ¿ ug lshoaÈ - kqUg fydfrx w~kjd ux

mdkaoßka'''''''

biafldaf,x Ys,am wrx - ux f,dl= ñksfyla fjkakï

ìõj lsrg weoao nrg - l< .=K ux i,lkakï
ners nr f.k fï úh l| - kqfò lfrka .,jkakï
Wcdrejg ÿj mkskak f.Êð je,la m,|kakï
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
73
 mdr lshkakE ''''''''''''
rx.s ( Id '''''''''' yß ,iaiKhs
wuß ( ±ka b;sx Thd weyeõj iskaÿj lshkak'
rx.s ( Tkak wy.kakflda tfykï

^.S;h .dhkh lrhs'&

uf.a fmdä hd¿ - fk<uq o ´¨

uf.a fmdä hd¿ fk<uq o ´¿$$$

.Õg huq Tre mÈuq u,a fk<uq lú lshuq$$

y| jeá,d j;=f¾ fnd| fjkjd ñ;=f¾

;re bys,d w÷f¾ yskefykjd - bjqf¾
lsr, f.duq fj; wefouq f.ä lvuq f.dvg huq
uf.a fmdä ''''''''''''''''

msks jeye,d uq;= fia u, uqÿfka - È,sfia

ud jjqf,da ryfia b.sf<kjd - wyfia
lsr, f.duq fj; wefouq f.ä lvuq f.dvg huq
uf.a fmdä ''''''''''''''''

wußs ( Th lsõfõ ,iaiKg

rx.s ( okafk u ke;s j biafldaf,a <Õg u weú;a
wuß ( fï .S; fyd|hs wmsg mka;sfha kegqula yokak'
rx.s ( wkak yß" wms kegqï .=re;=ñhg lsh,d kegqula yod .kak úÈh
wy.uq'

.=re;=ñh ( ´kak mqf;a" tod rx.shs" wußhs ,iaiK .S; folla fydhd f.k weú,a,d
;snK
q fka' ta .S; fol u fyd|hs wmg k¾;k ks¾udK mdvug' uq,ska
u wms ta .S; fol .dhkd lruq' miq j má.; lrk ,o .S;h wyuq'

.=re;=ñh ( .S;h .dhkh lr,d ú;rla uÈ' wms n,uq ta .S;j, .dhkh" mo rpkh"
ix.S;h ks¾udKh lr,d ;sfhkafka ljqo lsh,d'
uhqr ( mdkaoßka biafldaf,a .S;h kï .dhkh lr,d ;sfhkafka y¾IK
Èidkdhl whshd'

mshqñ ( ksuka; fyaIdka whshd ;ud uf. fmdä hd¿ .S;h .dhkh lr,d
;sfhkafka'

.=re;=ñh ( tfykï fï úia;r ál;a wy.kak' uf.a fmdä hd¿ .S;fha mo rpkh
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
lr,d ;sfhkafka uydpd¾h
74 iqk,
s a wdßhr;ak uy;d' ix.S;h ks¾udKh
 ir;a úl%u uy;d zmdkaoßka biafldaf,aZ .S;h mo rpkh lr,d
;sfhkafka fidau;s,l Èidkdhl uy;d" ix.S;h ks¾udKh lr,d
;sfhkafka iqks,a ohdkkao fldakdr' t;fldg n,kak ta .S;j,g
fhdod f.k ;sfhk NdIdj" wmsg f;afrk ir, NdIdjla fka o@
lshkakfld n,kak ta .S;j, ;sfhk jvd;a leu;s jpk álla'

<uhs ( u,a fk<uq" Tre mÈuq" f.dvg huq' wehs àp¾ y¾IK whshf. iskaÿfj
;sfhk yKs yKslg kqU hk fldg" lsß ìõj ¨" yskeyqKd ¨" taj;a
.kak mq¿jka fka o@

.=re;=ñh ( Tõ" Tõ'

tfykï ±ka fï m%Yakj,g;a W;a;r fokakflda n,kak'

1' fï .S; .dhkfha § Tn is;a .;a wjia:d kï lrkak'

2' fï rd;s% ld,hla nj weÕùug fhdod f.k we;af;a l=uk
jpk o@
3' WoEikl mßirfha ±lsh yels isÿ ùï lsysmhla m%ldY lrkak'
4' fuu .S;j,ska wmg ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y fudkjd o@

• .S;hg wkqj k¾;k ks¾udKh (

• mdkaoßka biafldaf,g $uf. fmdä hd¿ .S;j,g ijka §

u,a fk<uq" Tre mÈuq" f.ä lvuq$gekagq lr;af;a" yKs yKslg" kqUg fydfrka
w~kj ux" Wcdrejg hk wjia:d ksrEmKh lrñka rx.khl fhfokak' ±ka
ta .S;hg wjYH p,k fhdod .ksñka k¾;khka bÈßm;a lrkak'

fuys § my; i|yka Wmfoia wkqj k¾;kh ks¾udKh lr.kak'

Wmfoia

• .S;h Y%jKh lrkak'

• .S;fha woyig wkqj Tn leu;s wdldrhlg ksoyfia p,k ks¾udKh lrkak'
• tys § uqyqfKa bßhjq fjkia lsÍu ms<sn| j o ie,ls,su;a jkak'
• ix.S; LKav i|yd o tys ;d,hg wkqj iqÿiq p,k fhdod .kak'
• ks¾udKh w,xldr lr .ekSug ;," Èid rgd yd wjldY Ndú; lrkak'
• wjYH wjia:dj, § .=rejrhdf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .kak'
• wka whf.a woyiaj,g .re lrñka lKavdhï iyfhda.fhka hq;= j k¾;kfha
fhfokak'
• lKavdhï jYfhka fyda ;ks ;ks j fyda Tnf.a ks¾udKh bÈßm;a lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

75
• f.dma leghï l,dj ms<n
s | ye¢kaùu

w;S;fha .=ref.or uq,a lr f.k meje;s wOHdmk l%uh wkqj .=rejrhd iuÕ
YsIHfhda ^f.da,fhda& Ydka;sl¾u mj;ajk ia:dkhg iyNd.s fj;s' tys § m%ùK Ys,amSka
úiska bÈ lrkq ,nk ieris,s yd leghï ks¾udK i|yd iydh §fuka ,nk w;a±lSï yd
wkqlrKh uÕska ;udf.a lemùu yd l=i,;dj u; Tjqyq fuu leghï l,dfjys ksr;
fj;s' fï i|yd f.dma fld< fhdod .kq ,nkafka leghï lsÍfï myiq j i|yd h'
fuhg fya;=j jkafka wjYH wdldrhg f.dma fld<h yiqrejd .ekSug we;s yelshdj hs'
l=vd ;,hla iys; ishqï j lefmk msyshla leghï lemSug Ndú; lrk w;r" fuys §
m<mqreoao b;d u jeo.;a fõ'

leghï l,dfõ fh§fuka ñksidf.a udkisl iqjh" ixhuh" bjiSu hkdÈ .=Kdx.
ks;e;ska u j¾Okh jk nj i|yka l< yels h' mdi,a isikq a f,i fujeks lsh
% dldrlïj,
fh§u uÕska by; .=Kdx. wm ;=< o j¾Okh lr .; yels w;r" tjeks ks¾udKj, ksr;
ùfï yelshd o j¾Okh lr .; yels h' tfuka u fï uÕska krUkakkaf.a is;a i;ka
m%fndaOj;a jk w;r" YS% ,dxflah leghï Ys,amSkaf.a wkkH;dj o m%o¾Ykh l< yels
h'

• f.dma fld< ieris,s

f.dma w;a; ieris,s i|yd Ndú; lsÍu úúOdldr fõ' tkï f.dma /yeka we§fï
isg f;drK" msß;a uKavm" ux., fmdare" wjux.,H wjia:d" Ydka;sl¾uj, ieris,s
olajd jQ úúO ks¾udK yd leghï l%u hkdÈh isxy, ieris,sj,g iy fudaia;rj,g
wh;a úfYaIdx. fõ' WodyrK (

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

76
• f.dma fld<fhka ks¾udK lsrSu

fï w;ßka f.dmafld< ks¾udKhla ^leghula& ilid .ekSug W;aidy lruq'

wjYH øjH (
• f.dmafld< fkdue;s kï iqÿiq wdfoaYlhla
• msyshla$lvodis lmk msyshla$l;=r
• msysh Ndú; lsÍfï § .=re Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= l< hq;= h'

fuys § rEx fm;a;la" f.dma fld< k<djla u,la" wdÈh myiqfjka idod .; yels
ks¾udK jk w;r" my; i|yka mska;+r wdOdrlhla f,i Ndú; lrñka tjeks
ls%hdldrlula isÿ lsÍug W;aidy lruq'

óg wu;r j f.dma fld< ieris,sj, § ir, leghula ilia lr .ekSug my;

i|yka Wmfoia ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

• leghï yd ieris,s ks¾udKj,g f.dma fld< lmd .ekSfï § f.dma w;af;a

brgq ;ud me;a;g isák fia yrjd f.k yria w;g ;nd f.k lemSu isÿ
lrkak'

fuys § flfi,a nv lene,a,la Ndú; lrñka Tn úiska lmd .kakd ,o

leghï fhdod .ksñka my; mska;+rj,ska ±lafjk ir, ks¾udKhla lsÍug
W;aidy lrkak' th mka;shg o m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
óg wu;r j m%ùK Ys,amSyq f.dma fld< leghï i|yd my; i|yka l%ufõo
wkq.ukh lr;s'

• f.dma fld< i;r ne.ska lmd tys w.g idudkH .eghla ou;s' tfia lrkqfha
f.dmafld< w;a; ;snQ mßÈ tlsfklg fjkia fkdù ;nd .ekSu i|yd h'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
77
 tfuka u wjYH fld< m%udKh .Kka lr .ekSug;a blaukska lmd .ekSug;a
fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí' m<uq j lmd .;a fld<h .eg.id .kakd
,o wfkla fld< u; ;nd lmd .ekSu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka tl yd iudk
yevfhka ish,a, lmd .ekSu i|yd h' fuys § leghug wh;a úfYaI ia:dk
ksh.ska fyda msys;=äka fyda i,l=Kq lr lemSu isÿ lrkq ,efí'

oE;a yqre lr .ekSfuka wk;=re j Tng leghula lr .eksug yelshdj ,efí'

Wod (

we.hSï ld¾h m;s%ldj

1' by; ks¾udKh l< leghï weiqre lr f.k W;aij wjia:djlg iqÿiq f.dma fld<
ks¾udKhla ie,iqï lrkak'

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

78
 wdYs%; .%ka: kdudj,sh

Wvrg kegqï l,dj - fiaoruka" fÊ'B'

weï'ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u
fld<U 1979
k¾;khg w;aje,la - cd'w'wd'
YS% ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld,h 2000
k¾;kh 10 fYa%Ksh - u,a,jwdrÉÑ" iageka,s f.a%Ika
u,amsh<s 2000
my;rg kegqï - iõßia is,ajd" tia'tÉ'
tï'ã' .=Kfiak 1965
inr.uq kegqï l,dj - fla'B' iqis,r;ak
fikr;a m%ldYk 2006
isxy, k¾;k l,dj - Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia
weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda
1998
inr.uq uy iuka foajd,h - rdcmlaI" Ys%hdks ^2008&

k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;

79