Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

MODULE – 4

Strings and Pointers: Introduction, string taxonomy, operations on strings, miscellaneous string
and character functions, arrays of strings.

Pointers: Introduction to pointers, declaring pointer variables, Types of pointers, passing arguments
to functions using pointers.

Textbook: Chapter 13.1-13.6, 14 -14.7

CHAPTER 1 STRINGS

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STRINGS:

A string is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item.

In C language, a string is a null-terminated character array. This means that after the last
character, a null character ('\0') is stored to signify the end of the character array.

For example, if we write char str[] = "HELLO"; then we are declaring an array that has five
characters, namely, H, E, L, L, and O.

Apart from these characters, a null character ('\0') is stored at the end of the string. So, the
internal representation of the string becomes HELLO'\0'.

To store a string of length 5, we need 5 + 1 locations (1 extra for the null character).

The name of the character array (or the string) is a pointer to the beginning of the string.

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DECLARING AND INITIALIZING STRING VARIABLES

C does not support strings as a data type. However, it allows us to represent strings as character
arrays in C, therefore, a string variable is any valid C, variable name and is always declared as an
array of characters.

The general form of declaration of a string variable is:

char string_name[size];

The size determines the number of characters in the string_ name.

Some examples are:

char city [10] ;

char name[30];

When the compiler assigns a character string to a character array, it automatically supplies a null
character ('\0') at the end of the string. Therefore, the size should be equal to the maximum
number of characters in the string plus one.

Like numeric arrays, character arrays may be initialized when they are declared.

C permits a character array to be initialized in either of the following two forms:

 Initialization with string constant

char city [9] = "NEW YORK";

 Initialization with character constant

char city [9]={‘N’, ‘E’, ‘W’,’ ‘,‘Y', '0', 'R', 'K', '\0'};

The reason that city had to be 9 elements long is that the string NEW YORK contains 8
character and one element space is provided for the null terminator.

 Without size

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C also permits us to initialize a character array without specifying the number of

elements. In such cases, the size of the array will be determined automatically, based on
the number of elements initialized.

For example, the statement char string [ ] = {‘G’, ‘O’,’O’, ‘D’,'\0'}; defines the array
string as a five element array.

 Partial Initialization

We can also declare the size much larger than the string size in the initializer. That is, the
statement. char str[10] = "GOOD"; is permitted. In this case, the computer creates a
character array of size 10, places the value "GOOD" in it, terminates with the null
character, and initializes all other elements to NULL. The storage will look like:

G O O D \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0

However, the following declaration is illegal. char str2[3] = "GOOD"; This will result in a
compile time error.

Also note that we cannot separate the initialization from declaration. That is,

char str3[5];

str3 = "GOOD";

is not allowed. Similarly,

char sl[4] = "abc";

char s2[4];

s2 = sl; /* Error */

is not allowed.

1.1.1 READING STRINGS

1. Using scanf function

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2. gets() function

3.Using getchar(), getch() or getche() function repeatedly.

1. Using scanf Function

The input function scanf can be used with %s format specification to read in a string of
characters.

Example: char address[10]

scanf("%s", address);

The problem with the scanf function is that it terminates its input on the first white space it
finds. A white space includes blanks, tabs, new lines etc.,

NEW YORK

then only the string "NEW" will be read into the array address, since the blank space after the
word 'NEW' will terminate the reading of string. The scanf function automatically terminates the
string that is read with a null character and therefore the character array should be large enough
to hold the input string plus the null character.

Unlike previous scanf calls, in the case of character arrays, the ampersand (&) is not required
before the variable name.

Write a program to input and output a name

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

char name[20];

printf(“Enter a name”);

scanf(“%s”,name);

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printf(“Name is %s”,name);

Output:

Enter a name: bala guru

Name is bala

READING A LINE OF TEXT

C supports a format specification known as the %[..] that can be used to read a line containing a
variety of characters, including whitespaces.

For example.

char line[80];

scanf(“%[^\n]”,line);

printf(“%s”,line);

will read a line of input from the keyboard and display the same on the screen.

2. Using getchar(), getch(), getche()

The getchar function is used to read a single character. It takes the form :

char ch;
ch=getchar( ) ;
We can use this function repeatedly to read successive single characters from the input and place
them into a character array. Thus, an entire line of text can be read and stored in an array.

The reading is terminated when the newline character (“\n”) is entered and the null character is
then inserted at the end of the string.

Program :
Write a program to read a line of text (use getchar) containing a series of words from the
terminal.

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#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
char line[80], character;
int i=0;
do
{
character = getchar();
line[i] = character;
i++;
}
while(character != '\n');
line[i] = '\0';
printf("\n%s\n", line);
}
Output
Programming in C is interesting.
Programming in C is interesting.
3. Using gets() function
This is a function with one string parameter and called as under:
gets (str);
str is a string variable declared properly. It reads characters into str from the keyboard until a
new-line character is encountered and then appends a null character to the string. Unlike scanf, it
does not skip whitespaces. For example the code segment
char 1ine [80] ;
gets (1ine);
printf ("%s", line);
reads a line of text from the keyboard and displays it on the screen.
Write a program to input and output a name

#include<stdio.h>

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void main()

char name[20];

printf(“Enter a name”);

gets(name);

printf(“Name is %s”,name);

Output:

Enter a name:bala guru

Name is bala guru

Program :
Write a program to find the number of vowels and consonants in a text string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
int i,vc=0,cc=0;
char s[100],ch;
printf(“\n Enter the sentence”);
gets(s);
for(i=0;i<strlen(s);i++)
{
if(isalpha(s[i]))
{
ch=tolower(s[i]);
if(ch==’a’||ch==’e’||ch==’i’||ch==’o’||ch==’u’)

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vc++;
else
cc++;
}
}
printf(“\n Vowel count=%d\n”,vc);
printf(“\n Consonant count=%d\n”,cc);
return 0;
}
Test cases

Test No Input Parameters Expected Output Obtained Output

1 Hai Hello VC=4 ,CC=4 VC=4 ,CC=4
2 Umberella VC=4, CC=5 VC=4, CC=5

Differences between gets() and scanf()

gets() scanf()
It reads characters from the keyboard until a It reads characters from the keyboard and
new-line character is encountered and then terminates its input on the first white space it
appends a null character to the string. finds. It appends a null character at the end of
the string.
It is unformatted input. It is formatted input.
It is used to input only characters and strings It is used to input any type of data that is
integers, characters, floating point numbers
and strings
Syntax: gets(string) Example: gets(name); Syntax: scanf(“%s”,string); Example:
scanf(“%s”,name);

1.1.2 WRITING STRINGS

1. Using printf function
2. Using puts() function
3. Using putchar() function repeatedly

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1. Using printf Function

We have used extensively the printf function with %s format to print strings to the screen.
The format %s can be used to display an array of characters that is terminated by the null
character.
For example, the statement
printf("%s", name);
can be used to display the entire contents of the array name.
2. Using putchar Function
C supports another character handling function putchar to output the values of character
variables. It takes the following form:
char ch = ‘A’;
putchar(ch);
example -printf("%c", ch);
We can use this function repeatedly to output a string of characters stored in an array using a
loop. Example:
int i=0;
char name[6] = "PARIS";
while(name[i]!=’\0’)
{
putchar(name[i]);
i++;
}
3. Using puts Function
Another and more convenient way of printing string values is to use the function puts declared
in the header file <stdio.h>.
puts ( str );
where str is a string variable containing a string value. This prints the value of the string variable
str and then moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line on the screen. For example, the
program segment
char 1i ne [80] ;
gets(1ine);

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puts(line);
reads a line of text from the keyboard and displays it on the screen.
Write a program to input and output a name

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

char name[20];

printf(“Enter a name”);

gets(name);

puts(“Name is”);

puts(name);

1.2 STRING TAXONOMY

We can store a string either in fixed-length format or in variable-length format. In C, a string is a

variable length of array of characters that is delimited by the null character.

Fixed-length strings
When storing a string in a fixed-length format, we need to specify an appropriate size for the
string variable.
If the size is too small, then we will not be able to store all the elements in the string.
If the size is large, then unnecessarily memory space is wasted.
Variable-length strings

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We can use a variable length format in which the string can be expanded or contracted to
accommodate the elements in it.
To use a variable length string format we need a technique to indicate the end of the elements
that are a part of the string. This can be done either by using length-controlled string or a
delimiter.
Length-controlled strings In a length-controlled string, we need to specify the number of
characters in the string.
Delimited strings In this format, the string is ended with a delimiter. The delimiter is then used
to identify the end of the string. For example, in English language every sentence is ended with a
full-stop(.). Null character is the most commonly used string delimiter in the C language.

1.3 OPERATIONS ON STRINGS

1. Arithmetic Operations on Characters
2. Putting Strings Together (Concatenation)
3. Comparison Of Two Strings
4. String length
5. String Copy
6. Reversing a String
1. SOME ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON CHARACTERS
C allows us to manipulate characters the same way we do with numbers.
1. To write a character in its integer representation, we may write it as an integer. For
example, if the machine uses the ASCII representation, then.
x = ‘a’;
printf(“%d\n”,x);
Will display the number 97 on the screen.
 It is also possible to perform arithmetic operations on the character constants and
variables. For example x=’z’ -1;

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is a valid statement. In ASCII, the value of ‘x’ is 122 and therefore, the statement will
assign the value 121 to the variable x.
 We may also use character constants in relations expressions. For example , the
expression
ch >= ‘A’ && ch <=’Z’
would test whether the character contained in the variable ch is an upper case letter.
 We can convert a character digit to its equivalent integer value using the following
relationship:
x = character - '0';
where x is defined as an integer variable and character contains the character digit. For
example, let us assume that the character contains the digit '7', Then
x = ASCII value of ‘7’- ASCII value of '0'
= 55-48
=7
 The C library supports a function that converts a string of digits into their integer values.
The function takes the form
x = atoi(string);
x is an integer variable and string is a character array containing a string of digits.
Consider the following segment of a program:
char number[5] = "1988";
year = atoi(number);
number is a string variable which is assigned the string constant "1988". The function
atoi converts the string "1988" (contained in number) to its numeric equivalent 1988 and
assigns it to the integer variable year. String conversion functions are stored in the header
file <stdlib.h>
Program :
Write a program which would print the alphabet set a to z and A to Z in decimal and character
form.
void main()
{
char c;

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for( c = 65 ; c <= 122 ; c ++ )

{
if( c > 90 && c < 97 )
continue;
printf("%d - %c", c, c);
}
}
Output
65 - A
66 - B
....
121 – y
122 - z
1. PUTTING STRINGS TOGETHER
Just as we cannot assign one string to another directly, we cannot join two strings together by the
simple arithmetic addition.
That is, the statements such as
String3 = string1 + string2;
string2 = string1 + "hello";
are not valid. The characters from string1 and string2 should be copied into the string3 one after
the other. The size of the array string3 should be large enough to hold the total characters.
The process of combining two strings together is called concatenation.
Program : combine two strings(with space in between) without using library function
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20],s3[40];
int i=0,j=0;
printf("Enter string1: ");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2: ");

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gets(s2);
while(s1[i]!='\0')
{
s3[i]=s1[i];
i++;
}
s3[i]=' ';
while(s2[j]!='\0')
{
s3[i+1+j]=s2[j];
j++;
}
s3[i+1+j]='\0';
printf("Concatenated string is %s",s3);
}
Output:
Enter string1: good
Enter string2: girl
Concatenated string is good girl
2. COMPARISON OF TWO STRINGS
Once again, C does not permit the comparison of two strings directly. That is, the statements
such as
if(namel == name2)
if(name == "ABC")
are not permitted. It is therefore necessary to compare the two strings to be tested, character by
character. The comparison is done until there is a mismatch or one of the strings terminates into a
null character, whichever occurs first. The following segment of a program illustrates this.
Program : compare two strings without using library function
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{

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char s1[20],s2[20];
int i=0,k;
printf("Enter string1: ");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2: ");
gets(s2);
while(s1[i]==s2[i])
{
if(s1[i]=='\0')
break;
i++;
}
k=s1[i]-s2[i];
if(k==0)
printf("Strings are same");
else
printf("Strings are different");
}
Output:
Enter string1: good
Enter string2: good
Strings are same
3. STRING LENGTH
The length of the string can be found by counting character by character until the null character.
Program : Length of the string without a library function
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20];
int i=0;
printf("Enter a string: ");

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gets(s1);
while(s1[i]!='\0')
{
i++;
}
printf("Length of the string is %d",i);
}
Output:
Enter a string: good
Length of the string is 4
4. STRING COPY
We cannot assign one string to another directly, we can copy a string to another character by
character.
Program : String copy without a library function
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
int i=0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(s1);
while(s1[i]!='\0')
{
s2[i]=s1[i];
i++;
}
s2[i]='\0';
printf("Copied string is %s",s2);
}
Output:
Enter a string: hello girl

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Copied string is hello girl

5. STRING REVERSING
We cannot assign one string to another directly, we can copy a string to another character by
character.
Program : String copy without a library function
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> int main()

int main() {
char s1[50],s2[50];
{
int i=0, j=0,n=0;
char s1[50],s2[50];
printf ("Enter a string: ");
int i = 0, j =0;
gets(s1);
printf ("Enter a string: ");
while(s1[n]!=’\0’)
gets(s1);
{
for(j=strlen(s1)-1;j>=0;j--)
n++;
{
}
s2[i] = s1[j];
i++; for(j=n-1;j>=0;j--)

} {
s2[i] = s1[j];
printf ("The reversed string is %s", s2);
i++;
return 0;
}
}
printf ("The reversed string is %s", s2);
Output:
return 0;
Enter a string: good
}
The reversed string is doog
1.5 MISCELLANEOUS STRING AND CHARACTER FUNCTIONS [STRING
HANDLING FUCTIONS]
1.5.1 Character Manipulation Functions

Some character functions are contained in the file ctype.h and therefore the statement #include
<ctype.h> is included in the program.

Function Test (c is a character variable)

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isalnum(c) Is c an alphanumeric character?

isalpha(c) Is c an alphabetic character?
isdigit(c) Is c a digit?
islower(c) Is c lower case letter?
isprint(c) Is c a printable character?
ispunct(c) Is c a punctuation mark?
isspace(c) Is c a white space character?
isupper(c) Is c a upper case letter?
toupper(c) converts c to upper case
tolower(c) converts c to lower case
1.5.2 String Manipulation Functions

Fortunately, the C library supports a large number of string-handling functions that can
be used to carry out many of the string manipulations. Following are the most commonly used
string handling functions (stored in header file string.h).
S:No Function Action
1 strcat( ) Concatenates two strings
2 strncat() Concatenates first leftmost n characters of string2 to
string1
3 strcmp( ) Compares two strings
4 strncmp() Compares first leftmost n characters in both strings
5 strcpy( ) Copies one string over another
6 strncpy() Copies first leftmost n characters of source string to
target.
7 strlen( ) Finds the length of a string
8 strrev() Reverses a string
9 strstr() Searches for string2 in string1
10 strchr() Locate the first occurrence of the character
11 strrchr() Locate the last occurrence of the character
1. strcat( ) Functions
The strcat functions joins two strings together. It takes the following form:

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strcat(string1,string2);
string1 and string2 are character arrays. When the function strcat is executed, string2 is appended
to string1.It does so by removing the null character at the end of string1 and placing string2 from
there.
The string at string2 remains unchanged. For example, consider the following three strings:

Execution of the statement will result in :

We must make sure that the size of string1 (to which string2 is appended) is large enough to
accommodate the final string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
printf("Enter string1:");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2:");
gets(s2);
strcat(s1,s2);
printf("concatenated string is %s",s1);
}
Output:
Enter string1:good
Enter string2: girl

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concatenated string is good girl

2. strncat Function
This is another concatenation function that takes three parameters as shown below:
strncat (sl, s2, n);
This call will concatenate the left-most n characters of s2 to the end of s1. Example:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
printf("Enter string1:");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2:");
gets(s2);
strncat(s1,s2,4);
printf("concatenated string is %s",s1);
}
Output:
Enter string1:good
Enter string2:girls
concatenated string is goodgirl
3. strcmp() Function
The strcmp function compares two strings and returns value 0 if they are equal. If they are not, it
has the numeric difference between the first nonmatching characters in the strings. It takes the
form:

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strcmp(string1, string2);
string1 and string2 may be string variables or string constants.
Examples are:
strcmp(namel, name2);
strcmp(namel, "John");
strcmp("Rom", "Ram");
For example, the statement
strcmp("their", "there");
will return a value of -9 which is the numeric difference between ASCII "i" and ASCII "r". That
is, "i" minus "r" in ASCII code is -9. If the value is negative, string1 is alphabetically above
string2.
returns 0 If both strings are same
returns negative If string1 is alphabetically above string2
(string1<string2)
returns positive If string1 is alphabetically below string2
(string1>string2)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
int k;
printf("Enter string1:");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2:");
gets(s2);
k=strcmp(s2,s1);
if(k==0)
printf("same strings");
else
printf("not same");

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}
Output:
Enter string1:good
Enter string2:good
same strings
4. strncmp Function
This function has three parameters as illustrated in the function call below:
strncmp (sl, s2, n);
this compares the left-most n characters of s1 to s2 and returns.
(a) 0 if they are equal;
(b) negative number, if s1 sub-string is less than s2(alphabetically above); and
(c) positive number, otherwise.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
int k;
printf("Enter string1:");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2:");
gets(s2);
k=strncmp(s2,s1,5);
if(k==0)
printf("same strings");
else
printf("not same");
}
Output:
Enter string1:hello dad
Enter string2:hello world

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Same strings
5. strcpy( ) Function
The strcpy function works almost like a string-assignment operator.
It takes the form:
strcpy(string1, string2);
and assigns the contents of string2 to string1. string2 may be a character array variable or a
string constant. Here string1 is target and string2 is source.
For example, the statement
strcpy(city, "DELHI");
will assign the string "DELHI" to the string variable city.
Similarly, the statement
strcpy(cityl, city2);
will assign the contents of the string variable city2 to the string variable city1. The size of the
array city1 should be large enough to receive the contents of city2.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
printf("Enter a string:");
gets(s1);
strcpy(s2,s1);
printf("Copied string is %s",s2);
}
Output:
Enter a string:hello girl
Copied string is hello girl
6. strncpy Function
strncpy() function that copies only the left-most· n characters of the source string to the target
string variable. This is a three-parameter function. strncpy(sl, s2, n); where n is a integer.
strncpy(sl, s2, 5);

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This statement copies the first 5 characters of the source string s2 into the target string s1.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20],s2[20];
printf("Enter a string:");
gets(s1);
strncpy(s2,s1,5);
printf("Copied string is %s",s2);
}
Output:
Enter a string:hello girl
Copied string is hello
7. strlen( ) Function
This function counts and returns the number of characters in a string. It takes the form
n = strlen(string);
Where n is an integer variable, which receives the value of the length of the string. The argument
may be a string constant. The counting ends at the first null character. strlen() gives the length
of the string excluding the null character.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20];
int n;
printf("Enter a string:");
gets(s1);
n=strlen(s1);
printf("Length of the string is %d",n);
}

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

Output:
Enter a string:good
Length of the string is 4
8. strrev( ) Function
This function reverses the string. It takes the form: strrev(string); The reversed string is stored in
the string itself.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20];
printf("Enter a string:");
gets(s1);
strrev(s1);
printf("Reversed string is %s",s1);
}
Output:
Enter a string:good
Reversed string is doog
9. strstr Function
It is a two-parameter function that can be used to locate a sub-string in a string.
This takes the forms: strstr (sl, s2);
strstr (sl, "ABC");
The function strstr searches the string s1 to see whether the string s2 is contained in s1. If yes,
the function returns the position of the first occurrence of the sub-string. Otherwise, it returns a
NULL.
Example.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

char s1[20],s2[20];
printf("Enter string1: ");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter string2: ");
gets(s2);
if (strstr (s1, s2) == NULL)
printf("substring is not found");
else
printf("s2 is a substring of s1");
}
Output:
Enter string1:good for good
Enter string2:for
s2 is a substring of s1
10. strchr Function
It is a two-parameter function that can be used to determine the existence of a character in a
string.
This takes the form: strchr(s1,’m’); will locate the first occurrence of the char ‘m’ in the string
s1.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20];
char *pos;
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(s1);
pos=strchr(s1,'n');
if(pos)
printf("First occurrence of the character is found at %d",pos);
else

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

printf("character is not found");

}
Output:
Enter a string: gone
First occurrence of the character is found at 1000
11. strrchr Function
It is a two-parameter function that can be used to determine the existence of a character in a
string.
This takes the form: strrchr(s1,’m’); will locate the last occurrence of the char ‘m’ in the string
s1.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20];
char *pos;
printf("Enter a string: ");
gets(s1);
pos=strrchr(s1,'n');
if(pos)
printf("Last occurence of the character is found at %d",pos);
else
printf("character is not found");
}
Output:
Enter a string: gone
Last occurrence of the character is found at 1000
PROGRAM

Write a program to check if the input string is palindrome or not.

#include<stdio.h>

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

#include<string.h>

void main()

char s1[20],s2[20];

printf("Enter a string:");

gets(s1);

strcpy(s2,s1);

strrev(s2);

if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0)

printf("string is a palindrome");

else

printf("string is not a palindrome");

Output:

Enter a string: Malayalam

string is a palindrome

Arrays of strings – (Table of strings or 2-D Character array)

List of character strings can be stored in a 2-D character array. We often use list of names of
students in a class, list of cities etc.

These are called as array of strings or table of strings

Ex – name[3][10];

r a m \0

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

r a v i \0

r a m y a \0

DECLARATION:

char array_name[row_size][col_size];

rowsize= number of names (number of strings)

colsize=maximum number of characters in a string

INITIALIZATION

Arrays of strings may be initialized (given initial values) when they are declared.

2 types of initialization -

1) Compile time initialization

2) Run time initialization

COMPILE TIME INITIALIZATION

1) char name[3][10]={“ram”,”ravi”,”ramya”};

name[0]=”ram”

name[1]=”ravi”

name[2]=”ramya”

2) without size

char name[][10]={“ram”,”ravi”,”ramya”};

To access

 Each name only row index is used , (i.e) to access ith name - name[i] is used.

Ex- second name is at index 1, so name[1] is used

 Each character both row and column index is used , (i.e) to access i th name jth character
name[i][j] is used.

Ex- Second name (index 1) third character(index 2)- name[1][2] is used

RUN TIME INITIALIZATION

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

scanf(“%s”,name[i]);

(or)

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

gets(name[i]);

To output we can use printf() or puts()

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf(“\n%s”,name[i]);

(or)

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

puts(name[i]);

WAP to input n names and output the same.

void main()

int n,i;

char name[10][20];

printf(“enter n”);

scanf(“%d”,&n);

printf(“enter names”);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

gets(name[i]);

printf(“names are”);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf(“\n %s”,name[i]);

}
Lab Program
Write functions to implement string operations such as compare, concatenate, and find
string length. Use the parameter passing techniques.

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

Program
#include<stdio.h>
int strlength(char str1[50]);
void strconcat(char str1[50],char str2[50]);
int strcompare(char str1[50],char str2[50]);
int strlength(char str[50])
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
i++;
return i;
}
void strconcat(char str1[50],char str2[50])
{
int i=0,l;
l=strlength(str1);
while(str2[i]!='\0')
{
str1[l+i]=str2[i];
i++;
}
str1[l+i]='\0';
}
int strcompare(char str1[50],char str2[50])
{
int i=0,k;
while(str1[i]==str2[i])
{
if(str1[i]=='\0')
break;
i++;

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

}
k=str1[i]-str2[i];
return k;
}
int main()
{
char source1[50],source2[50];
int length1,length2,k;
printf("\n Enter the source string 1:");
gets(source1);
printf("\n Enter the source string 2:");
gets(source2);
length1=strlength(source1);
length2=strlength(source2);
printf("\n string length of string 1 is %d",length1);
printf("\n string length of string 2 is %d",length2);
k=strcompare(source1,source2);
if(k==0)
printf("\n Both string are same");
else
printf("\n Both string are different");
strconcat(source1,source2);
printf("\n concatenated string is ");
puts(source1);
return 0;
}
Test cases

Test No Input Parameters Expected Output Obtained Output

1 Enter the source string1 :good string length of string string length of string
Enter the source string 2:good 1 is 4 1 is 4
string length of string string length of string

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 Principles of Programming using C (BPOPS103/203) Module 4: Strings and Pointers

2 is 4 2 is 4
Both strings are same Both string are same
concatenated string is concatenated string is
goodgood goodgood
2 Enter the source string1 :good string length of string string length of string
Enter the source string 2:girls 1 is 4 1 is 4
string length of string string length of string
2 is 5 2 is 5
strings are different strings are different
concatenated string is concatenated string is
goodgirls goodgirls

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