RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
2.2.4. Design equation for singly reinforced rectangular beams
Compression failures are dangerous because they are brittle and occur suddenly giving little
visible warning. Tension failures, however, are preceded by large deflections and wide
cracking and have a ductile character. To ensure that all beams have the desirable
characteristic of visible warning if failure is imminent, as well as reasonable ductility at
failure, it is recommended that the depth of the N.A be limited or the steel ratio be limited
to a fraction of ρb. In our code of practice, EBCS 2-1995 limits the depth of the N.A to,
≤ 0.8( − 0.44)
Where δ is percent plastic moment redistribution = (moment after redistribution)/original
moment.
In the case of no moment redistribution, δ = 1.0
≤ 0.448
Usually d is obtained from serviceability limit state. EBCS 2-1995 gives the following
minimum effective depth,
= 0.4 + 0.6
400
Where,
fyk = characteristics strength of reinforcement (MPa)
Le = effective span
βa = constant from table
Member Simply Supported End Spans Interior Spans Cantilevers
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
a) Span ratio 2:1 25 30 35 12
b) Span ratio 1:1 35 40 45 10
Table 2.2.4-1 Values of βa from EBCS 2-1995
The design of singly reinforced section can be carried out using chart or tables found in
EBCS-2-1995 Part 2 and are summarized below.
Referring to figure 2.2.2-2, the force cared by the compression and tensile zone can be
calculated using,
= and = !
Moment capacity of the section in terms of tension force in the steel,
"# = ( − ) = $! ( − ) = $! % (1 − )
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
"#
= $ (1 − ) = (1 − ) = (1 − ) = '(
%
! %
Where ρ is defined as geometrical ratio of steel reinforcement and is given by,
$=
!
In the general design tables No 1a and No 1b in EBCS 2-1995 part 2, the design of the
section is formulated using empirical parameters Km and Ks.
"*
) !
"*
'( = ) % = , '( = '(
∗ -. = 0.45
!
"* "* 1
= =
( − ) (1 − )
1
012 ' =
(1 − )
"*
= '
Moment capacity of the section in terms of the compression force C in the concrete is,
"* = ( − ) = ! ( − ) = ! % (1 − )
"*
= (1 − ) = 3 45 615.70 18465 9ℎ7.2 ;-. 1
! % ,
For the limiting case of x/d = 0.45, μsd,s = μ*sd,s = 0.295
Steps to be followed
a. Design using tables
1. Evaluate Km
2. Enter the general design table No 1.a using Km and concrete grade,
• If Km ≤ Km*, the value of Km*show shaded in design Table No 1.a, then the
section is singly reinforced.
• Enter the design table No 1.a using Km and concrete grade
• Read Ks from the table corresponding to the steel grade and Km
• Evaluate As
' "
=
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
b. Design using general design chart
1. Calculate 3 =
<=>
? @ AB>
2. Enter the general design chart,
If3 C 3 ∗ , section is singly reinforced.
Evaluate Z from DE F/ by reading value of DE from chart using 3
•
•
Evaluate HA=>
<
I>
•
Remarks
1. At Some sections of continuous beams, moment may be so small that require a small
amount of steel. If the moment is less than that which cracks the section and with any
load causing cracking moment, failure is sudden and brittle. To prevent this, it is
recommended that a minimum reinforcement, As,min required to resist Mcracking be
provided. As,min is obtained from the cracking moment. Empirical relations are given in
$(JK =
L.M
AIN
codes and standards. EBCS2-1995 gives for beams,
2. The maximum reinforcement ratio $(O at any section in a beam shall not be greater
than 0.04 as given in our code.
3. The minimum cover to all reinforcement bars including links and stirrups are given in
EBCS2-1995 Table 7.2 and are summarized below,
15 PP -. T.U 15R4.-5P152
"454PQP 9-R1. S 25 PP -. WQP4 15R4.-5P152
50 PP -. X17Y721. -. 766.1884R1 9:1P4970 15R4.-5P152
4. The clear horizontal and vertical distance between bars shall be at least as shown below,
Figure 2.2.4-1 Minimum bar spacing limits in EBCS 2-1995
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
2.2.5. Design equation for singly reinforced one-way slabs
One-way slabs carrying predominantly uniform load are designed on the assumption that
they consist of a series of rectangular beams of 1 m width spanning between supporting
beams or walls.
Figure 2.2.5-1 One-way Slab Panels
A rectangular slab panel is classified as one way slab if the ratio of the long span to that of
the short span is greater than two. If the long span/short span is less than 2, the slab is
classified as two-way slab; the load in this case is transmitted along two orthogonal
directions.
One way slabs may be simply supported or continuous over a number of supports. The
bending moments, on which design is to be based, are calculated from elastic analysis in the
same way as for beams. Approximate analysis could also be used in the case of continuous
slabs as recommended in some code of practices.
The flexural design of one-way slab sections are treated in the same manner as for singly
reinforced rectangular beam sections, considering the slab as strips of beams having a width
of 1m. The reinforcement bar obtained is distributed uniformly with spacing between bars
given as,
!7
X=
Where: as – An area of reinforcement bar to be used
As – Total area of steel required
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
Remarks
• Unless conditions warrant some change, cover to reinforcement is 15 mm.
• The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least
equal to 0.2.
• The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a slab shall not be less than
0.5
$(JK = , Y:1.1 48 45 "Z7
• The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2h or 350
mm.
• The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400 mm.
2.3. ULS of doubly reinforced rectangular section
If the depth of an RC beam is limited due to architectural or other reasons the section may
not have sufficient compressive area of concrete to resist the moment induced in it. In such
cases the capacity of the section can be increased by placing steel in the compression zone.
This additional steel carries the additional compressive force that is required to resist
moment ΔM over and above the maximum capacity of the section as singly reinforced
section as shown in figure 3.3-1.
Figure 2.3-1 Doubly reinforced section
Steps to be followed
a. Design using tables
1. Evaluate Km
2. Enter the general design table No 1.a using Km and concrete grade,
• If Km> Km*, the value of Km*show shaded in design Table No 1.a, then the
section is doubly reinforced.
- Evaluate Km/ Km* and d2/d
- Read Ks, Ks’, ρ and ρ’ from the same table corresponding to Km/ Km*, d2/d
and concrete grade
- Evaluate
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
' " $
= 158401 .145-.9P152
'′ " $′
′ = -P\.1884-5 .145-.9P152
b. Design using general design chart
1. Calculate 3 =
<=>
, ? @ AB>
2. Enter the general design chart,
If3 > 3 ∗ , section is doubly reinforced.
Evaluate Z from chart using DE = F/
•
-
- Evaluate "*, ∗
= 3∗ ! %
- Calculate
"*,
∗
" , − "*,
∗
^ = + (2158401 .145-.91P152)
F ( − % )
" , − "*,
∗
% = (9-P\.1884-5 .145-.91P152)
( − % )
fs in the above expression depends on the yielding of the compressive steel and it can be
checked by reading the value of _% from the chart,
If it is found that the steel has yielded,
= , 4 _% ≥ -.,
a
If it is found that the steel has not yielded,
= a _% , 4 _% C
a
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
2.4. ULS of T- and L- Sections
Reinforced concrete floors or roofs are monolithic and hence, a part of the slab will act with
the upper part of the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting beam cross-
section is, then, T-shaped (inverted L), rather than rectangular with the slab forming the
beam flange where as part of the beam projecting below the slab forms the web or stem.
Figure 2.4-1 Slab and Beam floor System
Figure 2.4-2 Negative and positve moment region in a T-Beam
The T -sections provide a large concrete cross-sectional area of the flange to resist the
compressive force. Hence, T-sections are very advantageous in simply supported spans to
resist large positive bending moment, whereas the inverted T-sections have the added
advantage in cantilever beam to resist negative moment.
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
As the longitudinal compressive stress varies across the flange width of same level, it is
convenient in design to make use of an effective flange width (may be smaller than the
actual width) which is considered to be uniformly stressed.
Effective flange width (according to EBCS 2, 1995)
Figure 2.4-2 Typical slab
The part of the slab that is acting together with the beam, called effective flange width b e is
provided in codes of practices. The EBCS recommends that the effective flange width for T-
sections and L- sections must not exceed:
For in interior beams (T-sections)
!c +
! ≤ b 5
9 ⁄9 !17P 8\79456
For in edge beams (L-sections)
!c
! b 10
!c :70 2:1 9017. 4872591 2- 7e79152 !17P
Le is the effective span length and b w is width of the beam.
The neutral axis of a T-beam may be either in the flange or in the web, depending upon the
proportion of the cross-section, the amount of tensile steel and the strength of the
materials. If the calculated depth to the neutral axis is less or equal to the slabs thickness, h f
the beam can be analyzed as if it were a rectangular beam of width equal to be. If the NA is
in the web x>hf, a method is developed which account for the actual T -shaped compression
zone. The compression block shall be divided into two parts; one is for the compression in
the flange (Beam F) and the other is for the compression in the web (Beam W). T-beams
with compression flanges rarely require compression reinforcement, but if this is
unavoidable, the same principles apply as for doubly reinforced sections for the
compression in the web.
When designing T- and L- sections, since the compression blocks are irregular in shape, it is
one of the special cases where the equivalent rectangular stress block approximation are
used instead of the parabolic rectangular one. Referring to figure 2.4-3,
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
Assume b = be,
Usually, =
=
0.8 !
0.8 !
"# 0.8 ! 0.4
We solve for x from the above quadratic equation,
(i) If U 0.8 ] :A , section is T- or L-, thus it is convenient to consider two
hypothetical beams: Beam F and Beam W
Beam W
Beam F
Figure 2.4-3 ULS T-section
Beam F
A = (! − !c )ℎA
(! − !c )ℎA
A =
A f
gh
i or "# !c :A f
gh
"# ,A ,A ! i
% %
The force in the remaining steel area Asw is balanced by compression in the rectangular
portion of the beam. (i.e. Asw = As - Asf)
Beam W
c = 0.8 !c
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RCS – I LSD Design for Flexure Chapter II
c
=
0.8 !c
"# ,c = c ( − 0.4) or "# ,c = !c (0.8)( − 0.4 )
The total moment capacity of the section now becomes,
"# = "# ,A + "# ,c
(ii) If 0.8x ≤ hf, then the beam is considered to be a “rectangular beam” for the
calculation purpose. The effect of small area of the web under compression is
insignificant.
Note:- In the derivation of the design resistance capacity of the section, it was assumed
that fs = fyd. This has to be verified by determining the NA and checking the strain profile.
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