Helwan University

Faculty Of Engineering

Cal I for Eng.

Part I : Differentiation
Fall Semester 2021
Tarek S. T. Ali
e-mail: [email protected]
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10/e by Edwin Kreyszig
Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Introduction:
The purpose of this part is to help students
understand and use calculus. Everything has
been aimed towards making this easier,
especially for students with limited background
in mathematics,
or
for readers who have forgotten their earlier
knowledge in mathematics.
Note:
When you find this image *Knowledge on a slide ,
you may skip this part . This is less important
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10/e by Edwin Kreyszig
Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 *Knowledge
Assessment Criteria
(Grading Policy For Differentiation)

• Worksheets 5

• Mid-Term Exam 20

• Final Exam 50
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10/e by Edwin Kreyszig
Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity
THE CONCEPT OF LIMIT
In this section, we develop the notion of limit using some
common language and illustrate the idea with some simple
examples.

If we can make f (x) close to some number L by making x

close to a (but not equal to a), then we say that L is the
limit of f (x), as x approaches a, written

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 4
A limit exists if and only if both corresponding one-sided limits
exist and are equal. That is, for some number L, if and only if

In other words, we say that

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 5
 L’Hopital’s Rule

Ex 1 page # 26 A Limit Where Two Factors Cancel

Solution
Algebraic cancellation:

Likewise:

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 6
Indeterminate forms and L’Hopital’s rule # 82
we reconsider the problem of computing limits
of the form
f ( x) 0 
lim = OR =
x →a g ( x ) 0 
both of f and g are differentiable everywhere

and that g ' ( x)  0 . Then

f ( x) f ' ( x)
lim = lim
x →a g ( x ) x →a g ' ( x )
Slide 7
 Example 2 Finding a Limit by Rationalizing

Solution

OR By using L’Hopital’s rule

𝟏 Τ𝟐 𝟏 Τ𝟐 𝟏 Τ𝟐
𝒙+𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 Τ𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟏
𝑳𝒊𝒎 = ⇒ 𝑳𝒊𝒎 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 Τ𝟐
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 8
 Example 3
sin 3
Lim
 →0 2
Solution
sin 3 3 sin 3 3
Lim = Lim =
 →0 2 2  →0 3 2
OR By using L’Hopital’s rule

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝜽 𝟎 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝜽 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎 𝟑

𝑳𝒊𝒎 = ⇒ 𝑳𝒊𝒎 = =
𝜽→𝟎 𝟐𝜽 𝟎 𝜽→𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Slide 9
 Example 4
3x+1 − cos2 x
Lim
Solution
x →0 x
3x+1 − cos2x 3x 1 − cos2x
Lim = Lim + 2 Lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 2x
= 3+ 0 = 3
OR By using L’Hopital’s rule

3x+1 − cos𝟐𝒙 𝟎 𝟑 + 2 sin𝟐𝒙

𝑳𝒊𝒎 = ⇒ 𝑳𝒊𝒎 =3
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏

Slide 10
 Example 5 4x
lim
x →0 tan 3x + sin 2x
Solution

By using L’Hopital’s rule

𝟒𝒙 𝟎 𝟒 𝟒
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = ⇒ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐
=
𝒙→𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒙 𝟑+𝟐

Slide 11
 Example 6 sin t Comment for t=0
lim
t →  − t

Solution

By using L’Hopital’s rule

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 −𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 = ⇒ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = =𝟏
𝒕→𝝅 𝝅−𝒕 𝟎 𝒕→𝝅 −𝟏 −𝟏 Slide 12
A Limit of a Quotient That Is Not the Quotient of the Limits

Solution

This is incorrect
Slide 13
 Rule of Thumb

When faced with the indeterminate form ∞/∞ in

calculating the limit of a rational function, divide
numerator and denominator by the highest power of x
appearing in the denominator.

Slide 14
 CONTINUITY
We say that a function is continuous on an interval if
its graph on that interval can be drawn without lifting
the pencil from the paper.
Definition
f is said to be continuous at x = a, if

1. f (a) is defined. 2. lim f ( x) is exist.

x→a

3. lim f ( x) = f (a)
x→a
Otherwise, is said to be discontinuous
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 15
 Ex 1 page 26
Discuss the continuity at x =3
for the following functions.
x 2 − 9
x −9 2
 , x 3
(i ) f ( x ) = (ii ) g ( x ) =  x − 3
x −3  4 , x =3

x 2 − 9
 , x 3
(iii ) h ( x ) =  x − 3
 6 , x =3
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 16
 Solution

(i) f(x) is undefined at x =3

and hence is not continuous
(ii) f (3) = 4

lim f (x ) = lim
x 2 −9
= lim
( x − 3)( x + 3)
= lim ( x + 3) = 6
x →3 x →3 x − 3 x →3 x −3 x →3

The value and the limit are not the same and
So it is not continuous

(iii) f (3) = 6 lim f (x ) = 6

x →3
it is continuous Slide 17
 ASYMPTOTIC LINES

An asymptote of a curve is a line such that the distance

between the curve and the line approaches zero as one or
both of the x or y coordinates tends to infinity .
Slant Asymptote
Vertical Asymptote Horizontal Asymptote
ASYMPTOTIC METHODS
 ASYMPTOTIC LINES

The equation of the curve in the fraction

form
h( x)
f ( x) = , g( x)  0
g( x)
may have asymptotic lines according to
the following conditions:

Slide 20
 Vertical Asymptote Definition

A line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the fraction

function f(x) : Factor , Cancel and set dominator =0

Solved Problem x −1
Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph f ( x) = 2
x −1
Solution
Factor the dominator (x-1)(x+1) and cancel the common,
1
we get f ( x) =
x +1
Put the dominator =0, there are V.A. when x=-1
Slide 21
 Ex 1 page 32
Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph

Solution
8
f (x ) = − 2
x −4
Put the Dominator D=0, there are V.A. when

x → 2 Slide 22
Vertical Asymptote

Slide 23
 Comment: Prob. # 1- page 39

Find the vertical asymptotes of the graph

x
f ( x) =
x +4
2

Solution
Since x +4
2
is never zero,

there are no vertical asymptotes

Slide 24
 Horizontal Asymptote Definition

The straight line y = L is called horizontal

asymptote to the curve y = f(x), if

im f ( x) = L
x→ 
Slide 25
Horizontal Asymptote

Slide 26
 Ex 3 page 36
Find the Horizontal asymptotes of f(x)
5x +x
2
f ( x) =
Solution x ( x − 1)
5x +x
2

lim = 5
x →    x ( x − 1)

y = 5 are H. A.

Slide 27
 Comment: Prob. # 1- page 39
Find the Horizontal asymptotes of the graph
x
f ( x) =
Solution x +4
2

x x 1
lim =lim  x 1+ 4 / x
=
 1
= 1
x +4
2
2 x→ 
x→ 

So there are a H.A. at

y = 1
Slide 28
 Oblique Asymptote Definition

The straight line y = m x + c is called an

oblique asymptote to the curve y = f(x),
if we have the degree of the numerator is
greeter by one than the degree of the
denominator, then we perform the long
division to the fraction to obtain the form
h( x) r( x)
f ( x) = = ( mx + c ) +
g( x) g( x)
Slide 29
 Ex 2 page 33
Find the asymptotes of the graph of
x −3 2
f (x ) =
Solution
2x − 4
x / 2 +1
2x − 4 x − 3
2

x 2
− 2x
Oblique Asymptote at 2x − 3
x 2x − 4
y = +1 Slide 30
2 1
 x −3 x
2
1
f (x ) = = +1+
2x − 4 2 2x − 4
linear remainder

Put the Dominator =0 in the remainder.

Then the line x = 2 is a vertical asymptote.

Slide 31
Slide 32
 Next Class

Chapter 2: Differentiation # 40

Slide 33